Footnotes

Chapter 1 - The Committee's Inquiry

[1]        Senator Bernardi, Senate Hansard, 18 March 2008, p. 1198.

[2]        Senator Bernardi, Senate Hansard, 18 March 2008, pp 1197-1198.

[3]        Commercial Television Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 19, paragraph 2.17.

[4]        Australian Communications & Media Authority Act 2005, s. 10 (h) & (i). ACMA is the Commonwealth Government authority responsible for the regulation of broadcasting and internet content.

[5]        Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995, Schedule 1.

Chapter 2 - Television and Radio Regulatory Framework

[1]        Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 10, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 8 April 2008).

[2]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 123(1).

[3]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 125(2)

[4]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 123(2).

[5]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 123(3).

[6]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 4.

[7]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 124(1-2).

[8]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 123(4).

[9]        Arts Law Centre of Australia Online, Classification and Censorship, http://www.artslaw.com.au/LegalInformation/ClassificationCensorship/default.asp (accessed 6 April 2008).

[10]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 122(1-2).

[11]      Narrowcasting services are broadcasting services whose reception is limited by being targeted to special interest groups; or by being intended only for limited locations, for example, arenas or business premises; or by being provided during a limited period or to cover a special event; or  because they provide programs of limited appeal; or for some other reason. Broadcasting Services Act 1992, ss 17-18.

[12]      Productivity Commission, Broadcasting, Report No. 11(2000), p. 453.

[13]      Senate Select Committee on Information Technologies, In the Public Interest (2000), paragraph 6.1.

[14]      Australian Family Association, Submission 85, p. 4.

[15]      Professor Lesley Hitchens, Submission 56, pp 1-2.

[16]      Ibid., p.2

[17]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, Annual Report 2006-07, p. ix

Chapter 3 - Coarse Language in Television and Radio Programs

[1]        See Submissions 1-3, 6-7, 17-18, 22, 24, 26-30, 32-33, 35-37, 39, 42-43, 45, 47-48, 51, 53, 58, 60, 64-65, 74, 76, 80, 82 and 85.

[2]        Australian Communications and Media Authority, Media and Communications in Australian Families 2007: Report of the Media and Society Research Project, December 2007. http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib101058/maciaf2007_overview.pdf (accessed 30 May 2008).

[3]        Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. Bushman, The Effects of Media Violence on Society, Science 29 March 2002: Vol. 295. no. 5564, pp. 2377 – 2379 DOI: 10.1126/science.1070765. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5564/2377 (accessed 3 June 2008).

[4]        Office of Drug Control Policy, National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, http://www.mediacampaign.org/publications/primetime/tv_rationale.html#go17 (accessed 3 June 2008.

[5]        Australian Communications and Media Authority, Media and Communications in Australian Families 2007: Report of the Media and Society Research Project, December 2007. http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib101058/maciaf2007_overview.pdf (accessed 30 May 2008).

[6]        Ruth Wajnryb, Language Most Foul, 2004, p. 73.

[7]        Raising Children Network, http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/survey_results_swearing.html (accessed 2 June 2008).

[8]        Ruth Wajnryb, Language Most Foul, 2004, p. 74.

[9]        Special Broadcasting Service, Submission 41, p. 3.

[10]      Special Broadcasting Service, Submission 41, p. 3.

[11]      Free TV Australia, Submission 55, p. 1.

[12]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p. 1.

[13]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p. 3.

[14]      Mr David Coleman, Director of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs, PBL Media, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 10.

[15]      Mr Barney Lee, Submission 71, p. 1.

[16]      New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties, Submission 42, p. 1.

[17]      New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties, Submission 42, p. 8.

[18]      Liberty Victoria, Submission 78, p. 2.

[19]      Mr Matthew Munn, Submission 6, p. 1.

[20]      Reverend Jamie Long, Submission 26, p. 1.

[21]      Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide, Submission 27, p. 4.

[22]      Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide, Submission 27, p. 4.

[23]      Lisa Penridge, Submission 76, p. 1.

[24]      Mr Michael Brennan, Submission 9, p. 1.

[25]      Media Standards Australia, Submission 48, pp 6-7.

[26]      Ms Carol Smith, Submission 13, p. 1.

[27]      Peter Lavell, Where do the children play? Pulse ABC Broadcasting, 12 May 2005. http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/s1365080.htm (accessed 3 June 2006)

[28]      Free TV Australia, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 25. In rating a program other factors such as '...the merit of the production, the purpose of a sequence, the camera work, the relevance of the material and the treatment' can be taken into account. Code, p. 23. Taken together the imprecision of language – not very aggressive; more than infrequent – and the range of factors that can be considered, give the broadcaster very wide latitude in classifying a program. This is considered more fully in Chapter 4.

Chapter 4 - Effectiveness of the current classification standards

[1]        Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 12, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 8 April 2008).

[2]        Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 13, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 8 April 2008).

[3]        Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Subscription Broadcast Television Codes of Practice, 2007, Subscription Broadcast Television, pp 6-9.

[4]        See explanation of 'Themes' in Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007; and 'Television Classification Code' in Special Broadcasting Service, Codes of Practice 2008, pp 18-19.

[5]        Note, however, that commercial television broadcasters are required by the Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 123(3A) to apply the film classification system detailed in the Guidelines for the Classification of Films and Computer Games.

[6]        Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007, p. 11.

[7]        Guidelines for the Classification of Films and Computer Games, made under section 12 of the Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995, p. 5.

[8]        Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995, Part 2, s. 7(2).

[9]        Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Subscription Broadcast Television Codes of Practice, 2007, Subscription Broadcast Television, p. 9.

[10]      Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 13.

[11]      Special Broadcasting Service, Codes of Practice 2008, p. 21; Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 17; Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007, pp 12-15.

[12]      Special Broadcasting Service, Codes of Practice 2008, p.22.

[13]      Special Broadcasting Service, Codes of Practice 2008, p. 21; Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 17; Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007, pp 12-15.

[14]      P & C – 'preschool' and 'children' are not classification standards. They are standards developed by ACMA that indicate programs made specifically for those age-groups.

[15]      Marion McCutcheon, Is Pay TV Meeting Its Promise?, Thesis for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy of Murdoch University, 2006, p. 276.

[16]      Department of Communications, Technology and the Arts, answer to question on notice 114, 24-27 May 2004.

[17]      Ms Debra Richards, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Committee Hansard, p. 55.

[18]      Department of Communications, Technology and the Arts, answer to question on notice 114, 24-27 May 2004.

[19]      Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 19.

[20]      Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 19.

[21]      Consumer advice is information about the reasons for a particular classification (eg. contains mild coarse language).

[22]      Free TV Australia, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, pp 20-21.  http://www.freetv.com.au/media/Code_of_Practice/Revised_Code_of_Practice_(including%20amendment%20for%20election%20period)_060907.pdf  (accessed 28 May 2008). (slightly adjusted from original format for formatting purposes).

[23]      Commercial Radio Australia, Codes of Practice and Guidelines, September 2004, pp 4-5;  Community Radio Code of Practice, http://www.cbaa.org.au/content.php/20.html (accessed 28 March 2008), Code. No. 2.

[24]      Commercial Radio Australia, Codes of Practice and Guidelines, September 2004, p. 5.

[25]      Liberty Victoria, Submission 78, p. 3.

[26]      Mr Edward Muscovaz, Submission 17, p. 1.

[27]      Young Liberal Movement Victoria, Submission 57, p. 2.

[28]      Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Submission 80, p. 2.

[29]      Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, Submission 73, p. 4.

[30]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p.4.

[31]      Australian Family Association, Submission 85, pp 4-5.

[32]      Office of Film and Literature Classification, Community Attitudes towards Media Classification and Consumer Advice, March 2004, p. 7.

[33]      Mr Nicholas Green, Submission 43, p. 1.

[34]      Mr Peter Murray, Submission 63, p. 1.

[35]      Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, Submission 73, p. 4.

[36]      Australian Christian Lobby, Submission 82, p. 3.

[37]      Australian Christian Lobby, Submission 82, p. 3.

[38]      Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, Submission 73, pp. 4-5.

[39]      Guidelines for the Classification of Films and Videotapes (Amendment No. 2) (GN 22, 2 June 1999) p. 2433. http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Classificationpolicy_Classificationlegislation (accessed 28 May 2008)

[40]      Free TV Australia, Submission 55, p. 9.

[41]      For example the Hays Office did not permit the portrayal of married couples (or anybody else) sharing a double bed, while David O Selznick, the producer of Gone with the Wind, required a special dispensation to include the final word of the phrase 'Frankly my dear, I don't give damn'. Sassoon, Donald,The Culture of the Europeans: From 1800 to the Present, p. 965. The Green Book banned '... jokes about lavatories, effeminacy in men, immorality of any kind; suggestive references to honeymoon couples, chambermaids, fig leaves, ladies' underwear'. This at a time when the double entendre was the stock in trade of popular culture, from sea-side postcards to the music halls. (Independent on Sunday, (UK),  Jan. 12, 2003.)

[42]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, Investigation Report 1685, August 2006 http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib100638/report%201685%20-%20abc%20tv%20-%20the%20lost%20secret%20of%20catherine%20the%20great%20-%20woodcock%20-%20300106.pdf (accessed 6 June 2008)

[43]      Mrs Carol V. Phillips, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 67.

[44]      Festival of Light, Submission 51, p. 5.

[45]      Judging by the sensitivity of some of those who have made submissions to the Committee this would prove a very difficult objective.

[46]      Mr Paul Russell, Senior Officer, Office of Family and Life, Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, p. 72.

[47]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79. p. 4.

[48]      Ms Libby Battacci, Submission 21, p. 1.

[49]      Mr Peter Green, Submission 44, p. 1.

[50]      Commercial Television Code of Practice, p.24.

[51]      Federation of Parents and Citizens' Association of New South Wales, Submission 53, p. 3.

[52]      Mr Paul Russell, Senior Officer, Office of Family and Life, Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, p. 70.

[53]      Mr Peter Phillips, Submission 68, p. 1.

[54]      Australian Family Association, Submission 85, p. 9.

[55]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p. 6.

[56]      Free TV Australia, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 29. http://www.freetv.com.au/media/Code_of_Practice/Revised_Code_of_Practice_(including%20amendment%20for%20election%20period)_060907.pdf  (accessed 28 May 2008).

[57]      Mr Edward O'Brien, Submission 72, p. 1.

[58]      Mr David Coleman, Director of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs, PBL Media, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 6.

[59]      Ms Julie Flynn, Chief Executive Officer, Free TV Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 8.

[60]      Free TV Australia, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, pp 20-21.  http://www.freetv.com.au/media/Code_of_Practice/Revised_Code_of_Practice_(including%20amendment%20for%20election%20period)_060907.pdf  (accessed 28 May 2008).

[61]      Mr Rory Delaney, Submission 32, p.1.

[62]      The public debate over the introduction of watermarks suggests that further watermarking would not be well received. Perhaps stations might consider replacing their own 'branding' with more socially useful classification information.

[63]      Mr Gerard and Mrs Andrea Calihanna, Submission 61, p. 1.

[64]      Australian Christian Lobby, Submission 82, p. 12.

[65]      Young Media Australia, Submission 48, p. 9.

[66]      In making this suggestion, the Committee has in mind the annual Lowy Institute poll, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy.

Chapter 5 - Operation and effectiveness of the complaints process

[1]        The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia House of Representatives, Explanatory Memorandum to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (commentary on Part 11) as quoted in Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 22, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 9 April 2008).

[2]        However the Committee notes that most of the organisations have a policy of passing complaints  received in error to the proper recipient. See paragraph 5.39.

[3]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, Part 11, s. 148.

[4]        Free TV Australia, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, July 2004, p. 51. s 7.10.  http://www.freetv.com.au/media/Code_of_Practice/Revised_Code_of_Practice_(including%20amendment%20for%20election%20period)_060907.pdf  (accessed 28 May 2008); Mr David Coleman, Director of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs, PBL Media, Committee Hansard, p. 5.

[5]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 148.

[6]        Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007, pp 18-19.

[7]        Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Code of Practice, March 2007, p. 19.

[8]        Follow links from http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_90147 (accessed 17 April 2008)

[9]        Broadcasting Services Act 1992, Schedule 2, Parts 4-7.

[10]      Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 21, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 3 April 2008).

[11]      Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 21, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 9 April 2008).

[12]      Australian Communication and Media Authority, Reality Television Review Volume 1, Final Report, 30 March 2007, p. 21, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310007/acma_realitytvreview_finalreport_vol1_30mar07.pdf (accessed 3 April 2008).

[13]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, ss 150-153.

[14]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 141(2).

[15]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 142.

[16]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 128(1-2).

[17]      Mr Desmond Kenneally, Submission 39, p. 1.

[18]      Mr Bruno D'Elia, Submission 45, p. 1.

[19]      Media Standards Australia, Submission 48, p. 4.

[20]      Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Submission 77, pp 3-4.

[21]      Ms Debra Richards, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 54.

[22]      Mr Heath McDonough, Submission 2, p. 2.

[23]      New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties, Submission 42, p. 7.

[24]      Ms Joan Warner, Chief Executive Officer, Commercial Radio Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 12.

[25]      Ms Joan Warner, Chief Executive Officer, Commercial Radio Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 12.

[26]      Ms Julie Flynn, Chief Executive Officer, Free TV Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 8.

[27]      Ms Julie Flynn, Chief Executive Officer, Free TV Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 8.

[28]      Ms Julie Flynn, Chief Executive Officer, Free TV Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 5.

[29]      Mr Gary Dawson, Director of Communications, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 50.

[30]      Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Submission 80, p. 9.

[31]      Mr David Coleman, Director of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs, PBL Media, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 5.

[32]      Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p. 7.

[33]      Australian Catholic Bishops Conference, Submission 53, p. 4.

[34]      Ms Julie Flynn, Chief Executive Officer, Free TV Australia, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 5.

[35]      Australian Christian Lobby, Submission 82, p. 3.

[36]      Mr David Coleman, Director of Strategy and Regulatory Affairs, PBL Media, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 4.

[37]      Mr John Von Dinklage, Submission 59, p. 1.

[38]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, Complaints and Investigations, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311060 (accessed 4 June 2008).

[39]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, ACMA Media Release 64/2008 – 23 May,  http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311171 (accessed 4 June 2008).

[40]      Mr Kevin Hogan, Submission 58, p. 1.

[41]      Professor Lesley Hitchens, Submission 56, p. 3.

[42]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311060 (accessed 4 June 2008).

[43]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311060 (accessed 4 June 2008).

[44]      Professor Lesley Hitchens, Committee Hansard, 23 May 2008, p. 68.

[45]      Dr Frank Murphy, Submission 11, p. 3.

[46]      Dr Frank Murphy, Submission 11, p. 6.

[47]      Mr Graham and Mrs Carol V. Phillips, Submission 25. p. 1.

[48]      Name withheld, Submission 86, p. 1.

[49]      Mr Gerard Flood, Submission 49, p. 1.

[50]      Central Coast Community FM Radio Association Inc., Submission 50, p. 6.

[51]      Festival of Light, Submission 51, p. 9.

[52]      Federation of Parents and Citizens' Association of New South Wales, Submission 53, p. 7.

[53]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, ACMA Media Release 68/2008, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311187 (accessed 4 June 2008). Note that the Commercial Television Code of Practice specifically identifies "realistic depiction of methods of suicide" as "material not suitable for television" which "must not be broadcast"; p. 19.

[54]      Australian Communications and Media Authority, ACMA Media Release 68/2008, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311187 (accessed 4 June 2008)

Chapter 6 - Related Matters

[1]        Young Liberal Movement Victoria, Submission 57, p. 3.

[2]        Explanatory Memoranda, Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Amendment (Assessments and Advertising) Bill 2008, http://parlinfoweb.parl.net/parlinfo/view_document.aspx?ID=2891&TABLE=EMS (accessed 4 June 2008).

[3]        Young Media Australia, Submission 79, p. 7.