Chapter 5 - 'Urban' Indigenous art
5.1
The committee recognised two parallel but linked developments in
Indigenous art. The Indigenous art of remote central, north and west Australia
is a diverse but high profile movement. It is frequently supported by art centres,
and art coordinators working in remote communities. Some of the art is produced
using traditional materials such as bark and ochre, while much of it is made
with modern materials, particularly acrylic paint on canvas. Most of it has
strong, explicit ties to traditional Indigenous culture and country.
5.2
There is also another story in Indigenous art. Smaller numbers of
artists, but with an equally prominent profile, are working mostly in southern
and eastern Australia, often in the major cities. They work in a wide range of
media, and their works, as well as being sometimes more politically charged,
have more complex, mediated links to Indigenous culture – Brisbane's Fire-Works
gallery refers to 'a strong emphasis on the contemporary rather than the
ethnographic'.[1]
This chapter briefly discusses these mostly urban artists in the context of the
broader inquiry.
'Urban' Indigenous art
5.3
There are many Indigenous artists who have grown up,
trained or worked in south-eastern Australia, particularly the cities of Brisbane,
Sydney and Melbourne. They include some of the country's most successful and
well known, such as Bronwyn Bancroft, Richard Bell, Tracey Moffatt, Lin Onus
and Michael Riley. Their work is different in nature and background to the art
of the central and western deserts, the Kimberley and the Top End. These
artists are often referred to as urban Indigenous artists. This is terminology
the committee accepts, while recognising that their identity is more complex
than that. Bronwyn Bancroft grew up in Tenterfield in northern NSW[2];
photographer Michael Riley grew up around Dubbo and Moree;[3]
painter Richard Bell was born in Charleville[4]
and grew up in outback Queensland;[5]
Lin Onus grew up in Melbourne but frequently visited his father's country on
the Murray River.[6]
Their art may often be distinguished more by its subject matter, media, and the
artists' relationships to contemporary art than by its geography.
5.4
Over 70 per cent of Indigenous Australians live in urban centres.[7]
Art can be just as important to them and to their cultural and economic future
as it can be to the Indigenous people of remote northern and Western Australia.
The bulk of public support for the arts targeted toward Indigenous Australians
has flowed to regional and remote Australia, and as this report shows, the
effort has been more than repaid with beautiful art and craft, and the survival
and thriving of a culture.
5.5
Mrs Beverly Knight, State Chairman of the Victorian Chapter of the
Australian Commercial Galleries Association, highlighted the importance of
supporting urban Indigenous artists along with remote ones:
I have read most of the submissions on the website, and the
urban or city based Indigenous issues are really just as important. I think you
can get very bogged down with the remote communities because they are more in
your face, but there are many issues that need to be dealt with in the urban
situation as well. There is also a lot of future for urban based Indigenous
artists, given the right things.[8]
5.6
The committee was interested in ways in which support is able to be
effective in south-eastern Australia, and it is instructive to look at how the
work of indigenous artists has developed in that region. There is no common
path when it comes to training: some of these artists appeared primarily to be
self-taught (Lin Onus, Richard Bell), while others gained training through
colleges and universities in cities (Tracy Moffatt, Bronwyn Bancroft),[9]
while others were a bit of both (Michael Riley). The things these artists have
in common, however, are striking. They all appeared to have experienced:
- the maintenance of links to their Indigenous culture and
heritage, often through family;
- strong mentoring; and
- connection or collaboration with other artists, both Indigenous
and non-Indigenous.
Though their environment and art may often seem different to
that of northern and Western Australia, these factors appear similar for
Indigenous artists across the country.
5.7
There are established and developing Indigenous arts and craft
industries in urban and regional centres where artists and support
organisations play an important role in bringing greater recognition of the
diversity of Indigenous cultures in Australia.[10]
In its submission, the Arts Law Centre of Australia noted that Boomalli, the
Indigenous artists cooperative, has been operating in Sydney for almost 20
years supporting urban and rural artists from NSW and that there is:
a growing number of independent Indigenous artists achieving
artistic and financial success, and although there work is not from a
'traditional' genre, their connection to Indigenous culture is still integral
to their work.[11]
5.8
World Vision Australia's Sydney-based art gallery, Birrung, has been
involved in the Indigenous Arts industry for over eight years. The gallery is
one of World Vision's projects within its Indigenous (Domestic) Programs department.[12]
5.9
Birrung Gallery represents over 200 Indigenous artists from remote
communities in the Northern Territory, West and South Australian regions as
well as local urban artists. Surplus generated through sale of art at the
gallery is returned to the Indigenous Programs department for expenditure on
various initiatives including scholarships for Indigenous students and projects
in various states involving issues of health, youth leadership, community
development and governance.[13]
5.10
The submission noted that the gallery also conducts a number of projects
within the local Sydney Koori community as part of their daily operations, such
as establishing a local Indigenous business (Indigenous picture framer) and
funding a scholarship scheme for Indigenous students at the University of
Sydney, a local public speaking program (Koori Toastmasters) and a youth
leadership program.[14]
5.11
However, Ms Herd suggested that:
Economic support of Aboriginal artists in urban centres around Queensland
has not been given the level of support or attention that more remote
communities have not had this point needs to be acknowledged. There is a strong
perception that urban artists have more access to art industry services. This
is not the case, many urban artists lack skill, education, financial means and
exhibiting opportunities as do artists in remote centres.
...
There is already the perception that there is less equality when
it comes to funding support for Aboriginal artists living and working in the
urban centres.[15]
5.12
The Queensland University of Technology submission suggested that a comparative
evaluation of the capacity and critical issues of urban Indigenous artists and
those living in remote communities be undertaken to ascertain if the concerns
and issues facing both sets of artists are similar or dramatically different
and:
[i]f they differ, are there equivalent policy settings that
capture and account for these differences under the rubric, "the
Indigenous visual arts sector"?[16]
5.13
The committee was disappointed about how little evidence it received
about urban Indigenous art and artists, and how these can be fostered. However,
it was aware that many of the figures central to Indigenous arts today began
their careers or received valuable mentoring through urban Indigenous art
organisations such as Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Cooperative in Sydney or the
Campfire Group in Brisbane. As well as the artists mentioned above, these
include figures such as Brenda Croft (senior curator at the National Gallery of
Australia, trained at Sydney College of the Arts and a member of Boomalli) and
Hetti Perkins (senior curator at the Art Gallery of NSW, also a Boomalli
member).
5.14
The committee did receive some information from Boomalli, as well as a
thoughtful submission from Mr Michael Eather, one of the key figures in the
Campfire Group, and the director of Fire-Works Gallery in Brisbane.[17]
The history of the Campfire Group highlights the importance of collaboration,
mentoring and skills development in the nurturing of urban Indigenous art:
For a time [Campfire Group members] shared a studio space with David
Paulson in an old Queensland colonial house in Torrington Street in Spring
Hill. Paulson had a wealth of knowledge about painting and sculptural technique
that he passed on unstintingly. Richard Bell reminisces that 'Uncle Dave'
Paulson was like a 'footie coach' who trained the 'team' in valuable skills and
barracked for them when they used these skills to 'take the piss out of the
white art system'...
The next initiative of Campfire was to convene the first
Queensland Indigenous Artists' Conference. Artists here were conscious that the
flourishing of a Central Desert art market was assisted by the presence of Art
and Craft Centres, workshops, advisors and government grants. Queensland
Indigenous artists had to get organised...
One offshoot of these conferences was the identification of a
need for tertiary education in Indigenous art for Indigenous artists taught by
Indigenous artists. Thus began a long community consultation which in 1995
produced Australia's first Bachelor's degree in Contemporary Australian
Indigenous Art (BoVACAIA) at the Queensland College of Art, Griffith University,
in Brisbane...[18]
Mr Michael Eather was similarly emphatic about these issues:
what strikes me as equally important is concept of professional
development & training for artists in order to gain the experience needed
to cope with the demands of being a active and professional artist. How do we
achieve this outside a tertiary or vocational system? Can we achieve this with
existing networks?
More-often this knowledge is acquired simply by experience - by
trial and error and time spent working within the ‘industry’. For artists it
seems critical to gain this knowledge and experience as well as the skills
needed for making art and then understanding their options for operating within
the market place... I believe we need to maximize their skills and
understandings, their professional development knowledge and industry awareness
if we are to regulate the industry in any shape or form... To move forward we
need to take the responsibilities of business management, financial advice and
art marketing insights to the coal face and seek the collaborative energies of
artists, advisors, agents, gallerists, accountants, secondary market
representatives, curators, academics and government monitors.[19]
Reports provided by Boomalli highlighted management,
governance and funding issues, and the need to manage these effectively to ensure
the sustainability of an organisation.[20]
5.15
In the absence of in-depth evidence, the committee was limited in its
analysis and conclusions regarding Indigenous art and craft in major urban
centres. However it makes several observations.
5.16
First, the committee recognises that many major funding programs such as
the Commonwealth's NACIS scheme (described in the next chapter) are open to
Indigenous art bodies generally. However, it also notes a subtle emphasis on
remote areas in much of the documentation and regulation in this area. Examples
include:
- The introductory text of the Indigenous Art Centres Strategy and
Action Plan, which states in part: 'Indigenous art centres are building
capacity, maintaining culture and generating income and employment activities
in remote Indigenous communities... [Art centres] play a vital economic role in
Indigenous communities – some of the most remote communities in the country'.[21]
- Guidelines for eligibility for grants, such as those from the
Australia Council, which are based on requiring proof of Aboriginality from an
organisation registered under the Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act
1976 or similar legislation, or from a Land Council.[22]
There are relatively few such organisations in south-eastern Australian cities
compared to in the bush, even though there may be high numbers of Indigenous
people in those cities, potentially creating a barrier to participation by
urban artists.
5.17
At every level, it is important that initiatives intended to foster
Indigenous art and craft are communicated and promoted appropriately to all
relevant stakeholders and prospective artists. Current processes, while
commendable in many respects, may be contributing to a subtle bias against
access by urban Indigenous artists.
Recommendation 9
5.18
The committee recommends that DCITA, the Australia Council, and state
and territory funding bodies review their documentation and processes for
Indigenous visual arts funding to ensure urban Indigenous artists will not be
discouraged by the language or objectives expressed for those programs.
5.19
Second, a large proportion of the retail and display of Indigenous art
takes place in south-eastern Australia, and in Sydney and Melbourne in
particular. The committee was struck by the silence of most sector participants
(with the exception of art centres and their related bodies) on the issue of
Indigenous employment in the industry. This was most obvious amongst those
organisations that are not Indigenous owned or controlled, and this includes
most commercial art galleries, not to mention public art collections. A
significant exception was The Rainbow Serpent, which has an Indigenous
employment policy for its outlets at Sydney and Brisbane International Airports.[23]
5.20
The committee suggests that this is an obvious, and surprisingly
neglected, avenue by which the sector could engage urban Indigenous Australians
in the visual arts and craft industry. This would be particularly valuable
given that marketing, business management and accounting skills are amongst those
most needed in the art centre sector of the industry. Employment in city
galleries would be one path by which the number of Indigenous Australians with
those skills could be increased, while simultaneously bringing them into
ongoing contact with artistic activity in Indigenous communities, whether urban
or remote.
5.21
The committee considers that commercial art galleries whose business is
to a significant degree Indigenous art should, with the funding assistance of
their industry associations, the Commonwealth and art centre peak bodies,
develop Indigenous employment objectives and plans.
5.22
Finally, the committee can only urge that policymakers give more
attention to how Indigenous art can better be fostered in urban settings. It
acknowledges Ms Herd's observation that Indigenous people in urban Australia
may not have the access to artistic training and resources that may be assumed.
The committee was not able on the evidence before it to form a view on how this
should be addressed. But with Indigenous art being one of the inspiring success
stories for Indigenous Australians, as well as one of Australia's great
contributions to the world, more effort should go into encouraging the creation
of such art in the cities where most Indigenous people live.
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