Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 9, 10 December 2013, pp 310–311.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, No. 20, 18 March 2014, p. 634.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, No. 9, 10 December 2013, pp 310–311.

Chapter 2 - The need for action

[1]        Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report, Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, p. 3, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGI_AR5_SPM_brochure.pdf (accessed 8 January 2014).

[2]        IPCC, Fifth assessment report, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, p. 3.

[3]        Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Climate change in Australia: Technical report 2007, 2007, p. 6, http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/documents/resources/TR_Web_FrontmatterExecSumm.pdf (accessed 8 January 2014).

[4]        IPCC, Fifth assessment report, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, October 2013, p. 15.

[5]        IPCC, Fifth assessment report, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, October 2013, p. 15.

[6]        IPCC, Fifth assessment report, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, October 2013, p. 18.

[7]        IPCC, Fifth assessment report, Summary for policy makers, October 2013, October 2013, p. 18.

[8]        IPCC, Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report, Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, Final draft underlying scientific-technical assessment, 30 September 2013, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_All.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014). See also A. Talberg and S. Power, 'What the latest IPCC report says about Australia', FlagPost, Commonwealth Parliamentary Library, 8 October 2013, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_All.pdf (accessed 10 January 2013).

[9]        A. Talberg and S. Power, 'What the latest IPCC report says about Australia', FlagPost, Commonwealth Parliamentary Library, 8 October 2013.

[10]      Climate Change Authority, Reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions – Targets and progress review, Draft report, Climate Change Authority, Canberra, October 2013, p. 25, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/sites/climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/files/Target-Progress-Review/Climate Change Authority-targets-and-progress-report.pdf (accessed 9 January 2014).

[11]      IPCC, Organization, http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml (accessed 24 February 2014).

[12]      IPCC, Reports, http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#1 (accessed 24 February 2014).

[13]      United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Background on the UNFCCC: The international response to climate change, http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php (accessed 9 January 2014).

[14]      United Nations, UNFCC, 1992, http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014).

[15]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 48.

[16]      IPCC, Second assessment report, 1995, p. 3, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014).

[17]      United Nations, Kyoto Protocol, 1998, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf (accessed 9 January 2014).

[18]      UNFCCC, Making those first steps count: An introduction to the Kyoto Protocol, http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/6034.php (accessed 9 January 2014).

[19]      IPCC, Fourth assessment report, 2007, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4_wg1_full_report.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014).

[20]      UNFCCC, Cancun Conference – November 2010, https://unfccc.int/meetings/cancun_nov_2010/meeting/6266.php (accessed 24 February 2014).

[21]      UNFCCC, Doha Conference – November 2012, https://unfccc.int/meetings/doha_nov_2012/meeting/6815.php (accessed 24 February 2014).

[22]      Department of the Environment, Kyoto Protocol, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/negotiations/history-negotiations/kyoto-protocol (accessed 24 February 2014).

[23]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 49.

[24]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 50.

[25]      United Nations, UNFCCC, 1992, Article 4.2(a), http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (accessed 9 January 2014).

[26]      United Nations, Kyoto Protocol, 1998, Annex B, p. 20.

[27]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 74.

[28]      UNFCCC, Report on the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009, Appendix 1 – Quantified economy-wide emissions targets for 2020, Australia, 2009, http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/application/pdf/australiacphaccord_app1.pdf (accessed 9 January 2014).

[29]      UNFCCC, Report on the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, Appendix 1 – Quantified economy-wide emissions targets for 2020, Australia, 2009.

[30]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 57.

[31]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 57.

[32]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 47.

[33]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 47.

[34]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 57.

[35]      Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE), Stationary energy emissions projections: 2012, DCEE, Canberra, October 2012, p. 6, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/files/climate-change/projections/aep-stationary-energy.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014).

[36]      DCCEE, Stationary energy emissions projections: 2012, DCEE, Canberra, October 2012, p. 6.

[37]      DCEE, Australia's emissions projections 2012, DCEE, Canberra, 2012, p. 3, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/files/climate-change/projections/aep-factsheet.pdf (accessed 10 January 2014).

[38]      DCEE, Australia's emissions projections 2012, DCEE, Canberra, 2012, p. 3.

[39]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 11.

[40]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 11.

[41]      Climate Change Authority, Reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions – Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/sites/climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/files/Target-Progress-Review/Targets%20and%20Progress%20Review%20Final%20Report.pdf (accessed 17 March 2014).

[42]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 7.

[43]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 7.

[44]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 15.

[45]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 9.

[46]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 9.

[47]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 9.

[48]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 15.

[49]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 10.

[50]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 10.

[51]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 10.

[52]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 11.

[53]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 11.

[54]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 11.

[55]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 11.

[56]      Department of the Environment, Emissions Reduction Fund Green Paper (Green Paper), December 2013, p. 1, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-air/emissions-reduction-fund/green-paper (accessed 9 February 2014).

[57]      See, for example, Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF), Submission 14, p. 2; Conservation Council of South Australia, Submission 44, p. 4; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 4.

[58]      See, for example, Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 1–2; Dr George Crisp, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 24; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27; Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 60; Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 6; 350 Australia, Submission 33, pp 1–2; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, pp 1 and 6; Greenpeace Australia, Submission 85, p. 4; Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 66, p. 3; Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34; Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 59; GetUp Action for Australia, Submission 47, p. 4; Professor David Karoly, Submission 72, p. 2.

[59]      Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 6; Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 25; Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 59; Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 73, p. 2.

[60]      See, for example, ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 14, p. 6; GetUp!, Submission 47, p. 4; and WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 9.

[61]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 9.

[62]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 14, p. 6.

[63]      GetUp!, Submission 47, p. 4.

[64]      Friends of the Earth, Submission 66, p. 2.

[65]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 5.

[66]      Australian Religious Response to Climate Change (ARRCC), Submission 21, p. 1.

[67]      See, for example, ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, pp 1–2; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 2; ACF, Submission 14, p. 1; and Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 3.

[68]      See, for example, Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, Submission 95, p. 3; ACF, Submission 14, pp 6–7, Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 73, p. 3; Sunshine Coast Environment Council, Submission 78, p. 2.

[69]      Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 25 and 28; see also ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, pp 1–2.

[70]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 2.

[71]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 2.

[72]      CANA, Submission 71, p. 3.

[73]      CANA, Submission 71, p. 3.

[74]      ACF, Submission 14, p. 1; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, pp 2 and 4; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5; Alliance for Future Health, Submission 26, p. 1; Australian Youth Climate Coalition (AYCC), Submission 32, p. 3; Oxfam Australia, Submission 31, p. 5.

[75]      AYCC, Submission 32, p. 3.

[76]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, pp 1–2; see also GetUp Action for Australia, Submission 47, p. 7.

[77]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 7.

[78]      ACF, Submission 14, p. 1.

[79]      See, for example, The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 2; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 8; and Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, Submission 95, p. 3.

[80]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 15.

[81]      Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, Submission 95, p. 3.

[82]      Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, Submission 95, p. 3.

[83]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 2.

[84]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 8.

[85]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 8.

[86]      Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34.

[87]      Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Submission 30, p. 3.

[88]      CANA, Submission 71, p. 2.

[89]      Professor Ray Wills, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 46.

[90]      Professor Ray Wills, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 46.

[91]      See, for example, Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 34 and Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 36.

[92]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 34.

[93]      Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 36.

[94]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[95]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[96]      Oxfam Australia, Submission 31, p. 6.

Chapter 3 - The Clean Energy Package and the impact of its proposed repeal

[1]        Department of Environment, Feature: Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/about-us/annual-reports/annual-report-2010-11/feature-multi-party-climate-change-committee (accessed 24 February 2014).

[2]        Department of Environment, Feature: Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/about-us/annual-reports/annual-report-2010-11/feature-multi-party-climate-change-committee (accessed 24 February 2014).

[3]        Multi-Party Climate Change Committee (MPCC), Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, p. 1, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/04_2013/MPCCC_Clean-energy_agreement-20110710-PDF.pdf (accessed 21 November 2013).

[4]        MPCC, Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, p. 1, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/04_2013/MPCCC_Clean-energy_agreement-20110710-PDF.pdf (accessed 21 November 2013).

[5]        MPCC, Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, p. 1, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/04_2013/MPCCC_Clean-energy_agreement-20110710-PDF.pdf (accessed 21 November 2013).

[6]        MPCC, Clean Energy Agreement, July 2011, p. 1, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/04_2013/MPCCC_Clean-energy_agreement-20110710-PDF.pdf (accessed 25 November 2013).

[7]        MPCC, Clean Energy Agreement, July 2011, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/04_2013/MPCCC_Clean-energy_agreement-20110710-PDF.pdf (accessed 21 November 2013).

[8]        The Hon Julia Gillard, Prime Minister, 'Climate change framework announced', Media release, 24 February 2011, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/577310/upload_binary/577310.pdf;fileType=application/pdf#search=%22clean%20energy%20future%20%202011%2002%2024%22 (accessed 21 November 2013).

[9]        The Hon Julia Gillard, Prime Minister, 'Securing a clean energy future for Australia', Media release, 10 July 2011, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/915157/upload_binary/915157.pdf;fileType=application/pdf#search=%22clean%20energy%20%202011%2007%2010%20prime%20minister%22 (accessed 21 November 2013).

[10]      The Hon Julia Gillard, Prime Minister, 'Securing a clean energy future for Australia', Media release, 10 July 2011.

[11]      Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, No. 65, 13 September 2011, pp 875–878; Journals of the Senate, No. 65, 8 November 2011, p. 1793.

[12]      The terms 'carbon pricing mechanism' and 'carbon tax' are often used interchangeably. This report uses the terminology 'carbon pricing mechanism'. For an analysis of the two terms see Parliamentary Library, 'Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill 2013 [and] True-Up Shortfall Levy (General) (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill 2013 [and] True-up Shortfall Levy (Excise) (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill 2013, Bills Digest, No. 16, 2013–14, 29 November 2013, pp 18–22.

[13]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2, http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/127961/20130809-0002/www.cleanenergyfuture.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/CEF-overview_Apr2012.pdf (accessed 22 November 2013).

[14]      Clean Energy Act 2011, ss. 22(4).

[15]      Clean Energy Regulator, Who is liable?, http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Carbon-Pricing-Mechanism/Liable-entities/Pages/default.aspx (accessed 11 March 2014).

[16]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[17]      Anita Talberg and Kai Swoboda, Emissions trading schemes around the world, Background Note, 6 June 2013, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 11, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/2501441/upload_binary/2501441.pdf;fileType=application/pdf (accessed 22 November 2013).

[18]      Clean Energy Act 2011, s. 4.

[19]      Clean Energy Bill 2011, Revised Explanatory Memorandum, p. 12.

[20]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[21]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[22]      Clean Energy Regulator, LEPID for 2012–13 financial year, http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Carbon-Pricing-Mechanism/Liable-Entities-Public-Information-Database/LEPID-for-2012-13-Financial-year/Pages/default.aspx (accessed 25 November 2013).

[23]      Kai Swoboda, Julie Tomaras and Alan Payne, Clean Energy Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 68, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 27, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/billsdgs/1185490/upload_binary/1185490.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 22 November 2013).

[24]      Kai Swoboda, Julie Tomaras and Alan Payne, Clean Energy Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 68, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 28.

[25]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[26]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[27]      Australian Government, Clean Energy Futures, An overview of the Clean Energy Legislative Package, p. 2.

[28]      Kai Swoboda, Julie Tomaras and Alan Payne, Clean Energy Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 68, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 28.

[29]      Anita Talberg, John Gardiner-Garden and Julie Tomaras, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 5, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 4.

[30]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 72.

[31]      Anita Talberg, John Gardiner-Garden and Julie Tomaras, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 5, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 9.

[32]      Department of the Environment, Domestic Offset Integrity Committee, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-carbon/carbon-farming-initiative/domestic-offsets-integrity-committee (accessed 12 March 2014).

[33]      Anita Talberg, John Gardiner-Garden and Julie Tomaras, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 5, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 10.

[34]      Department of the Environment, Methodology determinations, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-carbon/carbon-farming-initiative/methodologies/methodology-determinations (accessed 25 March 2014).

[35]      Anita Talberg, John Gardiner-Garden and Julie Tomaras, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 5, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 10.

[36]      Anita Talberg, John Gardiner-Garden and Julie Tomaras, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Bill 2011, Bills Digest No. 5, 2011–12, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 10.

[37]      Clean Energy Regulator, Australian National Registry of Emissions Units, http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/ANREU/Pages/default.aspx (12 March 2014).

[38]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 19.

[39]      Climate Change Authority Act 2011, s. 11.

[40]      Climate Change Authority, Annual Report 2012–13, pp 20 and 22.

[41]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and Progress Review, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/caps (accessed 26 February 2014).

[42]      Clean Energy Regulator Act 2011, s. 12.

[43]      Clean Energy Regulator, Annual Report 2012–13, p. 80.

[44]      Clean Energy Regulator, Annual Report 2012–13, p. 70.

[45]      Low Carbon Australia was a Government-owned corporation tasked with managing a small pilot energy investment fund since 2010. Low Carbon Australia's investment function was transferred to the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) on its establishment. See CEFC, Annual Report 2013–13, p. 60.

[46]      CEFC, Annual Report 2012–13, p. 14.

[47]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 7.

[48]      CEFC, Annual Report 2012–13, pp 24 and 82.

[49]      The Coalition, The Coalition's policy to scrap the carbon tax and reduce the cost of living, August 2013, p. 2.

[50]      The Coalition, The Coalition's policy to scrap the carbon tax and reduce the cost of living, August 2013, p. 2.

[51]      Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, No. 2, 13 November 2013, pp 44–46.

[52]      Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, No. 7, 21 November 2013, p. 138.

[53]      Journals of the Senate, No. 4, 2 December 2013, p. 171.

[54]      Journals of the Senate, No. 9, 10 December 2013, p. 296.

[55]      Journals of the Senate, No. 15, 3 March 2014, p. 498.

[56]      Journals of the Senate, No. 22, 20 March 2014, p. 678.

[57]      Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, No. 30, 20 March 2014, p. 399.

[58]      See, for example, Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 1; AMWU, Submission 50, p. 3; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 3; and Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3.

[59]      See, for example, UnitingCare Australia, Submission 10, p. 1; Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 5; The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 2; and Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 1.

[60]      See, for example, The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5; and Greenbank Environment, Submission 63, p. 2.

[61]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1.

[62]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1.

[63]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1.

[64]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1.

[65]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 1.

[66]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 4.

[67]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 5.

[68]      UnitingCare Australia, Submission 10, p. 1.

[69]      Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 1.

[70]      Conservation Council Western Australia (CCWA), Submission 29, p. 1.

[71]      For example see Professor Ray Wills, Submission 41, p. 2; and Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 1.

[72]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 4.

[73]      Professor Ray Wills, Submission 41, p. 2.

[74]      See, for example, UnitingCare Australia, Submission 10, p. 1; Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 1; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 5; The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 2.

[75]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 4.

[76]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 4.

[77]      Ms Jamie Yallup Farrant, Perth Coordinator, 350 Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 37.

[78]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[79]      Tasmanian Climate Change Office, Submission 46, p. 1.

[80]      See, for example, The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6; Australian Religious Response to Climate Change (ARRCC), Submission 21, p.  1; and ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[81]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6.

[82]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6.

[83]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6.

[84]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[85]      ARRCC, Submission 21, p.  1.

[86]      ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 3.

[87]      ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 4.

[88]      Department of the Environment, Australian National Greenhouse Accounts: Quarterly update of Australia's greenhouse gas inventory, June Quarter 2013, Canberra, p. 2, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/ef4a14b1-9ec8-48d5-b776-70a3795c7bfc/files/quartlery-update-june-2013.pdf (accessed 11 March 2014). See also Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 92.

[89]      Department of the Environment, Australian National Greenhouse Accounts: Quarterly update of Australia's greenhouse gas inventory, June Quarter 2013, Canberra, p. 2.

[90]      Department of the Environment, Australian National Greenhouse Accounts: Quarterly update of Australia's greenhouse gas inventory, June Quarter 2013, Canberra, p. 2

[91]      Department of the Environment, Australian National Greenhouse Accounts: Quarterly update of Australia's greenhouse gas inventory, June Quarter 2013, Canberra, p. 2

[92]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 85.

[93]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 96.

[94]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 96.

[95]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 95.

[96]      Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 96.

[97]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 2.

[98]      Mr Anthony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Grattan Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014.

[99]      See, for example, CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; The Australia Institute, Submission 38¸p. 5; South East Councils Climate Change Alliance, Submission 39, p. 2; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2; Conservation Council South Australia (CCSA), Submission 44, p. 9; and WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 4.

[100]    See, for example, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2; CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9.

[101]    See, for example, Friends of the Earth, Submission 66, p. 5; and Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86¸p. 5.

[102]    See, for example, WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 20; and ACF, Submission 14, p. 4.

[103]    See, for example, Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 12; ACF, Submission 14, p. 8; Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4; ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5; Australian Solar Thermal Energy Association (AUSTELA), Submission 76, p. 1;The Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 6; and Investor Group on Climate Change, Submission 93, p. 1.

[104]    See, for example, ACF, Submission 14, p. 3; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 6; and Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Adviser, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard,  5 February 2014, pp 52–53.

[105]    See, for example, Australian Forest Products Association (AFPA), Submission 15, p. 1; Cement Industry Federation, Submission 49, p. 2; and Association of Mining and Exploration Companies (AMEC), Submission 74, p. 2.

[106]    See, for example, CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; The Australia Institute, Submission 38¸p. 5; South East Councils Climate Change Alliance, Submission 39, p. 2; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2; CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9; and WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 4.

[107]    CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9.

[108]    CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9.

[109]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[110]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[111]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[112]    ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[113]    ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 3.

[114]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5.

[115]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 6.

[116]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 6.

[117]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 6.

[118]    AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 8.

[119]    Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 60.

[120]    UnitingCare Australia, Submission 10, p. 1.

[121]    South East Councils Climate Change Alliance, Submission 39, p. 2.

[122]    Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2.

[123]    CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9.

[124]    CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9.

[125]    The Australia Institute, Submission 38¸ p. 5.

[126]    CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1. See also the discussion in Chapter 5 on complementary measures to the Emissions Reduction Fund.

[127]    Clean Energy Act 2011, s. 13.

[128]    Clean Energy Act 2011, s. 13.

[129]    Clean Energy Act 2011, s. 13.

[130]    Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 191.

[131]    Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, pp 190–191.

[132]    See, for example, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2.; CCSA, Submission 44, p. 11; GetUp, Submission 47, p. 7.

[133]    WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 20.

[134]    ACF, Submission 14, p. 4.

[135]    AYCC, Submission 32, p.  4.

[136]    AYCC, Submission 32, p.  4.

[137]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 5.

[138]    Energetics, Submission 59, p. 2.

[139]    Energetics, Submission 59, p. 2.

[140]    Energetics, Submission 59, p. 6.

[141]    Friends of the Earth, Submission 66, p. 5.

[142]    Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 199.

[143]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 5.

[144]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 1.

[145]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 5.

[146]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 34.

[147]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[148]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[149]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[150]    The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6.

[151]    The Climate Institute, Submission 2, pp 6–7.

[152]    Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 2.

[153]    Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11.

[154]    See, for example, ClimateWorks, Submission 24, p. 3 and Mr Andrew Dillon, General Manager, Corporate Affairs, Energy Supply Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 40.

[155]    See, for example, ACF, Submission 14, p. 3; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 6; and Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Adviser, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard,  5 February 2014, pp 52–53.

[156]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[157]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[158]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[159]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[160]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[161]    Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 12.

[162]    Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11. See also Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 5.

[163]    Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC), Submission 93, p. 1.

[164]    Mr Nathan Fabian, Chief Executive Officer, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11.

[165]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5.

[166]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5.

[167]    The Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 6.

[168]    The Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 6.

[169]    AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 1.

[170]    AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 1.

[171]    AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 1.

[172]    AUSTELA, Submission 76, pp 8–9.

[173]    Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 11.

[174]    Australian Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Submission 11, p. 3.

[175]    ADIC, Submission 11, p. 4.

[176]    ADIC, Submission 11, p. 3.

[177]    ADIC, Submission 11, p. 4.

[178]    AFPA, Submission 15, p. 1.

[179]    ACF, Submission 14,p. 3.

[180]    Energetics, Submission 59, p. 6.

[181]    Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Adviser, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 52–53.

[182]    PHAA, Submission 4, p. 9.

[183]    AFPA, Submission 15, p. 1.

[184]    See, for example, AFPA, Submission 15, p. 1; Cement Industry Federation, Submission 49, p. 2; and Association of Mining and Exploration Companies (AMEC), Submission 74, p. 2.

[185]    AFPA, Submission 15, p. 1.

[186]    AFPA, Submission 15, p. 1.

[187]    Cement Industry Federation, Submission 49, p. 2.

[188]    Cement Industry Federation, Submission 49, p. 3.

[189]    AMEC, Submission 74, p. 2

[190]    AMEC, Submission 74, p. 2

[191]    AMEC, Submission 74, p. 2.

[192]    National Farmers' Federation (NFF), Submission 37, p. 1.

Chapter 4 - Institutions under the Clean Energy Package

[1]        Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, p. 19; see also Climate Change Authority Act 2011, s. 11.

[2]        Climate Change Authority, Renewable Energy Target Review Final Report, December 2012, and see also http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/ret/overview (accessed 27 February 2014).

[3]        Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014.

[4]        Climate Change Authority, Annual Report 2012–13, p. 20.

[5]        Climate Change Authority (Abolition) Bill 2013, Explanatory Memorandum, p. 3.

[6]        House of Representatives Votes and Proceedings No. 7, 21 November 2013, pp 137–138; and Journals of the Senate No. 15, 3 March 2014, pp 497–498.

[7]        See, for example, The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 7; Mr Erwin Jackson, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p.  12; Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 62; CCSA, Submission 44, p. 13; Professor David Karoly, Submission 72, p. 2; Environment Victoria, Submission 25, p. 3; Wentworth Group, Submission 95, p. 6; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 22; ACF, Submission 14, pp 2–3; Mr Jamie Hanson, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 32–33, 37; GetUp! Action for Australia, Submission 47, pp 3–4.

[8]        Mr Jamie Hanson, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 32–33.

[9]        The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 7.

[10]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 9.

[11]      Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 17; see also IGCC, Submission 93, p. 2.

[12]      Climate Change Authority, Submission 51, p. 2.

[13]      Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 34.

[14]      Climate Change Authority, Submission 51, p. 2.

[15]      Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 34.

[16]      Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 34.

[17]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 6.

[18]      CEFC, Annual Report 2012–13, pp 24 and 82.

[19]      Low Carbon Australia was a Government-owned corporation tasked with managing a small pilot energy investment fund since 2010. Low Carbon Australia's investment function was transferred to the CEFC on its establishment. See CEFC, Annual Report 2013–13, p. 60.

[20]      CEFC, Annual Report 2012–13, p. 14.

[21]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 7.

[22]      Climate Change Authority (Abolition) Bill 2013, Explanatory Memorandum, p. 3.

[23]      House of Representatives Votes and Proceedings No. 7, 21 November 2013, pp 137–138; and Journals of the Senate No. 15, 3 March 2014, pp 497–498.

[24]      Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, No. 30, 20 March 2014, p. 399.

[25]      See, for example, 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 2; Consecration Council of South Australia, Submission 44 p. 3.

[26]      See, for example, Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 15; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 2; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 15; AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 6; and Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, pp 18–19.

[27]      ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5.

[28]      Energetics, Submission 59, p. 2.

[29]      AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 6.

[30]      Environment Victoria, Submission 25, p. 4.

[31]      Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 15.

[32]      Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 15.

[33]      Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, pp 18–19.

[34]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 15.

[35]      Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 2.

[36]      Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 2.

[37]      Consecration Council of South Australia, Submission 44 p. 8.

[38]      Consecration Council of South Australia, Submission 44 p. 8.

[39]      See, for example, ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5; and AYCC, Submission 32, p. 5.

[40]      ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5.

[41]      AYCC, Submission 32, p. 5.

[42]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 30.

[43]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 3.

[44]      Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 4.

[45]      Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 4.

[46]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 10.

[47]      Ms Gillian Broadbent AO, Chair, CEFC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 20.

[48]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 27.

[49]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 5.

[50]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 5.

[51]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 5.

[52]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 5.

[53]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 7.

[54]      Ms Gillian Broadbent AO, Chair, CEFC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 23.

[55]      Australian Renewable Energy Act 2011, s. 3; see also Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), About ARENA, http://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ (accessed 20 January 2014); ARENA, Annual Report 2012-13, p. 10. Note that ARENA assumed responsibility for a number of projects from the former Australian Centre for Renewable Energy (ACRE), the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, and the Australian Solar Institute: ARENA, History, http://arena.gov.au/about-arena/history/ (accessed 20 January 2014).

[56]      ARENA, About ARENA, http://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ (accessed 20 January 2014); ARENA, Annual Report 2012-13, pp 10 and 18.

[57]      ARENA, Changes to ARENA's funding, http://arena.gov.au/news/changes-to-arenas-funding/ (accessed 20 January 2014). For more information on relevant projects, see: www.arena.gov.au and ARENA, Annual Report 2012-13.

[58]      Mr Frischknecht, ARENA, Estimates Hansard, Economics Legislation Committee, 27 February 2014, p. 8.

[59]      Mr Frischknecht, ARENA, Estimates Hansard, Economics Legislation Committee, 27 February 2014, pp 8–9.

[60]      Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill 2013, Schedule 5 and Explanatory Memorandum, p. 76.

[61]      This aspect was announced by the previous Labor Government in the 2013 Budget.

[62]      Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill 2013, Schedule 5 and Explanatory Memorandum, p. 76.

[63]      See, for example, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 5; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 6; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 7; Climate Action Newcastle, Submission 48, p. 4; Recurrent Energy, Submission 71, p. 2; Sunshine Coast Environment Council, Submission 78, p. 6; AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 9; UnitingJustice Australia, Submission 68, p. 8; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 12; Dr Barry Naughten, Submission 96, p. 2; Recurrent Energy, Submission 71, p. 4.

[64]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 6; CCSA, Submission 44, p. 3.

[65]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 1.

[66]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 6; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 23; Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, pp 6–7.

[67]      Mr Stephen Gates and Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 29.

[68]      CEFC, Submission 75¸ p. 42.

[69]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 43.

[70]      Mr Nathan Fabian, CEO, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 13.

[71]      ARENA, Changes to ARENA's funding, http://arena.gov.au/news/changes-to-arenas-funding/ (accessed 20 January 2014); see also Mr Frischknecht, ARENA, Estimates Hansard, Economics Legislation Committee, 27 February 2014, p. 5.

[72]      ARENA, Changes to ARENA's funding, http://arena.gov.au/news/changes-to-arenas-funding/ (accessed 20 January 2014).

[73]      Mr Frischknecht, ARENA, Estimates Hansard, Economics Legislation Committee, 27 February 2014, p. 5.

[74]      Mr Frischknecht, ARENA, Estimates Hansard, Economics Legislation Committee, 27 February 2014, p. 8.

Chapter 5 - Direct Action Plan

[1]        The Coalition's Direct Action Plan (Direct Action Plan), http://www.greghunt.com.au/Portals/0/PDF/TheCoalitionsDirectActionPlanPolicy2010.pdf (accessed 17 December 2013).

[2]        Direct Action Plan, p. 13.

[3]        Direct Action Plan, p. 13.

[4]        That is, unlike an ordinary auction, where buyers compete to obtain a good or service by offering increasingly higher prices, in a reverse auction, the sellers compete to obtain business from the buyer and prices will typically decrease as the sellers undercut each other.

[5]        To 'abate' greenhouse gas emissions, either less CO₂ (and other greenhouse gases) is released into the air from burning fossil fuels; or more CO₂ needs to be absorbed or retained in other ways – for example, carbon is absorbed into plants by photosynthesis, and it can also be stored in soil.

[6]        Direct Action Plan, pp 13–21. Soil carbon is discussed further in Chapter 7 of this report.

[7]        Department of the Environment, Emissions Reduction Fund Green Paper (Green Paper), December 2013, p. 1, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-air/emissions-reduction-fund/green-paper (accessed 9 February 2014).

[8]        CO₂-e: carbon dioxide equivalent, which is a measure that quantifies different greenhouse gases in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide that would deliver the same global warming potential: Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Final report, February 2014, Glossary, p. 349.

[9]        Green Paper, p. 1

[10]      Department of the Environment, A Plan for a Cleaner Environment, October 2013, http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d25d512f-fd38-49f4-8434-bf6a9edd6d5d/files/cleaner-environment.pdf (accessed 7 January 2014).

[11]      Department of the Environment, A Plan for a Cleaner Environment, p. 7. Note that although the baseline year has changed from 1990 to 2000, this does not significantly change the abatement reduction task. The recently released Green Paper for the Emissions Reduction Fund confirms this target: the aim is to reduce emissions by 5% by 2020 based on 2000 levels.

[12]      Department of the Environment, A Plan for a Cleaner Environment, p. 7.

[13]      Direct Action Plan, p. 13.

[14]      Department of the Environment, A Plan for a Cleaner Environment, p. 6.

[15]      Jonathan Swan, 'Liberals cap spending on climate change', Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/liberals-cap-spending-on-climate-change-policy-20130817-2s3q0.html (accessed 13 January 2014).

[16]      Department of the Environment, Emissions Reduction Fund – Call for public comment, http://www.environment.gov.au/emissions-reduction-fund/consultation.html (accessed 17 December 2013).

[17]      Department of the Environment, Emissions Reduction Fund Green Paper, December 2013, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-air/emissions-reduction-fund/green-paper (accessed 9 February 2014).

[18]      Green Paper, p. 6. See also Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, pp 1–2.

[19]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 2.

[20]      Green Paper, pp 6 and 8.

[21]      Green Paper, pp 6 and 8.

[22]      Green Paper, pp 3–5. The Direct Action Plan foreshadowed that the ERF would use the existing NGERS: Direct Action Plan, p. 14.

[23]      Green Paper, p. 6. The Clean Energy Regulator currently administers the NGERS, Carbon Pricing Mechanism, Carbon Farming Initiative, and the Renewable Energy Target: http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx (accessed 10 January 2014).

[24]      Green Paper, p. 48.

[25]      Green Paper, p. 21.

[26]      For example, the consultation period for draft methods could be reduced from 40 to 28 days. For further details on possible 'streamlining' of the CFI see pp 44–46 of the Green Paper. This issue discussed further in Chapter 7 of this report.

[27]      Green Paper, pp 2 and 17.

[28]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, pp 2–3.

[29]      Green Paper, p. 29.

[30]      Green Paper, p. 33.

[31]      Green Paper, pp 33–34.

[32]      Green Paper, pp 29–30.

[33]      Green Paper, p. 21.

[34]      See further Green Paper, pp 24–25.

[35]      Green Paper, p. 23 and see further pp 26–27.

[36]      See also Green Paper, Glossary, p. 60.

[37]      Green Paper, p. 22.

[38]      Green Paper, p. 22.

[39]      Direct Action Plan, p. 14.

[40]      Direct Action Plan, p. 14.

[41]      Green Paper, p. 35.

[42]      Green Paper, p. 35.

[43]      The greenhouse gases reported under NGERS include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons: see Green Paper, p. 36.

[44]      Green Paper, p. 36.

[45]      Green Paper, p. 36.

[46]      Green Paper, p. 36.

[47]      See Green Paper, Glossary, p. 60.

[48]      Green Paper, p. 37.

[49]      Green Paper, p. 37.

[50]      Green Paper, p. 37.

[51]      Green Paper, p. 38.

[52]      Green Paper, p. 38.

[53]      Green Paper, p. 39.

[54]      Green Paper, pp 39–40.

[55]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 5; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 7; Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 60 and Submission 40, p. 2; Doctors for the Environment Australia, Submission 13, p. 6; CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 2; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 1; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 35; Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF‑Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 59; Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, Submission 95, pp 1, 4; ACF, Submission 14, pp 2, 6; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 9; Environment Victoria, Submission 25, pp 1‑2; GetUp Action for Australia, Submission 47; Climate Action Newcastle, Submission 48, p. 1; Conservation Council of South Australia, Submission 44, p. 5; Oxfam Australia, Submission 31, pp 5–6; Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, pp 8–9 and Submission 70, p. 2; UnitingJustice Australia, Submission 68, p. 2; Climate and Health Alliance, Submission 99¸ p. 13.

[56]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 6; Professor Ray Wills, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 48 and 50; Mr Noel Campbell, ADIC, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 47; North Queensland Conservation Council, Submission 77, p. 1; Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 27; Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 1; Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 3.

[57]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 1; and Submission 105, p. 7.

[58]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 2.

[59]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 2; and Submission 105, p. 3.

[60]      NFF, Submission 37, p. 1; see also Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Advisor, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52; Grattan Institute, Submission 22.

[61]      Mr Kieran Donoghue, General Manager, Policy, Energy Supply Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 40.

[62]      Ms Irene Clarke, Senior Policy Manager, ADIC, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 51.

[63]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; see also The Climate Institute, Submission 2, pp 5–6 and Attachment 1.

[64]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 13.

[65]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 5.

[66]      Noting the discussion in earlier chapters of this report as to whether this target is sufficient.

[67]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 2.

[68]      Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Grattan Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 1; see also, for example, ADIC, Submission 11, pp 2–3; Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 2.

[69]      Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 3.

[70]      Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 9.

[71]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3; see also Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 8.

[72]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3.

[74]      Jonathan Swan, 'Liberals cap spending on climate change', Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 2013, at: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/liberals-cap-spending-on-climate-change-policy-20130817-2s3q0.html (accessed 13 January 2014).

[75]      See, for example, Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 7; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 8; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 3; Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34; Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 1; Mr Peter Boyer, Submission 6, p. 2; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 5; Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 73, p. 2.

[76]      Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3.

[77]      See, for example, South East Council Climate Change Alliance, Submission 39, p. 2; Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 1; ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 38; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 6; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 3; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 5; Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, p. 9; Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 2; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 31.

[78]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 2.

[79]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3.

[80]      See, for example, Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 4; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27.

[81]      See, for example, The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 6; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 8; Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 15; and WWF-Australia, Submission 67, Table 3, on p. 19, which sets out a comparison of cumulative budget impact estimates of the Direct Action Plan from various sources.

[82]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 10.

[83]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 6; also Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 5.

[84]      See, for example, CEFC, Submission 75, p. 27; The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5; Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 12.

[85]      See, for example, Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8; see also Submission 81, p. 2; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 6; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 5; Professor David Pannell, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 13.

[86]      See, for example, Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 3; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 9.

[87]      Sustainable Energy Association of Australia, Submission 90, p. 6.

[88]      CEFC, Submission 12, p. 12.

[89]      Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 3.

[90]      See, for example, Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp and 11; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 10.

[91]      CEFC, Submission 75¸ p. 25.

[92]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 11.

[93]      Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 31.

[94]      Ms Anthea Harris, Chief Executive Officer, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 36.

[95]      The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5.

[96]      ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 2. Note also the ClimateWorks cost curve, which is set out on p. 13 of ERF Green Paper. See also AFPA, Submission 15 in relation to opportunities in the forestry sector.

[97]      Ms Gillian Broadbent AO, Chair, CEFC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 24.

[98]      Dr Alex Wonhas, Director, Energy Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 8.

[99]      Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 9.

[100]    CSIRO, Submission 102¸ p. 2.

[101]    See, for example, Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 27; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 6; Professor Ray Wills, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 50.

[102]    Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, p. 4.

[103]    WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 13. This issue of 'additionality' is discussed further in the next chapter.

[104]    Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union (AMWU), Submission 50, pp 8–9.

[105]    Mr Richard Korner, Submission 89, p. 1; see also The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 3.

[106]    Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 38.

[107]    Professor Ray Wills, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 47.

[108]    The issue of short timeframes under the ERF is discussed further in the next chapter.

[109]    Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8 and Submission 81, p. 4.

[110]    Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1.

[111]    AMWU, Submission 50, p. 7.

[112]    See, for example, Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3; The Australia Institute, Submission 38; ACF, Submission 14, p. 2; Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 9 and Submission 70, p. 2; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 9.

[113]    The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 3; see also Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 37; and ACF, Submission 14, p. 2 and  Daley. J et al (2011) Learning the hard way: Australia's policies to reduce emissions, Grattan Institute.

[114]    See, for example, ACF, Submission 14, pp 7–8; The Australia Institute, Submission 38, pp 4–5; Kimberley Land Council, Submission 27, p. 1; Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 37; Climate Action Network Australia, Submission 73, p. 4; Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, pp 9 and 12 and Submission 70, pp 1–2; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 36; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, pp 9–10; CEFC, Submission 75, p. 17.

[115]    Australian National Audit Office, Audit Report No. 34 2003–4, The Administration of Major Programs, Australian Greenhouse Office, p. 88; ANAO, Audit Report No. 26 2009–10, Administration of Climate Change Programs, p. 13.

[116]    ANAO, Audit Report No. 34 2003–4, The Administration of Major Programs, Australian Greenhouse Office, p. 37; ANAO, Audit Report No. 26 2009–10, Administration of Climate Change Programs, p. 43.

[117]    Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee, The Heat Is On: Australia's Greenhouse Future, November 2000, p. 120.

[118]    ANAO, Audit Report No. 34 2003–4, The Administration of Major Programs, Australian Greenhouse Office, p. 63.

[119]    ANAO, Audit Report No. 26 2009–10, Administration of Climate Change Programs, p. 25.

[120]    ANAO, Audit Report No. 26 2009–10, Administration of Climate Change Programs, pp 84–85; see also Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 37.

[121]    Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 37.

[122]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3.

[123]    Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Grattan Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 6; see also Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 3.

[124]    The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 4.

[125]    See, for example, ACF, Submission 14, pp 7–8; Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 10; AMEC, Submission 74, p. 2; CEFC, Submission 75, p. 13.

[126]    See, for example, Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 4–5; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 11; Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32 and Submission 86, p. 3; Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8 and Submission 81, p. 6; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32 and Submission 80, p. 1; Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 16.

[127]    Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32.

[128]    Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 37.

[129]    Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 12.

[130]    Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 6.

[131]    Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 2; see also CEFC, Submission 75, p. 13.

[132]    Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1.

[133]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 38.

[134]    Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Adviser, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52.

[135]    Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 8.

[136]    See, for example, AMWU, Submission 50, p. 7; Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 12; Climate and Health Alliance, Submission 99¸ p. 12; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. x.

[137]    Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 61.

[138]    WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 12.

[139]    Dr Tom Skladzien, National Economic and Industry Adviser, AMWU, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 29.

[140]    Dr Tom Skladzien, National Economic and Industry Adviser, AMWU, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 29.

[141]    Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11 and also p. 12.

[142]    Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 9.

[143]    Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 10.

[144]    See, for example, CCWA, Submission 29, p. 2; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 2; AUSTELA, Submission 76, p. 7; ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 6; Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 4; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; Dr George Crisp, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 18 and 22; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27; ACF, Submission 14, p. 2; Environment Victoria, Submission 25, pp 2–3; Conservation Council of South Australia, Submission 44, p. 2; Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 2; AMWU, Submission 50, p. 8; Northern Alliance for Greenhouse Action, Submission 60, p. 2; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 8.

[145]    AMWU, Submission 50, p. 11.

[146]    Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 61.

[147]    Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32.

[148]    Australian Youth Climate Coalition, Submission 32, p. 4; see also ACF, Submission 14, p. 5.

[149]    Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 3.

[150]    Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 25.

[151]    Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32; CCWA, Submission 29, p. 2; Dr Tom Skladzien, National Economic and Industry Adviser, AMWU, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 28; Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 38.

[152]    Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34.

[153]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5.

[154]    Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11.

[155]    CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32; Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27.

[156]    Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 3.

[157]    Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 34.

[158]    Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, 31 January 2014, p. 53.

[159]    Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 8.

[160]    Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 2.

[161]    Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 11.

[162]    CCWA, Submission 29, p. 2; see also 350 Australia, Submission 33, pp 2 and 8; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[163]    See, for example, Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 4; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 12; Mr Stephen Gates, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 31; Mr Peter Boyer, Submission 6, p. 2; Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 1; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 5; Dr Tom Skladzien, National Economic and Industry Adviser, AMWU, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 27; Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32 and Submission 86, p. 1; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 32; The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 2; AMWU, Submission 50, p. 8; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 8; Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3; Mr Paul Pollard, Submission 81, p. 5; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27.

[164]    ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5; Dr Tom Skladzien, National Economic and Industry Adviser, AMWU, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 28.

[165]    Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32.

[166]    North Queensland Conservation Council, Submission 77, p. 2.

[167]    Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 9; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 2; see also, for example, Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 2.

[168]    Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 2.

[169]    See, for example, Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 1; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27; Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, 31 January 2014, p. 53; CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 38; ACF, Submission 14, pp 1–2; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 4; Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 61; CANA, Submission 73, p. 4.

[170]    See, for example, Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 1.

[171]    The Australia Institute, Submission 38, p. 5.

[172]    Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, 31 January 2014, p. 53; see also, for example, Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 61.

[173]    See, for example, Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 1; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27; Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, 31 January 2014, p. 53; 350 Australia, Submission 33, pp 9–10; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 15; The Climate Institute, Submission 2, pp 7–8; Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 25; ClimateWorks Australia, Submission 24, p. 2; Climate Change Authority, Submission 51, p. 2; Dr Barry Naughten, Submission 96, p. 2; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5; Green Building Council Australia, Submission 35, p. 2; Ms Anthea Harris, CEO, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 29; Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council, Submission 82, pp 1–2.

[174]    See, for example, Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 7; Ms Mary Voice, Submission 58, p. 1; Mr Brian Mollan, Submission 23, p. 1; LIVE, Submission 19, p. 6; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 7; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 6; Environment Victoria, Submission 25, p. 3.

[175]    This is discussed further in Chapter 7 of this report.

[176]    Green Paper, p. 22.

[177]    Green Paper, pp 28–29.

[178]    Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, pp 2–3; Ms Mary Voice, Submission 58, p. 1; Ms Irene Clarke, Senior Policy Manager, ADIC, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 48; Tasmanian Climate Change Office, Submission 46, p. 2; WWF‑Australia, Submission 67, p. 12.

[179]    Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Opportunities, http://energyefficiencyopportunities.gov.au/ (accessed 21 February 2014).

[180]    WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 12.

Chapter 6 - Technical design issues with the Emissions Reduction Fund

[1]        Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 14.

[2]        See, for example, Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 8; Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 58; CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 2; Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 5; Sunshine Coast Environment Council, Submission 78, p. 4; Conservation Council of South Australia, Submission 44, pp 6–7; Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8 and Submission 81, p. 6; WWF‑Australia, Submission 67, p. 12; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 3; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 4; Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1; Mr Tas Thamo, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 10

[3]        See, for example, WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 12.

[4]        Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 2.

[5]        Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[6]        Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 33.

[7]        Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 4.

[8]        Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 12.

[9]        Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 1.

[10]      ACTU, Submission 30, p. 5.

[11]      Dr Steven Kennedy Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, pp 8–9.

[12]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 10; see also Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, pp 5–6.

[13]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 5.

[14]      See Green Paper, p. 35.

[15]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 6.

[16]      See, for example, Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 11, p. 3;; Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Advisor, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 52, 57–58; ACF, Submission 14, p. 9; Grattan Institute, Submission 22, pp 4–5; Facility Management Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 4; Origin, Submission 45, pp 8–9; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 37 and Submission 80, p. 1; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 8; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, pp  2–3; Climate Action Newcastle, Submission 48, p. 2; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 4; Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, pp 2–4; Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, pp 22–23; CEFC, Submission 75, p. 21; Mr Paul Pollard, Submission 81, p. 8; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 9.

[17]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[18]      Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 2.

[19]      Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8.

[20]      Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 2 and Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 12.

[21]      Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 12.

[22]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 2.

[23]      Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 1.

[24]      Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 4.

[25]      Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 4.

[26]      Green Paper, p. 37.

[27]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 11, p. 3; see also Mr Noel Campbell, Chair, Australian Dairy Industry Council, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 49.

[28]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 10.

[29]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 10.

[30]      Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3.

[31]      Energetics, Submission 59, p. 2.

[32]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 15.

[33]      ACF, Submission 14, p. 10; Mr Peter Boyer, Submission 6, p. 2; Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 1; GetUp Action for Australia, Submission 47, p. 4; Sunshine Coast Environment Council, Submission 78, p. 4; Ms Jaime Yallup Farrant, 350 Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 36; Reverend Evan Pederick, Deputy Chair, Anglican EcoCare Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 61; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, pp 12–13; Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 9.

[34]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 7.

[35]      Joanna Heath, 'Direct Action will have penalties for 'rogue' emitters, Hunt warns', Australian Financial Review, 5 February 2014, p. 3.

[36]      Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 5.

[37]      Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 5.

[38]      Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Advisor, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 55.

[39]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 5; see also Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 9.

[40]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, pp 10 and 12.

[41]      Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27.

[42]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 10.

[43]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 13.

[44]      Energetics, Submission 59, p. 3; Clean Energy Council, Submission 16¸ p. 3

[45]      Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 5.

[46]      Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11; see also Energetics, Submission 59, p. 3.

[47]      Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2104, p. 61.

[48]      Mr John Hawkins, Submission 14, p. 14.

[49]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 3.

[50]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 8.

[51]      See, for example, Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 7; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, p. 1; Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 66, pp 4–5; Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 35; Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 59; ACF, Submission 14, p. 5; Dr Justin Wood, Submission 28, p. 1; Australian Youth Climate Coalition, Submission 32, p. 3; Climate Action Newcastle, Submission 48, p. 3; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 30; Mr Piers Verstegen, Director, CCWA, 31 January 2014, p. 56; Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 36; Professor Ross Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 4; Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11 and Submission 94, p. 2; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 3.

[52]      Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32.

[53]      Mr Stephen Gates, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 30.

[54]      Australian Council of Trade Unions, submission 30, pp 5–6.

[55]      See, for example, Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 3; 350 Australia, Submission 33, pp 7–8; CCWA, Submission 29, p. 1.

[56]      350 Australia, Submission 33, pp 7–8.

[57]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 4.

[58]      Professor David Pannell, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 11; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 2.

[59]      Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1.

[60]      The Climate Institute, Answers to questions taken on notice from public hearing, Melbourne, 5 February 2014, p. 1; see also Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy CEO, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 11; see also Energetics, Submission 59, p. 6.

[61]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 5.

[62]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 5.

[63]      Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 36; see also, for example, Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 9.

[64]      Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 8; see also Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy CEO, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 10.

[65]      Mr Tenant Reed, Principal National Adviser, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52; see also Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 6.

[66]      Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 2.

[67]      The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 8.

[68]      See, for example, ACF, Submission 14, p. 4; Clean Energy Council, Submission 16¸ p. 4; ESAA, Submission 61, p. 4; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 10; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 4; Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Grattan Institute Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 5; Facility Management Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 4; Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3; Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1; CEFC, Submission 75, p. 16; Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 4.

[69]      Clean Energy Finance Corporation, Submission 75, p. 4 and see also p. 23.

[70]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Submission 86, p. 3.

[71]      Ms Deborah Kerr, Australian Pork Ltd, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 3; see also Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 1.

[72]      Ms Jacqueline Knowles, NFF, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 3.

[73]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 18 and Attachment 3.

[74]      Facility Management Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 4; Mr Kieran Donoghue, General Manager, Policy, Energy Supply Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 40; CSIRO, Submission 102, p. 4.

[75]      Mr Kieran Donoghue, General Manager, Policy, Energy Supply Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 40.

[76]      Mr Tennant Reed, Principal National Advisor, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52.

[77]      Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8.

[78]      Mr David Rossiter, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, pp 9, 10 and Submission 70, p. 3.

[79]      Dr Steven Kennedy Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 10 and also p. 9.

[80]      350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 8; see also Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32; Mr Peter Boyer, Submission 6, p. 2; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 6; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 2; Mr David Rossiter, Submission 70, p. 3; Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, p. 10; Professor David Karoly, Submission 72, p. 2; Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8.

[81]      ACF, Submission 14, p. 2.

[82]      Mr Jamie Hanson, Climate Change Campaigner, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 32; see also ACF, Submission 14, p. 9.

[83]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 3; see also, for example, Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 1; Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8.

[84]      Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 10.

[85]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 7.

[86]      Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 61, p. 2.

[87]      Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, CCA, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 27.

[88]      See, for example, Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; Mr Dugald Murray, Senior Economist, ACF, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 36; Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 66, p. 3; Dr George Crisp, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 23; The Australia Institute, Submission 38, pp 4–5; Environment Victoria, Submission 25, p. 2; GetUp Action for Australia, Submission 47, p. 4; Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11; Dr Paul Burke, Submission 80, p. 1.

[89]      IGCC, Submission 94, p. 3; see also, for example, Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 28.

[90]      Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 37.

[91]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 7.

[92]      Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 2.

[93]      Dr Steven Kennedy Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 9.

[94]      Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11; AMWU, Submission 50, p. 10.

[95]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, pp 2–3.

[96]      Direct Action Plan, p. 2.

[97]      See, for example, Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 3; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 3; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 7; Mr Tenant Reed, Principal National Advisory, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52; Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 3; Professor David Karoly, Submission 72, p. 2; Professor Frank Jotzo, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 35; Mr Nathan Fabian, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 11; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 7; Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, p. 9 cf Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 15; Corporate Carbon Advisory, Submission 79, p. 2.

[98]      IGCC, Submission 94, p. 3.

[99]      See, for example, Dr Paul Burke, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 38; Mr Tim Buckley, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 17; Mr Tenant Reed, Principal National Advisory, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 52 and 56; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy CEO, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 5.

[100]    The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 8.

[101]    Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy CEO, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 10; see also AMWU, Submission 50, p. 10.

[102]    Mr Tenant Reed, Principal National Advisory, Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 52; see also Australian Industry Group, Submission 92, p. 3; Origin, Submission 45, p. 8; The Climate Institute, Answers to questions taken on notice from public hearing, Melbourne, 5 February 2014, p. 1; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 3; ESAA, Submission 61, p. 5.

[103]    CCA, Targets and Progress Review, Final Report, February 2014, p. 186.

[104]    CCA, Targets and Progress Review, Final Report, February 2014, p. 186.

[105]    Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 33.

[106]    Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, Climate Change Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 33.

[107]    Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 6; see also Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 34; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 8; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 3.

[108]    CEFC, Submission 75, p. 25.

[109]    Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 8.

Chapter 7 - Related issues

[1]        See, for example, Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 2; Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council,  Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 17.

[2]        Grattan Institute, Submission 22, p. 2.

[3]        Clean Energy Regulator, About the Renewable Energy Target, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/sites/climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/RET-Factsheet.pdf (accessed 26 February 2014); see also CCA, Renewable Energy Target Review Final Report, December 2012, pp 5–6, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/sites/climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/20121210%20Renewable%20Energy%20Target%20Review_MASTER.pdf (accessed 26 February 2014).

[4]        Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, p. 1; see also Infigen Energy, Submission 62, p. 1.

[5]        Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council,  Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 17; see also Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, pp 1–2.

[6]        Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9 and see also p. 11.

[7]        Ms Kellie Caught, National Manager, Climate Change, WWF-Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 60; see also Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 17; Mr Bret Harper, Associate Director of Research, Reputex, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 62; Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, pp 9, 11.

[8]        Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 17.

[9]        Mr Oliver Yates, Chief Executive Officer, CEFC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 24.

[10]      Mr Tony Wood, Program Director—Energy, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 1; see also, for example, Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, CCA, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 29; Ms Anthea Harris, Chief Executive Officer, CCA, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 35; The Climate Institute, Submission 2, p. 6; ESAA, Submission 61, p. 6.

[11]      CEFC, Submission 75, p. 4 and see also p. 11.

[12]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 2; see also Mr Richard Harris, Director, WestGen Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 71.

[13]      Infigen Energy, Submission 62, p. 3.

[14]      The Hon Greg Hunt MP, Minister for the Environment and The Hon Ian Macfarlane MP, Review of the Renewable Energy Target, Joint Media Release, 17 February 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/hunt/2014/mr20140217.html (accessed 27 February 2014).

[15]      The Hon Greg Hunt MP, Minister for the Environment and The Hon Ian Macfarlane MP, Review of the Renewable Energy Target, Joint Media Release, 17 February 2014.

[16]      CCA, Renewable Energy Target Review Final Report, December 2012, and see also CCA, RET Overview, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/ret/overview (accessed 27 February 2014).

[17]      Mr Bernie Fraser, Chair, CCA, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, pp 29–30.

[18]      See, for example, Mr Richard Harris, Director, WestGen Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 69 and 71.

[19]      Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 11; Mr Nathan Fabian, Chief Executive Officer, IGCC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 18; Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 17; Mr Bret Harper, Associate Director of Research, Reputex, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 63.

[20]      Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, p. 2.

[21]      Mr Andrew Dillon, General Manager, Corporate Affairs, ESAA, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 42.

[22]      Mr Richard Harris, Director, WestGen Pty Ltd, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 69; 350 Australia, Submission 33, p. 10; Anglican EcoCare Commission, Submission 40, pp 4–5; Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, p. 2; LIVE, Submission 19, p. 7; ARRCC, Submission 21, p. 5; AUSTELA, Submission 76, pp 10–11; CCSA, Submission 44, pp 7–8; Ms Tania Maxted, Submission 43, p. 6; WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 17; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 1; Climarte, Submission 87, p. 7.

[23]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Submission 105, p. 4.

[24]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 2; see also Mr Erwin Jackson, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, The Climate Institute, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 9 and see also p. 11; Mr Bret Harper, Associate Director of Research, Reputex, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 62.

[25]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 3.

[26]      'Sequestration' is defined as the removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide, either through biological processes (for example, photosynthesis in plans and trees) or geological processes (for example, storage of carbon dioxide in underground reservoirs): Green Paper, p. 61.

[27]      Of the 140 million tonnes target: see Direct Action Plan, p. 18.

[28]      Direct Action Plan, p. 16.

[29]      Green paper, pp 42–43, 45.

[30]      Department of the Environment, Carbon Farming Initiative Methodology determinations, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-carbon/carbon-farming-initiative/methodologies/methodology-determinations (accessed 18 March 2014).

[31]      The Hon. Greg Hunt MP, Minister for the Environment, 'Carbon Farming and Direct Action', Paper to the National Carbon Farming Initiative, 18 March 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/hunt/2014/mr20140318.html (accessed 19 March 2014); see also Ms Shayleen Thompson, First Assistant Secretary, International and Land Division, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, pp 4, 5.

[32]      Wentworth Group, Submission 95, p. 4; see also, for example, Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 30; Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 1; Dr Christine Jones, Submission 103, p. 2.

[33]      See, for example, Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 5; North Queensland Conservation Council, Submission 77, pp 1–2; Mr Tas Thamo, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 10–17; Professor David Pannell, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, pp 11–17; Mr Tas Thamo and Professor David J Pannell, Submission 91; CCSA, Submission 44, pp 9–10; Ms Deborah Kerr, Australian Pork, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 4; Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, pp 5–10; UnitingJustice Australia, Submission 68, p. 6; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 14; NFF, Supplementary Submission 37, pp 28–29; Energetics, Submission 59, p. 4; Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 15; Mr Paul Pollard, Submission 81, p. 7; CSIRO, Submission 102, p. 3 cf Dr Christine Jones, Submission 103; Mr Michael Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 19; Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 19.

[34]      Dr Christine Jones, Submission 103¸ p. 1; Carbon Farmers of Australia, Submission 104.

[35]      Mr Michael Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 19.

[36]      Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 21.

[37]      Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 6; CSIRO, Submission 102¸ p. 2.

[38]      Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 7.

[39]      CSIRO, Submission 102, p. 3.

[40]      Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 6. See also Kimberley Land Council, Submission 27, p. 2.

[41]      CSIRO, Submission 102¸ p. 2.

[42]      NFF, Supplementary Submission 37, pp 28–29.

[43]      See, for example, NFF, Supplementary Submission 37, p. 29; Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 5; Mr Benjamin Rose, Sustainable Energy Now, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 27; Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, pp 1 and 2; Sustainable Energy Association, Submission 90, p. 5; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, pp 14–15; Mr Paul Pollard, Submission 81, p. 8; see also Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 27.

[44]      Professor David Pannell, 31 January 2014, p. 13 and see also p. 16.

[45]      Mr Tas Thamo, 31 January 2014, p. 11.

[46]      Mr Tas Thamo, 31 January 2014, pp 11–12.

[47]      Mr Tas Thamo, 31 January 2014, p. 10.

[48]      Sustainable Energy Now, Submission 34, p. 4.

[49]      Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8.

[50]      Ms Shayleen Thompson, First Assistant Secretary, International and Land Division, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 5.

[51]      Green Paper, p. 21.

[52]      For example, the consultation period for draft methods could be reduced from 40 to 28 days. For further details on possible 'streamlining' of the CFI see pp 44–46 of the Green Paper.

[53]      Environmental Farmers Network, Submission 9, p. 2; see also Tasmanian Climate Change Office, Submission 46, Attachment, pp 6–7; Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 19; Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, pp 9 and 11–12.

[54]      AFPA, Submission 15, pp 5–7; and see also Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 23; Corporate Carbon Advisory, Submission 79, pp 3–5.

[55]      CCSA, Submission 44, p. 9; Mr James Wight, Submission 65, p. 14.

[56]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 5.

[57]      Dr Michael Battaglia, Deputy Director, Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2014, p. 10.

[58]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 18 and Attachment 3.

[59]      Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 23.

[60]      Carbon Market Institute, Submission 64, p. 16.

[61]      Mrs Louisa Kiely, Director, Carbon Farmers of Australia, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 19.

[62]      WWF-Australia, Submission 67, p. 18 and Attachment 3.

[63]      Kimberley Land Council, Submission 27, p. 2.

[64]      Origin, Submission 45, p. 7.

[65]      Ms Kirsten Rose, Chief Executive, Sustainable Energy Association, Committee Hansard, 31 January 2014, p. 6.

[66]      Mr Bret Harper, Associate Director of Research, Reputex, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 62.

[67]      Ms Anna Skarbek, Executive Director, ClimateWorks Australia, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 30.

[68]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 10.

[69]      Dr Steven Kennedy, Deputy Secretary, Climate Change Group, Department of the Environment, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2014, p. 10.

[70]      Direct Action Plan, pp 17, 23–30.

[71]      Department of the Environment, A Plan for a Cleaner Environment, p. 7.

[72]      Origin, Submission 45, p. 5.

[73]      Energetics, Submission 59, p. 4.

[74]      AUSTELA, Submission 76, pp 7–8.

[75]      Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council, Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 18.

[76]      Mr Kane Thornton, Deputy Chief Executive, Clean Energy Council,  Committee Hansard, 5 February 2014, p. 22; Clean Energy Council, Submission 16, p. 5; see also Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 12.

[77]      Department of the Environment, Clean Air, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/clean-air  (accessed 17 March 2014).

[78]      Direct Action Plan, pp 28, 30.

[79]      Department of the Environment, Green Army, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-land/green-army (accessed 17 March 2014).

[80]      The Hon Greg Hunt MP, 'Green Army is just the start', Bass Coast Post, 30 September 2013 http://www.basscoastpost.com/green-army-is-just-the-start.html (accessed 16 January 2014); Department of the Environment, Green Army, at: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-land/green-army (accessed 16 January 2014).

[81]      Ms Deborah Kerr, Australian Pork Ltd, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, pp 5–6, 7.

[82]      NFF, Submission 37, p. 1.

[83]      The Hon Greg Hunt MP, Minister for the Environment, Inaugural Alan Hunt Oration, 7 March 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/hunt/2014/sp20140307.html
(accessed 11 March 2014).

[84]      Nursery and Garden Industry Australia, Submission 8, p. 9.

Dissenting Report from Government Senators

[1]        Source: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/budget/publishing.nsf/Content/2013-2014_Health_PBS_sup1/$File/2013-14_DoHA_PBS_2.04_Outcome_4.pdf

[2]        Sources: In January 2014 the International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) published a report: Emissions Trading Worldwide International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2014. This report provides up to date information on emissions trading schemes in operation around the world. The information in this table is taken from this report which can be found at: https://icapcarbonaction.com/component/attach/?task=download&id=152.

Additional Comments from the Australian Greens

[1] For example, Professor Ross Garnaut submission 105; Mr Bernie Fraser Committee Hansard  7 March 2014 pages 28-29; Associate Professor Frank Jotzo submission 86, Dr Paul Burke submission 80, Mr Nathan Fabian Investor Group on Climate Change Committee Hansard  7 March 2014 pages 11-12; Mr Tim Buckley Committee Hansard  7 March 2014 pages 11-12;  Mr John Hawkins submission 7, Mr Paul Pollard submission 81 and  Mr David Rossiter submission 70.

[2] Associate Professor Frank Jotzo submission 86 and Dr Paul Burke submission 80.

[3] Australian Dairy Industry Council Committee Hansard  5 February 2014 page 49

[4] Department of Environment Emissions Reduction Fund Green Paper Pages 25-26

[5] See, for example, Mr Paul Pollard, Committee Hansard, 28 February 2014, p. 8; Mr John Hawkins, Submission 7, p. 3; Greenbank Environmental, Submission 63, p. 9.  

[6] Aboriginal Carbon Fund Submission to the Emissions Reduction Fund Green Paper page 2.

[7] Peter Hannam Sydney Morning Herald “Coalition’s soil carbon plan ‘unviable’ study finds” 17 July 2013.          

[8] Ibid.

[9] http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/envir/141137.pdf

Appendix 3 - Australia's 2020 target policy[1]

[1]        Climate Change Authority, Targets and progress review, Draft report, October 2013, p. 25, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/sites/climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/files/Target-Progress-Review/cca-targets-and-progress-report.pdf (accessed 9 January 2014).

Appendix 4 - Comparison of original Direct Action Plan funding and commitments v current funding and commitments[1]

[1]        This table was compiled using the following sources: Direct Action Plan (2010); A Plan for a Cleaner Environment; Parliamentary Budget Office, Fiscal Budget Impact of Coalition Policies https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/05%20About%20Parliament/54%20Parliamentary%20Depts/548%20Parliamentary%20Budget%20Office/Post-election%20report/COA%202013%20election%20commitments.ashx  (accessed 10 January 2014); Australian Government, Mid-year Economic and Fiscal Outlook 2013-14 (MYEFO), December 2013, Appendix A, http://www.budget.gov.au/2013-14/content/myefo/html/index.htm  (accessed 16 January 2014).

[2]        Jonathan Swan, 'Liberals cap spending on climate change', Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/liberals-cap-spending-on-climate-change-policy-20130817-2s3q0.html (accessed 13 January 2014).

[3]        Note: One Million Solar Roofs and Solar Towns and Schools were not mentioned in the 2013 MYEFO.

[4]        The Hon Greg Hunt MP, 'Green Army is just the start', Bass Coast Post, 30 September 2013 http://www.basscoastpost.com/green-army-is-just-the-start.html (accessed 16 January 2014); Department of the Environment, Green Army, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/cleaner-environment/clean-land/green-army (accessed 16 January 2014).

[5]        See, for example, ABC News, 'Latrobe Valley clean energy jobs plan axed', 12 September 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-12/latrobe-valley-clean-energy-jobs-plan-axed/4952728 (accessed 10 January 2014); Tom Arup, 'Coalition climate policies take $320m hit', Sydney Morning Herald, 6 September 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/coalition-climate-policies-take-320m-hit-20130905-2t82a.html (accessed 10 January 2014).

[6]        Australian Renewable Energy Agency, www.arena.gov.au (accessed 14 January 2014).

[7]        ARENA, High Energy Algal Fuels, http://arena.gov.au/project/high-energy-algal-fuels/ (accessed 14 January 2014); see also Kirsten Heimann, Explainer: what are algal biofuels?, 9 April 2013, https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-are-algal-biofuels-12560 (accessed 14 January 2014).

[8]        Department of the Environment, Greenhouse Friendly, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climate-change/carbon-neutral/national-carbon-offset-standard-ncos/greenhouse-friendly (accessed 10 January 2014).