Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 55, 17 August 2017, p. 1759.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, No. 69, 14 November 2017, p. 2208.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, No. 98, 18 June 2018, p. 3121.

Chapter 2 - Waste management and recycling in Australia

[1]        National Waste Report 2013 – Frequently asked questions, http://www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/national-waste-reports/national-waste-report-2013/faqs.

[2]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[3]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[4]        New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, The Waste Hierarchy, https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/recycling-and-reuse/warr-strategy/the-waste-hierarchy.

[5]        New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, The Waste Hierarchy, https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/recycling-and-reuse/warr-strategy/the-waste-hierarchy.

[6]        It should be noted that though all reprocessing is classified as recycling, not all recycling is reprocessing, however the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in the evidence received by the committee.

[7]        https://www.suez.com.au/en-au/sustainability-tips/learn-about-waste-streams/general-waste-streams/glass-recycling/?utm_source=aph&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=link
 and https://www.suez.com.au/en-au/sustainability-tips/learn-about-waste-streams/specialised-waste-streams/recycled-building-materials/?utm_source=aph&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=link.

[8]        New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, The Waste Hierarchy, https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/recycling-and-reuse/warr-strategy/the-waste-hierarchy.

[9]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 1.

[10]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 4.

[11]      http://www.acor.org.au/about-acor.html.

[12]      Australian Organics Recycling Association, Submission 46, Attachment 1, p. 6.

[13]      Australian Tyre Recyclers Association Submission 23, p. 2.

[14]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, pp. 1–2.

[15]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 2.

[16]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. vii.

[17]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, June 2017, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d075c9bc-45b3-4ac0-a8f2-6494c7d1fa0d/files/national-waste-report-2016.pdf. The report covers waste generated in Australia, including solid non-hazardous materials and all hazardous wastes including liquids. The report excludes waste from primary production activities, waste that is reused, pre-consumer waste that is recycled as part of a production process, and clean fill/soil (whether or not it is sent to landfill).

[18]      Ash produced by burning coal or other materials that is driven out of the boiler with the flue gases and captured by pollution control equipment.

[19]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. vi.

[20]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[21]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[22]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, pp. 11–12.

[23]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, pp. 17–18.

[24]      Masonry materials include concrete, bricks and rubble.

[25]      Organic waste is generally taken to comprise food, garden organics and timber.

[26]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 19.

[27]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 25.

[28]      Disposal is the deposit of solid waste in a landfill or incinerator, net of recovery of energy.

[29]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 9.

[30]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[31]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[32]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[33]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 13.

[34]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, pp. 17–18.

[35]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 19.

[36]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 23.

[37]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, p. 2

[38]      Senate Standing Committee on Environment, Communications and the Arts, Management of Australia's waste streams (including consideration of the Drink Container Recycling Bill 2008), September 2008, pp 64–65.

[39]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Waste Report 2010, March 2010, p. 2, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/af649966-5c11-4993-8390-ab300b081f65/files/national-waste-report-2010.pdf.

[40]      National Waste Report 2013, p. 1 http://www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/national-waste-reports/national-waste-report-2013 See also Blue Environment, 'Improving national waste data and reporting', 30 March 2018, p. 2, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/de91c360-1995-475c-bc9f-f0c4c85b7692/files/improving-national-waste-data-and-reporting.pdf.

[41]      National Waste Report 2016, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d075c9bc-45b3-4ac0-a8f2-6494c7d1fa0d/files/national-waste-report-2016.pdf.

[42]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 1.

[43]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 3.

[44]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 3.

[45]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 3.

[46]      Blue Environment, 'Improving national waste data and reporting', 30 March 2018, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/de91c360-1995-475c-bc9f-f0c4c85b7692/files/improving-national-waste-data-and-reporting.pdf.

[47]      Blue Environment, 'Improving national waste data and reporting', p. iv.

[48]      Western Australian Government, Submission 5, p. 9.

[49]      http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4602.0.55.006Main+Features22010-11.

[50]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Submission 45, p. 1.

[51]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Submission 45, p. 2.

[52]      See for example, Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 13.

[53]      MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 1.

[54]      Mr Michael Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 64.

[55]      Mr Andrew Doig, ASBG, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 63.

[56]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, p. 2.

[57]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p.2.

[58]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 4. See also, Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 2.

[59]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 6.

[60]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 6. See also Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 13.

[61]      Mr Michael Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 64.

[62]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 14.

[63]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 2.

[64]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 4.

[65]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, pp. 2–3.

[66]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council (NWRIC), Submission 10, p. 1.

[67]      Mr Michael Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 66.

[68]      Senator the Hon Simon Birmingham, Minister for Education and Training, Senate Hansard, 21 March 2018, p.1786.

[69]      Blue Environment, 'Data on exports of recyclables from Australia to China', 19 March 2018 https://blueenvironment.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Data-on-exports-of-recyclables-from-Australia-to-China.pdf (accessed 8 May 2018).

[70]      Blue Environment, 'Data on exports of recyclables from Australia to China', 19 March 2018 https://blueenvironment.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Data-on-exports-of-recyclables-from-Australia-to-China.pdf (accessed 8 May 2018).

[71]      There are areas of Australia without local governments. Most notably, the Australian Capital Territory does not have local governments—the ACT Government is responsible for governing the Territory as well as the matters that local governments would address in other jurisdictions. Certain remote areas of Australia also do not have local governments.

[72]      For example, Queensland local governments 'operate approximately 450 waste facilities including landfill sites, transfer stations and resource recovery and recycling facilities'. Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 3.

[73]      An example of this approach is the Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority.

[74]      Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 2.

[75]      See Government of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 2.

[76]      See South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 10.

[77]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 2.

[78]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, pp. 1–2.

[79]      For example, all waste and recycling facilities in South Australia must be licensed under the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA) 'with only some limited exceptions (e.g. the recycling or reuse of under 100 tonnes of waste)'. Across the state, around 400 waste-related or recycling facilities and over 600 waste transporters are licensed. South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 7.

[80]      Such as the NSW Government's Waste Less Recycle More Initiative. See Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW), 'Waste Less Recycle More Initiative – Grant Programs', www.environment.nsw.gov.au/grants/WLRMI.htm (accessed 10 May 2018).

[81]      See Government of Western Australia, Submission 5; Tasmanian Government, Submission 11; Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20; South Australian Government, Submission 36;

[82]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 1.

[83]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 1; Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Waste Policy: Less waste, more resources, November 2009, p. 2.

[84]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 2. Additional relevant international agreements are listed in the department's submission.

[85]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Waste Policy: Less waste, more resources, November 2009, p. 2.

[86]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 2.

[87]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 1.

[88]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Waste Policy: Less waste, more resources, November 2009, pp. 6–7.

[89]      Product stewardship is a policy approach which acknowledges 'that those involved in producing, selling, using and disposing of products have a shared responsibility to ensure that those products or materials are managed in a way that reduces their impact, throughout their lifecycle, on the environment and on human health and safety'. Department of the Environment and Energy, 'Product stewardship', www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/product-stewardship (accessed 10 May 2018).

[90]      At present, there is one co-regulatory scheme (the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme). Voluntary industry arrangements in relation to mobile phones and mercury-containing lamps have received accreditation. The National Tyre Product Stewardship Scheme initiated in 2014 is not accredited under the voluntary product stewardship accreditation scheme. Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 3; Review of the Product Stewardship Act 2011, including the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme, Consultation Paper, March 2018, www.environment.gov.au/system/files/consultations/‌79a39335-ee07-4f94-ab7f-cd8323641af0/files/ps-act-review-consultation-paper.pdf (accessed 10 May 2018), p. 3.

[91]      Information about the review is available here: www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/product-stewardship/consultation-review-ps-act-incl-ntcrs.

[92]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 1.

[93]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 4; National Environment Protection Council, 'National Environment Protection (Used Packaging Materials) Measure', www.nepc.gov.au/nepms/used-packaging (accessed 10 May 2018).

[94]      The National Food Waste Strategy can be viewed here: www.environment.gov.au/protection/‌national-waste-policy/publications/national-food-waste-strategy.

Chapter 3 - Landfill

[1]        Wright Corporate Strategy, Review of the application of landfill standards, 2010, p. 15, http://www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/publications/review-application-landfill-standards, (accessed 9 April 2018).

[2]        Government of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 2.

[3]        Government of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 2.

[4]        Government of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 2.

[5]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 7.

[6]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 7.

[7]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 9.

[8]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 9.

[9]        Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 3.

[10]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 3.

[11]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 3.

[12]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 4.

[13]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, pp. 4–5.

[14]      Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 29.

[15]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[16]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 1.

[17]      MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 4.

[18]      Waste Contractors and Recyclers Association of NSW, Submission 28, p. 2. The issue of waste being transported from NSW to Queensland is explored in Chapter 4.

[19]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 24.

[20]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 3.

[21]      MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 4.

[22]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 1.

[23]      SUEZ, Submission 51, p. 1. See also National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 1; MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 4.

[24]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, pp. 2–3.

[25]      SUEZ, Submission 51, pp. 1–2.

[26]      MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 5.

[27]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[28]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 2.

[29]      Ms Gayle Sloan, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[30]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 31.

[31]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 31.

[32]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 2.

[33]      Ms Gayle Sloan, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[34]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 3.

[35]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, pp. 30–31.

[36]      Ms Gayle Sloan, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[37]      Ms Gayle Sloan, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[38]      Mr John Carse, NSROC, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 36.

[39]      Mr John Carse, NSROC, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 36.

[40]      City of Gold Coast, Submission 31, p. 2.

[41]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 5.

[42]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 2.

[43]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 10.

[44]      The LNLC Act gave local government increased powers to manage illegal dumping in their jurisdictions, provided increased penalties and expiations, as well as additional tools to identify illegal dumpers. South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 11.

[45]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, pp. 10–11.

[46]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 5.

[47]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 11.

[48]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, pp. 5–6.

[49]      Hobsons Bay City Council, Submission 18, p. 3.

[50]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 10.

[51]      Northern Territory Government, Submission 9, p. 3.

[52]      The Local Government Association of Tasmania (LGAT) also noted that there is limited data available not only in relation to illegal landfilling, but waste in Tasmania more generally. It stated that this is due to data not being collected in a standardised manner across different waste facilities. Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, pp. 2–3.

[53]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 3.

[54]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 10.

[55]      ACT Government, Submission 20, p. 5.

[56]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 2, p. 2.

[57]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 3.

[58]      Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 5.

[59]      MRA Consulting Group, Submission 25, p. 5.

[60]      Councillor Linda Scott, Local Government New South Wales, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 45.

[61]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, pp. 5–6.

[62]      Hobsons Bay City Council, Submission 18, p. 3.

[63]      See Chapter 2.

[64]      Mr Andrew Tytherleigh, Victorian Waste Management Association, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 24.

Chapter 4 - Waste levies

[1]        As discussed below, there is a proposal to introduce a waste levy in Queensland.

[2]        Except where otherwise indicated, this overview is based on the detailed table of state and territory landfill levies as at October 2017 contained in the WMAA's submission. See Waste Management Association, Submission 52, pp. 8–10.

[3]        These are 'landfill gate fees' rather than levies as the ACT Government owns the landfill and sets the fees. However, these fees operate in the same manner as waste levies and share the objective of diverting material to recycling.

[4]        https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/waste/waste-levy

[5]        Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 2.

[6]        Clayton Utz, 'Transforming Queensland's recycling and waste industry', https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=01f5b1f9-d79b-44a7-a805-3c0d4b377d25.

[7]        Western Australian Government, Submission 5, p. 3.

[8]        Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 4. See also, Australian Tyre Recyclers Association, Submission 23, p. 4.

[9]        Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 4.

[10]      Western Australian Government, Submission 5, p. 4.

[11]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 5.

[12]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 12.

[13]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[14]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[15]      Australian Tyre Recyclers Association, Submission 23, p. 4. See also, Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[16]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, pp. 27–28. The benefits of investment will be explored further when examining the hypothecation of waste levies.

[17]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, p. 3.

[18]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, p. 3.

[19]      Envorinex, Submission 1, p. 2.

[20]      Envorinex, Submission 1, p. 2.

[21]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[22]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 2.

[23]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 3.

[24]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 15; Visy, Submission 43, p. 6; SUEZ, Submission 51, p. 2; Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 7.

[25]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Council, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 3.

[26]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Council, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 3.

[27]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 10. See also GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 6.

[28]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 7.

[29]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Council, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 3.

[30]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 7 (citation omitted). See also Mr Tony Monaco, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 26.

[31]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 4.

[32]      MRA Consulting, Submission 25, p. 10.

[33]      Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 7.

[34]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 48.

[35]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 4.

[36]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 6.

[37]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 6.

[38]      Mr Gregor Riese, GCS Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2017, p. 2.

[39]      Mr Gregor Riese, GCS Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2017, p. 3.

[40]      Mr Tony Khoury, Waste Contractors and Recyclers Association of NSW, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 24. See also, Mr Gregor Riese, GCS Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 2.

[41]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 4; Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 48.

[42]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 7.

[43]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 9.

[44]      Northern Sydney Regional Councils, Submission 29, p. 11.

[45]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, pp. 2–3.

[46]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 3.

[47]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, p. 13.

[48]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 7.

[49]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 2.

[50]      GCS Consulting, Submission 14, pp. 7–8.

[51]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 8.

[52]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, pp. 8–9.

[53]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[54]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[55]      Material recovery facilities may also be called materials reclamation facilities, multi re-use facilities or material recycling facilities.

[56]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 5.

[57]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[58]      Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 11.

[59]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 5.

[60]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 6.

[61]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 8.

[62]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 8.

[63]      SKM Recycling, Submission 50, p. 2.

[64]      SKM Recycling, Submission 50, p. 2.

[65]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 2.

[66]      Councillor Scott explained that cleaning-up illegally dumped asbestos costs local councils thousands of dollars. Councillor Linda Scott, Local Government New South Wales, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 45.

[67]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 6.

[68]      Law Institute of Victoria, Submission 57, p. 3.

[69]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 2.

[70]      Ms Tiana Nairn, SA EPA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 37.

[71]      Western Australian Government, Submission 5, p. 3.

[72]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 6.

[73]      Mr Andrew Tytherleigh, Victorian Waste Management Association, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 20.

[74]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 5. In October 2017, the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority released a suite of documents aimed at reforming the C&D waste industry. These documents include a public consultation draft Protection of the Environment Operations Legislation Amendment (Waste) Regulation 2017 which (amongst other amendments) proposes to abolish the proximity principle. For more information see http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/waste/industrial-waste/construction-demolition/construction-and-demolition-waste.

[75]      Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 24.

[76]      Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 7.

[77]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 20.

[78]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 5.

[79]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 6.

[80]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 6.

[81]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 6.

[82]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 2.

[83]      Maitland City Council, Submission 40, p. 2.

[84]      SUEZ, Submission 51, p. 2.

[85]      Envorinex, Submission 1, p. 3.

[86]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 6.

[87]      Australian Landfill Owners Association, Submission 2, p. 2.

[88]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 30, p. 6.

[89]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, Attachment 1, p. 3.

[90]      ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 4.

[91]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2017, p. 4.

[92]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2017, p. 4.

[93]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, Appendix A, p. 7.

[94]      Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2017, p. 4.

[95]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, Appendix A, p. 7.

[96]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, Appendix A, pp. 7–8.

[97]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, Appendix A, p. 7.

[98]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 6.

[99]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 20.

[100]    Mr Andrew Tytherleigh, Victorian Waste Management Association, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 22.

[101]    South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 14.

[102]    Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[103]    Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 5.

[104]    Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2017, p. 27. See also Mr Max Spedding, National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2017, p. 2.

[105]    Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 4.

[106]    Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 20.

[107]    Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 6.

[108]    Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 2.

[109]    Mr Bryce Hines, Ipswich City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 23.

[110]    Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 52.

[111]    ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 5.

[112]    Maitland City Council, Submission 40, p. 2.

[113]    Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 3.

[114]    ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 5.

[115]    Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 5.

[116]    Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8.

[117]    Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 3.

[118]    Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8.

[119]    Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 6.

[120]    Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 6.

[121]    Mr Craig Mynott, Owens-Illinois, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 45.

[122]    Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 5.

[123]    Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 5.

[124]    Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 6. Lake Macquarie City Council provided similar evidence about hypothecation of around 10 per cent under the Waste Less, Recycle More Initiative: see Submission 37 p. 4.

[125]    Northern Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils, Submission 29, p. 11.

[126]    Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[127]    Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[128]    Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[129]    Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority, Submission 39, p. 2.

[130]    Mr Jeffrey Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 62.

Chapter 5 - Key challenges and opportunities for Australia's    recycling effort

[1]        Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. vii.

[2]        Australian National Waste Report 2016, p. 11.

[3]        Lake Macquarie City Council, Submission 37, p. 5.

[4]        Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 8.

[5]        Maitland City Council, Submission 40, p. 2.

[6]        National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 3. The NWRIC explained that by market failure, it means materials are being landfilled or stockpiled.

[7]        Mr Tony Monaco, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 26.

[8]        Mr Tony Khoury, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 23.

[9]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 21.

[10]      Local Government NSW, Submission 13, p. 3.

[11]      Ms Gayle Sloan, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 12. See also Councillor Linda Scott, Local Government NSW, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018. p. 40; Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018p. 49.

[12]      Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 30.

[13]      Local Government NSW, Submission 13, p. 4.

[14]      Local Government Association of Tasmania, Submission 19, p. 5.

[15]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, pp. 10–11; Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 10.

[16]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 6.

[17]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 9.

[18]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 4.

[19]      Mr Tony Monaco, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 26. See also, Mr Andrew Doig, Australian Sustainable Business Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 63.

[20]      Blue Environment, 'Data on exports of recyclables from Australia to China', 19 March 2018 https://blueenvironment.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Data-on-exports-of-recyclables-from-Australia-to-China.pdf (accessed 8 May 2018).

[21]      Meeting of Environment Ministers Agreed Statement, 27 April 2018, p. 1.

[22]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 17; Mr Jeffrey Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 57; Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, pp. 28–29.

[23]      Jerry Powell, 'Operation Green Fence is deeply affecting export markets', Resource Recycling, 12 April 2013, https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2013/04/12/operation-green-fence-is-deeply-affecting-export-markets/ (accessed 5 May 2018).

[24]      Jared Paben, 'China announces 'Sword' crackdown on illegal recyclable material imports', Resource Recycling, 21 February 2017, https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2017/02/21/china-announces-sword-crackdown-illegal-recyclable-material-imports/ (accessed 5 May 2018).

[25]      Mr Mike Ritchie - Presentation, 'China's National Sword policy', received 19 March 2018, p. 5.

[26]      'China launches Blue Sky 2018 to replace National Sword', Waste Management Review, 13 March 2018, http://wastemanagementreview.com.au/china-launches-blue-sky-2018-replace-national-sword/ (accessed 10 May 2018).

[27]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 49.

[28]      Mr Gregor Riese, GCS Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 6.

[29]      Councillor Linda Scott, Local Government New South Wales, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 40.

[30]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 13.

[31]      Mr Tony Monaco, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 26.

[32]      Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 29.

[33]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 21.

[34]      MRA Consulting Group, China National Sword: The role of Federal Government, April 2108, p. 2.

[35]      Mr Mike Ritchie, 'China's National Sword is cutting deep in the recycling sector', received 19 March 2018, p. 17.

[36]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 10.

[37]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 21.

[38]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 16.

[39]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 33.

[40]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 2. See also, Lake Macquarie City Council, Submission 37, p. 5; Mr Harry Wilson, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 29.

[41]      Mr Robert Kelman, Australian Tyre Recyclers Association, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 56.

[42]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 30.

[43]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 37.

[44]      Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 26.

[45]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 16.

[46]      Mr Tony Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 29.

[47]      Mr Luke Hannan, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 9.

[48]      Mr Luke Hannan, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 9. See also Mr Robert Ferguson, Local Government Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 10.

[49]      Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority, Submission 39, p. 3. See also Mr Harry Wilson, Waste Contractors and Recyclers Association of New South Wales, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 26.

[50]      Mr Adrian Beresford-Wylie, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 12.

[51]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 33.

[52]      Councillor Andrew Antoniolli, Ipswich City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, pp. 17 and 21. See also Mr Luke Hannan, Manager, Planning, Development and Environment, Local Government Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 10.

[53]      Councillor Linda Scott, Local Government NSW, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 42.

[54]      Mr Jim Corrigan, Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate, Committee Hansard, 21 May 2018, p. 12.

[55]      Mr Arron Lee, Brisbane City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 8.

[56]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 13.

[57]      Mr Robert Ferguson, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 11; Mr Luke Hannan, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 14.

[58]      Mr Robert Ferguson, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 11.

[59]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 8.

[60]      Mr James Tregurtha, Department of the Environment and Energy, Proof Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 5.

[61]      Mr Bruce Edwards, Department of the Environment, Proof Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 2.

[62]      Mr Bruce Edwards, Department of the Environment and Energy, Proof Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 4.

[63]      Mr James Tregurtha, Department of the Environment and Energy, Proof Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 5.

[64]      Seventh Meeting of Environment Ministers, Agreed Statement, 27 April 2018, Melbourne, http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/mem.

[65]      Seventh Meeting of Environment Ministers, Agreed Statement, 27 April 2018, Melbourne, http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/mem.

[66]      Seventh Meeting of Environment Ministers, Agreed Statement, 27 April 2018, Melbourne, http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/mem.

[67]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 37.

[68]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018. See also Mr Jim Corrigan, ACT Government, Proof Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 11; Mr Kane, Visy Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 29.

[69]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 37.

[70]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[71]      Southern Metropolitan Regional Council, Submission 59, p. 1.

[72]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 1.

[73]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, pp. 1–2.

[74]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 12.

[75]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8.

[76]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 1.

[77]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 54.

[78]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, pp. 54–55.

[79]      Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 55.

[80]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 37.

[81]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 14.

[82]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 37.

[83]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[84]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 3.

[85]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 4.

[86]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 3.

[87]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 35.

[88]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8. For other examples, see Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 18; Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 4.

[89]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8.

[90]      University of New South Wales, Submission 62, p. 1.

[91]      University of New South Wales, Submission 62, pp. 1–2.

Chapter 6 - Issues facing the recycling industry

[1]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[2]        Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 7.

[3]        Re.Group, Submission 32, p. 7.

[4]        Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, pp. 3–4.

[5]        Lake Macquarie Council, Submission 37, p. 2.

[6]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[7]        South Australian Government, Submission 36, pp. 16–17.

[8]        Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority, Submission 39, p. 3.

[9]        Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 3.

[10]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 4.

[11]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 3.

[12]      Maitland City Council, Submission 40, p. 2.

[13]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[14]      Western Australian Government, Submission 5, p. 4.

[15]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, pp. 16–17.

[16]      Mr Jeffrey Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 57.

[17]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 11.

[18]      SKM Recycling, Submission 50, p. 2.

[19]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 6.

[20]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 6.

[21]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[22]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 3.

[23]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, p. 3.

[24]      SKM Recycling, Submission 50, p. 2.

[25]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 11.

[26]      Mr Harry Wilson, WCRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 29.

[27]      Councillor Andrew Antoniolli, Ipswich City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 19.

[28]      Councillor Andrew Antoniolli, Ipswich City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 19.

[29]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 3.

[30]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 28.

[31]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, pp. 16–17.

[32]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 4.

[33]      Re.Group, Submission 32, pp. 7–8.

[34]      City of Gold Coast, Submission 31, pp. 2–3.

[35]      South Australia Government, Submission 36, p. 18.

[36]      South Australia Government, Submission 36, p. 18.

[37]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 4.

[38]      Lake Macquarie City Council, Submission 37, p. 5.

[39]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 11.

[40]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 11. See also Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 4.

[41]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 5.

[42]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 17.

[43]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 5.

[44]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, pp. 5–6.

[45]      The South Australian Government noted that glass bottles returned for deposit through its CDS are 'of high quality and are sought after by re-processors'. It stated that 'the price for recovered glass in South Australia in 2015–16 was around $90 per tonne, compared to an average of about $50 per tonne'. South Australia Government, Submission 36, p. 19.

[46]      South Australia Government, Submission 36, p. 17.

[47]      Councillor John Woodward, Submission 54, p. 1.

[48]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 6.

[49]      Local Government Association of Queensland, Submission 7, p. 6.

[50]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 4.

[51]      Visy, Submission 43, p. 11.

[52]      MRA Consulting, Submission 25, p. 10.

[53]      Glass fines are crushed glass resulting from the collection and sorting process.

[54]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 4. Issues related to the need for markets for recycled goods are discussed in Chapters 5 and 7.

[55]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 38.

[56]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 7.

[57]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 8.

[58]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 4. See also Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 9.

[59]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 4; Visy, Submission 43, p. 11.

[60]      TIC Group, Submission 8, p. 3.

[61]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 4.

[62]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[63]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 3.

[64]      Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 3.

[65]      Mr Robert Kelman, Australian Tyre Recyclers Association, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 57.

[66]      Australian Tyre Recyclers Association, Submission 23, p. 3. See also Mr Robert Kelman, Australian Tyre Recyclers Association Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, pp. 58–59.

[67]      Mr Robert Kelman, ATRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 59.

[68]      Mr Robert Kelman, ATRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 60.

[69]      Revenue raised by the levy is used to find and promote new uses for tyre-derived products.

[70]      Authorisation is required as the scheme involves conduct that might otherwise breach the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.

[71]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Determination: Application for authorisation AA1000409 lodged by Tyre Stewardship Australia in respect of the national Tyre Stewardship Scheme, May 2018, p. 2.

[72]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 16.

[73]      Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 2.

[74]      Tyrecycle, Submission 21, p. 2.

[75]      Mr Robert Kelman, ATRA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 59.

[76]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 8.

[77]      Mr Alex Serpo, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 5.

[78]      Local Government Association of the Northern Territory, Submission 9, p. 4.

[79]      Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 4.

[80]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 5.

[81]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 19.

[82]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 5.

[83]      Victorian Waste Management Association, Submission 27, pp. 3–4.

[84]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 4.

[85]      Mr Alex Serpo, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 5.

[86]      Resource Co, submission 26, p. 5.

[87]      South Australia Government, Submission 36, p. 16.

[88]      Shire of Exmouth, Submission 34, p. 2.

[89]      Shire of Exmouth, Submission 34, p. 2.

[90]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 4.

[91]      Mr Stuart Garbutt, Re.Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 4.

Chapter 7 - National leadership

[1]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 9.

[2]        Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, pp. 9–10

[3]        Southern Metropolitan Regional Council, Submission 59, p. 2.

[4]        Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 48.

[5]        Waste Management of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[6]        Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 4.

[7]        Southern Metropolitan Regional Council, Submission 59, p. 2.

[8]        Waste Management of Australia, Submission 52, p. 2.

[9]        Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[10]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[11]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 13.

[12]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 25.

[13]      Australian Local Government Association, Submission 47, p. 3; SKM Recycling, Submission 50, p. 3; Suez, Submission 51, p. 4.

[14]      MRA Consulting, Submission 25, p. 11.

[15]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[16]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 3. See also Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 12; TIC Group (Mattress Recycling), Submission 8, p. 5.

[17]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 12.

[18]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 11.

[19]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 12.

[20]      Mr Jeffrey Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 56

[21]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 58, p. 6.

[22]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 24.

[23]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 3.

[24]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[25]      South Australian Government, Submission 36, p. 24.

[26]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[27]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 5.

[28]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 14.

[29]      Australian Sustainable Business Group, Submission 41, p. 3.

[30]      ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 6.

[31]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 3.

[32]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018.

[33]      Mr Mike Ritchie, MRA Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 65.

[34]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 11.

[35]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 4.

[36]      ACT Government, Submission 20, p. 5.

[37]      Mr Andrew Tytherleigh, Victorian Waste Management Association, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 23.

[38]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 4.

[39]      Department of the Environment and Energy, Submission 55, p. 6.

[40]      Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 4. See also Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 5.

[41]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2018, p. 12.

[42]      TIC Group (Mattress Recycling), Submission 8, p. 6. See also Equilibrium, Submission 35, p. 4.

[43]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 12.

[44]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 10. See also Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 5.

[45]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 5.

[46]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 15.

[47]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 15.

[48]      Mr James Tregurtha, Department of the Environment and Energy, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 5.

[49]      Brisbane City Council, Submission 4, p. 5. See also Tasmanian Government, Submission 11, p. 4.

[50]      Mr Arron Lee, Brisbane City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 8.

[51]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 37.

[52]      Mr Jim Corrigan, Australian Capital Territory Government, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 11.

[53]      Mr Nicholas Harford, Equilibrium, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 12.

[54]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[55]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 5.

[56]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 15.

[57]      Mr Mike Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 70.

[58]      Mr Jeff Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 58.

[59]      Australian Capital Territory Government, Submission 20, p. 8.

[60]      Mr Arron Lee, Brisbane City Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 8.

[61]      Mr Jim Corrigan, Australian Capital Territory Government, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 11.

[62]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 21.

[63]      Mr Mike Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 68.

[64]      Mr Mike Ritchie, MRA Consulting Group, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 68.

[65]      National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 3. See also http://www.environment.gov.au/protection/national-waste-policy/product-stewardship/legislation/product-list-2016-17.

[66]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 31.

[67]      Owens-Illinois, Submission 56, p. 8.

[68]      Mr Bruce Edwards, Department of the Environment and Energy, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 9.

[69]      Mr John Pritchard, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 16.

[70]      Mr Bruce Edwards, Department of the Environment and Energy, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 9.

[71]      Mr Michael Trushell, Australian Capital Territory Government, Committee Hansard, 21 March 2018, p. 16.

[72]      Mr Terry Van Iersel, SKM Recycling, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 39.

[73]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 8.

[74]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 9. See also Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 17; ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 7.

[75]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 34. See also Mr Andrew Tytherleigh, Victorian Waste Management Association, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 19.

[76]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 9.

[77]      See for example National Waste and Recycling Industry Council, Submission 10, p. 3; Adelaide Hills Region Waste Management Authority, Submission 33, p. 4, Councillor Linda Scott, LGNSW, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 46.

[78]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 18.

[79]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 9.

[80]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 4.

[81]      Ms Gayle Sloan, WMAA, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 18.

[82]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 4.

[83]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 37.

[84]      ResourceCo, Submission 26, p. 7.

[85]      Mr Max Spedding, NWRIC, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2017, p. 5.

[86]      Mr Luke Hannan, Local Government Association of Queensland, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 15.

[87]      Mr Gregor Riese, GCS Consulting, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 8.

[88]      Also commonly referred to as waste-to-energy.

[89]      Waste Management Association of Australia, Submission 52, p. 15.

[90]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 10; Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 4.

[91]      Local Government New South Wales, Submission 13, p. 4.

[92]      Hunter Joint Organisation of Councils, Submission 22, p. 10.

[93]      Mr Peter Shmigel, Australian Council of Recycling, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 26.

[94]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 April 2018, p. 34.

[95]      Mr Jeffery Angel, Total Environment Centre/Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, p. 56.

[96]      See for example, Mr Mark Venhoek, SUEZ Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2018, pp. 51–52.

[97]      The Hon Josh Frydenberg MP, 27 April 2018, http://www.joshfrydenberg.com.au/guest/mediaReleasesDetails.aspx?id=562.