Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        On 3 March 2004 the Senate agreed to extend the time for the presentation of the report to 25 March 2004. Journals of the Senate, 3 March 200 4, p. 3070

[2]        The Heat is On: Australia's Greenhouse Future, November 2000.

[3]        Senate Hansard, 19 September 2002, p. 4455.

[4]        House of Representatives, Votes and Proceedings, 26 May 2003, p. 893.

[5]        Senate,  Journals, 30 October 2003, p. 974.

[6]        Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, The Kyoto Protocol – Discussion Paper, Report 38, April 2001.

Chapter 2 - Climate change and the Kyoto Protocol

[1]        http://www.ipcc.ch

[2]        Bureau of Meteorology, Submission 15, p. 1.

[3]        See, for example, Submissions 35, 29, 23, 32, 31 and 36 from the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Australian Aluminium Council, the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, the Minerals Council of Australia, and Woodside Energy Ltd, respectively.

[4]        CSIRO, Submission 16, p. 1

[5]        http://www.unfccc.int/

[6]        UNFCCC, Article 2.

[7]        Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Western Australia, Submission 28, p. 4.

[8]        House of Representatives Hansard, 5 June 2002, p. 3163.

[9]        Hon Dr David Kemp MP, Minister for the Environment and Heritage, and the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Joint Media Release, 15 August 2002

[10]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP and Hon Ian Macfarlane MP, Joint Media Release, 14 April 2003.

[11]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP, Speech, Australia’s Domestic Climate Change Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Roundtable Side-event, COP 9, Milan, 9 December 2003, p. 2.

Chapter 3 - Arguments in favour of ratification

[1]        Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 33, p. 2.

[2]        Environment Business Australia, Submission 24, attachment, p. 4.

[3]        Friends of the Earth, Submission 17, p. 2.

[4]        The Australia Institute, Evidence, p. 24. [Note: The term Evidence refers in this report to the Proof Committee Hansard of the Committee's public hearing on 13 February 2004]

[5]        Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 61.

[6]        See, for example, Environment Business Australia,  Submission,  p. 1.

[7]        Ms Fiona Wain, Evidence, p. 12.

[8]        Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 23.

[9]        Mr Ric Brazzale, Evidence, p. 13.

[10]      Ms Libby Anthony, Evidence, p. 14.

[11]      Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 24.

[12]      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Roundtable, Submission 19, p. 2.

[13]      Environment Business Australia, Submission 24, p. 2.

[14]      Ms Libby Anthony, Evidence, p. 21.

[15]      Mr Ric Brazzale, Evidence, p. 20.

[16]      Michael Hichens, Counting the cost of Kyoto, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 2004, p. 13.

[17]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 61.

[18]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 64.

[19]      Mr Ian Carruthers, Evidence, p. 65.

[20]      Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 2.

[21]      Ms Fiona Wain, Evidence, p. 15.

[22]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 59.

Chapter 4 - Arguments against ratification

[1]        House of Representatives Hansard, 10 Feb 2004, p. 24195.

[2]        Mr Ian Carruthers, Evidence, p. 58.

[3]        Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 5.

[4]        ibid.

[5]        Trevor M. Power,  Issues and opportunities for Australia under the Kyoto Protocol, (2003) EPLJ pp.459-60.

[6]        OECD/IEA, World Energy Outlook, Paris 2002.

[7]        Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 5.

[8]        Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 2.

[9]        Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 5.

[10]      Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Submission 23, p. 2.

[11]      Australian Aluminium Council, Submission 29, p. 2.

[12]      Warwick J. McKibbin and Peter J. Wilcoxen, Estimates of the costs of Kyoto: Marrakesh versus the McKibbin-Wilcoxen blueprint, Energy Policy, 32, 2004, p. 471.

[13]      ibid.

[14]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 63.

[15]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 61.

[16]      Simon Grose, Irony, problems in emissions trading, Canberra Times, 17 Jan 04, p. B6.

[17]      Australian Financial Review 16 January 2004, p. 10.

Chapter 5 - Conclusions and recommendation

[1]        Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 3

[2]        Australian Aluminium Council, Submission 29, p. 1.

[3]        Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Submission 23, p. 2

[4]        Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 32, p. 1.

[5]        Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 1.

[6]        Mr Lawrence Acton, Evidence, p. 37.

[7]        www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.html

[8]        Greenpeace, Submission 34, p. 2.

[9]        Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 6.

[10]      Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 33, p. 2.

[11]      European Commission, Media Release, Climate change: More action required from Member States to cut greenhouse gas emissions, 2 December 2003.

[12]      European Commission, Media Release, Climate change: More action required from Member States to cut greenhouse gas emissions, 2 December 2003.

[13]      ibid.

[14]      ibid.

[15]      Greenpeace, Submission 34, p. 5.

[16]      CSIRO, Submission 16, p. 6.

[17]      Chamber of Commerce and Industry Western Australia, Submission 28, p. 1.

[18]      Greenpeace, Submission 34, p. 5.

[19]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP, 'Kyoto not the answer for Australia', Australian Financial Review, 16 December 2003, p. 47.

[20]      Climate Change Issues, Climate Change Backgrounder No. 3: The Kyoto Protocol – On Shaky Ground, www.climatechangeissues.com/cci-ccb3.php

[21]      Evidence, p. 46. [Note: The quote ascribed to Mr Waller will be shown in the final corrected transcript as having been made by Mr Michael Potter of the National Farmers Federation.]

[22]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 54. [Note: The proof transcript incorrectly refers to 'developed', not 'developing'.]

[23]      ibid., p. 55.

[24]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 59.

[25]      Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, p. 33.

[26]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 54.

[27]      Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 32, p. 9.

[28]      CSIRO, Submission 16, p, 1.

[29]      Australian Aluminium Council, Submission 29, p. 4 and Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 32, p. 5.

[30]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP, Speech, Australia’s Domestic Climate Change Approach, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Roundtable Side-event, COP 9, Milan, 9 December 2003, p. 2.

[31]      ibid.

[32]      Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 4.

[33]      Australian Industry Group, Fact Sheet, Kyoto Protocol and Implications for Australia, November 2000, p. 1.

[34]      Chamber of Commerce and Industry Western Australia, Submission 28, p. 2.

[35]      Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 2.

[36]      Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 5.

[37]      Plastics and Chemicals Industry Association, Submission 23, p. 2.

[38]      Australian Aluminium Council, Submission 29, p. 2.

[39]      Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 35, p. 5.

[40]      Evidence, p. 47.

[41]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP, Speech: to the IPA: Australia’s Approach to Climate Change, 28 February 2003, p. 5.

[42]      Mr Mitchell Hooke, Evidence, p. 45.

[43]      Plastics and Chemicals Industry Association, Submission 23, p. 4.

[44]      National Farmers Federation, Submission 36, p. 9.

[45]      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Roundtable, Submission 19, p. 2.

[46]      Australian Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Submission 30, p. 2.

[47]      Australian Greenhouse Office, Australian firms and the market-based mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, 2003, p. 2.

[48]      ibid., pp. 1-2.

[49]      Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 3.

[50]      ibid., pp. 2-3.

[51]      Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 32, p. 9.

[52]      Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 3.

[53]      Michael Hitchens, 'Counting the cost of Kyoto, inflicted upon every Australian', Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 2004, p. 13.

[54]      http://unfccc.int/resource/kpthermo.html

[55]      http://unfccc.int/resource/kpco2.pdf

[56]      ibid.

[57]      'Kyoto’s future up in air', The Age, 14 December 2003 and 'Kasyanov: A Kyoto Plan in the Works', The Moscow Times, 15 December 2003.

[58]      'Presidential Advisor: Kyoto Treaty discriminates against Russia', Pravda, 6 October 2003.

[59]      ibid.

[60]      'Kasyanov: A Kyoto Plan in the Works', The Moscow Times, 15 December 2003.

[61]      ibid.

[62]      Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 9.

[63]      Chamber of Commerce and Industry of WA, The Kyoto Protocol and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, November 1999, p. 17.

[64]      Australian Government, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2003, September 2003, p. 5.

[65]      National Greenhouse Strategy, http://ngs.greenhouse.gov.au/action_plans/module4/index.html

[66]      Chamber of Commerce and Industry of WA, The Kyoto Protocol and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, November 1999, p. 17.

[67]      Woodside Energy Ltd, Submission 31, p. 2.

[68]      National Greenhouse Strategy, http://ngs.greenhouse.gov.au/action_plans/module4/index.html

[69]      Australian Government, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2003, September 2003, p. 5.

[70]      ibid., p. 6.

[71]      Australian Coal Association, www.australiancoal.com.au/electricity.htm

[72]      World Coal Institute, Coal Facts – 2003 Edition, http://wci.rmid.co.uk/uploads/CoalFacts03.pdf

[73]      www.europa.eu.int/comm/energy/nuclear/index_en.html

[74]      International Atomic Energy Agency,
http://www pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2002/Documents/Documents/Annex%20II%20.pdf

[75]      European Commission, Energy: Let us overcome our dependence, 2002, p. 21.

[76]      ibid., p. 15.

[77]      Uranium Information Centre Ltd, Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 1, Australia’s Uranium and Who Buys It, February 2004, www.uic.com.au/nip01.htm

[78]      Ian Macfarlane MP, Media Release, Energy Sector Must Take on New Emission Technology, 18 February 2004.

[79]      Parliamentary Library, Monthly Economic and Social Indicators E-Data, unpublished.

[80]      Australian Government, Tracking to the Kyoto Target 2003, September 2003, p. 12.

[81]      Hon Dr David Kemp MP, Media Release: Australia Moves Closer to Kyoto Target, 18 September 2003.

[82]      Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 33, p. 3.

[83]      Mr Christopher Langman, Evidence, p. 61.

[84]      Australian Greenhouse Office, Greenhouse News, Spring 2003, Vol 7, p. 6.

Dissenting report by Australian Labor Party, Australian Democrats and Australian Greens

[1]        Dr Bryson Bates, Evidence, p. 2

[2]        Dr Bryson Bates, Evidence, p. 2.

[3]        Kyoto Protocol Ratification Advisory Group, Report: A Risk Assessment, 2003, p. 5

[4]        http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate9/graph.cfm?countryiso=AU

[5]        Anna Reynolds, Evidence,  p. 23.

[6]        Anna Reynolds, Evidence,  p. 26.

[7]        Evidence,  p. 27.

[8]        Friends of the Earth, Submission 17, p. 3.

[9]        Evidence, p. 24.

[10]      Evidence, p. 25.

[11]      Dr Clive Hamilton, Evidence, p. 33

[12]      Ms Fiona Wain, Evidence, p. 12.

[13]      Evidence, p. 27.

[14]      Evidence, p. 14.

[15]      Evidence, p. 21.

[16]      Evidence, p. 15.

[17]      Evidence, p. 17.

[18]      Evidence, p. 12.

[19]      Environment Business Australia, Submission 24, Attached report Australia  - A Sustainability Superpower, p. 11

[20]      Ms Wain, Evidence, p. 14.

[21]      Evidence, p. 15.

[22]      Dr Hamilton, Evidence, p. 34.

[23]      Evidence, p. 34.

[24]      The Hon. J Howard, Strategic Leadership for Australia. Media Release November 2002, p. 41

[25]      Greenpeace, Submission 34, p. 5.