Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 143—21 March 2013, pp 3869–3870.

[2]        Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 689.

[3]        ABS, 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 691.

[4]        ABS, 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 692.

[5]        ABS, 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 692.

[6]        ABS, 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 694.

[7]        ABS, 2012 Year Book Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0, 2012, Canberra, p. 694.

[8]        Youtube is a video-sharing website where users can upload, share and view content. Spotify is a commercial music streaming service where, for a subscription fee, a user can listen to an unlimited amount of music streamed over the internet.

[9]        Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), Digital Australians—Expectations about media content in a converging media environment, October 2011, p. 7, available at: http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib410130/digital_australians-complete.pdf (accessed 16 May 2013).

[10]      Australian Government, Convergence Review: Final Report, March 2012, p. vii, available at: http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/147733/Convergence_Review_Final_Report.pdf (accessed 24 May 2013).

[11]      Australian Government, Convergence Review: Final Report, March 2012, p. vii.

[12]      Australian Government, Convergence Review: Final Report, March 2012, p. vii.

[13]      Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 12, available: http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/copyright-ip42 (accessed 10 May 2013).

[14]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 12.

[15]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 12.

[16]      United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 27(2).

[17]      The Hon. Lionel Bowen MP, Attorney-General, 'Second Reading Speech Copyright Bill 1968', House of Representatives Hansard, 16 May 1968, p. 1527.

[18]      The Hon. Lionel Bowen MP, Attorney-General, 'Second Reading Speech Copyright Bill 1968', House of Representatives Hansard, 16 May 1968, p. 1527.

[19]      ALRC, Submission 1, p. 1.

[20]      ALRC, Submission 1, p. 1.

[21]      The Copyright Tribunal is an independent body established under section 138 of the Copyright Act 1968. Generally, the Tribunal has jurisdiction with respect to statutory licences (licences to permit reproduction of certain copyright materials by educational institutions) and voluntary licenses (licences negotiated between a copyright holder or its representative, such as a collecting society, and the licensee).

[22]      ALRC, Submission 1, p. 1.

[23]      The legislative caps contained in section 152 have twice been the subject of a Commonwealth government review. Both reviews recommended the removal of the legislative caps. See Shane Simpson, Review of the Australian collecting Societies: A report to the Minister for Communications and the Arts and the Minister for Justice, July 1995, p. 6, available at: http://arts.gov.au/sites/default/files/pdfs/the-simpson-report-1995.pdf (accessed 24 May 2013); and Review of the Intellectual Property Legislation Under the Competition Principles Agreement, Final Report by the Intellectual Property and Competition Review Committee, September 2000, p. 115.

[24]      ALRC, Submission 1, p. 2.

[25]      Copyright Act 1968, ss. 152(11).

[26]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 6(1).

[27]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, s. 6(1).

[28]      The Hon. Richard Alston, Minister for Communications, Information, Technology and the Arts, Determination under paragraph (c) of the definition of "broadcasting service", Ministerial Declaration No. 1 of 2000, 12 September 2000, available at: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2004B00501 (accessed 17 May 2013).

[29]      The Hon Richard Alston, Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, 'Internet video and audio streaming defined', Media release No. 127/2000, 27 September 2000, p. 1.

[30]      See Television Broadcasting Services (Digital Conversion) Act 1998 (Cth); and Broadcasting Services Amendment (Digital Television and Datacasting) Act 2000 (Cth).

[31]      The Hon Richard Alston, Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, 'Video and audio streaming', Media release No. 073/2000, 21 July 2000, p. 1.

[32]      ALRC, Submission 1, p. 2.

[33]      Phonographic Performance Company of Australia Limited v Commercial Radio Australia Limited [2013], FCAFC 14, available at: http://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/full/2013/2013fcafc0011 (accessed 16 May 2013).

[34]      Phonographic Performance Company of Australia Limited v Commercial Radio Australia Limited [2013], FCAFC 14.

[35]      Phonographic Performance Company of Australia Limited v Commercial Radio Australia Limited [2013], FCAFC 14.

[36]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Supplementary Submission 12, p. 3.

[37]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 3.

[38]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 3.

[39]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 9.

[40]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Issues Paper 42, August 2012, p. 12, available: http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/copyright-ip42 (accessed 10 May 2013).

[41]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Discussion Paper 79, June 2013, p. 341, available at: http://www.alrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/pdfs/publications/dp79_whole_pdf_.pdf (accessed 11 July 2013).

[42]      ALRC, Copyright and the Digital Economy: Discussion Paper 79, June 2013, p. 341 and see also proposal 16-1 at p. 347.

Chapter 2 - Discussion of key issues

[1]        Phonographic Performance Company of Australia (PPCA), Submission 8, p. 43. See also Association of Artist Managers (AAM), Submission 4, p. 1; Universal Music Australia (UMA), Submission 5, p. 2; Australian Independent Record Labels Association (AIR), Submission 6, p. 1; Sony Music Entertainment Australia, Submission 10, p. 2; Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), Submission 11, p. 1.

[2]        PPCA, Submission 8, p. 43.

[3]        Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Commercial Radio Australia (CRA), Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA) and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), Submission 12, p. 15.

[4]        ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 14.

[5]        AAM, Submission 4, p. 1; UMA, Submission 5, p. 2; AIR, Submission 6, p. 1.

[6]        AAM, Submission 4, p. 2. See also David Throsby and Virginia Hollister, Don't give up your day job: An economic study of professional artists in Australia, Australia Council, 2003, available at: http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/32497/entire_document.pdf (accessed 20 May 2013).

[7]        AIR, Submission 6, p. 2.

[8]        AAM, Submission 4, p. 2.

[9]        AIR, Submission 6, p. 1.

[10]      UMA, Submission 5, p. 2; Sony Music Entertainment Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[11]      UMA, Submission 5, p. 2.

[12]      UMA, Submission 5, p. 2.

[13]      UMA, Submission 5, p. 2.

[14]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 1.

[15]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 2.

[16]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 2.

[17]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 2.

[18]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 36.

[19]      PPCA, Submission 8, pp 31–34.

[20]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[21]      PPCA, Submission 8, pp 31–33.

[22]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[23]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[24]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[25]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[26]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 31.

[27]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 32.

[28]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 33.

[29]      Copyright Act 1968, s. 152.

[30]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 33.

[31]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 33.

[32]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 34.

[33]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 34.

[34]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 34.

[35]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 33.

[36]      PPCA, Submission 8, p. 43.

[37]      AAM, Submission 4, p. 3; UMA, Submission 5, p. 3; Sony Music Entertainment Australia, Submission 10, p. 3; AIR, Submission 11, p. 3.

[38]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. i.

[39]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 2.

[40]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, pp 2–3.

[41]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 3.

[42]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[43]      Copyright Act 1968, s. 87.

[44]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. i.

[45]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[46]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[47]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[48]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[49]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 5.

[50]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 6.

[51]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 6.

[52]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 6.

[53]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 6.

[54]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 6.

[55]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 7.

[56]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, ss. 4(1).

[57]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 7.

[58]      Broadcasting Services Act 1992, ss. 4(2).

[59]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 7.

[60]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 8.

[61]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 10.

[62]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 9.

[63]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 9.

[64]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 9.

[65]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 10.

[66]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 10.

[67]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 15.

[68]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 15.

[69]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Supplementary Submission 12, p. 1.

[70]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Supplementary Submission 12, p. 2.

[71]      International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Submission 7, p. 1. See also Article 2(f), World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Performances and Phonograms Treaty, 20 December 1996, available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html (accessed 23 May 2013).

[72]      IFPI, Submission 7, p. 3.

[73]      IFPI, Submission 7, p. 3.

[74]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 12.

[75]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Submission 12, p. 13. See also Article 13, WIPO, International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, 26 October 1961, available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/trtdocs_wo024.html#P119_11307 (accessed 23 May 2013).

[76]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013, (received 11 July 2013), p. 4.

[77]      Australian Copyright Council (ACC), Submission 2, p. 1.

[78]      ACC, Submission 2, p. 1.

[79]      ACC, Submission 2, p. 1.

[80]      ACC, Submission 2, p. 2.

[81]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 28 May 2013 (received 5 June 2013), p. 1. 

[82]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 28 May 2013 (received 5 June 2013), p. 2; and also DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 2. 

[83]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 28 May 2013 (received 5 June 2013).

[84]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 1. 

[85]      DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 2. 

[86]      AGD, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 8 July 2013), pp 1 and 2.

[87]      AGD, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 8 July 2013), p. 2. 

[88]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Additional information—Summary of counsel's opinion, p. 1.

[89]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Additional information—Summary of counsel's opinion, p. 1.

[90]      ABC, CRA, CBAA and SBS, Additional information—Summary of counsel's opinion, p. 1.

[91]      AGD, Answers to written questions on notice, 9 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 1. 

[92]      AGD, Answers to written questions on notice, 9 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 1. 

[93]      PPCA, Additional information, received 11 July, p. 7.

[94]      PPCA, Additional information, received 11 July,  p. 9.

[95]      PPCA, Additional information, received 11 July, p. 9.

[96]      PPCA, Additional information, received 11 July, p. 10.

[97]      PPCA, Additional information, received 11 July, p. 11, and see further pp 11- 14.

[98]      Copyright Advisory Group – Standing Council on School Education and Early Childhood (CAG), Submission 3, p. 1.

[99]      CAG, Submission 3, p. 2.

[100]    Copyright Act 1968, part VA.

[101]    CAG, Submission 3, p. 2.

[102]    CAG, Submission 3, p. 4.

[103]    ACC, Submission 2, p. 3; AAM, Submission 4, p. 3; UMA, Submission 5, p. 2; AIR, Submission 6, p. 3; PPCA, Submission 8, p. 43; Sony Music Entertainment Australia, Submission 10, p. 2; ARIA, Submission 11, p. 2.

[104]    ACC, Submission 2, p. 3.

[105]    ACC, Submission 2, p. 3.

[106]    PPCA, Submission 8, pp 14–16.

[107]    PPCA, Submission 8, p. 14.

[108]    PPCA, Submission 8, p. 16.

[109]    PPCA, Submission 8, p. 43.

[110]    PPCA, Submission 8, p. 43.

[111]    DBCDE, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 11 July 2013), p. 2. 

[112]    AGD, Answers to written questions on notice, 2 July 2013 (received 8 July 2013), p. 2.