Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority, Radioactive Waste Management fact sheet, http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationProtection/factsheets/is_waste.cfm (accessed 10 December 2008)

[2]        Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority, Radioactive Waste Management fact sheet, http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationProtection/factsheets/is_waste.cfm (accessed 10 December 2008)

[3]        Ian Holland and Matthew James, Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel management in Australia, Background Note, Department of the Parliamentary Library, January 2008, https://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/bn/2007-08/RadioactiveWaste.htm (accessed 1 December 2008).

[4]        'National dump to take all nuclear waste', The Australian, 28 June 1978.

[5]        Department of Primary Industries and Energy, National Radioactive Waste Repository Site Selection Study, Phase 2, Report on Public Comment, AGPS, Canberra, 1995.

[6]        Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism,  ‘The former National Radioactive Waste Repository and National Radioactive Waste Store projects’, http://www.ret.gov.au/resources/Documents/radioactive_waste/national_repository_and_store_history.pdf (accessed 20 October 2008).

[7]        Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism,  ‘The former National Radioactive Waste Repository and National Radioactive Waste Store projects’, http://www.ret.gov.au/resources/Documents/radioactive_waste/national_repository_and_store_history.pdf (accessed 21 October 2008); State of South Australia v Honourable Peter Slipper MP [2004] FCAFC 164.

[8]        The Hon. John Howard, ‘Radioactive waste management’, Media Release, 14 July 2004.

[9]        The Hon John Howard, 'Radioactive waste management', Media Release, 14 July 2004.

[10]      The Hon. Dr Brendan Nelson, Minister for Education, Science and Training, ‘Responsible management of radioactive waste in Australia’, Media Release, 15 July 2005, MIN 1157/05, http://www.dest.gov.au/Ministers/Media/Nelson/2005/07/n1157150705.asp (retrieved 20 October 2008).

[11]      Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 Bills Digest.

[12]      Nuclear Waste Transport, Storage and Disposal (Prohibition) Act 2004, ss 6 and 7.

[13]      Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 Explanatory Memorandum.

[14]      Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Act 2005, s.3A..

[15]      Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Legislation Amendment Bill 2006 Bills Digest.

[16]      The Hon Julie Bishop, ‘Approval of radioactive waste facility site nomination’, Media Release, 27 September 2007, http://www.dest.gov.au/Ministers/Media/Bishop/2007/09/B001270907.asp# (accessed 20 October 2008).

[17]      ‘Henderson urges PM to dump nuke waste law’, Northern Territory News, 8 August 2008.

[18]      Northern Territory government, Submission 81, p. 3.

[19]      Correspondence to Ms Dianne Stokes, 22 Jul 2008, Submission 95, Attachment 11.

[20]      The Constitution, s. 122.

[21]      Angus Martyn, 'Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 – Bills Digest', Bills Digest No. 59 2005–06.

[22]      Australian Treaty Database, Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/2003/21.html (accessed 31 October 2008).

[23]      Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, Articles 13–17.

[24]      Angus Martyn, 'Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 – Bills Digest', Bills Digest No. 59 2005–06, p. 5.

[25]      Nuclear Waste Transport, Storage and Disposal (Prohibition) Act 2004, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/nwtsada2004588/ (accessed 31 October 2008).

[26]      Nuclear Facilities Prohibition Act 2007, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nfpa2007295/ (accessed 31 October 2008).

[27]      Nuclear Waste Storage Facility (Prohibition) Act 2000, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/nwsfa2000430/ (accessed 31 October 2008).

[28]      Nuclear Activities (Prohibitions) Act 1983, s. 8, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/naa1983337/ (accessed 31 October 2008).

[29]      Nuclear Waste Storage (Prohibition) Act 1999, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/nwsata1999555/ (accessed 31 October 2008)

[30]      Radiation Control Act 1990, s. 6, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/rca1990193/ (accessed 31 October 2008)

[31]      Radiation Protection Act 2005, s. 20, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/rpa2005228/ (accessed 31 October 2008).

[32]      Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 Bills Digest.

Chapter 2 - Radioactive waste: issues with the existing legislation

[1]        Australian Uranium Association, Submission 2; FASTS, Submission 73, p. 1.

[2]        See, eg, Judy Blyth, Submission 1.

[3]        NT Government, Submission 81, p. 3.

[4]        See, eg, Julie Matheson, Submission 7; Medical Association for the Prevention of War, Submission 38; Public Health Association Australia, Submission 100.

[5]        The Hon. Dr Brendan Nelson, House of Representatives Debates, 13 October 2005, p. 1.

[6]        Angus Martyn, Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Bill 2005 Bills Digest, Bills Digest no. 59, 2005–06.

[7]        ANSTO, Annual Report 1998–99, p. 42; Senate Education, Science and Training Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2006–07, Answer to Question on Notice DEST Question No. E548_07; Dr Cameron, Dr Ron Cameron, Acting Chief Executive Officer, ANSTO, Senate Standing Committee on Economics, Estimates Hansard, 3 June 2008, p. 100.

[8]        FASTS, Submission 73, p. 2.

[9]        Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 74; Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 85; Public Health Association Australia, Submission 100.

[10]      See, eg, Public Health Association Australia, Submission 100.

[11]      Public Health Association Australia, Submission 100.

[12]      See, eg, Friends of the Earth, Submission 74; No Waste Alliance, Submission 83; Anti-Nuclear Alliance of Western Australia, Submission 90; Public Health Association Australia, Submission 100.

[13]      Australian Conservation Foundation, Submission 85, p. 2.

[14]      Bureau of Resource Sciences, A Radioactive Waste Repository for Australia: Site Selection Study Phase 2 – Discussion Paper, Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, 1994, http://www.ret.gov.au/resources/Documents/radioactive_waste/public_discussion_paper_phase_2.pdf.

[15]      Bureau of Resource Sciences, A radioactive waste repository for Australia: Site selection study Phase 3: Regional assessment: A public discussion paper. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, 1997, http://www.ret.gov.au/resources/Documents/radioactive_waste/public_discussion_paper_phase_3.pdf.

[16]      Mr Steven McIntosh, ANSTO, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 10.

[17]      Mr Steven McIntosh, ANSTO, correspondence to the committee, 9 December 2008.

[18]      NHMRC's Code of Practice for the Near-Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste in Australia, Radiation Health Series No. 35, 1992, ARPANSA, pp 12–13, http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/rhs/rhs35.pdf (accessed 10 December 2008).

[19]      NHMRC's Code of Practice for the Near-Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste in Australia, Radiation Health Series No. 35, 1992, ARPANSA, p. 14, http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/rhs/rhs35.pdf (accessed 10 December 2008).

[20]      Mr McIntosh, ANSTO, correspondence to the committee, 9 December 2008.

[21]      ARPANSA, Regulatory Guidance for Radioactive Waste Management Facilities: Near Surface Disposal Facilities; and Storage Facilities, ARPANSA, December 2006, pp 14–15, http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/waste/rwmfacilities_reg_guid.pdf (accessed 10 December 2008).

[22]      Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Regulations 1999, Reg. 48(3).

[23]      Mr David Ross, Director, Central Land Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 11.

[24]      Health Association of Australia, Submission 100.

[25]      NT Government, Submission 81, p. 3.

[26]      See, eg, Arid Lands Environment Centre, Submission 35; Environment Centre NT, Submission 36.

[27]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 74.

[28]      The Act, 3C(2).

[29]      The Act, ss. 3D and 8.

[30]      The Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Legislation Amendment Act 2006, Schedule 1, item 1.

[31]      The Act, s. 10(2).

[32]      ACF, Submission 85, p. 2.

[33]      See, eg, Arid Lands Environment Centre - Beyond Nuclear Initiative, Submission 94, p. 5; Muckaty Traditional owners opposed to the proposed radioactive waste facility, Submission 95, p. 4.

[34]      Mr Ron Levy, NLC, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 13.

[35]      Cited in NLC, Submission 96, p. 4.

[36]      The Hon Julie Bishop MP, 'Approval of radioactive waste facility nomination', Media Release, 27 September 2007.

[37]      Mr Patrick Davoren, DRET, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 38.

[38]      NLC, Submission 96, p. 4; Mr Patrick Davoren, DRET, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 44.

[39]      NLC, Submission 96, p. 2.

[40]      Ms Dianne Stokes, Muckaty traditional owner, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 1.

[41]      Muckaty Traditional owners opposed to the proposed radioactive waste facility, Submission 95A.

[42]      Muckaty Traditional owners opposed to the proposed radioactive waste facility, Submission 95A.

[43]      Land Commissioner's Report 1997, p. 38.

[44]      Land Commissioner's Report 1997, p. 40.

[45]      Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 14.

[46]      Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, pp 14–15.

[47]      NLC, Submission 96A, p. 6.

[48]      See Mr Ron Levy, NLC, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 14; Mr Patrick Davoren, DRET, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, pp 40–41.

[49]      Ms Marlene Bennett, Muckaty traditional owner, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 2.

[50]      Ms Marlene Bennett, Muckaty traditional owner, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 3.

[51]      Mr Ron Levy, Northern Land Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 14.

[52]      NLC, Submission 96A, pp 6­7.

[53]      MAPW, A New Clear Direction: Securing Nuclear Medicine for the Next Generation, 2004, tabled by ACF, Canberra public hearing, 28 November 2008.

[54]      IAEA, Addressing the Global Shortage of Beneficial Radiation Sources, 4 November 2008, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2008/resreactors.html (accessed 25 November 2008).

[55]      Mr Steven McIntosh, ANSTO, Proof Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 17.

[56]      MAPW, A New Clear Direction: Securing Nuclear Medicine for the Next Generation, 2004, p. 11.

[57]      Mr Gerry Wood MLA, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 November 2008, p. 17.

Chapter 3 - Radioactive waste: a new policy framework

[1]        Blue Mountains Nuclear Free Group, Submission 43; Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 100.

[2]        CoRWM, Key Issues, http://www.corwm.org.uk/Pages/Lnk_pages/key_issues.aspx (accessed 30 November 2008).

[3]        Australian Nuclear Association, Submission 18.

[4]        ANSTO, Submission 5.

[5]        CoRWM, Key Issues, http://www.corwm.org.uk/Pages/Lnk_pages/key_issues.aspx (accessed 30 November 2008).

[6]        NSW Parliament, Joint Select Committee on the Transportation and Storage of Nuclear Waste, Inquiry into the transportation and storage of nuclear waste, February 2004, p. xiv.

[7]        IAEA, Factors Affecting Public and Political Acceptance for the Implementation of Geological Disposal, IAEA-TECDOC-1566, IAEA, Vienna, October 2007.

[8]        IAEA, Factors Affecting Public and Political Acceptance for the Implementation of Geological Disposal, IAEA-TECDOC-1566, IAEA, Vienna, October 2007, p. 44.

[9]        IAEA, Factors Affecting Public and Political Acceptance for the Implementation of Geological Disposal, IAEA-TECDOC-1566, IAEA, Vienna, October 2007, p. 45.

[10]       IAEA, Factors Affecting Public and Political Acceptance for the Implementation of Geological Disposal, IAEA-TECDOC-1566, IAEA, Vienna, October 2007, p. 45.

[11]       Charles McCombie & Bengt Tveiten, A Comparative Overview of Approaches to Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Wastes in Different Countries, NWMO Background Paper 7-6, 2004, p. 41, http://www.nwmo.ca/Default.aspx?DN=ce9fc07c-44f2-49a8-8ddf-ae888b1057c2 (accessed 30 October 2008).

[12]       Committee on Radioactive Waste Management, Managing our radioactive waste safely, CoRWM, London, July 2006, p. 12.

[13]       Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Devolved Administrations, Policy for the Long Term Management of Solid Low Level Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom, 2007.

[14]       Low Level Radioactive Waste Management Office, Port Hope Area Initiative, http://www.llrwmo.org/en/porthope/porthope.html (accessed 30 November 2008).

[15]       Natural Resources Canada, Adaptive Phased Management, Media Release Backgrounder 2007/50 (a), http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/newcom/2007/200750a-eng.php (accessed 30 November 2008).

[16]       Natural Resources Canada, Adaptive Phased Management: Backgrounder, Media statement 2007/50(a), http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/newcom/2007/200750a-eng.php (accessed 30 October 2008).

[17]       Natural Resources Canada, Adaptive Phased Management: Backgrounder, Media statement 2007/50(a), http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/newcom/2007/200750a-eng.php (accessed 30 October 2008).

[18]       Genevieve Johnson, 'The discourse of democracy in Canadian nuclear waste management policy', Policy Sciences, Vol. 40, 2007, pp 70-99.

[19]       For example, ed. R.E. Kasperson (ed.), Equity Issues in Radioactive Waste Management, Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1983; Kristin Schrader-Frechette, Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the Case Against Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993; S.L. Albrecht and R.G. Amey, 'Myth-making, Moral Communities, and Policy Failure in Solving the Radioactive Waste Problem', Society & Natural Resources Vol. 12, 1999, pp 741–61; M.E. Kraft, 'Policy Design and the Acceptability of Environmental Risks: Nuclear Waste Disposal in Canada and the United States', Policy Studies Journal Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, pp 206–18; Genevieve Johnson, 'The discourse of democracy in Canadian nuclear waste management policy', Policy Sciences, Vol. 40, 2007, pp 70-99.

[20]       Northern Territory Government, Submission 81.

[21]       ACF, Submission 85, p. 2.

[22]       ANSTO, Submission 5.

Coalition Senators - Additional Comments/Dissenting Report

[1]         Mr Ron Levy, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 14.

[2]         Mr Bradley Smith, FASTS, Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 2.

[3]         Mr Steven McIntosh, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 17.

[4]         The Hon John Howard MP, ‘Radioactive waste management’, media release, 14 July 2004.

[5]         The Australian, 16 July 2004, p. 12.

[6]         The Canberra Times, 17 July 2004, p. 10.

[7]         Ms Marlene Bennett, Muckaty traditional owner, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 6.

[8]         Mr Peter Garrett, August 2007, as quoted in Submission No. 95, attachment 10, Muckaty Traditional Owners.

[9]         Mr Dave Sweeney, Australian Conservation Foundation, Committee Hansard, 28 November 2008, p. 31.

[10]       Submission No. 96, Northern Land Council, p. 2.

[11]       Mr Ron Levy, Northern Land Council, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p. 14.

[12]       Submission No. 96, Northern Land Council, p. 4.

Additional Comments - Senator Scott Ludlam

[1]         McINTOSH, Mr Steven, Senior Adviser, Government Liaison, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation

[2]         HARRIES, Dr John, Past President, Australian Nuclear Association

[3]         SMITH, Mr Bradley, Executive Director, Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies

[4]         McINTOSH, Mr Steven, Senior Adviser, Government Liaison, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation

[5]         SMITH, Mr Bradley, Executive Director, Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies

[6]         McINTOSH, Mr Steven, Senior Adviser, Government Liaison, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation