Footnotes

[1] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future (EWP), 2004.

[2] EWP, Prime Minister's Foreword, p. iii.

[3] Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee, Budgetary and environmental implications of the Government's Energy White Paper: Interim Report, September 2004.

[4] EWP, Prime Minister's Foreword, p iii.

[5] Ms Kathleen Mackie, Department of Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 1.

[6] EWP, p. 3.

[7] The Hon Dr David Kemp, Minister for the Environment and Heritage, MRET: adding muscle, not fat, media release K121, 15 June 2004.

[8] EWP, p. 2.

[9] EWP, pp. 41-43.

[10] EWP, p. 3. Further details on some of these initiatives were provided in fact sheets published by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and are referred to throughout this chapter.

[11] Ms Kathleen Mackie, Department of Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 4 August 2004, p. 2.

[12] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 2.

[13] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf.

[14] EWP, p. 143.

[15] EWP, p. 143.

[16] EWP, p. 143.

[17] EWP, p. 143.

[18] EWP, p. 143.

[19] EWP, p. 143.

[20] EWP, p. 144.

[21] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Technology Funds, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_2.pdf.

[22] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, pp. 8-9.

[23] EWP, p. 145.

[24] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Solar Cities: A Vision of the Future, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_4.pdf.

[25] EWP, p. 145.

[26] EWP, p. 145.

[27] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Solar Cities: A Vision of the Future, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_4.pdf.

[28] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Solar Cities: A Vision of the Future, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_4.pdf.

[29] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 20.

[30] Committee Hansard, 4 August 2004, p. 20.

[31] Australian Greenhouse Office, Solar Cities – Statement of challenges and opportunities, 2004, released on 3 December 2004. Submissions were sought by 14 January 2005. As at 15 February 2005, the guidelines had not been finalised (Additional Estimates Committee Hansard, 15 February 2005, p. 141).

[32] Senator the Hon Ian Campbell, Minister for the Environment and Heritage, 'Preparation for Solar Cities under way', Media Release, 3 December 2004.

[33] EWP, p. 79.

[34] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Solar Cities: A Vision of the Future, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf.

[35] EWP, p. 31.

[36] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf.

[37] EWP, p. 30.

[38] EWP, p. 147.

[39] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Support, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_3.pdf.

[40] Mandatory Renewable Energy Target Review Panel, Renewable Opportunities: A Review of the Operation of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000, (Chair the Hon Grant Tambling), Commonwealth of Australia, 2003.

[41] EWP, p. 148.

[42] EWP, p. 148.

[43] The Hon Dr David Kemp, then Minister for the Environment and Heritage, 'MRET: adding muscle, not fat', Media release K121, 15 June 2004.

[44] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Support, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_3.pdf.

[45] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Support, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf.

[46] EWP, p. 148.

[47] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Renewable Energy Support, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_3.pdf.

[48] EWP, p. 148.

[49] EWP, p.106.

[50] EWP, p.106.

[51] EWP, pp. 106-107.

[52] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Energy Efficiency Measures, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_5.pdf.

[53] EWP, p. 181.

[54] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Mandatory Energy Efficiency Assessments, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_6.pdf.

[55] EWP, p. 181.

[56] Terms of reference are available at http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/energy/tor.html. The Productivity Commission held hearings in November 2004.

[57] See Productivity Commission, Energy Efficiency: Draft Report, April 2005, available at http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/energy/index.html.

[58] EWP, p. 137.

[59] EWP, p. 138.

[60] EWP, p. 138.

[61] EWP, p. 131.

[62] EWP, p. 138.

[63] EWP, p. 139 and footnote 1. The abatement figures quoted are based on 2003 projections.

[64] EWP, p. 139.

[65] EWP, p. 139.

[66] EWP, p. 140.

[67] EWP, p. 141.

[68] EWP, p. 149.

[69] EWP, p. 149.

[70] EWP, p. 149.

[71] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Developing our energy resources, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_7.pdf.

[72] EWP, p. 64.

[73] EWP, p. 55.

[74] EWP, p. 176.

[75] EWP, p. 176.

[76] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Developing our energy resources, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_7.pdf.

[77] EWP, p. 65.

[78] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Moving ahead with energy market reform, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_8.pdf.

[79] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Moving ahead with energy market reform, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_8.pdf.

[80] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Moving ahead with energy market reform, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_8.pdf.

[81] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Moving ahead with energy market reform, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_8.pdf.

[82] Commonwealth legislation to establish the AER was passed in June 2004.

[83] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Moving ahead with energy market reform, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_8.pdf.

[84] EWP, p. 93.

[85] EWP, p. 95.

[86] EWP, p. 93.

[87] Richard Webb, Parliamentary Library, Department of Parliamentary Services, Energy White Paper: fuel excise grants reform, Research Note No. 11, 10 August 2004.

[88] Hydro Tasmania, Submission 3, p. 1.

[89] Coal Association, Energy Statement 2004.

[90] National Farmers Federation, 'Energy statement a major win for farmers', News release, NR 61/04, 15 June, 2004.

[91] Energy Supply Association of Australia, 'Energy Supply Association welcomes new greenhouse measures', Media release, 15 June, 2004.

[92] Business Council of Australia, 'BCA welcomes national energy plan' Media release, 15 June 2004.

[93] Bob Carter, 'Weathering the scaremongers' storms', The Australian, 17 June, 2004.

[94] Ian Lowe, 'Energy white paper a missed opportunity', The Canberra Times, 18 June 2004.

[95] DEH, Submission 1, p. 6.

[96] DEH, Submission 1, p. 6.

[97] AGO section of the DEH, Submission 1, p. 8.

[98] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[99] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 4.

[100] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 4.

[101] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[102] The Australian Institute, Geosequestration, Discussion Paper 72, p. xii, September 2004, p. xii, website, 31 March 2005 at: http://www.tai.org.au

[103] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2, REGA, Submission 4, p. 2.

[104] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2.

[105] EWP, pp. 26 & 147.

[106] EWP, p. 148.

[107] The Hon John Howard, Address to National Press Club, 15 June 2004.

[108] Clean Energy Crisis Meeting Group, Joint response to the Prime Minister’s Energy White Paper, WWF Australia, URL: http://www.wwf.org.au/News_and_information/Features/ feature10_p2.php

[109] ACF, Submission 15, p. 20.

[110] Hydro Tasmania, Submission 3, p. 3. See also BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2,

[111] Hydro Tasmania, Submission 3, p. 3.

[112] REGA, Submission 4, p. 3.

[113] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2.

[114] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[115] Mr Ian and Mrs Trixy Allott, Submission 9, p. 1.

[116] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 2.

[117] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 3.

[118] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[119] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 18.

[120] EWP, p. 143.

[121] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[122] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, pp. 4 & 18.

[123] Australian Wind Energy Association, Submission 5, p. 1. Professor Ian Lowe also argued in June 2004, 'The rhetoric is I think dishonest. It suggests that coal, that geosequestration of carbon is a proven technology you can rely on, whereas wind and solar are unproven. In fact the opposite is the case.' See Professor Ian Lowe, Energy Statement 2004, Earthbeat, Radio National, Transcript, Saturday 19 June 2004, available at http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s1135187.htm.

[124] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 3.

[125] ACF, Submission 15, p. 10.

[126] ACF, Submission 15, p. 10.

[127] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 17.

[128] ACF, Submission 15, p. 22.

[129] EWP, p. 93.

[130] DEH, Submission 1, p. 4.

[131] Mr Gene McGlynn, Australian Greenhouse Office, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 4 August, 2004, p. 4.

[132] EWP, p. 147.

[133] EWP, p. 139.

[134] DEH, Submission 1, p. 4.

[135] Ms Lynelle Briggs, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 5 August, 2004, p. 9.

[136] Ms Kathleen Mackie, Department of Environment and Heritage, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 4 August, 2004, p. 34.

[137] EWP, p. 103.

[138] EWP, p. 99

[139] EWP, Table 1, p. 96.

[140] EWP, p. 93.

[141] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 1.

[142] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 1.

[143] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 2.

[144] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 15.

[145] ALPGA, Submission 7, pp. 10 & 15.

[146] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2.

[147] EWP, p. 105.

[148] EWP, p. 106.

[149] EWP, p. 105.

[150] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, pp. 4ff; BCSE, Submission 17, p. 3; REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[151] ACF, Submission 15, p. 8.

[152] EWP, p. 25.

[153] EWP, p 149.

[154] ACF, Submission 15, p. 12, REGA, Submission 4, p. 2. On emissions tax, see also Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 9.

[155] The Australian newspaper, 31 March 2005.

[156] ACF, Media Release, 31 March 2005, at: http://www.acfonline.org.au/asp/pages/document.asp?IdDoc=2358

[157] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2, Greenpeace, Submission 16, pp. 5 & 6.

[158] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[159] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[160] EWP, p. 24.

[161] Greenpeace, Submission 16, p. 20.

[162] ACF, Submission 15, p. 17.

[163] Greenpeace, Submission 16, p. 10.

[164] ACF, Submission 15, p. 8.

[165] As summarised in the EWP, p. 3.

[166] ACF, Submission 15, p. 22.

[167] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[168] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[169] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[170] ACF, Submission 15, p. 12.

[171] EWP, pp. 26 & 31.

[172] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 5.

[173] REGA, Submission 4, p. 2

[174] WASEA, Submission 14, p.2.

[175] Tarwin Valley Coastal Guardians, Submission 8, p. 2.

[176] Tarwin Valley Coastal Guardians, Submission 8, p. 2.

[177] REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[178] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2.

[179] REGA, Submission 4, p. 3.

[180] IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme at http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/ar03/deu.htm.

[181] For example, EWP, pp. 30, 143 & 173; Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 4; BCSE, Submission 17, p. 1.

[182] Mr Ric Brazzale, BCSE, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2005, pp. 34 & 35.

[183] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard, 18 March 2005, p. 3.

[184] See footnote 48 below.

[185] EWP, p. 132.

[186] EWP, p. 23.

[187] These organisations include BCSE, AusWEA, REGA, ACF, Greenpeace and WWF Australia.

[188] Clean Energy Crisis Meeting Group, Joint response to the Prime Minister’s Energy White Paper, WWF Australia website 23 March 2005 at: http://www.wwf.org.au/News_and_information/Features/ feature10_p2.php.

[189] Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, Submission 1, p.7.

[190] Mr Ric Brazzle, Submission 17, p. 3, quoted from Liz Minchin, 'the dirty state we're in', The Age,14 February 2005.

[191] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 4.

[192] Australian Wind Energy Association, Submission 5, p. 1.

[193] EWP, p. 23.

[194] Senate Hansard, 6 December 2004, p. 33.

[195] Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell, Media Release, 16 March 2005.

[196] For example, Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 10; ACF, Submission 15, pp. 3-4.

[197] The Australian Institute, Geosequestration, Discussion Paper 72, pp. xi and xii, September 2004, p. xii, website, 31 March 2005 at: http://www.tai.org.au.

[198] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 16.

[199] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 5.

[200] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 5.

[201] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 13.

[202] For description of this organisation see http://www.ipcc.ch/about/about.htm.

[203] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 5.

[204] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 2.

[205] Mr Erwin Jackson, ACF, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 4.

[206] The Australia Institute, Geosequestration, Discussion Paper 72, September 2004, p. xii, website, 31 March 2005 at: http://www.tai.org.au.

[207] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 19.

[208] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, p. 19.

[209] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf.

[210] The Australia Institute, Geosequestration, Discussion Paper 72, figure 1, September 2004, website, 31 March 2005 at: http://www.tai.org.au.

[211] For definition and description see HRL website, 31 March 2005, at: http://www.hrl.com.au/www/45/1001127/displayarticle/1001182.html.

[212] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1pdf.

[213] This scheme involves, among other things, a 40% reduction in household greenhouse gas emissions from 2006.

[214] BCSE, Submission 17, p. 2.

[215] EWP, p. 131.

[216] EWP, p. 146.

[217] Australian Greenhouse Office, Annual Report 2003-2004, p. 36.

[218] Additional Estimates, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2005, p. 140.

[219] Mr Ric Brazzale, BCSE, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 37.

[220] ACF, Submission 15, pp. 2 & 3.

[221] Mr Ric Brazzale, BCSE, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 40.

[222] Mr Matthew Rosser, WASEA, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, p. 43.

[223] Tim Colebatch, Cutting greenhouse gases ... and raising them with the other, The Age, 16 June, 2004.

[224] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 1; Mr Phil Westlake, ALPGA, Committee Hansard 18 March 2005, pp. 30 & 31.

[225] ALPGA, Submission 7, p. 1; ALPGA, Submission 7A, Powerpoint presentation to the Korean Autogas Conference, 27 May 2004.

[226] CCGT is an operation to produce rotational power from gas or liquid fuel turbine to turn an electricity generator, then scavenging the hot gases to generate steam to turn a steam turbine, which in turn powers another electrical generator. See http://www.premier-power.co.uk/ccgt/process.

[227] The Australia Institute, Geosequestration, Discussion Paper 72, figure 1, September 2004, website, 31 March 2005 at: http://www.tai.org.au.

[228] Letter from Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard, to Senator Meg Lees, the then Leader of the Australian Democrats, 28 May 1999, Offroad Diesel and like fuels, p. 7, and Measures for a Better Environment, pp. 8 – 13.

[229] As noted in Chapter 3, the EWP does not place specific emissions reduction figures on these efficiencies.

[230] Mr Phil Harrington, Energy Efficiency: The Role of Government in an International Perspective, International Energy Agency Conference, Tokyo, 19 January 2004, IEA website 31 March 2005 at: http://www.eccj.or.jp/intnl/03workshop/pdf/3_3.pdf.

[231] ACF, Submission 15, p. 9.

[232] As discussed in chapter 3.

[233] Greenpeace Australia Pacific, Submission 16, pp. 4ff; BCSE, Submission 17, p. 3; REGA, Submission 12, p. 2.

[234] Professor Ian Lowe, Energy Statement 2004, Earthbeat, Radio National, Transcript, Saturday 19 June 2004, ABC website 23 March 2005, at: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s1135187.htm.

[235] Clean Energy Crisis Meeting Group, Joint response to the Prime Minister’s Energy White Paper, WWF Australia website 23 March 2005 at: http://www.wwf.org.au/News_and_information/Features/ feature10_p2.php.

[236] ACF, Submission 15, p. 14.

[237] Bob Carter, Radio National, Earthbeat, ABC website 7 April 2005, at: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s1135187.htm

[238] Kathleen Mackie, Assistant Secretary, Policy Development Branch, DEH: Committee Hansard, Wednesday 4 August 2004, p 36.

[239] Chatham House website at http://www.riia.org/pdf/briefing_papers/David%20Kemp%20Climate%Change%Speech%2015%20July%2002.pdf

[240] Hon John Howard, Prime Minister's Forward, EWP

[241] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf

[242] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emissions Technology Fund, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_2.pdf

[243] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Energy Efficiency Measures, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_5.pdf

[244] EWP, p.169.

[245] EWP, p. 173.

[246] EWP, p. 172.

[247] EWP, p. 148.

[248] EWP, p. 146.

[249] Ms Kathleen Mackie, DEH, Committee Hansard, Canberra 4 August 2004, p. 34.

[250] DEH, Submission 2, p. 4.

[251] Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Securing Australia's Energy Future, Fact Sheet, Low-emission Energy Technologies, website 21 April 2005, at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/energy_future/docs/factsheet_1.pdf

[252] Senator The Hon. Ian Campbell, Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Media Release, 15 April, 2005.