Footnotes

[1] The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Submission 11, p. 1.

[2] Alasdair Grant (ed.), Australian Communications Regulation (3ed.), UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004, p. 45.

[3] Communications Law Centre Submission 7, p. 2.

[4] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 5.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee, Competition in broadband services, August 2004.

[7] Australian Communication Authority website, 8 February 2005, at: http://internet.aca.gov.au/ ACAINTER.2818080:STANDARD:1984425067:pp=DIR1_4,pc=PC_6

[8] Alasdair Grant (ed.), Australian Communications Regulation (3ed.), UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004, p. 45.

[9] Australian Communications Authority, Submission 5, Attachment A.

[10] Australian Communications Authority website, 8 February 2005, at: http://internet.aca.gov.au/ACAINTER.2818080:STANDARD:1984425067:pp=DIR1_4,pc=PC_6#works

[11] Alasdair Grant (ed.), Australian Communications Regulation (3ed.), UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004, p. 46.

[12] There are additional administrative provisions in Schedule 3 of that Act.

[13] Australian Broadcasting Authority, website, 8 February 2005, at: http://www.aba.gov.au/aba/index.htm

[14] Australian Broadcasting Authority, Annual Report 2003-2004.

[15] Proposal for new institutional arrangements for the Australian Communications Authority and the Australian Broadcasting Authority: Discussion paper, DCITA, Canberra, August 2003, p. 4.

[16] ACCC, Submission 13, p. 2.

[17] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, website, 8 February 2005, at: http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/54137/fromItemId/3744

[18] ACCC, Submission 13, p.3.

[19] ACCC, Submission 13, p.3.

[20] Alasdair Grant (ed.), Australian Communications Regulation (3ed.), UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004, p. 47.

[21] Alasdair Grant (ed.), Australian Communications Regulation (3ed.), UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004, p. 243.

[22] TIO website, 17 February 2005, at: http://www.tio.com.au/about_tio.htm

[23] TIO website, 17 February 2005, at: http://www.tio.com.au/about_tio.htm

[24] Productivity Commission, Broadcasting, Report no. 11, AusInfo, Canberra, 2000.

[25] ibid, pp. 213-214.

[26] ibid, p. 214.

[27] Options for structural reform in spectrum management: discussion paper, DCITA, Canberra, August 2002.

[28] DCITA website, 17 February 2005, at: www.dcita.gov.au

[29] Proposal for new institutional arrangements for the Australian Communications Authority and the Australian Broadcasting Authority: Discussion paper, DCITA, Canberra, August 2003.

[30] ibid, p. 2.

[31] Hon D Williams AM QC MP, 'Australian Communications and Media Authority', Media release, Canberra, 11 May 2004.

[32] ACA website, 17 February 2005, at: http://internet.aca.gov.au/ACAINTER.5308464:STANDARD::pp=PC_4,pc=PC_1501

[33] The Hon. Peter McGauran, House of Representatives Hansard, 2 December 2004, p. 4.

[34] Mr Stephen Smith MP, House of Representatives Hansard, 9 February 2005, p. 88.

[35] Telstra, Submission 15, p. 2.

[36] Telstra, Submission 15, p. 4.

[37] Australian Consumers Association, Submission 4, p. 1.

[38] Mr Richard Hooper, Convergence & Regulation, Paper given at the TIO Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 25 November 2003. TIO website, 1 March 2005, at: http://www.tio.com.au/publications/other_publications/RichardHooper.PDF

[39] Australian Consumers Association, Submission 4, p. 2.

[40] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 9.

[41] AAPT, Submission 8, p. 6.

[42] Optus, Submission 9, p. 1.

[43] Free TV Australia, Submission 6.

[44] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16.

[45] Australian Film Commission, Submission 20.

[46] The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Submission 11.

[47] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 2.

[48] ABC, Submission 3, p. 1.

[49] Explanatory Memorandum to the Australian Communications and Media Authority Bill 2004, p. 1.

[50] Hon Peter McGauran MP, Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs 'Australian Communications and Media Authority Bill 2004: Second Reading Speech', House of Representatives Hansard, 2 December 2004.

[51] Sections 6 (telecommunications functions) and 7 (spectrum management).

[52] Section 158.

[53] Clause 17 requires the AMCA to consult the ACCC in relation to managing electronic addressing. This is equivalent to section 12A of the Australian Communications Authority Act 1997.

[54] Australian Communications Authority Act 1997, section 8.

[55] Broadcasting Services Act 1992, section 154; Australian Communications Authority Act 1997, Section 15.

[56] For an explanation of the difference between the two types of entities, see Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit, Review of the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1997 and the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997, 2000, Chapter 1, p. 1.

[57] Ms Fay Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 64.

[58] Broadcasting Services Act 1992, section 162. Specific powers of direction relate to such matters as making determinations and clarifications of broadcasting services criteria (section 19); reserving spectrum for national and community broadcasting (section 31); conducting investigations (section 171) and holding hearings on such matters (section 183).

[59] DCITA Discussion Paper, DCITA 2003, p. 8.

[60] Australian Communications Authority Act 1997, subsection 12(1).

[61] DCITA Discussion Paper, DCITA 2003, p. 9.

[62] Explanatory Memorandum, p. 2.

[63] Australian Communications Authority Act 1997, section 13; Broadcasting Services Act 1992, section 163.

[64] Protocol on Trade in Services to the Australian New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement.

[65] Broadcasting Services Act 1992, para 160(d).

[66] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 3.

[67] Michael Wise, The role of competition policy in regulatory reform, OECD Journal of Competition Law and Policy, Vol 1, No. 1, 1999.

[68] AAPT, Submission 8, p. 3.

[69] Professor David Flint, former ABA Chairman, at the Australian Telecommunications Users Group (ATUG) 2004 conference, Thursday 4 March 2004.

[70] The rules are initially published in the Federal Register. The Government Printing Office compiles all the changes, additions, and deletions to the FCC rules and publishes an updated Code annually.

[71] Australian Film Commission, Submission 20, pp. 8-9.

[72] Data protection applied at the end of October 2003

[73] European Commission Information Society website, 23 February 2005, at: http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/ecomm/all_about/todays_framework/index_en.

[74] ibid.

[75] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, website, 23 February 2005, at: www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/apec_groups/working_groups/telecommunications_and_information.html

[76] Paul Budde, Submission 1, p. 7.

[77] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 3.

[78] UK Communications Act 2003, section 6.

[79] UK Government Communications White Paper, A New Future for Communications,12 December 2000.

[80] UK Department of Trade and Industry website 23 February 2005 at: www.communicationswhitepaper.gov.uk/by_chapter/ex_summ/index.htm .

[81] Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Culture, Media and Sport, A new future for Communications, Communications White Paper, website, 28 February 2005, at: http://www.communicationswhitepaper.gov.uk/by_chapter/ch8/8_9.htm

[82] Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Culture, Media and Sport, A new future for Communications, Communications White Paper, website 28 February 2005 at: http://www.communicationswhitepaper.gov.uk/by_chapter/ex_summ/index.htm

[83] Explanatory Notes to the Office of Communications Act 2002, para 5.

[84] Explanatory Notes to the Office of Communications Act 2002, para 5. [Ibid.]

[85] Explanatory Notes to Communications Act 2003, para 7.

[86] Ibid, para 5.

[87] Ibid.

[88] Official Documents website, 23 February 2005, at:

www.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm55/5508-iii/550802.html.

[89] Communications Act 2003, section 6.

[90] Ibid, subsection 3(1).

[91] Ibid.

[92] OFCOM website, 23 February 2005, at: www.Ofcom.org.uk/about_ofcom.

[93] Office of Fair Trading, Liaison on competition matters, 18 December 2003; OFT website, 28 February 2005, at: http://www.oft.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/5A75F852-4C48-4D12-8604-A7A85D504968/0/ofcom.pdf

[94] Department of Trade and Industry, Communications Act 2003, website 28 February 2005, at http://www.communicationsbill.gov.uk/policy_narrative/550806.html

[95] OFCOM, Ensuring effective competition following the introduction of spectrum trading, website 28 February 2005, at: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/sec/effective_competition/section2/?a=87101

[96] Department of Trade and Industry, Communications Act 2003, DTI website, 28 February 2005, at: http://www.communicationsbill.gov.uk/policy_narrative/550806.html

[97] For example, Mrs Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard 10 February 2005, p 21; Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard 10 February 2005, p 1.

[98] Explanatory Notes to Office of Communications Act 2002, para 11.

[99] Ibid, Para 6.

[100] Tony Stoller, OFCOM, Submission 18, section 2.3.2

[101] Explanatory Notes to Communications Act 2003, para 53.

[102] Subsection 16(2).

[103] The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) enforces the Advertising Standards Codes which OFCOM applies to television and radio broadcasting. The Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) Broadcast Committee is contracted by OFCOM to write and enforce the codes of practice that govern TV and radio advertising.

[104] OFCOM website, 23 February 2005, at: www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/pi_test/pi_test_consultation/ as at 23 February 2005.

[105] Explanatory Notes to Communications Act 2003, paras 32 & 33.

[106] OFCOM website, 23 February 2005, at: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/strategic_reviews/ as at 23 February 2005.

[107] OFCOM Strategic Review Phase 2 consultation document foreword 18/11/2004 http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/telecoms_p2/tsrphase2/?a=87101

[108] Explanatory Notes to Communications Act 2003, para 38.

[109] Communications Act 2003, section 7.

[110] Explanatory Notes to Communications Act 2003, para 39.

[111] Communications Act 2003, subsection 3(8).

[112] Ibid, Subsection 3(11).

[113] Ibid, Subsection 3(12).

[114] For example, Australian Film Commission Submission 20, p. 8.

[115] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 8.

[116] Ibid, p. 3.

[117] For example, Telstra, Submission 15.

[118] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 4.

[119] The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Submission 11, p. 2.

[120] For example, Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 7.

[121] The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Submission 11, p. 3.

[122] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 2.

[123] Australian Film Commission, Submission 19, p. 2.

[124] Dr Derek Wilding, Communications Law Centre, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 10.

[125] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 2.

[126] Communications Law Centre, Submission 7, p. 2.

[127] Competitive Carriers Coalition, Submission 12, p. 3.

[128] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 2.

[129] Dr Derek Wilding, Communications Law Centre, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 11.

[130] Ms Fay Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 62.

[131] Competitive Carriers Coalition, Submission 12, p. 3.

[132] Professor Peter Gerrand, Submission 21, p. 2.

[133] Dr Robert Horton, ACA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 40.

[134] Ms Fay Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 54.

[135] Mrs Rosemary Sinclair, Managing Director, Australian Telecommunications

Users Group, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 15.

[136] Ms Fay Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 62.

[137] AAPT, Submission 8, p. 6.

[138] Communications Law Centre, Submission 7, p. 4.

[139] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 5.

[140] Ibid.

[141] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[142] Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee, Competition in broadband services, August 2004; Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee, The Australian telecommunications network, August 2004.

[143] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 5.

[144] Australian Consumer Association, Submission 4, p. 5.

[145] Professor Peter Gerrand, Submission 21, p. 1.

[146] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1.

[147] Ms Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 15.

[148] Competitors Carriers Coalition, Submission 12, pp. 2-3.

[149] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 4.

[150] ACCC, Submission 13, p. 2.

[151] Professor Peter Garrand, Submission 21; Moore and Moore Consulting Services, Submission 2.

[152] Paul Budde Communications, Submission 1, p. 1.

[153] Professor Peter Gerrand, Submission 21, p. 2.

[154] Paul Budde Communications, Submission 1, p. 9.

[155] Commissioner Edward Willett, ACCC, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p.28.

[156] Ibid.

[157] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[158] Dr Derek Wilding, Communications Law Centre, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 14.

[159] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 9.

[160] Communications Act 2003 (UK), section 12.

[161] Australian Film Commission, Submission 20, p.7.

[162] Young Media Australia, Submission 22, p. 2.

[163] Ibid.

[164] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 5.

[165] Ibid, p. 2.

[166] Senate Select Committee on Information Technologies, In the Public Interest: Monitoring Australia’s Media, 13 April 2000, p.xii.

[167] Ibid.

[168] Explanatory Memorandum to the Australian Communications and Media Authority Bill 2004, p. 3.

[169] Australian Communications Authority, Submission 5.

[170] Optus, Submission 9, p. 2.

[171] Dr Robert Horton, ACA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 43.

[172] Ms Fay Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 60.

[173] Mr David Forman, Competitive Carriers Coalition, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 38.

[174] Professor Peter Gerrand, Submission 21, p. 1.

[175] Mr Michael Cosgrove, ACCC, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p.37.

[176] Commissioner Ed Willett, ACCC, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p.38.

[177] Mr David Forman, Competitive Carriers Coalition, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 38.

[178] Mr Charles Britton, Australian Consumers' Association, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 13.

[179] Competitive Carriers Coalition, Submission 12, p.4.

[180] Mr David Forman, Competitive Carriers Coalition, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 38.

[181] Paul Budd Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 5.

[182] Mr Ian Slattery, Competitive Carriers Coalition and Primus Telecom, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 39.

[183] Competitive Carriers Coalition, Submission 12, p. 3.

[184] Mr Ian Slattery, Competitive Carriers Coalition and Primus Telecom, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 39.

[185] Mr David Forman, Competitive Carriers Coalition, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 38.

[186] Paul Budd Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p.9.

[187] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 5.

[188] ABC, Submission 3, p. 3.

[189] Ibid.

[190] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 5.

[191] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 5.

[192] Young Media Australia, Submission 21, p. 3.

[193] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 5.

[194] Australian Communications Authority Act 1997, section 37.

[195] Broadcasting Services Act 1992, Schedule 3, clause 9.

[196] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 5.

[197] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 7.

[198] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 5.

[199] Ms Fay Holtuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 61.

[200] ABC, Submission 3, p. 2.

[201] Ibid.

[202] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 3.

[203] ABC, Submission 3, p. 4.

[204] Free TV Australia, Submission 6, pp. 1-2.

[205] Australian Film Commission, Submission 20, p. 2.

[206] Dr Mitchell Landrigan, Telstra, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 27.

[207] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 2.

[208] Ms Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 17.

[209] Ibid, p. 20.

[210] Screen Producers Association of Australia, Submission 16, p. 2.

[211] Communications Act 2003 (UK), subsection 3(1).

[212] Ibid, subsection 3(3).

[213] Ibid, subsection 3(4).

[214] Ibid, section 4.

[215] Ibid, section 6.

[216] Ibid, section 10.

[217] Ibid, section 11.

[218] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[219] Telecommunications Act 1997, Part 6; Broadcasting Services Act 1992.

[220] ACA, Submission 5, Attachment C.

[221] AAPT, Submission 8, p. 4.

[222] Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd, Submission 1, p. 8.

[223] Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts Reference Committee, The Australian Telecommunications Network, August 2004, p. 145.

[224] Telstra, Submission 15, p. 3.

[225] Communications Law Centre, Submission 7, p 3.

[226] Ms Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 14.

[227] Australian Consumer Association, Submission 4; Communications Law Centre, Submission 7.

[228] Dr Bob Horton, ACA, Committee Hansard , 11 February 2005, p. 41.

[229] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 6.

[230] Ibid, p. 8.

[231] Communications Law Centre, Submission 7, p. 4.

[232] ACA, Consumer Driven Communications: Strategies for Better Representation, December 2004, pp. 5-6.

[233] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[234] Dr Derek Wilding, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 14.

[235] Australian Consumer Association, Submission 4, pp. 6-7.

[236] Ms Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 15.

[237] Dr Bob Horton, ACA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 44.

[238] Law Council of Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[239] Australian Consumer Association, Submission 4, p. 8.

[240] Ms Rosemary Sinclair, ATUG, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 14.

[241] Professor Peter Gerrand, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 21.

[242] Young Media Australia, Submission 22, p. 2.

[243] Tower Sanity Alliance, Submission 23, p. 5.

[244] Young Media Australia, Submission 22, p. 1.

[245] Ibid, p. 2.

[246] Mr Charles Britton, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 2.

[247] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 7.

[248] Mr Paul Fletcher, Optus, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 2.

[249] Mr Charles Britton, Australian Consumers' Association, Committee Hansard, 10 February 2005, p. 2.

[250] Australian Consumers' Association, Submission 4, p. 7.

[251] Explanatory Memorandum to the Australian Communications and Media Authority Bill 2004, p. 30.

[252] Dr Derek Wilding, Communications Law Centre, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, pp. 15-16.

[253] Ibid, p. 16.

[254] Ms Lynnita Maddock, ABA, Committee Hansard, 11 February 2005, p. 52.

[255] Communications Law Centre, Submission 7, p. 3.

[256] Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, Submission 10, p. 1.

[257] Ms Holthuyzen, DCITA, Committee Hansard 11 February 2005, p. 54.

[258] ABC, Submission 3, pp 1-2.

[259] Optus, Submission 9, p. 1.