Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, 14 September 2016, p. 197.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, 28 March 2017, p. 1202; 19 June 2017, p. 1472.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, 28 November 2017, p. 2312.

Chapter 2 - Changes in ocean temperatures, currents and chemistry associated with climate change

[1]        Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Submission 1, p. 11. The research cited is (Stocker et al 2013) TF Stocker et al, 'Technical Summary', in TF Stocker et al (eds), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

[2]        Bureau of Meteorology, 'Annual climate statement 2016', 5 January 2017, www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2016 (accessed 5 January 2017).

[3]        IMAS, Submission 1, p. 11.

[4]        IMAS, Submission 1, p. 3 (emphasis omitted).

[5]        Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 1.

[6]        Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 5.

[7]        IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12. A marine heat wave event has been defined as 'a discrete prolonged anomalously warm water event', where 'discrete implies the [marine heat wave] is an identifiable event with clear start and end dates, prolonged means it has a duration of at least five days and anomalously warm means the water temperature is warm relative to a baseline climatology'. This definition was articulated in A Hobday et al, 'A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 141, 2016, pp. 227–238; cited in E Oliver et al, 'The unprecedented 2015/16 Tasman Sea marine heatwave', Nature Communications, vol. 8, July 2017, p. 10.

[8]        Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2; IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12; Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Submission 2, p. 5.

[9]        Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 16, p. [4].

[10]      A Pearce and M Feng, 'The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011', Journal of Marine Systems, 111–112, 2013, p. 154.

[11]      A Pearce and M Feng, 'The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011', p. 143.

[12]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2; IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12; FRDC, Submission 2, p. 5.

[13]      Dr Janice Lough, Senior Principal Research Scientist, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 35.

[14]      See CSIRO, Answers to questions on notice, 17 March 2017 (received 20 April 2017).

[15]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12.

[16]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 29; E van Sebille, E Oliver and J Brown, 'Can you surf the East Australian Current, Finding Nemo‑style?', The Conversation, 6 June 2014, https://theconversation.com/can-you-surf-the-east-australian-current-finding-nemo-style-27392 (accessed 13 November 2017).

[17]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 3.

[18]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 11 (citations omitted).

[19]      Eddies, which are circular currents of water, cause nutrients in colder, deeper waters to come to the surface. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 'What is an eddy?', http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/eddy.html (accessed 13 December 2016).

[20]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12; Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), Submission 8, p. 3.

[21]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12.

[22]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 29.

[23]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 12.

[24]      Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 2.

[25]      Bureau of Meteorology, 'Forecast help', www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/forecasts/forecast-help.shtml (accessed 13 November 2017).

[26]      A Pearce and M Feng, 'The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011', p. 139.

[27]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 11.

[28]      Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Submission 9, p. 8 (citation omitted).

[29]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 9.

[30]      Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 16, p. [3].

[31]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 4.

[32]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 11.

[33]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 4.  

[34]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 11.

[35]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 5.

[36]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 12.

[37]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 7.

[38]      Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), 'What is IMOS', http://imos.org.au/about/ (accessed 14 November 2017).

[39]      The Lead Agent of IMOS is the University of Tasmania, which operates IMOS in partnership with CSIRO, AIMS, Bureau of Meteorology, SIMS (encompassing the University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Macquarie University and University of Technology Sydney), University of Western Australia, Curtin University and the South Australian Research and Development Institute. IMOS, 'What is IMOS', http://imos.org.au/about/ (accessed 14 November 2017).

[40]      The moorings network measures physical and biological parameters of Australian coastal waters using a network of national reference stations, regional arrays of shelf moorings, acidification moorings and acoustic observatories. The national reference stations are located at Kangaroo Island, SA; Yongala and Stradbroke Island, QLD; Darwin, NT; Maria Island, TAS; Port Hacking, NSW; Rottnest Island, WA. IMOS, 'National Mooring Network', http://imos.org.au/facilities/nationalmooringnetwork/ (accessed 14 November 2017).

[41]      IMOS, 'Facilities', http://imos.org.au/facilities/ (accessed 14 November 2017).

[42]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 20.

[43]      IMOS, 'What is IMOS', http://imos.org.au/about/ (accessed 14 November 2017).

[44]      Dr Alan Jordan, Principal Research Scientist, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 51.

[45]      A Pearce and M Feng, 'The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011', p. 141.

[46]      AIMS, 'Monitoring Australia's tropical reefs', www.aims.gov.au/docs/research/monitoring/‌reef/reef-monitoring.html (accessed 14 November 2017).

[47]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 6.

[48]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 5.

[49]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 2.

[50]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 3.

[51]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 3.

[52]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 12.

[53]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 7.

[54]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 5.

[55]      AIMS, Submission 10, pp. 4–5. Research outlined in the submission includes field research at three shallow volcanic carbon dioxide seeps in eastern Papua New Guinea, studies of carbonate chemistry in the Great Barrier Reef and carbon dioxide enrichment experiments in the National Sea Simulator (SeaSim) in Townsville.

[56]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 13.

[57]      Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 6.

Chapter 3 - Changes in fish stocks, marine biodiversity and marine ecosystems

[1]        Environmental Defenders Offices of Australia (EDOA), Submission 4, p. 3.

[2]        Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2.

[3]        Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Submission 9, pp. 8–9 (citations omitted).

[4]        AFMA, Submission 9, pp. 9–10.

[5]        Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Submission 10, p. 2.

[6]        Professor Stewart Frusher, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, pp. 1, 2.

[7]        IMAS, Submission 1, p. 15; AIMS, Submission 10, p. 2.

[8]        AIMS, Submission 10, p. 2.

[9]        Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 2.

[10]      Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 5.

[11]      Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), Submission 8, p. 2.

[12]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 2.

[13]      Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Submission 2, p. 7.

[14]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2.

[15]      IMAS, Submission 1, pp. 3–4 (emphasis omitted).

[16]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 7.

[17]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2.

[18]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 2.

[19]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 4. Giant kelp forests in south-east Australia were listed under the EPBC Act in 2012 'with one of the major threats identified to be associated with climate change'. CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 10.

[20]      Dr Barrett explained that the giant kelp is important for the productivity of the east coast of Tasmania. He described the giant kelp as being an 'extremely productive plant—it produced a large amount of biomass that drifted off and fed grazers like abalone and fed the other invertebrates that rock lobsters feed on'. Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 5.

[21]      Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 4.

[22]      Mr Michael Baron, Owner, Eaglehawk Dive Centre, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 14.

[23]      Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 3.

[24]      Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 4. On the handfish, which is a species that is endemic to Tasmania and which cannot live in the Southern Ocean, Mr Jon Bryan from the Tasmanian Conservation Trust noted that it 'is basically stuck here in Tasmania, and, if the habitat becomes unsuitable here, they will become extinct'. Mr Jon Bryan, Marine Campaigner, Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 27.

[25]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 3.

[26]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 4.

[27]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 4.

[28]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 2.

[29]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 2.

[30]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 19.

[31]      Australian Environment Foundation, Submission 12, p. 9.

[32]      SIMS explained that '[r]ecent observations suggest that eddies (swirls or vortexes) of the East Australian Current provide significant offshore habitats for larval fish compared to those on the continental shelf'. SIMS, Submission 8, p. 3 (citation omitted).

[33]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 5.

[34]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 13.

[35]      Government of South Australia, Submission 21, p. 4.

[36]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 9; CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 11.

[37]      L Burke, D Bryant, J McManus, and M Spalding, Reefs at Risk, World Resources Institute, 2008; cited in Reef Resilience Network, 'Value of Reefs', www.reefresilience.org/coral-reefs/reefs-and-resilience/value-of-reefs (accessed 27 October 2017).

[38]      Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), 'Animals', www.gbrmpa.gov.au/about-the-reef/animals; 'Facts about the Great Barrier Reef', www.gbrmpa.gov.au/about-the-reef/facts-about-the-great-barrier-reef (accessed 27 October 2017).

[39]      Dr Janice Lough, Senior Principal Research Scientist, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 34.

[40]      GBRMPA, Submission 20, p. 2.

[41]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 2. See also CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 11.

[42]      Dr Janice Lough, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 34.

[43]      See AIMS, Submission 10, pp. 2–3.

[44]      See Sheriden Morris, Managing Director, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 1; Mr John Edmondson, Owner/Director, Wavelength Reef Cruises, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 9.

[45]      See Dr Alan Jordan, Principal Research Scientist, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, pp. 50–51.

[46]      Northern Land Council, Submission 17, p. 5.

[47]      GBRMPA, Submission 20, p. 1. Other threats to the Reef include poor water quality from land‑based run-off, impacts from coastal development and risks related to fishing, particularly illegal fishing. See GBRMPA, Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2014, 2014, pp. v–vi.

[48]      GBRMPA, Submission 20, p. 2.

[49]      Dr Andrew Hoey, Reef Ecologist, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 3.

[50]      Dr Fabricius from AIMS explained that: 'We have done experiments in the past, with consistent results from all around the world—which show that corals that had bleached depleted their energy reserves so much that they were unable to spawn for one or two years after the bleaching stress'. Dr Katharina Fabricius, Senior Principal Research Scientist, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 37.

[51]      Dr Andrew Hoey, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 2.

[52]      Dr Andrew Hoey, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 10–11.

[53]      Dr Michelle Heupel, Senior Research Scientist, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 42.

[54]      Dr David Wachenfeld, Director, Reef Recovery, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 46.

[55]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 2.

[56]      Dr Katharina Fabricius, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 40.

[57]      Dr Katharina Fabricius, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 36.

[58]      AIMS, Submission 10, pp. 5–6.

[59]      Dr David Wachenfeld, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 46.

[60]      Dr Andrew Hoey, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 1.

[61]      Dr Fabricius explained that coral losses observed in the Great Barrier Reef through long-term monitoring over 27 years up to 2012 were attributed to cyclones (48 per cent of losses), crown-of-thorns starfish (42 per cent) and bleaching (10 per cent). As a result of the two severe bleaching events since 2012, however, Dr Fabricius reasoned that these three sources of damage could now be 'almost equal in their destructiveness'. Dr Katharina Fabricius, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 43.

[62]      AIMS explained that increased nutrient availability 'increases phytoplankton, the food source of the planktonic CoTS larvae, which in turn increases their survival, ultimately increasing likelihood of CoTS population outbreaks'. AIMS, Submission 10, p. 6.

[63]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 6.

[64]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 6.

[65]      See AIMS, Submission 10, pp. 6–8.

[66]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 7.

[67]      Ms Hayley Morris, Morris Group, Submission 25, p. 2

[68]      Sheriden Morris, Managing Director, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 5.

[69]      Dr Andrew Hoey, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 11.

[70]      Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 22.

[71]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 'Mangroves', 30 January 2017, https://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/components/flora/mangroves/ (accessed 28 July 2017).

[72]      The mangroves provide a nursery for these fish species. Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 14–15.

[73]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 'Mangroves', 30 January 2017, https://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/components/flora/mangroves/ (accessed 28 July 2017). Many of these points were also made by Mr Simon Rowe, Program Manager, Environment, OceanWatch Australia (see Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 39).

[74]      Norman Duke et al, 'Large-scale dieback of mangroves in Australia's Gulf of Carpentaria: a severe ecosystem response, coincidental with an unusually extreme weather event', Marine and Freshwater Research, CSIRO, 2017.

[75]      Northern Land Council, Submission 17, p. 5.

[76]      Mr Simon Rowe, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 39.

[77]      Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 15.

[78]      Professor Burrows clarified that the full recovery of the mangroves will take longer than 15 years; however, 15 years should allow 'a reasonable degree' of recovery. Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 16.

[79]      Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 19.

[80]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 16.

[81]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 4.

[82]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 15 (citation omitted).

[83]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 32.

[84]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 2.

[85]      Government of South Australia, Submission 21, p. 4.

[86]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 6.

[87]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 16.

[88]      Mr Martin Exel, General Manager Environment and Policy, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 23.

[89]      Mr Martin Exel, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 23.

[90]      Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Submission 18, pp. 5–6.

[91]      Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, 'Long Spined Sea Urchin Research Project', http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/sea-fishing-aquaculture/recreational-fishing/area-restrictions/long-spined-urchin-research (accessed 8 December 2016).

[92]      Mr Jon Bryan, Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 27.

[93]      Mr Michael Baron, Eaglehawk Dive Centre, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 17.

Chapter 4 - Consequences of climate change for fishing, aquaculture and other ocean-based activities

[1]        Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Submission 1, p. 16.

[2]        Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR), Submission 18, p. 4.

[3]        AFMA, Submission 9, p. 3.

[4]        AFMA, Submission 9, p. 3.

[5]        Northern Territory Seafood Council, Submission 22, p. [2].

[6]        DAWR, Submission 18, p. 4.

[7]        Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Submission 2, p. 11.

[8]        IMAS, Submission 1, p. 27.

[9]        DAWR, Submission 18, p. 4. See also FRDC, Submission 2, p. 11.

[10]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 27.

[11]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 26.

[12]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [2].

[13]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [5].

[14]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [5].

[15]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [2].

[16]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [5].

[17]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 26.

[18]      OceanWatch Australia, Submission 3, p. [4].

[19]      Mr Neil Stump, Executive Officer, Oysters Tasmania, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 19.

[20]      Tassal, 'Tassal rebalances sales channels to optimise returns', Statement to the ASX, 7 April 2016.

[21]      A Humphries, 'Harbour fish deaths', The Mercury, 28 November 2017, p. 3.

[22]      DAWR, 'Marine pests', www.agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/marine-pests (accessed 6 February 2017).

[23]      New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), 'Disease management in aquaculture', www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/pests-diseases/animal-health/aquaculture/poms (accessed 6 February 2017).

[24]      Examples given by the FRDC include: nervous necrosis virus in finfish; local genotypes of YHV (YHV2, YHV7) in prawns; Bonamia sp. in edible oysters; oedema oyster disease in pearl oysters; Edwardsiella ictaluri in catfish; abalone viral ganglioneuritis; and Penaeus monodon hepatopancreatitis. FRDC, Submission 2, p. 19.

[25]      See FRDC, Submission 2, p. 10; Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 5, p. 3; Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. 5 and Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), Submission 8, p. 3. For example, SIMS submitted that 'ascribing the appearance or abundance of novel marine pests and diseases to climate change parameters is less straight forward than trends in biodiversity or fish stocks'.

[26]      DAWR, Submission 18, p. 6.

[27]      For example, see CSIRO, Submission 15, pp. 16–19.

[28]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 3.

[29]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 26; CSIRO, Submission 15, pp. 16–17.

[30]      Dr Neville Barrett, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 4.

[31]      Mr Jon Bryan, Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 28.

[32]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 10.

[33]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 13.

[34]      NSW DPI, 'Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS)', www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/pests-diseases/animal-health/aquaculture/poms (accessed 17 January 2017).

[35]      I Catizone, 'National impact from Tasmanian POMS outbreak', FISH, vol. 24, no. 2 (June 2016), FRDC, http://frdc.com.au/stories/Pages/26_National-impact.aspx (accessed 17 January 2017).

[36]      Mr Neil Stump, Oysters Tasmania, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 20.

[37]      Mr Neil Stump, Oysters Tasmania, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 20.

[38]      Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, 'Government Assistance for Oysters Growers', http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/sea-fishing-aquaculture/marine-farming-aquaculture/government-assistance-for-oysters-growers (accessed 17 January 2017).

[39]      National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 'What is a harmful algal bloom?', www.noaa.gov/what-is-harmful-algal-bloom (accessed 7 December 2016).

[40]      P Thompson, P Bonham and K Swadling, 'Phytoplankton blooms in the Huon Estuary, Tasmania: top down or bottom up control?', Journal of Plankton Research, 2008, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 735–53; cited by CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 18.

[41]      G Hallegraef and C Bolch, 'Unprecedented Toxic Algal Blooms Impact on Tasmanian Seafood Industry', Microbiology Australia, 2016, vol. 37, no. 3, pp 140–42; cited by IMAS, Submission 1, p. 24.

[42]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 2.

[43]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [2].

[44]      Mr Neil Stump, Oysters Tasmania, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 19.

[45]      IMAS, Submission 1, pp. 23, 27. The FRDC has undertaken research into the comparative susceptibility and responses of endemic fishes and salmonids affected by amoebic gill disease in Tasmania: see FRDC, Submission 2, p. 40.

[46]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[47]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 27.

[48]      Professor David Raftos, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 28.

[49]      Professor David Raftos, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 28.

[50]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 38.

[51]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 19.

[52]      CSIRO, Submission 15, pp. 19–20.

[53]      IMAS, Submission 1, pp. 25–26 (citation omitted).

[54]      DAWR, Submission 18, p. 4.

[55]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 3.

[56]      Government of South Australia, Submission 21, p. 2.

[57]      DAWR, Submission 18, p. 4.

[58]      DAWR, Submission 18, p. 3. The reasons for this were questioned in the Australian Environment Foundation's submission, which argued that Australian fisheries are under-utilised. See Submission 12.

[59]      Queensland Government, Submission 14, p. 2.

[60]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [2].

[61]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [4].

[62]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, Executive Officer, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 14.

[63]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 14.

[64]      Professor David Raftos, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 29.

[65]      Mr Martin Exel, General Manager Environment and Policy, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 22.

[66]      Mr Martin Exel, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 23.

[67]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 29; SIMS, Submission 8, p. 4.

[68]      SIMS, Submission 8, p. 4.

[69]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 1.

[70]      SIMS, Submission 8, p. 4.

[71]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 29.

[72]      As part of the IPA program, since 1997 the Australian Government has assisted Indigenous communities to dedicate their land or sea country as IPAs on a voluntary basis. IPAs are recognised as part of the National Reserve System and IPA projects are supported through a multi-year funding agreement. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 'Indigenous Protected Areas – IPAs', www.pmc.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/‌indigenous-protected-areas-ipas (accessed 26 October 2017). Further information about the IPAs in the Northern Territory was provided by the Northern Land Council: see Mr Matthew Salmon, Manager, Caring for Country, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 2; Northern Land Council, Submission 17, p. 6.

[73]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 6.

[74]      Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 16, p. [2].

[75]      Northern Land Council, Submission 17, p. 5.

[76]      It is considered that these animals will migrate to deeper waters in response to higher sea temperatures. Northern Land Council, Submission 17, p. 5.

[77]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 6.

[78]      DAWR, Submission 18, p. 3.

[79]      Northern Land Council, Submission 17, pp. 7–8. The Council lists several recommendations at page 8 of its submission.

[80]      Mr Matthew Salmon, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 1.

[81]      Mr Matthew Salmon, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 3.

[82]      Mr Matthew Salmon, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 3.

[83]      Mr Matthew Salmon, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 4.

[84]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 6.

[85]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 6.

[86]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 8.

[87]      Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 7.

[88]      Mr Martin Exel, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 25.

[89]      Mr Michael Baron, Owner, Eaglehawk Dive Centre, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, pp. 14, 15

[90]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 10.

[91]      Mr John Edmondson, Owner/Director, Wavelength Reef Cruises, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 10.

[92]      Mr Steven Moon, Member, Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 17. Other witnesses also commented inaccurate media reporting of the 2016 bleaching incident on. For example, see Dr Andrew Hoey, Reef Ecologist, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 7.

[93]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 2.

[94]      Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[95]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 17.

[96]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 26.

[97]      Dr Alan Jordan, Principal Research Scientist, NSW DPI, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, pp. 51–52.

Chapter 5 - Adapting to climate change: Policy and regulatory responses

[1]        For example, see Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Submission 10, p. 8; Mr Michael Baron, Owner, Eaglehawk Dive Centre, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 16; Professor Iain Suthers and Dr Adriana Verges, Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, pp. 30–31.

[2]        See Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE), 'National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy', www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/adaptation/strategy (accessed 15 December 2016).

[3]        Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Submission 2, p. 4.

[4]        For example, see DoEE, Submission 19.

[5]        Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, s. 3(1).

[6]        Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, s. 3A.

[7]        EDOs of Australia (EDOA), Submission 4, pp. 4, 7, 10. See also Ms Susan Higginson, Chief Executive Officer, Environmental Defenders Office New South Wales (EDO NSW), Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 9.

[8]        Ms Susan Higginson, EDO NSW, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 8.

[9]        For example, Professor David Booth referred to a report on the status of fish stocks compiled by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), which he described as 'an amazing document of over 400 pages', but which 'makes almost no mention of the effect of climate change on those species'. The professor added that 'temperature is mentioned a number of times but not directly the change in climate'. Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 3.

[10]      Dr Alan Jordan, Principal Research Scientist, NSW DPI, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 48.

[11]      EDOA, Submission 4, p. 8.

[12]      EDOA, Submission 4, p. 7

[13]      A Hawke, Report of the Independent Review of the EPBC Act 1999, 2009, Part 1, pp. 22, 30.

[14]      Australian Government, Response to the report of the independent review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, 2011, www.environment.gov.au/system/‌files/resources/605a54df-7b33-4426-a5a8-51de24b29c71/files/epbc-review-govt-response.pdf (accessed 30 November 2017, p. 27.

[15]      The Reef 2050 Plan, which was released by the Australian and Queensland Governments in March 2015, provides a framework for protecting and managing the Reef. The Plan is discussed in Chapter 6.

[16]      Ms Susan Higginson, EDO NSW, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 12.

[17]      Dr Trevor Ward and Professor David Booth, Submission 23, pp. 1–2.

[18]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 2.

[19]      Dr Trevor Ward and Professor David Booth, Submission 23, p. 4 (emphasis omitted).

[20]      Submission 23, pp. 4–5 (emphasis omitted). The joint submission provides further detail on how the Commission could be structured and its possible functions.

[21]      See Ms Lowri Pryce, Executive Officer; Mr Simon Rowe, Program Manager—Environment, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 45.

[22]      See National Archives (United States), The Obama White House, 'National Ocean Council', https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/oceans (accessed 13 November 2017).

[23]      Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Submission 1, p. 25 (citations omitted).

[24]      In developing this point, Austral discussed the particular circumstances of the Northern Prawn Fishery and the sub-Antarctic fisheries. See Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [6].

[25]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, pp. [4], [6].

[26]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 8.

[27]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 2.

[28]      Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Submission 9, p. 4.

[29]      Dr James Findlay, Chief Executive Officer, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 8.

[30]      Dr Alan Jordan, NSW DPI, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 46.

[31]      Government of South Australia, Submission 21, p. 2.

[32]      The smart principles identified by the FRDC are sustainability, adaptability, flexibility and responsiveness 'all underpinned by science such as stock assessment and bio-economic knowledge commensurate to the size and value of the particular fishery. FRDC, Submission 2, p. 16.

[33]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 41.

[34]      EDOA, Submission 4, p. 12.

[35]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 5.

[36]      AFMA's existing management strategies are outlined at AFMA, Submission 9, pp. 3–4.

[37]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 1.

[38]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 5.

[39]      Dr Nick Rayns, Executive Manager, Fisheries, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 9.

[40]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 23.

[41]      IMAS recommended that climate change impacts on key assessment parameters should be incorporated into routine fishery stock assessments and the development of harvest strategies that account for a changing environment. IMAS, Submission 1, p. 32.

[42]      Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), Submission 20, p. 2.

[43]      CSIRO, Submission 15, p. 23.

[44]      IMAS referred to analyses of ITQ systems in Australia and New Zealand that indicate access right holders generally resist lower TACs 'when cuts were required during periods of low recruitment consistent with climate change...' IMAS, Submission 1, p. 32 (citation omitted).

[45]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 32.

[46]      Austral Fisheries, Submission 6, p. [6].

[47]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, no. 81, 19 December 2016, pp. 81, 83

[48]      Australian Government, Response to the Productivity Commission report: Inquiry into regulation of the Australian marine fisheries and aquaculture sectors, May 2017, pp. 3–4.

[49]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 47.

[50]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. iv.

[51]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 188; Dr James Findlay, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 10; D Borthwick, Review of Commonwealth fisheries: legislation, policy and management, p. 16; cited in Senate Environment and Communications References Committee, Factory freezer trawlers in the Commonwealth Small Pelagic Fishery, November 2016, pp. 5–6.

[52]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 190.

[53]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 30.

[54]      AFMA, Submission 9, pp. 4–5.

[55]      Dr James Findlay, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 12.

[56]      Ms Jo-anne McCrea, Australian Fisheries and Seafood Manager, World Wildlife Fund, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 33.

[57]      Ms Jo-anne McCrea, World Wildlife Fund, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 34.

[58]      Ms Susan Higginson, EDO NSW, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, pp. 8–9.

[59]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 5.

[60]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 197.

[61]      These included 'additional administrative and compliance costs, unequal treatment of fishers, constraints on productivity growth, high levels of waste through discarding of fish, and sub‑optimal management of both target stocks and bycatch'. Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 187.

[62]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, pp. 187–88.

[63]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 187.

[64]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 188.

[65]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 204.

[66]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 25.

[67]      Dr James Findlay, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 12.

[68]      The Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS) referred to 'forecasting tools are being used to predict the seasonal migration of dolphinfish to inform anglers of fish distribution and to improve the deployment of Fish Aggregation Devices'. SIMS, Submission 8, p. 4 (citation omitted).

[69]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 13.

[70]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 4. See also AFMA, Submission 50 to Productivity Commission inquiry into marine fisheries and aquaculture, April 2016, www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/‌pdf_file/0003/198462/sub050-fisheries-aquaculture.pdf (accessed 21 August 2017), pp. 4–5.

[71]      AFMA, Submission 9, p. 4.

[72]      Dr James Findlay, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 10.

[73]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 13.

[74]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, Executive Officer, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 18.

[75]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 25.

[76]      Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, pp. 10–11.

[77]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 9.

[78]      Dr David Smith, Acting Science and Deputy Director, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, pp. 10–11.

[79]      Dr Alan Jordan, NSW DPI, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 49.

[80]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 25.

[81]      Categories exempted from the licence requirement include: people under 18 or over 60 years of age; an adult assisting a person under the age of 18 years; an Aboriginal Australian; and the holders of pension or veterans affairs concession cards. See Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 126; Mrs Patricia Beatty, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 18.

[82]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 126.

[83]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 126.

[84]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 126.

[85]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 18.

[86]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 129.

[87]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 129.

[88]      Productivity Commission, Marine fisheries and aquaculture, p. 131–32.

[89]      Ms Lowri Pryce, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 37. The following examples of activities intended to result in voluntary change of attitudes, behaviours and practices were provided: '...helping recreational fishers understand the link between marine debris and their abandoned waste fishing tackle, bait or line; helping farmers understand the link between river estuarine health and fencing cattle from riparian zones; helping port authorities understand the connection between vessel anchorages and avoiding marine habitat degradation; helping fishers on the back of vessels understand the connection between good product quality and better animal welfare; and helping ordinary people understand that their actions at school, at work and at home have an impact downstream'.

[90]      Mrs Patricia Beatty, New South Wales Professional Fishermen's Association, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 15.

[91]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 6.

[92]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 6.

[93]      DoEE, 'Commonwealth marine reserves – Overview', www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/‌marine-reserves/overview (accessed 15 December 2016).

[94]      See UNESCO, Mission Report: Reactive Monitoring Mission to Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 6th to 14th March 2012, June 2012, http://whc.unesco.org/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/‌progress?id=iFhLHlkxWS8QC2gdXKuruIxjSIrnkCiyPfHugH0FAPw,&dl (accessed 30 November 2017, p. 34.

[95]      AIMS, 'Twice the coral trout in Great Barrier Reef protected zones', www.aims.gov.au/docs/media/latest-releases/-/asset_publisher/8Kfw/content/27-march-twice-the-coral-trout-in-great-barrier-reef-protected-zones (accessed 29 November 2017)

[96]      DoEE, 'Australian marine parks', www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/marine-reserves (accessed 27 October 2017).

[97]      IMAS, Submission 1, p. 34. A list of reasons is provided at pages 34 to 35 of the submission.

[98]      FRDC, Submission 2, p. 17.

[99]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 22.

[100]    IMAS, Submission 1, pp. 34–35.

[101]    IMAS cited a paper that argued features needed for MPAs include: '(i) no-take zones with large north-south dimensions, allowing species to shift internally with warming climate, (ii) such zones to be distributed without major (>200 km) gaps as a north-south network, facilitating poleward range shifts, (iii) all major marine habitat types and biodiversity features to be protected from exploitation within at least one MPA, (iv) the MPA network to include considerations of connectivity with deeper water and adjacent habitats'. The paper cited is AD Olds, KA Pitt, PS Maxwell, RC Babcock, D Rissik, RM Connolly, 'Marine reserves help coastal ecosystems cope with extreme weather', Global Change Biology, vol. 20, 2014, pp. 3050–58. IMAS, Submission 1, pp. 34–35.

[102]    Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 2.

[103]    EDOA, Submission 4, p. 5 (footnotes omitted).

[104]    Professor Iain Suthers; Dr Adriana Verges, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 27.

[105]    These include regulating the type of gear fishermen use, the types of species they are allowed to catch, and spatial and temporal management techniques.

[106]    Dr James Findlay; Dr Nick Rayns, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 13.

[107]    Dr James Findlay, AFMA, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 13.

[108]    IMAS, Submission 1, p. 25.

[109]    DoEE, Submission 19, p. 5.

[110]    Ms Susan Higginson, EDO NSW, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 9.

[111]    Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR), Submission 18, p. 6.

[112]    Queensland Government, Submission 14, p. 2.

[113]    DAWR, Submission 18, p. 6.

[114]    Biosecurity Amendment (Ballast Water and Other Measures) Act 2017.

[115]    DAWR, Submission 18, p. 6.

[116]    Mr Ian Thompson, First Assistant Secretary, Sustainable Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Division, DAWR, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 13.

[117]    Mr Ian Thompson, DAWR, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2017, p. 13.

[118]    IMAS, Submission 1, p. 38.

[119]    IMAS, Submission 1, p. 40.

[120]    Mr Martin Exel, General Manager Environment and Policy, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 24.

[121]    Mr Martin Exel, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 24.

Chapter 6 - Adapting to climate change: Measures to support fisheries, marine ecosystems and biodiversity

[1]        Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[2]        Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 2.

[3]        Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[4]        See Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR), Submission 18, p. 4.

[5]        Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 12.

[6]        Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 12.

[7]        Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[8]        Professor Gustaaf Hallegraeff, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 11.

[9]        Mr Simon Rowe, Program Manager, Environment, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 44.

[10]      Ms Lowri Pryce, Executive Officer, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 44.

[11]      Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Submission 2, p. 11.

[12]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 3.

[13]      Dr Alistair Hobday, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 9.

[14]      Mr Tony Fontes, Reef Campaigner, Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS), Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 27.

[15]      Department of the Environment and Energy, 'The Reef 2050 Plan', www.environment.gov.au/‌marine/gbr/long-term-sustainability-plan (accessed 18 October 2017).

[16]      Australian Government and Queensland Government, Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, March 2015, www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d98b3e53-146b-4b9c-a84a-2a22454b9a83/files/reef-2050-long-term-sustainability-plan.pdf (accessed 18 October 2017), p. iii.

[17]      The Hon Steven Miles MP, 'Budget delivers record funding for environment', Media Release, 13 June 2017; Queensland Government, 'Budget highlights: Environment', https://budget.qld.gov.au/budget-highlights/environment/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

[18]      Dr David Wachenfeld, Director, Reef Recovery, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 46.

[19]      AIMS, Submission 10, p. 8.

[20]      Dr David Wachenfeld, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 46.

[21]      Australian Government and Queensland Government, Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, March 2015, p. 37.

[22]      Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, p. 25.

[23]      Ms Hayley Morris, Executive Director, Morris Group, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 29.

[24]      Ms Hayley Morris, Morris Group, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 31.

[25]      Dr Katharina Fabricius, Senior Principal Research Scientist, AIMS Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 38.

[26]      Dr David Wachenfeld, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 46­–47, 49.

[27]      Mr Tony Fontes, Reef Campaigner, AMCS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 28.

[28]      Reef 2050 Plan Independent Expert Panel, Communiqué of seventh meeting, 5 May 2017, www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/abff0d5e-b94d-4495-b79b-90dc52274f69/‌files/expert-panel-communique-5may2017.pdf (accessed 15 November 2017).

[29]      Professor Burrows explained that coral larvae prefer to settle on other coral.

[30]      Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 23.

[31]      Dr David Wachenfeld, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 51–52.

[32]      Sheriden Morris, Managing Director, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 2.

[33]      Mr Tony Fontes, Reef Campaigner, AMCS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 31.

[34]      Dr Andrew Hoey, Reef Ecologist, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 4–5.

[35]      Sheriden Morris, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 3.

[36]      Sheriden Morris, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 4.

[37]      Dr Katharina Fabricius, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, pp. 39–40.

[38]      Dr Janice Lough, Senior Principal Research Scientist, AIMS, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 39.

[39]      Dr David Wachenfeld, GBRMPA, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 52.

[40]      University of Tasmania, IMOS Five Year Plan (2017–22), http://imos.org.au/fileadmin/‌user_upload/shared/IMOS%20General/documents/IMOS/Plans___Reports/5_year_plan/IMOS-Five-Year-Plan-Final-23-09-16.pdf (accessed 14 November 2017), pp. 1, 31.

[41]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 20.

[42]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 20.

[43]      Department of Education and Training, 'NCRIS Operational Funding 2017‒2019', https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/ncris_projects_2017_funding_allocations.‌pdf (accessed 14 November 2017).

[44]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 3.

[45]      Professor David Booth, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 4.

[46]      Professor Stewart Frusher, IMAS, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 7.

[47]      Mr Simon Rowe, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 38.

[48]      Professor Damien Burrows, Committee Hansard, 30 August 2017, p. 16.

[49]      Mr Martin Exel, General Manager Environment and Policy, Austral Fisheries, Committee Hansard, 21 February 2017, p. 24.

[50]      CSIRO, 'Research vessel: Investigator', www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/Marine-National-Facility/RV-Investigator (accessed 30 October 2017).

[51]      Professor Iain Suthers, SIMS, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 29.

[52]      Dr Andreas Schiller, Acting Director, Oceans and Atmosphere; Dr Alistair Hobday, Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, pp. 4–5.

[53]      CSIRO, Answers to questions on notice, 17 March 2017 (received 13 April 2017), p. 1.

[54]      Ms Lowri Pryce, OceanWatch Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 March 2017, p. 39.

[55]      Mr John Rumney, Managing Director, Great Barrier Reef Legacy, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 38.

[56]      Ms Hayley Morris, Executive Director, Morris Group, Committee Hansard, 29 August 2017, p. 31; Ms Hayley Morris, Morris Group, Submission 25, p. 2.

Chapter 7 - Conclusions and recommendations

[1]        Examples of Commonwealth legislation include the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act); Fisheries Management Act 1991 and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975.

[2]        W Craik, Review of Governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, July 2017, www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/6a038c9a-34dd-42cb-a0b4-a688bd284658/‌files/final-report-review-governance-gbrmpa.pdf (accessed 29 November 2017), p. 26.