Footnotes

Chapter 2 - Values and objectives of the conservation estate

[1]        Tasmanian National Parks Association, Submission 78, p. 2.

[2]        Australian Network of Environmental Defender's Offices, Submission 145, p. 4.

[3]        Submission 137, p. 12.

[4]        Submission 161, p. 12.

[5]        Hoggett, J. 'The Uses and Value of National Parks: Does More Mean Worse?', IPA Backgrounder, vol. 17, no. 2, 2005.

[6]        Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts, Northern Territory Government, Submission 16, p. 1.

[7]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Parks and Reserves, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/index.html, accessed 27 November 2006.

[8]        Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, vol. 18, no. 4, 1991, p. 331.

[9]        Hall, C.M., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 47.

[10]      Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, vol. 18, no. 4, 1991, p. 331.

[11]      Hall, C.M., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 79.

[12]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 2.

[13]      Australian Government Culture and Recreation Portal web site, National Parks, http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/nationalparks, accessed 28 November 2006; Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, vol. 18, no. 4, 1991, p. 331.

[14]      Australian Government Culture and Recreation Portal web site, National Parks, http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/nationalparks, accessed 28 November 2006; Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, vol. 18, no. 4, 1991, p. 331.

[15]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 2; Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, vol. 18, no. 4, 1991, p. 331.

[16]      Environmental Protection Agency Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, web site, http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/parks_and_forests/history_of_parks_and_forests/, accessed 28 November 2006.

[17]      Hall, C.M., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 78.

[18]      NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, State of the Parks 2004, Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney, p. 16.

[19]      NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, State of the Parks 2004, Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney, p. 15.

[20]      Hall, C.M., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 1.

[21]      Australian National Parks, web site, http://www.australiannationalparks.com, accessed 28 November 2006; Hall, CM., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 1.

[22]      Suh, J. & Harrison, S., 'Management Objectives and Economic Value of National Parks: Preservation, Conservation and Development', Discussion Paper No. 337, School of Economics, University of Queensland, 2005.

[23]      Hall, C.M., Wasteland to World Heritage: Preserving Australia's Wilderness, Melbourne University Press, 1992, p. 41; Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, pp 2–3. The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 under which Uluru and Kakadu were both recognised and managed was replaced in 2000 by the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The Director of National Parks and all parks and reserves established under the former Act continue under the EPBC Act.

[24]      Hundloe, TJ., 'Parks in the Marine Environment', The Value of National Parks to the Community: Proceedings of the Second National Wilderness Conference, University of Sydney, 23–25 November 1979, Australian Conservation Foundation, 1980, p. 168.

[25]      Hundloe, TJ., 'Parks in the Marine Environment', The Value of National Parks to the Community: Proceedings of the Second National Wilderness Conference, University of Sydney, 23–25 November 1979, Australian Conservation Foundation, 1980, p. 168.

[26]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, pp 2–3.

[27]      Hundloe, TJ., 'Parks in the Marine Environment', The Value of National Parks to the Community: Proceedings of the Second National Wilderness Conference, University of Sydney, 23–25 November 1979, Australian Conservation Foundation, 1980, p. 172.

[28]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 8.

[29]      World Heritage web site, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/worldheritage/sites/uluru/index.html, accessed December 2006.

[30]      Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, http://www.deh.gov.au/esd/national/igae/, accessed December 2006.

[31]      Department of the Environment and Water Resources, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, http://www.deh.gov.au/esd/national/nsesd/index.html, accessed December 2006.

[32]      Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Regional Forest Agreements. Why? http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=D2C48F86-BA1A-11A1-A2200060B0A01805, accessed December 2006.

[33]      Australian Network of Environmental Defender's Offices, Submission 145, p. 8.

[34]      State of the Parks 2004, Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney, p. 15.

[35]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 6.

[36]      IUCN Overview, www.iucn.org/en/about/, accessed 20 November 2006.

[37]      World Commission on Protected Areas, Submission 137, pp 12–18.

[38]      Mr Brian Gilligan, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 2.

[39]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/capad/2004/national/nat-type04.html, accessed December 2006.

[40]      Ms Kristen Appel, Australian Ranger Federation, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 65.

[41]      Ms Joyce Dimascio, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 29–30.

[42]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, Appendix 1, pp 62–64.

[43]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[44]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[45]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, National Data Summary, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/capad/2004/national/index.html, accessed 1 December 2006.

[46]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 7. The CAR system of protected areas will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.

[47]      Submission 34, p. 1.

[48]      Submission 41, p. 5.

[49]      Submission 194, p. 2.

[50]      Submission 141, p. 6.

[51]      Submission 161, p. 12.

[52]      Submission 78, pp 2–3.

[53]      Ms Rachel Walmsley, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 69.

[54]      Professor Christopher Margules, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 4.

[55]      Submission 131, p. 4.

[56]      Submission 135, p. 9.

[57]      World Commission on Protected Areas, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 60.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 71.

[59]      Submission 41, p. 4.

[60]      Submission 41, p. 5.

Chapter 3 - The terrestrial reserve system

[1]        Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 13.

[2]        National Parks Service U.S.A., web site, The National Park Service - A Brief History, Bureau Historian 2006, http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/briefhistory.htm, accessed 20 December 2006.

[3]        Parks Canada, web site, Negotiating a new parks agreement, http://www.parkscanada.ca/, accessed 20 December 2006.

[4]        Cape York Land Council, Submission 117, p. 3.

[5]        Mr David Borthwick, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 84.

[6]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Parks and Reserves, www.deh.gov.au/parks/index.html, accessed 20 November 2006.

[7]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Commonwealth National Parks, Reserves, and Botanic Gardens, www.deh.gov.au/parks/commonwealth/index.html, accessed 20 November 2006

[8]        Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Submission 167, p. 1.

[9]        Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Submission 167, p. 4; Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Parks and Reserves, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/index.html, accessed 18 December 2006. See chapter 9 for further discussion of Indigenous land ownership and management.

[10]      Mr Peter Cochrane, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 107.

[11]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Protected Area Management Agencies in Australia and New Zealand, www.deh.gov.au/parks/hoa/index.html, accessed 20 November 2006.

[12]      NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, web site, Kosciusko National Park - Plan of Management, http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/k_np_mgmtplan, accessed 12 December 2006.

[13]      NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, web site, Kosciusko National Park celebrates 60 years, http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/media_040604_kosciuszko60, accessed 13 December 2006.

[14]      Wet Tropics Management Authority, Annual Report and State of the Wet Tropics Report 2005–2006, p. 112.

[15]      Rottnest Island Authority, web site About Rottnest Island, http://www.rottnestisland.com/en/default.htm, accessed 11 December 2006.

[16]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, The Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (CAPAD), http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/capad/index.html, accessed 12 December 2006.

[17]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Celebrating 25 Years of Australia's World Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/publications/world-heritage-display.html, accessed 5 December 2006.

[18]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Celebrating 25 Years of Australia's World Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/publications/world-heritage-display.html, accessed 5 December 2006.

[19]      Wet Tropics Management Authority, Submission 156, p. 3.

[20]      Australian Government Culture and Recreation Portal, web site, National Parks, http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/nationalparks, accessed 28 November 2006.

[21]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Australia's World Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/worldheritage/index.html, accessed 4 December 2006.

[22]      Australian Network of Environmental Defender's Offices, Submission 145, p. 9.

[23]      Department of Premier and Cabinet, Queensland, Submission 175, p. 4.

[24]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Australian Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/index.html, accessed 18 December 2006.

[25]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, National Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/index.html, accessed 18 December 2006.

[26]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, National Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/national/index.html, accessed 18 December 2006.

[27]      Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell, Australian Minister for the Environment and Heritage, 'Our National Parks receive highest heritage honour', Press Release C349/06, 15 December 2006.

[28]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[29]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, pp 13–14.

[30]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/nrs/evaluation/index.html, accessed 19 December 2006.

[31]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p. 11.

[32]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p. 11.

[33]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[34]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[35]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 24.

[36]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, website, The National Reserve System, www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/index.html, accessed 20 April 2006.

[37]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, IBRA Version 6.1, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/ibra/version6-1/index.html, accessed 1 December 2006.

[38]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, pp 9, 27, 50–53.

[39]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, pp 2–9.

[40]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, web site, Regional Forest Agreements: Why?, http://www.affa.gov.au/content, accessed 5 December 2006.

[41]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, web site, Nationally Agreed Criteria (JANIS) for the Establishment of a Comprehensive Adequate and Representative Reserve System for Forests in Australia, http://www.affa.gov.au/content, accessed 21 December 2006.

[42]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, web site, Regional Forest Agreements (RFA), http://www.affa.gov.au/content, accessed 5 December 2006.

[43]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 14.

[44]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, web site, Regional Forest Agreements: Why?, http://www.affa.gov.au/content, accessed 5 December 2006.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 60.

[46]      Mrs Catherine Murphy, National Association of Forest Industries, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 22.

[47]      Wescott, G.C., 'Australia's Distinctive National Parks System', Environmental Conservation, Vol. 18, No. 4, Winter 1991, p. 338.

[48]      Wet Tropics Management Authority, Submission 156, p. 1.

Chapter 4 - Protecting the marine environment

[1]        Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Guidelines for establishing the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, December 1998, p. 3.

[2]        Australian Marine Conservation Society, Submission 184, p. 2.

[3]        Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, Attachment 3, p. 2.

[4]        Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, Attachment 3, p. 2.

[5]        Australian Marine Conservation Society, Submission 184; Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, Attachment 1, p. 2; WWF Australia, Submission 161.

[6]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 1.

[7]        Submission 125, p. 3.

[8]        Submission 137, p. 5.

[9]        South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/mpas/background.html, accessed 18 September 2006.

[10]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/md/index.html, accessed 22 May 2006.

[11]      Submission 193, Attachment 2.

[12]      Marine parks are established under the Marine Parks Act 1997 and aim to conserve biodiversity by protecting representative samples of the habitats in each bioregion. Zoning and operational plans are used to guide the protection of conservation values and manage activities that occur within the marine park. Four zones are used in marine parks - sanctuary zones, habitat protection zones, general use zones and special purpose zones.

Aquatic reserves are relatively small areas declared under the Fisheries Management Act 1994 to conserve the biodiversity of fish and marine vegetation. They protect fish habitats, and can also be used specifically for fisheries management purposes, to protect threatened species, facilitate educational activities, or scientific research.

National parks and nature reserves are established under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974. All land (including submerged land) and all native plants and animals (except fish and marine vegetation) are protected within parks and reserves. Coastal parks and reserves often extend to low water and beyond, and sometimes include the beds of adjoining lakes or estuaries.

[13]      Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrencm.nsf/childdocs/-2594CB2F087CB6D84A2567CA0081791F-108776D50A9F94004A256B660015507E?open, accessed 18 September 2006.

[14]      South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/about.html, accessed 18 September 2006.

          The role of the Coast and Marine Conservation Branch is to ensure the conservation and sustained productivity of South Australia's coastal, estuarine and marine environments. The role of the Coastal Protection Branch is to manage and protect coastal environments and assets across South Australia. The Coastal Protection Branch also provides technical and administrative assistance to the Coast Protection Board, which is the statutory authority responsible for managing the State's coastline and administering the Coast Protection Act 1972.

[15]      South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/mpas.html, accessed 18 September 2006.

[16]      Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, http://www.naturebase.net/national_parks/marine/types.html#marine_parks, accessed 23 October 2006.

[17]      Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services, http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/parks_and_forests/marine_parks/managing_marine_parks/, accessed 23 October 2006.

[18]      Marine and Coastal Community Network, Submission 193, p. 4.

[19]      Submission 125, p. 3.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 27.

[21]      Australian Marine Conservation Society, Submission 184, p. 8.

[22]      Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 38.

[23]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 3.

[24]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 25.

[25]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 46.

[26]      Australian Marine Conservation Society, Submission 184, pp 3–4.

[27]      Dr Gina Newton, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 39.

[28]      Submission 125, Attachment 1.

[29]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 48.

[30]      The Hon. Senator Ian Campbell, Australia leads world with new Marine Protected Areas, media release, 5 May 2006.

[31]      The Hon. Senator Ian Campbell, National Marine Park network moves a step closer, media release, 27 October 2006.

[32]      Department of Environment and Heritage, http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mbp/regions.html, accessed 24 October 2006.

[33]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Marine Bioregional Planning, http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mbp/publications/pubs/mbp-brochure.pdf, accessed 24 October 2006.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 28.

[35]      Submission 184, p. 4.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 39.

[37]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p 53.

[38]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 48.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 30.

[40]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 33.

[41]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 33.

[42]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 63.

[43]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 62; Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 63.

[44]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 46.

[45]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 55.

[46]      Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 28.

[47]      Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 28.

[48]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 56.

[49]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 56.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 50.

[51]      Professor Frank Talbot, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 43.

[52]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 13.

[53]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 15.

[54]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 15.

[55]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 53.

[56]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 55.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 15.

[58]      Submission 127, pp 4–6.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 53.

[60]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 56.

[61]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 27.

[62]      Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Submission 158, Attachment A.

[63]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 21.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 15.

[65]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 15.

[66]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 15.

[67]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 16.

[68]      Mr Neil MacDonald, South Australian Fishing Industry Fishing Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 16.

[69]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 30.

[70]      Ms Donna Petrachenko, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 61– 62.

[71]      Mr Peter Franklin, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 14.

[72]      Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Submission 158, Attachment 1.

[73]      Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell & Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation, Senator Ian Macdonald, Government acts for a sustainable fishing future, Joint Media Release, 23 November 2005.

[74]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 42.

[75]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 30.

[76]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 19.

[77]      Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 59.

[78]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 31.

[79]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 31.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 23.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, pp 34–35.

[82]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, pp 34–35.

[83]      Mr Richard Leck, ,WWF Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 40.

[84]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Fact Sheet: Zoning in the South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network, http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/southeast/publications/pubs/zoning.pdf, accessed 30 October 2006.

[85]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Fact Sheet: Zoning in the South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network, http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/southeast/publications/pubs/zoning.pdf, accessed 30 October 2006.

[86]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Fact Sheet: Zoning in the South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network, http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/southeast/publications/pubs/zoning.pdf, accessed 30 October 2006.

[87]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, Attachment 1, p. 3.

[88]      Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 34.

[89]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 24.

[90]      Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Zoning in the Barrier Reef, http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/7333/tech_sheet_02.pdf, accessed 26 October 2006.

[91]      National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (2001), Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Reserves and Marine Protected Areas, p. 3.

[92]      Submission 137, p. 14.

[93]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 40.

[94]      Professor Frank Talbot, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 40.

[95]      Submission 125, Attachment 1, p. 3.

[96]      Submission 7, p. 2.

[97]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p.34.

[98]      Professor Frank Talbot, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 40.

[99]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 43.

[100]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 27.

[101]    Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 15.

[102]    Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 44; Mr Grahame Byron, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 41.

[103]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 28.

[104]    Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p.30.

[105]    Mr Andrew Chapman, Submission 114, p. 3.

[106]    Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 25.

[107]    Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 42.

[108]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 28.

[109]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 35.

[110]    Mr Stephen Oxley, Marine Division, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 53.

[111]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 29.

[112]    Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 9.

[113]    Mr Richard Leck, , National Marine and Coastal Policy Officer, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 45.

[114]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 26.

[115]    Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 2.

[116]    Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 26.

[117]    Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 2.

[118]    Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 4.

[119]    Department of the Environment and Heritage, Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 Review Panel Report, 2 October 2006: http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/gbr-marine-park-act.pdf, accessed 19 December 2006.

[120]    Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 42.

[121]    Committee Hansard 6 June 2006, p. 30.

[122]    Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 39.

[123]    Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 38.

[124]    Submission 197.

[125]    Mr Richard Leck, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 38.

[126]    Department of the Environment and Heritage, Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 Review Panel Report, 2 October 2006: http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/gbr-marine-park-act.pdf, accessed 19 December 2006.

[127]    Narooma Port Committee, Submission 127.

[128]    Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 26.

Chapter 5 - Threats to the reserve system - fire

[1]        Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 70.

[2]        Submission 22, p. 1.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 16.

[4]        Committee Hansard 31 March 2006, p. 29.

[5]        Submission 45, p. 5.

[6]        Pastoralists and Graziers Association of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 39.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, p. 40.

[8]        Submission 130, p. 10.

[9]        Submission 155, p. 31.

[10]      NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2006), Frequently asked questions about fire management in NSW national parks, http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/fire_faqs

[11]      Submission 175, p. 14.

[12]      AgForce Queensland, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 93.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 57.

[14]      Submission 155, p. 31.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 57.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 57.

[17]      S Ellis, P Kanowski & R Whelan (2004), National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, p. xxv.

[18]      House of Representatives Select Committee into the recent Australian bushfires (2003), 'A Nation Charred': Inquiry into the Recent Australian Bushfires. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/bushfires/inquiry/report.htm

[19]      S Ellis, P Kanowski & R Whelan, Council of Australian Governments 2004, National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Available at: http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/findings.htm#downloading

[20]      Australian Government (2004), 'A Nation Charred: Inquiry into the Recent Australian Bushfires, House of Representatives Select Committee on the Recent Australian Bushfires' – Australian Government Position, pp 10–11. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/bushfires/inquiry/govt_response.pdf

[21]      Submission 73, p. 4.

[22]      House of Representatives Select Committee into the recent Australian bushfires (2003), 'A Nation Charred': Inquiry into the Recent Australian Bushfires. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/bushfires/inquiry/report.htm

[23]      S Ellis, P Kanowski & R Whelan, Council of Australian Governments2004, National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Available at: http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/report/recommendations.htm

[24]      Submission 88, p. 4.

[25]      Submission 59, p. 7.

[26]      Submission 154, p. 13.

[27]      Submission 73, p. 4.

[28]      Submission 5, p. 2.

[29]      Associate Professor Geoffrey Wescott, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, pp 19–20.

[30]      NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2006), Frequently asked questions about fire management in NSW national parks, available at: http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/fire_faqs#5

[31]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, pp 46–47.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 59.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, pp 6–7.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 20.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 20.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 28.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 94–95.

[38]      Submission 29, p. 4.

[39]      Submission 76, pp 11–12.

[40]      Submission 76, p. 13.

[41]      Submission 83, p. 3.

[42]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 58.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 58.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, p. 39.

[46]      Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia, Submission 135, p. 16.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, p. 40.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 39.

[49]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 46.

[50]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 48.

[51]      Submission 175, p. 21.

[52]      Submission 175, p. 15.

[53]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[54]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006, p. 41.

[55]      Mrs Barbara Tjikatu AM, Anangu traditional owner, Member, Uluru-Kata Tjuta Board of Management, through Ms Kathy Tozer, interpreter, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006,   pp 28–29.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 65.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 74.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 74.

[59]      Aboriginal Rainforest Council, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 71-72.

[60]      Mr Allan Holmes, Chief Executive, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 47.

[61]      S Ellis, P Kanowski & R Whelan, Council of Australian Governments 2004, National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Available at: http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/findings.htm#downloading

[62]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 38.

[63]      Mountain Cattlemen's Association of Victoria, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 72.

[64]      Submission 20, p. 4.

[65]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 48.

[66]      Submission 161, p. 35.

[67]      Submission 76, p. 13.

[68]      Submission 130, p. 10.

[69]      House of Representatives Select Committee on the Recent Australian Bushfires, Australian Government Response, October 2003, https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/bushfires/inquiry/govt_response.pdf, accessed January 2007.

Chapter 6 - Threats to the reserve system - feral animals and weeds

[1]        Submission 155, p. 21.

[2]        Senate References Committee on Environment, Communications Information Technology and the Arts (2004), Turning back the tide – the invasive species challenge, p. 211.

[3]        Australian Government, Extent and impact of selected ecologically significant invasive species, 2006, Available at: http://www.nrm.gov.au/monitoring/indicators/pubs/vertebrate.pdf

[4]        Australian Government, Extent and impact of selected ecologically significant invasive species, 2006. Available at: http://www.nrm.gov.au/monitoring/indicators/pubs/vertebrate.pdf

[5]        Submission 130, p. 5.

[6]        Department of Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 13.

[7]        Queensland Government, web site, Fire Ants – What are they?, http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/fireants/, accessed January 2007.

[8]        Bureau of Rural Sciences, web site, National Feral Animal Control Programme, 2006, http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=D2C48F86-BA1A-11A1-A2200060B0A06278, accessed January 2007.

[9]        Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 50.

[10]      CRC for Australian Weed Management, Killing us softly – Australia’s green stalkers. A call to action on invasive plants, and a way forward, 2003, p. 2, http://www.weeds.crc.org.au/documents/kus_part_one.pdf, accessed January 2007.

[11]      Submission 161, p. 28.

[12]      CRC for Australian Weed Management, Killing us softly – Australia’s green stalkers. A call to action on invasive plants, and a way forward, 2003, p. 6, http://www.weeds.crc.org.au/documents/kus_part_one.pdf, accessed January 2007.

[13]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Answers received to questions taken on notice, 31 March 2006, p. 4.

[14]      CRC for Australian Weed Management, Killing us softly – Australia’s green stalkers. A call to action on invasive plants, and a way forward, 2003, p. 18, http://www.weeds.crc.org.au/documents/kus_part_one.pdf, accessed January 2007

[15]      'Criteria for Weeds of National Significance' in John Thorp & Rod Lynch, The Determination of Weeds of National Significance. Commonwealth of Australia & National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee, 2000, http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/WONS/3, accessed January 2007.

[16]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Answers received to questions taken on notice, 31 March 2006, p. 4.

[17]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Answers received to questions taken on notice, 31 March 2006, pp 4–5.

[18]      Senate References Committee on Environment, Communications Information Technology and the Arts, Turning back the tide – the invasive species challenge, 2004, p. 214.

[19]      World Commission on Protected Areas (Australia and New Zealand), Submission 137, p. 36.

[20]      Submission 161, p. 29.

[21]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 13.

[22]      Submission 155, p. 23.

[23]      Mr Kieran McNamara, Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, p. 39.

[24]      Submission 135, pp 15–16.

[25]      Queensland Department of Parks and Wildlife, Submission 175A, p. 2.

[26]      Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet, Submission 175, p. 33.

[27]      NSW Government, Submission 155, p. 30.

[28]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Submission 194, p. 16.

[29]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, pp 49–50.

[30]      WWF – Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 15.

[31]      Submission 89, p. 7.

[32]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 50.

[33]      NSW Government, Submission 155, p. 3.

[34]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, 'Bounceback - Flinders Ranges', 2006, http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/bounceback/index.html, accessed October 2006.

[35]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, pp 48–49.

[36]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Submission 194A, pp 1–3. See also: Kuka Kanyini Pilot Project at Watarru. Annual Report November 2005, provided as Attachment to Submission 194A.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 46.

[38]      Submission 195, p. 2.

[39]      Submission 130, p. 8.

[40]      Submission 195, p. 2.

[41]      Submission 98, p. 1.

[42]      Submission 130, p. 8.

[43]      Dr Tony Fleming, Head, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service; Deputy Director-General, Parks and Wildlife Division, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 12.

[44]      WWF - Australia, Submission 161, p. 4.

[45]      Department of Environment and Heritage, Answers received to questions taken on notice, 31 March 2006, p. 5.

[46]      World Commission on Protected Areas (Australia and New Zealand), Submission 137, p. 29.

[47]      Mr Paul Warner, President, Australian National Four Wheel Drive Council, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 64.

[48]      Submission 130, pp 8–9.

[49]      Submission 42, p. 2.

[50]      World Commission on Protected Areas (Australia and New Zealand), Submission 137, p. 30.

[51]      Submission 30, p. 2.

[52]      NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 14–15.

[53]      Submission 1, p. 3.

[54]      Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 50.

[55]      Pastoralists and Graziers Association of Western Australia. Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 36.

[56]      Dr Paul Williams, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 24.

[57]      Submission 37, p. 1.

[58]      Mr Christopher Simpson, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 115.

[59]      Cook Shire Council, Submission 195, p. 2.

[60]      Submission 89, p. 11.

[61]      Submission 5, p. 2.

[62]      Submission 130, p. 11.

[63]      NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,  Deer management plan 2005-2008 for Royal National Park and NPWS Parks and Reserves in the Sydney South Region, http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/PDFs/RoyalNP_Deer_Management_Plan_2005_Approved.pdf, accessed October 2006.

[64]      Committee Hansard 5 June 2006, p. 18.

[65]      Mr Philip Maguire, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 53.

[66]      Australian Deer Association, Memorandum of Co-operation between Australian Deer Association (Victoria) and Parks Victoria, Attachment to Submission 69, p. 3.

[67]      Bakers Vertebrate Pest Control, Submission 18, p. 3.

Chapter 7 - Other threats to the reserve system

[1]        Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet, Submission 175, p. 27; NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Submission 155, p. 29.

[2]        Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia, Submission 135, p. 17.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 70.

[4]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[5]        Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Heritage, personal communication with Committee Secretariat, 19 October 2006.

[6]        Jones, R (2005), 'Recent Science – What is Dangerous Climate Change', Presented at Climate Action Network Conference, September 2005, Melbourne. Available at: www.cana.net.au. See also: B Preston and R Jones (2006), Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A consultancy report for the Australian Business Roundtable on Climate Change, CSIRO.

[7]        Submission 161, p. 40.

[8]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[9]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[10]      B Preston and R Jones (2006), Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A consultancy report for the Australian Business Roundtable on Climate Chang, CSIRO, p. 22.

[11]      Submission 161, p. 40.

[12]      Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 26.

[13]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 38.

[14]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 39–40.

[15]      Submission 189, p. 5.

[16]      S Williams, E Bolitho and S Fox (2003), Climate Change in Australian Tropical Rainforests: an impending environmental disaster, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[17]      Submission 161, p. 41.

[18]      Dr Tony Fleming, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Committee Hansard 12 May 2006, p. 10.

[19]      Submission 137, p. 35.

[20]      Submission 29, pp 2–3.

[21]      Submission 105, p. 8.

[22]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 15.

[23]      Mr Neil MacDonald, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 14.

[24]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (2004), National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004–2007, Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, p. 27.

[25]      Submission 137, p. 20.

[26]      World Commission on Protected Areas, Submission 137, p. 35.

[27]      Submission 152, p. 4.

[28]      See for example: Pulsford, I, Worboys, G, Gough, J & Shepherd, T (2004), 'The Australian Alps and the Great Escarpment of Eastern Australia conservation corridors' in David Harmon & Graeme Worboys (eds) Managing Mountain Protected Areas: Challenges and Responses for the 21st Century; Worboys, G, Lockwood, M, & De Lacy, T (2005), Protected area management principles and practice (second edition), Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

[29]      WWF - Australia, Submission 161, p. 42.

[30]      Mr Doug Humann, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 10.

[31]      Dr Michael Looker, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 32.

[32]      Submission 137, p. 20.

[33]      Mr Greg Leaman, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 39.

[34]      Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2000), Advice to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee on a public nomination of a Key Threatening Process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ktp/clearing.html

[35]      Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2000), Advice to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee on a public nomination of a Key Threatening Process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ktp/clearing.html

[36]      Submission 137, p. 36.

[37]      Department of the Environment and Heritage (2001), 'Biodiversity Theme Report', Australia State of the Environment Report 200, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2001/biodiversity/biodiversity04-1b1.html#areaclearedormodified

[38]      Professor Ralf Buckley, Griffith University, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 70.

[39]      Submission 105, p. 13.

[40]      Submission 155, p. 32.

[41]      Mr John Bristow, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 30.

[42]      Submission 7, p. 3.

[43]      Friends of Waite Conservation Reserve, Submission 94, p. 3.

[44]      Government of South Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage (2006), The Greater Mt Lofty Parklands – Yurrebill, http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/parks/parks/adelaide/adelaide_submap/index.htm

[45]      Department of the Environment and Heritage (2001), 'Biodiversity Theme Report', Australia State of the Environment Report 2001, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2001/biodiversity/biodiversity04-1b1.html#areaclearedormodified

[46]      Submission 105, p. 13.

[47]      Submission 194, p. 10.

[48]      CSIRO, Committee Hansard 31 March 2006, p. 7.

[49]      Professor Christopher Margules, Tropical Landscapes Program, Tropical Forest Research Centre, CSIRO, Committee Hansard 31 March 2006, p. 7.

[50]      Department of the Environment and Heritage (2001), 'Biodiversity Theme Report', Australia State of the Environment Report 2001,: http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2001/biodiversity/biodiversity04‑1b1.html#vegetationclearanceanoverview

[51]      The Environment Association Inc, Submission 129, p. 2.

[52]      Submission 175, p. 24.

[53]      Submission 129, p. 4.

[54]      Ms Virginia Young, Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 96.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 70.

[56]      Submission 137, p. 37.

[57]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 14.

[58]      Submission 105, p. 9.

[59]      Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association, Committee Hansard 5 June 2006, p. 64.

[60]      Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association, Committee Hansard 5 June 2006, p. 64.

[61]      Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (2006), Registered Products Database, http://services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebClient/welcome.do

[62]      Tamborine Mountain Progress Association, Submission 84, pp 1–2.

[63]      Submission 131, p. 23.

[64]      Professor Richard Kingsford, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Submission 118, p. 2.

[65]      School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Submission 118, p. 2.

[66]      Professor Richard Kingsford & Jon Nevill, 'Scientists urge expansion of freshwater protected areas', Ecological Management & Restoration, Vol 6 No 3 December 2005. Submission 118 Attachment 1, pp 161–162.

[67]      Professor Richard Kingsford & Jon Nevill, 'Scientists urge expansion of freshwater protected areas', Ecological Management & Restoration, Vol 6 No 3 December 2005. Submission 118 Attachment 1, p. 162.

[68]      Submission 3 Attachment 1, p. 4.

[69]      Department of Environment and Heritage (2004), Ramsar in Australia, http://www.deh.gov.au/water/wetlands/ramsar/ramaust.html

[70]      Submission 204, pp 1–2.

[71]      Submission 105, p. 8.

[72]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, State of the Environment 2006, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/report/inland-waters.html, accessed 6 December 2006.

[73]      Submission 29, pp 2–3.

[74]      Australian Speleological Federation, Submission 79, p. 3.

[75]      Submission 79, p. 3.

[76]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, web site, Groundwater, http://www.daffa.gov.au/natural-resources/water/groundwater, accessed 6 December 2006.

[77]      Natural Resource Management Standing Committee, Groundwater Quality Protection Discussion Paper, Commonwealth of Australia, 2002, p. 4.

[78]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, State of the Environment 2006, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/212/index.html, accessed 6 December 2006.

[79]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, State of the Environment 2006, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/report/inland-waters.html, accessed 6 December 2006

[80]      National Water Commission, web site, National Water Initiative Implementation, http://www.nwc.gov.au/nwi/nwi_implementation.cfm, accessed 6 December 2006.

[81]      National Water Commission, web site, National Water Initiative Implementation, http://www.nwc.gov.au/nwi/nwi_implementation.cfm, accessed 6 December 2006.

[82]      Submission 105, p. 10.

[83]      Submission 78, p. 5.

[84]      Submission 116, pp 1–2.

[85]      Submission 29, pp 4–5.

[86]      Submission 29, p. 5.

[87]      Submission 29, p. 5.

[88]      Submission 29, p. 5.

[89]      Submission 60, p. 2.

[90]      Submission 78, pp 9–10.

[91]      Submission 165, p. 2.

[92]      Submission 165, pp 2–3.

Chapter 8 - Threats to the marine reserve system

[1]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 13.

[2]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 14.

[3]        Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, p. 3.

[4]        Mr Craig Bohm, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 25.

[5]        CSIRO, ECOS, Issue 129, p. 6, http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/216/issue/3810.htm

[6]        Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 35.

[7]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 14.

[8]        Mr John Harrison, Australian Recreational and Sport Fishing Industry Confederation, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 51.

[9]        Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 58.

[10]      National Parks Association of NSW, Submission 130, p. 6.

[11]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 14.

[12]      Mr Neil MacDonald, South Australian Fishing Industry Fishing Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 16.

[13]      Professor Frank Talbot, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 42.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 32.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 24.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 42.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 14.

[18]      Mr Harold Adams, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 27.

[19]      Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 33.

[20]      Dr Richard Kenchington, Australian Association for Maritime Affairs Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 33.

[21]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 13. For further discussion see the Committee's 2004 Report: Inquiry into the regulation, control and management of invasive species and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Invasive Species) Bill 2002, https://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/ecita_ctte/invasive_species/index.htm.

[22]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 16.

[23]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, p. 16.

Chapter 9 - Effective planning for conservation

[1]        TWS, Submission 131, pp 1–4; WCPA, Submission 137, pp 20–21.

[2]        The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme proposes an interdisciplinary research agenda and capacity building to improve the relationship of people with their environment globally. The Programme targets the ecological, social and economic dimensions of biodiversity loss and the reduction of this loss. It uses its World Network of Biosphere Reserves as a vehicle for knowledge-sharing, research and monitoring. See www.unesco.org/mab

[3]        Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, 2005, p. 7.

[4]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, pp 7–8.

[5]        Submission 131, p.2.

[6]        Submission 130, p. 14. See also National Parks Association Queensland, Submission 134, p. 5.

[7]        Mr Greg Leaman, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 52.

[8]        World Commission on Protected Areas, Submission 137, p. 20.

[9]        Department for the Environment and Heritage, SA Government, Submission 194, p. 13.

[10]      Department for the Environment and Heritage, SA Government, Submission 194, p. 16.

[11]      Submission 47, pp 1–5.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 8.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, pp 19–19.

[14]      National Parks Association of Queensland, Submission 134, p. 5.

[15]      Dr Michael Looker, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006 pp 35–36.

[16]      World Commission on Protected Areas, Submission 137, p. 20.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 12.

[18]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, 2005, p. 25; See also Mr Keiran McNamara, WA Department of Environment and Conservation, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 34.

[19]      The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 1.

[20]      The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 1; Ms Young, The Wilderness Society, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 91–94.

[21]      The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 3.

[22]      Ms Young,, The Wilderness Society, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 93.

[23]      The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999, s. 337.

[24]      UNESCO web site, Biosphere reserves: reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with economic development, http://www.unesco.org/mab/BRs.shtml, accessed 2 March 2007.

[25]      Christine Alfsen-Norodom, 'Urban Biosphere and Society: Partnership of Cities: Introduction', in C. Alfsen-Norodom, Benjamin D. Lane, and Melody Corry (eds), Urban Biosphere and Society: Partnership of Cities, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1023, pp 1–9, 2004.

[26]      Australian National Commission for UNESCO, 'New Biosphere Reserve proposed', UNESCO News, 12 June 2003.

[27]      ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope made the announcement at the 'Making Canberra Sustainable' forum in October 2005.

[28]      See ACT Legislative Assembly web site, Standing Committee on Planning and the Environment, Inquiries, papers and reports: ACT as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, http://www.parliament.act.gov.au/committees/index1.asp?committee=55&inquiry=226&category=14, accessed 2 March 2007.

[29]      Submission 137, p. 20.

[30]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 50.

[31]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 50.

[32]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 50.

[33]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 50.

[34]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 51.

[35]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, pp 51–53.

[36]      IUCN, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, pp 24 & 27.

[37]      IUCN, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 25.

[38]      Coast and Wetlands Society, Submission 7, p. 3.

[39]      Coast and Wetlands Society, Submission 7, p. 4.

[40]      Mr Allan Hansard, National Association of Forest Industries, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 16.

[41]      Mr David Green, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 27.

[42]      Mr Daniel Gschwind, Chief Executive, Queensland Tourism Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 64.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 32.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 33.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 42.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, pp 37–38.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 5.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 5–6.

[49]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005, p. 7.

[50]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 42.

[51]      Dr John Bailey, Conservation Commission of WA, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 83.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 68–69.

[53]      Mr Neil MacDonald, SA Fishing Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 22.

[54]      Marine and Coastal Community Network, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 8.

[55]      Submission 41, p.9.

[56]      Submission 50, p. 2.

[57]      Australian Association for Maritime Affairs Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 36.

[58]      Submission 21, p. 1.

[59]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 47.

[60]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard 6 June 2006, p. 33.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 25.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 47.

[63]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 24.

[64]      Professor Frank Talbot, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 47.

[65]      Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 8.

[66]      Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 8.

[67]      Mr Richard Leck, National Marine and Coastal Policy Officer, WWF Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 45.

[68]      Mr Peter Franklin, Commonwealth Fisheries Association, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 15.

[69]      Mr Craig Bohm, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 28.

[70]      Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 2.

[71]      Submission 153, p. 5.

[72]      Submission 104A, p. 1.

[73]      Submission 205, p. 4.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 4–5.

[75]      Mr Graham Crossley, Australian Trail Horse Riders' Association, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 58.

[76]      Submission 163, Attachment 1, p. iii.

[77]      Submission 163, Attachment 1, p. iv.

[78]      Mr James Sharp, Committee Hansard 10 September 2006, p. 42.

[79]      Mr James Sharp, Committee Hansard, 10 September 2006, p. 42.

[80]      Mr Neil MacDonald, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 15.

[81]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard 12 May 2006, pp 4–5.

[82]      Mr Graham Crossley, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 58–59.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 49.

[84]      Department of the Environment and Water Resources, web site, Indigenous Protected Areas Funding, http://www.environment.gov.au/indigenous/ipa/funding.html, accessed 27 March 2007.

[85]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Annual Report 2005-06, p. 73; B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, pp 3,17.

[86]      B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, p. 3; Department of the Environment and Heritage, Annual Report 2005-06, p. 73.

[87]      Submission 178, p. 9. See also the Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 8; Professor Robyn Bushell, Submission 121, p. 4.

[88]      Submission 131, p. 8. See also Professor Jon Altman, Submission 167, pp 2–5.

[89]      B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, pp 2–3.

[90]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006.

[91]      B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, pp 2–4.

[92]      Mr Andreas Glanznig, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 22.

[93]      Submission 135, pp 8–9.

[94]      Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 45.

[95]      SA Government, Submission 194A, pp 1–3.

[96]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, Annual Report 2005-06, p. 73; B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, pp 3, 17.

[97]      Mr Peter Cochrane, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 101.

[98]      Submission 167, pp 4–5. See also Professor Jon Altman, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 81, 84.

[99]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 22.

[100]    Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 60.

[101]    B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, p.26.

[102]    B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, p. 58.

[103]    B. Gilligan, The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme: 2006 Evaluation, 2006, pp 5–6, 58–59.

[104]    Submission 167, p. 3.

[105]    Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 101. See also Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 75–76.

[106]    Submission 131, p. 8.

[107]    Mr Peter Cochrane, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 60.

[108]    Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 35.

Chapter 10 - Responding to the management challenge

[1]        Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 22.

[2]        Submission 205, pp 8–9.

[3]        Submission 205, pp 10–11.

[4]        Bayside Offroaders Club Inc., Submission 48, p. 3.

[5]        Submission 124, p. 1.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 5.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 73.

[8]        Submission 23, p. 8.

[9]        Submission 40, p. 8.

[10]      Friends of Waite Conservation Reserve, Submission 94, p. 4.

[11]      Submission 83, pp 2–3.

[12]      Submission 212, p. 2.

[13]      Submission 14, p. 1.

[14]      Submission 24, p. 7.

[15]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 3.

[16]      Neil Mattocks and Ian Bell, Submission 70, pp 1–2.

[17]      Professor Jon Altman, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, pp 82–83.

[18]      Submission 198, Attachment 2.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 63.

[20]      Tasmanian National Parks Association, Submission 78, p. 3.

[21]      Ms Joyce Dimascio, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 22.

[22]      Mr Adrian Johnstone, Australian Ranger Federation Inc., Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, pp 67–68.

[23]      The Hon. Desley Boyle, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006. p. 8.

[24]      Mr Gareth Boyte, Voyages Hotels and Resorts, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006, p. 6, 12.

[25]      Mr Sean Moran, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Central Land Council, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006, p. 19.

[26]      Ralf Buckley, Tourism in Parks: Australian Initiatives, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia, 2004, p. 194.

[27]      Carrie Stefan, 'Parks and Tourism Partnerships: An Industry Perspective', Tourism in Parks: Australian Initiatives, Ralf Buckley, ed., International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia, 2004, p. 58.

[28]      Carrie Stefan, 'Parks and Tourism Partnerships: An Industry Perspective', Tourism in Parks: Australian Initiatives, Ralf Buckley, ed., International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia, 2004, p. 59.

[29]      Department of the Environment and Heritage web site, Director of National Parks Annual Report 2005-06: Director's Review, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/annual/05-06/review.html#vm, accessed 19 January 2007.

[30]      Mr Douglas Treasure, Committee Hansard 5 June 2006, p. 72.

[31]      Submission 78, p. 5.

[32]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 21.

[33]      Dr Paul Williams, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 24–25.

[34]      Mr David Green, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 25.

[35]      Mr Alan Feely, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 9.

[36]      Mr Daniel Gschwind, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 61.

[37]      North Coast Environment Council, Submission 28, p. 5.

[38]      Mr John Cumberpatch, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, pp 11–12.

[39]      Ms Wendy Hills, Tourism Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 78.

[40]      Mr Peter Cochrane, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 104.

[41]      Department of the Environment and Heritage web site, About the EPBC Act, http://www.deh.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html, accessed 19 January 2007.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, pp 73–74.

[43]      Tasmanian National Parks Association, Submission 78, p. 7.

[44]      Ms Catherine Errey, Submission 25, p. 2.

[45]      Submission 145, p. 13.

[46]      Submission 145, p. 17.

[47]      Submission 28, p. 5.

[48]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Indicator: BD-25 Tourism activities based in areas of high biodiversity significance, http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/112/index.html, accessed 18 January 2007.

[49]      Department of the Environment and Heritage, web site, Director of National Parks Annual Report 2005-06: Director's Review, http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/annual/05-06/review.html#vm, accessed 19 January 2007.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 8.

[51]      Coast and Wetlands Society, Submission 7, p.3.

[52]      Professor Geoff Wescott, Submission 49, Attachment 1, p. 6; NAFI, Submission 186, p. 7; Mr David Green, Submission 66, p. 1.

[53]      NSW Government, Submission 155A, p. 2.

[54]      Queensland Government, Submission 175, p. 17.

[55]      Submission 49, Attachment 1, p. 6.

[56]      Submission 164, pp 5–7.

[57]      Submission 164, p. 9.

[58]      Ms Kristen Appel, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 64.

[59]      Submission 57, p. 2. Operational funding funds on-ground activities, such as eradication programs, leasing of offices, power costs and overtime. Salaries are not included. See Ms Kristen Appel, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, pp 70–72.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 73.

[61]      Mr David Green, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 21.

[62]      Dr Paul Williams, Submission 34, p. 3.

[63]      Mr David Green, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 21.

[64]      Dr Paul Williams, Submission 34, p. 2.

[65]      Mr Doug Humann, ABHF, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 11.

[66]      Dr Paul Williams, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 19.

[67]      Mr David Green, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 23.

[68]      Mr Brett De Hayr, Chief Executive Officer, AgForce, Queensland, Committee Hansard 21 April 2006, p. 88.

[69]      Dr Paul Williams, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 19–20; See also Dr Paul Williams, Submission 34, pp 1–2.

[70]      Submission 160, p. 1.

[71]      Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 118.

[72]      Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 44.

[73]      Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 4.

[74]      Marine and Coastal Community Network, South Australia, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 12.

[75]      Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 27.

[76]      Submission 125, p. 3.

[77]      Australian Marine Sciences Association, Submission 125, p. 3.

[78]      Mr Anthony Flaherty, Marine and Coastal Community Network, Committee Hansard 6 June 2006, p. 6.

[79]      Marine and Coastal Community Network, South Australia, Committee Hansard 6 June 2006, pp 5–6.

[80]      Australian Marine Sciences Association Committee Hansard 16 June 2006, p. 45.

[81]      Australian Marine Conservation Society, Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 37.

[82]      Mr Graham Crossley, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 55–56; See also Mirani Shire Council, Submission 196, p. 2.

[83]      Submission 185, p. 2. See also Bayside Offroaders Club, Submission 48, p. 6.

[84]      Submission 26, p. 1.

[85]      Submission 45, pp 5–6.

[86]      Ms Maureen Baker OAM, Submission 42, p. 3.

[87]      Submission 142, p. 4.

[88]      Submission 51, p. 2.

[89]      Submission 140, p. 3.

[90]      Submission 78, p. 8.

[91]      Submission 146, p. 4.

[92]      Submission 140, p. 3; Submission 142, p. 4.

[93]      Submission 110, p. 2.

[94]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, 2005, p. 45.

[95]      Pastoralists and Graziers Association of WA, Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 36.

[96]      Mrs Foulkes-Taylor, Submission 211, p. 1.

[97]      Mrs Morrison, Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 36. See also Mrs Foulkes-Taylor, Submission 211, p. 1.

[98]      Shire of Murchison, Submission 208, pp 1–2. See also Mrs Foulkes-Taylor, Submission 211, p. 1.

[99]      Mrs Morrison, Submission 210, p.1.

[100]    Mrs Morrison, Pastoralists and Graziers Association of WA, Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, p. 36. See also Mr Keynes, Submission 209, p. 2.

[101]    Mrs Morrison, Submission 210, p. 2.

[102]    Submission 208, p. 1.

[103]    Mrs Morrison, Submission 210, p. 2; Mrs Webb-Smith/Mrs Morrison, Pastoralists and Graziers Association of WA Committee Hansard, 31 August 2006, pp 37–40.

[104]    Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 44.

[105]    Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 45.

[106]    Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 39.

[107]    Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 39.

[108]    Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 40.

[109]    CALM, Submission 135, p. 16.

[110]    CALM, Submission 135, p. 16; Mr McNamara, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 40.

Chapter 11 - Private conservation - a valuable contribution

[1]        The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 4. See also chapter 9 of this report.

[2]        World Commission on Protected Areas, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 53.

[3]        World Commission on Protected Areas, Submission 137, p. 20. The Wilderness Society, Submission 131.

[4]        Submission 144, p. 7; Natural Resource Ministerial Council (2004) Directions for the National Reserve System – A Partnership Approach, Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, pp 38–43.

[5]        Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, p. 4.

[6]        Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, pp 53–54, 70.

[7]        Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188, p. 3.

[8]        Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188, p. 3; Dr Michael Looker, Director, Australian Program, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, pp 32–36.

[9]        Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, Submission 144.

[10]      The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p.5; See also Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia, Submission 135, p. 8; Department of Environment and Heritage, SA Government, Submission 194, p. 13; Birds Australia, Submission 105, p. 12; The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p.5.

[11]      Submission 130, p. 14.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 40.

[13]      The main inland reserves are Astrebla Downs, Bladensberg, Boodjamulla, Diamantina, Idalia, Simpson Desert and Welford, totalling around 2.3 million hectares.

[14]      Australian Bush Heritage Fund Reserves, web site, http://www1.bushheritage.org/default.aspx?MenuID=69, accessed January 2007.

[15]      Greening Australia, Gondwana Link, http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/GA/WA/OngroundAction/Integratedlandmanagement/GL.htm, accessed 16 November 2006.

[16]      Dr Michael Looker, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard,, 20 October 2006, p. 35.

[17]      Dr Michael Looker, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 36.

[18]      Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife, Submission 144, p. 5.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 43.

[20]      Submission 188, Attachment 1, p. 1.

[21]      Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188, p. 2.

[22]      Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188, p. 6.

[23]      Submission 188, Attachment 1, p. 1.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 13.

[25]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, p. 1.

[26]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, pp 2–4; Mr Fleming, AWC, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 37.

[27]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, p. 3.

[28]      Mr Atticus Fleming, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 38.

[29]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 38.

[30]      Trust for Nature, Buying the Bush, http://www.tfn.org.au/, accessed 16 November 2006.

[31]      Dr Michael Looker, TNC, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 32.

[32]      Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, Submission 144, p. 2.

[33]      Mrs Leonie Gale, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 37.

[34]      The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 35.

[35]      Trust for Nature, Conservation Covenants http://www.tfn.org.au/, accessed 16 November 2006, NSW Government, Submission 152, p.43.

[36]      NSW Government, Submission 152, p. 40.

[37]      Trust for Nature, Revolving Fund, http://www.tfn.org.au/, accessed 16 November 2006; NSW Government, Submission 152, p.43; Dr Tony Fleming, Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006 p. 19; Department of Environment and Heritage SA, Submission 194, p. 13; Mr Thomas Perrigo, National Trust of Australia Western Australia, Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 60.

[38]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p. 54.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, pp 39–40.

[40]      NSW Government, Submission 155, pp 27–28; Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet, Submission 175, p. 13; Trust for Nature, Stewardship Program, http://www.tfn.org.au/, accessed 16 November 2006.

[41]      NSW Government, Submission 155, p. 40.

[42]      Mr Atticus Fleming, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 42.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 11.

[44]      Mr Doug Humann, Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 4.

[45]      See NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service web site, Conservation Partners Program, http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/conservation_partners, accessed 15 November 2006; The DEC NSW's Conservation Agreements operate under s 69 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act (NSW) 1974.

[46]      NSW Government, Submission 152, p. 28.

[47]      Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet, Submission 175, p. 13. The QEPA's program operates under the Nature Conservation Act (Qld) 1992.

[48]      Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet, Submission 175, p. 13.

[49]      See Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency web site, Nature Assist, http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/nature_refuges/nature_assist/, accessed 15 November 2006.

[50]      Department of Environment and Heritage, SA Government, Submission 194, p. 13. The current Heritage Agreement Scheme operates under the Native Vegetation Act (SA) 1991.

[51]      For a more detailed description of the SA Heritage Scheme see House Standing Committee on Environment and Heritage, Inquiry into public good conservation, pp 146–147, https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/environ/pubgood/report/chap6.pdf, accessed 15 November 2006. The current scheme is a modification of an earlier scheme that operated under the Native Vegetation Management Act (SA) 1985.

[52]      South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage, Biodiversity Conservation – Plans for Biodiversity Conservation, http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/bioplans.html, accessed October 2006.

[53]      Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia, Submission 135, p. 8.

[54]      Department of Environment and Conservation, Land for Wildlife, http://www.naturebase.net/orc/land_for_wildlife.html, accessed October 2006.

[55]      Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia, Submission 135, p. 8.

[56]      Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Tasmanian Forest Conservation Fund http://www.deh.gov.au/land/forestpolicy/fcf/, accessed 16 November 2006.

[57]      Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania, Protected Areas on Private Land Program, http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SSKA-6B56K5?open, accessed 16 November 2006.

[58]      Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania, Protected Areas on Private Land Program http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SSKA-6B56K5?open, accessed 16 November 2006.

[59]      Steven Bick and Harry Haney, The Landowner's Guide to Conservation Easements, Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, 1996, p. 2.

[60]      M.D.Young and N. Gunningham et al., 'Reimbursing the Future', Biodiversity Series Paper No. 9, CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, the Australian Centre for Environmental Law, and Community Solutions, January 1996 p. 118.

[61]      Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Directions for the National Reserve System: A Partnership Approach, Commonwealth of Australia, 2005, p. 43.

[62]      B. Edgeworth et al, Sackville and Neave Property Law: Cases and Materials 7th edition, Butterworths 2004, p. 952.

[63]      Nature Conservation Trust Act (NSW) 2001, s. 37; National Parks and Wildlife Act (NSW) 1974, s. 69F; Victorian Conservation Trust Act (Vic.) 1972, s. 3(A)(11); Nature Conservation Act (Qld) 1992, s. 51.

[64]      Nature Conservation Act (Tas.) 2002; Transfer of Land Act (WA) 1893.

[65]      Nature Vegetation Act (SA) 1991, s. 23B.

[66]      Dr Michael Looker, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 34; Mr Atticus Fleming, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 44.

[67]      Dr Michael Looker, The Nature Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 34.

[68]      Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 6.

[69]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 44.

[70]      Productivity Commission, Constraints on Private Conservation of Biodiversity, Commission Research Paper, 2001, pp 11–17.

[71]      Productivity Commission, Constraints on Private Conservation of Biodiversity, Commission Research Paper, 2001, p. 11.

[72]      Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, pp 6–7.

[73]      Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, Submission 144A; Preservation Society of Queensland, Submission 113, p.7; The Wilderness Society, Submission 131, p. 12; Australian Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188, p. 7; Australian Wildlife Conservancy Submission 220, p. 5.

[74]      Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, Submission 144A, Attachment 2 – Dr Stephen Hatfield Dodds, (2002), 'Building a Stronger Coalition' The Allen Consulting Group, Paper Prepared for The Steering Group on Incentives Encouraging Private Conservation.

[75]      Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188A, p. 6.

[76]      TNC, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 32.

[77]      Mr Humann, Bush Heritage Fund, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 5.

[78]      Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife, Submission 144A, Attachment 2 – Dr Stephen Hatfield Dodds, (2002), 'Building a Stronger Coalition' The Allen Consulting Group, Paper Prepared for The Steering Group on Incentives Encouraging Private Conservation, pp 10–21.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 5. See also Bush Heritage Fund, Submission 188A, pp iii, 11–14.

[80]      Bush Heritage Fund, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 5.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, pp 33–34.

[82]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, p. 5; Mr Atticus Fleming, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Committee Hansard, 20 October 2006, p. 40.

Chapter 12 - Funding

[1]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, pp 1–6. See also Mr Peter Cochrane, Director of National Parks, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 65.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 86.

[3]        Department of the Environment and Heritage, Submission 126, pp 1, 3.

[4]        Advice from WA Department of Environment and Conservation, dated 24 January 2007. Data excludes expenditure by the Department of Fisheries on fisheries management in MPAs and research expenditure in MPAs.

[5]        Advice from SA DEH, dated 19 December 2006.

[6]        Other appropriations included special appropriation/Environment Management Charge (EMC) 19 per cent; related entity (eg, Natural Heritage Trust) 18 per cent; reef HQ 6 per cent; and other 4 per cent. See GBRMPA, Annual Report 2005-2006, p. 4.

[7]        Great Barrier Reef Marine Protection Authority, Annual Report 2005-2006, pp 4–5.

[8]        Ms Penelope Figgis, World Commission on Protected Areas, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 55.

[9]        Mr Graeme Worboys, World Commission on Protected Areas, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 56.

[10]      Professor Geoffrey Wescott, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 26.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 77.

[12]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 5.

[13]      NSW Government, Submission 155A, 'Summary of the State of the Parks 2004 Report', p. 2.

[14]      NSW Government, Submission 155, p. 20.

[15]      NSW Government, Submission 155A, p. 2.

[16]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 2.

[17]      CALM, Submission 135, p. 11.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 1 September 2006, p. 39.

[19]      Queensland Government, Submission 175, p. 17.

[20]      Queensland Government, Submission 175, p. 17; Mr Feely, EPA, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, pp 8–9.

[21]      Advice from SA Department for Environment and Heritage, 21 December 2006.

[22]      NT Government, Submission 16, p. 3.

[23]      ACT Government, Submission 159, p. 1.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 87.

[25]      Annual expenditure on people and services from the operations section of each department/agency responsible for managing protected areas was sourced from annual reports. The operational budgets include not only land management activities (e.g. weed control, burning, trail management), but also other responsibilities associated with national park management (e.g. research, education, facilitation). For each agency, the budget figures do not include operational expenses commonly associated with environmental protection (e.g. pollution licensing and management), except for the final NSW expenditure figure (which could not be separated). The size of the protected area estate (ha) was also recorded. The data for NSW relate to 1997-98 to 2003-04; Qld from 1997-98 to 2004-05; and Victoria and WA from 2000-01 to 2004-05. See GHD Pty Ltd, Submission 164, pp 4–5.

[26]      Local Government Association of Queensland, National Parks Inquiry: Final Report, May 2000, p. 6.

[27]      Submission 164, p. 9.

[28]      Submission 164, p. 9.

[29]      Submission 110, p. 1.

[30]      Submission 41, p. 7.

[31]      Submission 41, p. 7.

[32]      Submission 143, p. 2.

[33]      Submission 73, p. 4.

[34]      Submission 184, p. 4.

[35]      Submission 78, pp 3–4.

[36]      Submission 193, p. 3.

[37]      Submission 137, p. 30.

[38]      Submission 130, p. 6.

[39]      Submission 141, p. 9.

[40]      Submission 143, p. 3.

[41]      Submission 49, Attachment 1, p. 6. See also Professor Geoffrey Wescott, Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, p. 16.

[42]      Submission 186, p. 7.

[43]      PMSEIC, Setting Biodiversity Priorities, May 2002, p. 9.

[44]      Submission 137, p. 30.

[45]      WWF-Australia, Submission 161, p. 3.

[46]      Submission 137, p. 31. See also Dr Marc Hockings, Submission 110, p. 1.

[47]      Submission 178, pp 3, 19.

[48]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, pp 16–17.

[49]      Australian Government web site, Natural Heritage Trust, www.nht.gov.au, accessed December 2006.

[50]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p. 12.

[51]      Australian Government web site, Natural Heritage Trust, www.nht.gov.au, accessed December 2006.

[52]      Submission 161, pp 23–24.

[53]      Submission 178, pp 3, 19; Directions for the NRS: A Partnership Approach, April 2004, p. 3.

[54]      Submission 137, pp 27, 31.

[55]      Submission 137, pp 27–28.

[56]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, pp 67, 81.

[57]      Submission 155, p. 20.

[58]      Submission 135, pp 12–13.

[59]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p. 68.

[60]      DEH, Committee Hansard, 16 June 2006, p. 6.

[61]      Submission 194, p. 15.

[62]      Submission 155, p.20.

[63]      Submission 16, p. 4.

[64]      Submission 161, p. 19.

[65]      Submission 137, p. 28. See also National Parks Australia Council, Submission 191, pp 3–4.

[66]      Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Submission 220, p. 5. See also WCPA, Submission 137, p. 28.

[67]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, pp 68–69.

[68]      Submission 135, pp 13–14.

[69]      Submission 57, p. 2.

[70]      Submission 137, p. 26.

[71]      Submission 113, p. 5. See also Tamborine Mountain Natural History Association, Submission 52, p. 2.

[72]      Submission 113, p. 6.

[73]      Submission 113, p. 5.

[74]      Submission 131, pp 10–11.

[75]      Submission 172, p. 4.

[76]      Submission 137, p. 26.

[77]      Gilligan, B, The National Reserve System Programme 2006 Evaluation, Syneca Consulting Pty Ltd, November 2006, p 71.

[78]      Submission 137, p. 27.

[79]      Submission 106, pp 2–3.

[80]      Submission 155, p. 25.

[81]      Submission 155, p. 25.

[82]      Submission 155, pp 25–26.

[83]      Wet Tropics Management Authority, Submission 156, pp 1–2. See also Professor Peter Valentine, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 6–7.

[84]      Submission 110, p. 2.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 5 June 2006, pp 16–17.

[86]      Submission 49, p. 3.

[87]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, p. 60.

[88]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2006, pp 60–61.

[89]      International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Submission 11A, p. 16.

[90]      Mr Shane Murrihy, Submission 10, p. 1.

[91]      Dr David Denham, Submission 61, p. 1.

[92]      Mr Ernst Willheim, Submission 17, p. 1.

[93]      International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Submission 11A, pp 16–17.

[94]      R Buckley et. al.,eds., Nature-Based Tourism, Environment and Land Management, CABI Publishing, 2003, pp 54–55.

[95]      Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 6.

[96]      Parks Victoria web site, Welcome to Parkweb, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au, accessed December 2006.

[97]      Parks and Wildlife Station Tasmania web site, Welcome, www.parks.tas.gov.au, accessed December 2006.

[98]      Queensland Government, Submission 175, p.17.

[99]      Submission 175, p. 17; Mr Alan Feely, EPA, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 21.

[100]    Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 3.

[101]    See also Mr Alan Feely, QPWS, Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 21.

[102]    Submission 156, p. 5.

[103]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 7. See also Professor Peter Valentine, WTMA, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 12–14.

[104]    Dr Tony Fleming, Committee Hansard, 12 May 2006, p. 6.

[105]    Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 56.

[106]    Director of National Parks, Annual Report 2005-06, p. 18.

[107]    Professor Ralf Buckley, Submission 11A, p. 35.

[108]    Mr John Courtney, Alliance for Sustainable Tourism, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 38.

[109]    Mr Steve Olle, Alliance for Sustainable Tourism, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 47.

[110]    Mr Russell Boswell, Alliance for Sustainable Tourism, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 38.

[111]    Mr Steve Olle, Alliance for Sustainable Tourism, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 48.

[112]    Ecotourism Australia, Submission 81, p. 3.

[113]    International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Submission 11A, p. 17; See also R. Buckley, Nature-Based Tourism, pp 54–55.

[114]    Submission 197, p. 2.

[115]    Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006, p. 15.

[116]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 58.

[117]    Submission 115, p. 2.

[118]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, pp 35–36.

[119]    Mr Steve Olle, Alliance for Sustainable Tourism, Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 47.

[120]    Submission 197, p. 2. Visitors to the region are required to pay an EMC which is collected by AMPTO members on behalf of the Commonwealth. In 2004-05 this amounted to $8 million.

[121]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 10.

[122]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 10.

[123]    Committee Hansard, 28 June 2006, p. 14.

[124]    Submission 11A, pp 1–2.

[125]    Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 71.

[126]    Committee Hansard, 21 April 2006, p. 21.

[127]    Committee Hansard, 30 June 2006, p. 43.

[128]    Committee Hansard, 6 June 2006, p. 56.

[129]    Ms Julie Sheppard, Submission 62, p. 1.

Minority report of Labor senators

[1]        Watts, Corey,  Australian Conservation Foundation, Getting on Track: Australia’s Progress Towards Ecologically Sustainable Management of our Rural Landscapes, October 2004.

[2]        Worldwide fund for Nature – Australia, Priorities for a Living Australia: Federal Policy proposals toTackle Dangerous Climate Change and Build Envrionmental Resilience, February 2007.

[3]        McCarthy, Michael, 'How the worst effect of climate change will be felt by the poorest'.  The Independent, London, 7 April 2007.

Minority report of the Australian Greens

[1] The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (Thackway & Cresswell 1995, Environment Australia 2000) categorizes the Australian continent into regions of like geology, landform, vegetation, fauna and climate. There are 80 such regions throughout Australia.

[2] Submission 161, WWF Australia

[3] Justice Marshall, Brown vs. Forestry Tasmania, 2006, Para 238

[4] Ibid., Para 282.

[5] Ibid., Para 240-241.

[6] http://www.bushfirecrc.com/events/events/forum_feb07.html