Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 1.

[2]        The Hon Peter Costello MP, Treasurer, October 2005, cited in Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. iv.

[3]        Australian Government, Government response to the Productivity Commission's Final Report on the inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency in Australia, July 2007, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/pubs/waste-efficiency-inquiry-response.pdf (accessed 15 August 2008). 

[4]        WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.

[5]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Report no. 4613.0, 2007, p. 43.

 

Chapter 2 - Trends in waste production in Australia

[1]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends 2006, Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.                                 

[2]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends 2006, Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[3]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 17.

[4]        WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.

[5]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends, 2007: Household Waste, Report no. 4102.0, 2007.

[6]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Media Alert Environmental snapshot: recycling up, but e-waste a looming issue, 10 November 2006.

[7]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 15

[8]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency, February 2006, p. 11.

[9]        The Australia Institute, Wasteful Consumption in Australia, Discussion Paper no. 77, March 2005, p. vii.

[10]      The Australia Institute, Wasteful Consumption in Australia, Discussion Paper no. 77, March 2005, p. viii.

[11]      The 1990–00 and 2004–05 figures are taken from WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.        The 2002–03 figures are taken from the Productivity Commission, Waste Management,   Report no. 38, October 2006, p. xxvii.

[12]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 20, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/pubs/waste-recycling.pdf      (accessed 10 July 2008).

[13]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 4.

[14]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 4.

[15]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[16]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 20.

[17]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 3.

[18]      Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 3.

[19]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2008, Waste & Recycling Practices of Households, Report no. 1301.0, 2008,  

[20]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Media Alert, Environment snapshot: recycling up, but e-waste a looming issue, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, 10 November 2006.  E-waste comprises obsolete electronic and electrical products including computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, mobile phones, automobile and manufacturing components.

[21]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2008, Waste and Recycling Practices of Households, Report no. 1301.0, 2008.

[22]      Leachate is liquid that has passed through solid waste and may have become contaminated with metallic, organic and inorganic compounds and toxins. Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. xxi.

[23]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 9.

[24]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends: Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[25]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends: Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[26]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard,         2 July 2008, pp 8–9.

[27]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Report no. 4613.0, 2007, p. 43.

[28]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Report no. 4613.0, 2007, p. 43.

[29]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Submission 74, p. 1.

[30]      Mr Mark Gorta, Manager, Waste Management, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 15.

[31]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Submission 74, p. 1.

[32]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 15.

[33]      Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007 Fact Book: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, Municipal Waste Generation, ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/302007011P1T079.xls (accessed 8 July 2008).

[34]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 3.

[35]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 16.

[36]      The on-site treatment of waste is common in the mining and mineral processing, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 17, footnote 1.

[37]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p.  8.

[38]      Territory and Municipal Services, 2008 Progress Towards No Waste by 2010, www.tams.act.gov.au/live/Recycling_and_Waste/The_No_Waste_Strategy/statistics (accessed 15 July 2008).

[39]      Territory and Municipal Services, Annual Report 2006–07, Volume One, p. 40, www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/69251/TAMS_Annual_Report_V1_Screen.pdf (accessed 15 July 2008).

[40]      Municipal waste is predominantly household waste including food and kitchen waste, recyclable material including paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals and plastics and green waste. For the purposes of this report, hazardous municipal waste comprising products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable or reactive ingredients such as fertilizer, pesticides and batteries are not included in its consideration of municipal waste.

[41]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, 2006.

[42]      The trend data was based on data from Sydney, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, pp 3–4.

[43]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 8, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/pubs/waste-recycling.pdf (accessed 15 July 2008).

[44]      Municipal waste data are for all states and territories except South Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania. Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 19.

[45]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 20.

[46]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 19.

[47]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 16.

[48]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 8.

[49]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 8

[50]      Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, pp 3–4.

[51]      Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 4.

[52]      South Australian Government, Submission 83, p. 6.

[53]      Territory and Municipal Services, 2008 Progress Towards No Waste by 2010.

[54]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006

[55]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p.18.

[56]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 8.

[57]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 8.

[58]      Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency, Submission 80, p. 2; Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Submission 76, p. 2.

[59]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 1.

[60]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 1.

[61]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. xxvii.

[62]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[63]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, pp 9–11. Infrastructure includes waste collection and transfer vehicles, waste transfer stations, landfill facilities, material recycling facilities, and waste processing facilities.

[64]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Waste Management Services, Australia, 2002-03, Report no. 8698.0, 2004, www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/ED9DD3A0166C50D9CA2568A9001393B7?OpenDocument (accessed 7 August 2008).

[65]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 5. 

[66]      Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 2.

[67]      This figure does not take Tasmania and the Northern Territory into account due to the unavailability of data. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 3.

[68]      Such figures are largely indicative as the rate of recycling varies considerably from one material to another.

[69]      Zero Waste South Australia, Community and Industry Attitudes, General Public Survey, March 2008, pp 5 and 12, www.zerowaste.sa.gov.au/pdf/reports/General%20Public%20Survey%20March%202008.pdf   (accessed 16 July 2008).  

[70]      Department of Climate Change, Australia's National Greenhouse Accounts, 2008, p. 1, www.climatechange.gov.au/inventory/2006/pubs/inventory2006.pdf, (accessed 22 July 2008).

[71]      Warnken ISE, Potential for Greenhouse Gas Abatement From Waste Management and Resource Recovery Activities in Australia, Prepared for SITA Environmental Solutions, March 2007, p. 3, submitted by Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, Attachment F.

[72]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 6.

[73]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, p. 2.

[74]      Stationary Energy includes emissions from fuel consumption for electricity generation, fuels consumed in the manufacturing, construction and commercial sectors and other sources like domestic heating. Department of Climate Change, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2007, 2008,   p. 6, www.climatechange.gov.au/projections/pubs/tracking2007.pdf (accessed 22 July 2008).

[75]      Department of Climate Change, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2007, 2008, p. 12, www.climatechange.gov.au/projections/pubs/tracking2007.pdf (accessed 22 July 2008).

[76]      Australian Greenhouse Office, Analysis of recent trends and greenhouse indicators 1990 to 2005, September 2007, p. 45, www.greenhouse.gov.au/inventory/2005/pubs/trends2005.pdf (accessed 22 July 2008).

[77]      Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 11.

[78]      Ecos Corporation Pty Ltd, Submission 42, Attachment A, p. 1.

[79]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 6;  Ecos Corporation Pty Ltd, Submission 42, Attachment A, p. 1;  Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 2.

[80]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 6.

[81]      Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 3.

[82]      Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 62.

[83]      Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 2.

[84]      VISY Industries Australia Pty Ltd, Submission 52, p. 5.

[85]      Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 2.

[86]      VISY Industries Australia Pty Ltd, Submission 52, p. 6.

[87]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 27. 

[88]      This figure excludes the Northern Territory and Tasmania and Western Australia data relates to Perth only. Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 5.

[89]      Professor Stewart Burn, Stream Leader, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 69.

[90]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 6.

[91]      Nolan-ITU, Global Renewables, National Benefits of Implementation of UR-3R Process, A Triple-Bottom Line Assessment, July 2004, p. 36 submitted by GRD Limited, Submission 36, Attachment A.

[92]      Nolan-ITU, Global Renewables, National Benefits of Implementation of UR-3R Process, A Triple-Bottom Line Assessment, July 2004, p. 36 submitted by GRD Limited, Submission 36, Attachment A.

[93]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 74.

[94]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 74.

[95]      GRD Limited, Submission 36, p. 5.

[96]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 64.

 

Chapter 3 - The effectiveness of current waste management strategies

[1]        Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth Government, Submission 78, p. 1. The states often pass responsibility for day-to-day waste management administration to local government.

[2]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 51.

[3]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 53.

[4]        Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales Government, NSW Extended Producer Responsibility Priority Statement 2005–06, March 2006, pp 7–28, www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/warr/2005624_prioritystatement2005_06.pdf (accessed 12 August 2008).

[5]        South Australian Government, Submission 83, pp 1 & 9. 

[6]        Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 53.

[7]        Department of Territory and Municipal Services, Australian Capital Territory Government,     No Waste by 2010 – A Waste Management Strategy for Canberra, www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/12460/nowasteby2010strategy.pdf   (accessed 12 August 2008).

[8]        SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachments B and C.

[9]        Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, February 2006, p. 43.

[10]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 157.

[11]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Government Response to Productivity Commission's Final Report on the Inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency in Australia, July 2007, p. 3.

[12]      Available from www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/pubs/waste-recycling.pdf (accessed 12 August 2008).

[13]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 58.

[14]      Rounding errors exist. WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media,      The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.

[15]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage & the Arts, Submission 78, p. 4.

[16]      Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 30.

[17]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. xxvii.

[18]      A US EPA study found that use of recycled aluminium rather than virgin resources saves 15.72 tonnes CO₂-e/tonne municipal solid waste which at $15/t CO₂ is equivalent to $235 savings per tonne of municipal solid waste. Similarly, the saving for mixed paper is $44 a tonne of municipal solid waste. See also the discussion on the environmental impact of waste in   chapter 2.

[19]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment A, p. 7.

[20]      Qubator Pty Ltd, Submission 12, p. 2.

[21]      Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency, Submission 80, p. 3.

[22]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 43.

[23]      Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Submission 76, p. 3.

[24]      Hyder Consulting, Submission to the Productivity Commission Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency Inquiry, Submission no. 147, p. 2.

[25]      Mr Mark Gorta, Manager, Waste Management, Department of the Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 9.

[26]      Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 4.

[27]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment B, p. 22.

[28]      Figures are for 2008–09. Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Domestic Jurisdictional Comparison of Waste Levies, 2008. Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of the Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 7. The figures for the Sydney metropolitan area and the extended regulation area exclude trackable liquid waste whereas the state-wide figures include trackable liquid waste.

[29]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 54. Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Domestic Jurisdictional Comparison of Waste Levies, 2008.

[30]      Information compiled by Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Domestic Jurisdictional Comparison of Waste Levies, 2008. It should be noted that information detailing levy rates is not readily available, clear or current.

[31]      Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Submission 76, p. 5.

[32]      Australian Capital Territory Government, 2008 Guide to Waste Disposal Charges, Effective 1 July 2008, www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/31554/2008_Brochure.pdf (accessed 24 July 2008).

[33]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 4.

[34]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. xxxiii.

[35]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 4.

[36]      Hypothecation means that the funds derived from the levies are set aside for waste management programs.

[37]      Department of Sustainability and Environment, Government of Victoria, Towards Zero Waste Strategy, September 2005, p. 51.

[38]      SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachment D.

[39]      South Australian Government, Submission 83, p. 11.

[40]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 15.

[41]      WSC Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.

[42]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 15.

[43]      Hyder Consulting cited in Department of Environment of Environment and Heritage, Submission to Productivity Commission, Submission 103, Attachment A.

[44]      WSC Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 49.

[45]      Hyder Consulting, Australian Recycling Values – A net benefits assessment, Final Report, prepared for the Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, 23 January 2008, p. ii.

[46]      As one case in point, it takes the same amount of energy to make one aluminium can from virgin material as it does to make seven aluminium containers out of recycled material. Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 62.

[47]      Hyder Consulting, Australian Recycling Values – A net benefits assessment, Final Report, prepared for the Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, 23 January 2008, p. i.

[48]      Warnken ISE, Potential for Greenhouse Gas Abatement From Waste Management and Resource Recovery Activities in Australia, Prepared for SITA Environmental Solutions, March 2007, p. i, submitted by Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, Attachment F.

[49]      Warnken ISE, Potential for Greenhouse Gas Abatement From Waste Management and Resource Recovery Activities in Australia, Prepared for SITA Environmental Solutions, March 2007, p. 10 submitted by Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, Attachment F.

[50]      Mr Matthew Warnken, Managing Director, Crucible Carbon, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 66.

[51]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17.

[52]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 13.

[53]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia. 2006.

[54]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, 2006.

[55]      Government of South Australia, Submission 83, p. 3

[56]      Mr John Lawson, President, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 18.

[57]      Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 68.

[58]      Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 35.

[59]      Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, pp 35–36.

[60]      Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 36.

[61]      Community support is reflected in recent littering behaviour studies. Whereas in the past people associated litter with aesthetics, contemporary research on littering behaviour suggests that people now identify litter with the environment and safety concerns rather than aesthetics alone. Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Litter Research, www.environment.nsw.gov.au/warr/litterresearch.htm (accessed 30 July 2008).

[62]      Ms Terrie-Anne Johnson, Chief Executive, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 66.

[63]      Ms Alexandra Graham, GreenHome New South Wales Coordinator, Australian Conservation Foundation, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 15.

[64]      Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 50

[65]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices, Report no. 4602.0, March 2006.

[66]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 9.

[67]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 83.

[68]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 83.

[69]      Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales, Submission 72, p. 3. 

[70]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 2.

[71]      Planet Ark Environmental Foundation, Recycling Myths: Sorting the Facts from the Fiction. 2006, p. 17, www.planetark.com/nrw/media/NRW_RecyclingMythsReport.pdf (accessed 13 August 2008).

[72]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard,         2 July 2008, p. 12.

[73]      Mr Markus Fraval, Chief Executive Officer, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 29.

[74]      Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communications, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, pp 33–34.

[75]      Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communications, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 34.

[77]      Mr Tony Gray, Director of Sustainability, VISY Industries Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 22.

[78]      Mr Andrew Vanstone, Group General Manager Sustainability, AMCOR Australasia, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 50. Aluminium is another product that can be recycled absolutely along with some plastics.

[79]      Forever Glass Group of Companies, Submission 35, p. 4.

[80]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 22. Other materials that are cheaper to recycle than send to landfill are aluminium, steel, cardboard and, by a small margin, plastic.

[82]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard,          2 July 2008, p. 4.

[83]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Chief Executive, Zero Waste South Australia, Committee Hansard,      30 June 2008, pp 16–17.

[84]      Mr Neville Rawlings, President, Recyclers of South Australia Inc, Committee Hansard,          30 June 2008, p. 42.

[85]      Mr Tony Gray, Director of Sustainability, VISY Industries Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 27.

[86]      Mr Paul Hilton, General Manager, AMCOR Recycling, AMCOR Australasia, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 53.

[87]      Mr Paul Hilton, General Manager, AMCOR Recycling, AMCOR Australasia, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 53.

[88]      Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 31.

[89]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 20.

[90]      Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 61.

[91]      Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 58.

[92]      Mr Markus Fraval, Chief Executive Officer, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard,    2 July 2008, p. 29.

[93]      National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant,                              15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 10.

[94]      Packaging Council of Australia, Submission 33, Attachment C, p. 2.

[95]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard,         2 July 2008, p. 2.

[96]      Mr Peter Dolan, Director, Science and Sustainability, South Australian Environment Protection Authority, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 14.

[97]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard,         2 July 2008, p. 5.

[98]      Mr Markus Fraval, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 34; Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 5.

[99]      Mr Markus Fraval, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 34; Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 50.

[100]    Mr Ian Kiernan, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 61; Ms Alexandra Graham, GreenHome New South Wales Coordinator, Australian Conservation Foundation, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 13.

[101]    Mr Robert Verhey, Strategy Manager Environment, Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 94.

[102]    Mr Markus Fraval, Chief Executive Officer, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard,    2 July 2008, p. 30.

[103]    Mr Markus Fraval, Chief Executive Officer, Revive Recycling Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard,    2 July 2008, p. 30.

[104]    Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 3.

[105]    Mr Trevor Hockley, Consultant, Recyclers of South Australia Inc, Committee Hansard,          30 June 2008, p. 49.

[106]    Ms Jane Castle, Resource Conservation Campaigner, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 54.

[107]    Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 31; Ms Jane Castle, Resource Conservation Campaigner, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 52; SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachment A.

[108]    SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachment A, p. 16.

[109]    Ms Jane Castle, Resource Conservation Campaigner, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 54.

[110]    Ms Jane Castle, Resource Conservation Campaigner, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 54.

[111]    Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 55.

[112]    SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachment A, p. 16.

[113]    National Packaging Covenant Council, Annual Report 2005–06, p. 14.

[114]    National Packaging Covenant Council, Annual Report 2005–06, p. 14.

[115]    AMCOR Australasia, Submission 57, p. 3.

[116]    Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué, 17 April 2008, p. 3

[117]    Qubator Pty Ltd, Submission 12, p. 2.

[118]    Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 3.

[119]    Qubator Pty Ltd, Submission 12, p. 3.

[120]    Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, Recommendation 12.5, p. 366.

[121]    Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Government Response to Productivity Commission's Final Report on the Inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency in Australia, July 2007, p. 9.

[122]    Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17.

[123]    Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, February 2006, p. 43.

[124]    Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17.

[125]    Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment A, p. 7.

[126]    Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 430.

[127]    For example, the Garnaut Climate Change Review Draft Report examines a range of permit prices between $10 and $40 (June 2008, p. 208). The Australian Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper uses $20 as an example (July 2008, p. 281).

[128]    Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 62

[129]    Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, October 2006, p. 62.

[130]    Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 5.

 

Chapter 4 - Potential new waste management strategies

[1]        Quoted in Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 46.

[2]        Although Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communication, SITA Environmental Solutions told the committee that zero waste to landfill policies cannot be met with current technology at a reasonable cost, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17.

[3]        Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 1.

[4]        Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17.

[5]        Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 28.

[6]        Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communication, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 29.

[7]        Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communication, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 28.

[8]        Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 3.

[9]        Mr Andrew Farlow, Sustainability Development Policy Manager, Cement Industry Federation, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 3.

[10]      Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Submission 80, p. 3.

[11]      Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Submission 80, p. 3.

[12]      Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 71, p. 5.

[13]      Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Departmental Performance Management and Communication, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 2.

[14]      Mr Andrew Farlow, Sustainability Development Policy Manager, Cement Industry Federation, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 3.

[15]      Hyder Consulting, Waste and Recycling in Australia, Paper prepared for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Short Paper, Report no. 4, 6 February 2006, p. 44.

[16]      The sale of organic and green-waste recyclables generates 1 per cent. Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 43.

[17]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, Recommendation 6.2, p. xlvii.

[18]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Government Response to Productivity Commission's Final Report on the Inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency in Australia, July 2007, pp 1–2.

[19]      Councillor Samantha Dunn, Yarra Ranges Shire Council, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 37. See also Cement Industry Foundation, Submission 47, p. 3, and AMCOR, Submission 57, p. 3.

[20]      Dr Ruth Lane and Associate Professor Ralph Horne, RMIT University, Submission 21, p. 1.

[21]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, Recommendation 7.1, p. xlvii.

[22]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Government Response to Productivity Commission's Final Report on the Inquiry into Waste Generation and Resource Efficiency in Australia, July 2007, p. 2.

[23]      Ms Mary Harwood, First Assistant Secretary, Environment Quality Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 63.

[24]      For example Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 17; Mr John Lawson, President, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 18;

[25]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 125.

[26]      See for example: Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006,    pp 219–258.

[27]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 2.

[28]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 2.

[29]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 4.

[30]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 10.

[31]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment A, p. 12, and Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth Government, Submission 78, p. 4.

[32]      Professor Stewart Burn, Stream Leader, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, pp 75–76.

[33]      Professor Stewart Burn, Stream Leader, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 76.

[34]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment A, p. 12.

[35]      Professor Stewart Burn, Stream Leader, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 75.

[36]      Mr Denis Farrell, Division Head, Population and Environment Statistics Division, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 57.

[37]      Ms Lillias Bovell, National President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 16.

[38]      CDL is contentious partly because the data is open to interpretation and subject to manipulation. Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions told the committee 'You can do anything with figures', Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 29. Many stakeholders including the Food and Grocery Council maintain that beverage containers represent less than three per cent of waste going to landfill. Food and Grocery Council of Australia, Submission 56, p. 2. Others such as the Boomerang Alliance and Total Environment Centre contend that the figure is actually over ten per cent and that the three per cent figure is aggregated across household, C&I and C&D waste streams rather than where major consumption actually occurs which is in the municipal sector. Mr Matthew Warnken, Managing Director, Crucible Carbon, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 66.

[39]      Mr Trevor Hockley, Consultant, Recyclers of South Australia Inc, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 47.

[40]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 9.

[41]      Mr Nicholas Harford, General Manager, Environment, VISY Industries Australia Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 18.

[42]      Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing & Communications, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 30.

[43]      Ms Anne Prince, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 26.

[44]      Port Stephens Council, Submission 5, p. 1.

[45]      Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 53.

[46]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 21.

[47]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 18.

[48]      Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Chief Executive, Zero Waste South Australia, Committee Hansard,     30 June 2008, p. 20.

[49]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, pp 20–21.

[50]      Australian Greenhouse Office, Analysis of recent trends and greenhouse indicators 1990 to 2005, September 2007, p. 45, www.greenhouse.gov.au/inventory/2005/pubs/trends2005.pdf (accessed 22 July 2008).

[51]      Department of Climate Change, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 2006, cited in  Department of Climate Change, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper, July 2008, p. 106.

[52]      Hyder Consulting, Review of Methane Recovery and Flaring from Landfills, October 2007, cited in Department of Climate Change, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper, July 2008, p. 106.

[53]      Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 20.

[54]      Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Submission 76, p. 5.

[55]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 20.

[56]      Mr Gerry Gillespie, President, Zero Waste Australia, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 41.

[57]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 6.

[58]      LMS Generation, Submission 54, p. 2.

[59]      Mr John Lawson, President, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard,             3 July 2008, p. 20.

[60]      Mr John Lawson, President, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard,              3 July 2008, p. 20.

[61]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué, 17 April 2008, p. 3.

[62]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Organics and horticulture, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/waste/organics.html (accessed 11 August 2008). The department does not, however, elaborate on the length of time over which that this depletion has occurred.

[63]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Organics and horticulture.

[64]      Zero Waste Australia, Submission 28, p. 6.

[65]      Mr Gerry Gillespie, President, Zero Waste Australia, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 41.

[66]      Fertiliser Industry Federation of Australia, Fertilizer Prices Continue to Rise, Media Release,   5 February 2008.

[67]      Senator John Williams, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 35.

[68]      Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communications, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 36.

[69]      Mr Gerry Gillespie, President, Zero Waste Australia, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 39.

[70]      Warnken ISE, Potential for Greenhouse Gas Abatement From Waste Management and Resource Recovery Activities in Australia, Prepared for SITA Environmental Solutions, Draft for Review, March 2007, Executive Summary, submitted by Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, Attachment F.

[71]      Mr John Lawson, President, Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 21.

[72]      Mr Timothy Rogers, Executive Director, Sustainability Programs Division, Department of the Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 3.

[73]      WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 31, p. 5.

[74]      Waste Management News 21 April 2008 cited in WSN Environmental Solutions, Submission 41, p. 5.

[75]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 24.

[76]      GRD Limited, Submission 36, p. 7.

[77]      Campbelltown City Council, Submission 18, p. 3.

[78]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 255.

[79]      Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS), a practical guide, February 2005, p. 4, www.defra.gov.uk/Environment/waste/localauth/lats/pdf/lats-leaflet-0405.pdf (accessed 28 July 2008).

[80]      Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS), a practical guide, February 2005, p. 8.

 

Chapter 5 - Extended Producer Responsibility

[1]        Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), Extended Producer Responsibility, www.oecd.org/document/19/0,3343,en_2649_34395_35158227_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed 31 July 2008).

[2]        Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 5.

[3]        This was also described as an initiative which applies a 'cradle to the grave principle'. Councillor Samantha Dunn, Yarra Ranges Shire Council, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008,              pp 37–38.

[4]        Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 8.

[5]        Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 71, p. 2.

[6]        Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 8.

[8]        Ms Jane Castle, Resource Conservation Campaigner, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, pp 52–53. 

[9]        Australian Council of Recyclers Inc, Submission 81, p. 5.

[10]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Submission 16, Attachment B, p. 29.

[11]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 276.

[12]      SITA Environmental Solutions, Submission 53, Attachment A, p. 29.

[13]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 268.

[14]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, NSW Extended Producer Responsibility Priority Statement 2007, Public Consultation Report, June 2008, p. 2, www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/warr/08322EPRstatement07consRpt.pdf (accessed 14 August 2008).

[15]      Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, NSW Extended Producer Responsibility Priority Statement 2007, Public Consultation Report, June 2008, p. 2.

[16]      These are reproduced in Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 270.

[17]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 270.

[18]      Mr Mike Ritchie, New South Wales President, Waste Management Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 18.

[19]      Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency, Submission 80, p. 4.

[20]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué – National Environment Ministers act on air quality and waste management, Second meeting of the EPHC, 11 October 2002, www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/EPHC/communique_oct_2002.pdf (accessed 14 August 2008).

[21]      The EPHC National Waste Framework is reproduced in Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, Appendix A.

[22]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Industry Discussion Paper on Co-regulatory Frameworks for Product Stewardship, December 2004, p. 10.

[23]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 12.

[24]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 13.

[25]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Tyres NEPM, www.ephc.gov.au/nepms/product_stewardship/product_stewardship.htm (accessed 14 August 2008).

[26]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 2.

[27]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 5.

[28]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 6.

[29]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Product Stewardship, www.ephc.gov.au/nepms/product_stewardship/product_stewardship.htm (accessed 5 August 2008).

[30]      Ms Mary Harwood, First Assistant Secretary, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 74.

[31]      Department of the Environment and Heritage cited in Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 279.

[32]      Ms Mary Harwood, First Assistant Secretary, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 74.

[33]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, NEPMs, Product Stewardship, www.ephc.gov.au/nepms/product_stewardship/product_stewardship.htm (accessed 29 August 2008).

[34]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, NEPMs, Product Stewardship, www.ephc.gov.au/nepms/product_stewardship/product_stewardship.htm (accessed 29 August 2008).

[35]      Ms Mary Harwood, First Assistant Secretary, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 74.

[36]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid Waste in Australia, Report no. 4613.0, 2006.

[37]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 6.

[38]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 6.

[39]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Product Stewardship Levy (excise), www.oilrecycling.gov.au/levy.html (accessed 14 August 2008).

[40]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 6.

[41]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Product Stewardship for Oil program, www.oilrecycling.gov.au/program/index.html (accessed 14 August 2008).

[42]      Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Recycle used oil: don't spoil our environment, Fact Sheet, WasteWise Queensland, August 2006. www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p01566aa.pdf/Recycle_used_oil_dont_spoil_our_environment.pdf (accessed 14 August 2008).

[43]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 3.

[44]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 3.

[45]      Ms Rebecca Brown, Manager, Waste and Recycling, Western Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 53.

[46]      Ms Rebecca Brown, Manager, Waste and Recycling, Western Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 53.

[47]      Mr John Pritchard, Executive Director, Policy and Research, Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, pp 53–54.

[48]      Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 3.

[49]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué – Climate Change and Water Top Ministers' Agenda, 2 June 2007, www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/EPHC/Comm_02_06_07.pdf (accessed 14 August 2008).

[50]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué – Ministers Seek Sustainable Solutions, 17 April 2008, www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/EPHC/Comm_17_04_08.pdf (accessed 14 August 2008).

[51]      Australian Food and Grocery Council, Submission 56, p. 2.

[52]      The National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant, 15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 1, www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/upm/Covenant_July_05.pdf (accessed 2 June 2008).

[53]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 7.

[54]      The National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant, 15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 1

[55]      Department of the Environment and Water Resources, National Packaging Covenant, Action Plan July 2006 to June 2008, p. 4, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/covenant/pubs/national-packaging-covenant-action.pdf (accessed 2 June 2008).

[56]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Used Packaging Materials NEPM, www.ephc.gov.au/nepms/upm/upm_intro.html (accessed 19 August 2008).

[57]      National Packaging Covenant Council, Annual Report, June 2004, p. 25, www.packagingcovenant.org.au/documents/File/NPC_June_2004_report.pdf (accessed 18 August 2008).

[58]      The National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant, 15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 16.  

[59]      The National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant, 15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 2.

[60]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, Communiqué, 17 April 2008, p. 3

[61]      The National Packaging Covenant Council, The National Packaging Covenant, 15 July 2005 to 30 June 2010, p. 20.

[62]      Mr Tony Mahar, Director, Sustainable Development, Australian Food and Grocery Council, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 24.

[63]      Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008,            pp 49–50.

[64]      Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 2.

[65]      Mr Matthew Warnken, Managing Director, Crucible Carbon, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 66.

[66]      WCS Market Intelligence & WME Environment Business Media, The Blue Book – Australian Waste Industry, 2008, p. 29.

[67]      Mr Peter Dolan, Director, Science and Sustainability, South Australian Environment Protection Authority, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 14.

[68]      Mr Neville Rawlings, President, Recyclers of South Australia Inc, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 42.

[69]      Mike Rann, Premier of South Australia, Empty drink containers now worth more, 31 August 2008, www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3619 (accessed 2 September 2008), Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), Container deposit refunds, www.epa.sa.gov.au/cdl.html (accessed 2 September 2008).

[70]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 239.

[71]      Government of South Australia, Submission 83, pp 8–9.

[72]      Government of South Australia, Submission 83, p. 17.

[73]      Government of South Australia, Submission 83, p. 8.

[74]      Mr Dan Ryan, Chief Executive Officer, Scouts South Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 7; Mr Peter Dolan, Director, Science and Sustainability, South Australian Environment Protection Authority, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 22.

[75]      Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 62.

[76]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 4; Australians for Refunds on Cans and Bottles, Submission 6, p. 1.

[77]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 30.

[78]      Mr Dan Ryan, Chief Executive Officer, Scouts South Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 2.

[79]      Mr John Phillips OAM, Executive Director, Keep South Australia Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 36.

[80]      See for example Dr Steward White, Independent Review of Container Deposit Legislation in New South Wales, Final Report - Volume I, Institute of Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, prepared for Hon Bob Debus MP, Minister for the Environment, November 2001, p. i; Australian Food and Grocery Council, Supplementary Information, tabled 4 July 2008, p. 5; and Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, Attachment A, p. 21.

[81]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 30

[82]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 263.

[83]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 7.

[84]      Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 7.

[85]      Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 38, 2006, p. 235.

[86]      Total Environment Centre, Busted! The 'Mobile Muster' Myth Exposed, Mobile Phone Recycling Survey, July 2007, p. 2, www.tec.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=581&Itemid=270 (accessed 15 August 2008).

[87]      Total Environment Centre, Busted! The 'Mobile Muster' Myth Exposed, Mobile Phone Recycling Survey, July 2007, p. 2.

[88]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, A National Approach to Waste Tyres: Policy Discussion Paper, www.ephc.gov.au/ephc/waste_tyres.html (accessed 15 August 2008).

[89]      Environment Protection and Heritage Council, A National Approach to Waste Tyres: Policy Discussion Paper.

[90]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends: Solid waste in Australia. 2006.

[91]      URS, Market Failure in End-of-life Tyre Disposal, Final Report, Prepared for Department of Environment and Heritage, 8 September 2006, p. 36.

[92]      URS, Market Failure in End-of-life Tyre Disposal, Final Report, Prepared for Department of Environment and Heritage, 8 September 2006, pp 43–44.

[93]      URS, Market Failure in End-of-life Tyre Disposal, Final Report, Prepared for Department of Environment and Heritage, 8 September 2006, p. 45.

[94]      Ms Rosalind Hall, Director Frameworks and Product Stewardship, Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 15.

[95]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 15.

[96]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, pp 15–16.

[97]      See for example Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Chief Executive, Zero Waste South Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, pp 18–19.

[98]      E-waste comprises obsolete electronic and electrical products including computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, phones, automobile and manufacturing components, and small electrical appliances.

[99]      Ms Mary Hardwood, First Assistant Secretary, Environment Quality Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Committee Hansard, 4 July 2008, p. 68.

[100]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2008, Waste and Recycling Practices of Households, Report no. 1301.0, 2008.

[101]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Media Alert – Environment snapshot: recycling up, but e-waste a looming issue, Report no. 4613.0,              10 November 2006.

[102]    Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 4.

[103]    This figure includes DVDs, digital cameras, games consoles, media players, camcorders, DVD players, mobile phones, multifunctional devices, televisions, scanners, printers and computers. Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, p. 4.

[104]    Mr Jeff Angel, Director, Total Environment Centre, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 50.

[105]    Mr David West, National Campaign Director, Boomerang Alliance, Committee Hansard, 2 July 2008, p. 4.

[106]    Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government,     Submission 16, Attachment B, p. 29.

[107]    Productivity Commission, Waste Management, Report no. 39, 2006, p. 276.

[108]    Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 74.

[109]    Sustainability Victoria is running Byteback in partnership with the Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA) and founding partners Apple, Canon, Dell, Epson, Fujitsu, Fuji-Xerox, HP, IBM, Lenovo, and Lexmark. Byteback, What is Byteback, 2008,  www.bytebackaustralia.com.au/ (accessed 5 August 2008).

[110]    Byteback, What is Byteback?, 2008.

[111]    Byteback, FAQ, 2008.

[112]    Fuji Zerox, Submission 91, p. 1.

[113]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends, Solid waste in Australia, 2006.

[114]    Mr Mike Ritchie, National General Manager, Marketing and Communications, SITA Environmental Solutions, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 31.

[115]    Ms Rebecca Brown, Manager, Waste and Recycling, Western Australian Local Government Association, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2008, p. 55.

[116]    Western Australian Local Government Association, Submission 44, p. 2.

[117]    Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Phase-out of inefficient incandescent light bulbs, www.environment.gov.au/settlements/energyefficiency/lighting.html (accessed 15 August 2008).

[118]    Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Submission 78, p. 5.

 

Family First - Dissenting Report

[1]        Mr Ian Kiernan AO, Chairman of Clean Up Australia, Less Rubbish on Clean Up Australia Day, Australian Associated Press in The Age, 2 March 2008, news.theage.com.au/national/less-rubbish-on-clean-up-australia-day-20080302-1w74.html (accessed 3 September 2008).

[2]        National Packaging Covenant website, www.packagingcovenant.org.au/page.php?name=history and www.packagingcovenant.org.au/page.php?name=currentsignatories (accessed 20 August 2008)

[3]        Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 26.

[4]        Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 4.

[5]        Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 3.

[6]        Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 8.

[7]        Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 3.

[8]        Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 71, p. 3.

[9]        Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, pp 23–24.

[10]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 23.

[11]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 29.

[12]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 4.

[13]      Revive Recycling, Submission 68, p. 3.

[14]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 37.

[15]      Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 2.

[16]      Revive Recycling, Submission 68, p. 3.

[17]      Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 2.

[18]      Clean Up Australia, Submission 55, p. 14.

[19]      South Australian Government, Submission 83, p. 14.

[20]      Australians for Refunds on Cans and Bottles, Submission 6.

[21]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 7.

[22]      Mr Robert Kelman, Ecos Corporation, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 63.

[23]      Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 71, p. 5.

[24]      Ecos Corporation, Submission 42, Attachment A, p. 3.

[25]      Mr Ian Kiernan, Chairman, Clean Up Australia, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, p. 62.

[26]      Mr Matthew Warnken, Managing Director, Crucible Carbon, Committee Hansard, 3 July 2008, pp 66–67.

[27]      VISY Industries Australia Pty Ltd, Submission 52, p. 10.

[28]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 8

[29]      Total Environment Centre, Submission 67, pp 2, 4–5.

[30]      Boomerang Alliance, Submission 46, p. 8.