Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        The term 'stolen generation' refers to a policy that involved the forcible removal of Indigenous children from their families for placement into foster homes, internment camps or institutions from the mid-nineteenth century up until the 1970s: Australian Lawyers Alliance, Submission 67, p. 4. It is estimated that at least 100,000 children were taken from their families during that period: National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, Bringing them home, April 1997.

[2]        Explanatory Memorandum, Stolen Generation Compensation Bill 2008, p. 1.

[3]        Explanatory Memorandum, Stolen Generation Compensation Bill 2007, p. 4.

Chapter 2 - Background and overview of the Bill

[1]        National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, Bringing them home, April 1997.

[2]        Recommendation 4.

[3]        United Nations Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Basic principles and Guidelines on the Right to Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/17.

[4]        Recommendation 3.

[5]        Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008).

[6]        Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), Submission 83, p. 2.

[7]        Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008); the Hon John Howard MP, Prime Minister, House of Representatives Hansard, 26 August 1999, p. 9165.

[8]        See House of Representatives Hansard, 26 August 1999, p. 9209.

[9]        Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008).

[10]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister, House of Representatives Hansard, 13 February 2008, p. 167.

[11]      For example, the National Sorry Day Committee and the Stolen Generations Alliance.

[12]      Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee, Healing: A Legacy of Generations, The Report of the Inquiry into the Federal Government's Implementation of Recommendations Made by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in Bringing Them Home, November 2000.

[13]      Recommendation 7.

[14]      Recommendation 9.

[15]      Senator the Hon Ian Campbell, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, Senate Hansard, 28 June 2001, p. 25401.

[16]      Senator the Hon Ian Campbell, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, Senate Hansard, 28 June 2001, p. 25401; Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008).

[17]      PIAC's proposal for the establishment of a stolen generations reparations tribunal was originally put forward in 1997, in response to the recommendations of the Bringing them home report, and to provide an alternative to litigation as a means of securing redress for harm suffered by members of the stolen generation: Associate Professor Andrea Durbach, Australian Human Rights Centre, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 1.

[18]      Recommendation 8.

[19]      See, for example, PIAC, Restoring Identity, Final report of the Moving Forward consultation project, 2002, at http://www.eniar.org/news/pdfs/restoringidentity.pdf (accessed 27 March 2008); Submission 69 pp 4-13; Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, pp 1-9.

[20]      Recommendation 1.

[21]      MCATSIA, Evaluation of Responses to Bringing Them Home Report, November 2003, p. 46 at http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/oaa/information/bthreport_dec2003.pdf (accessed 26 March 2008).

[22]      FaHCSIA, answers to questions on notice, received 14 May 2008, p. 1.

[23]      Submission 83, covering letter dated 9 May 2008.

[24]      Submission 83, p. 1.

[25]      Submission 83, p. 2.

[26]      Submission 83, p. 2.

[27]      Submission 83, p. 2.

[28]      The Bringing Them Home Counsellors program provides funding for over 108 counsellor positions in 73 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Controlled Health Services across Australia. These positions provide counselling to individuals, families and communities affected by past practices regarding the forced removal of Indigenous children from their families. Bringing Them Home Counsellors respond to the needs of a broad range of clients, including those removed, those left behind, and the children, grandchildren and relatives of all those affected by separation practices: Department of Health and Ageing, Submission 84, p. 3.

[29]      FaHCSIA, answers to questions on notice, received 14 May 2008, p. 3.

[30]      Department of Health and Ageing, Submission 84, p. 6.

[31]      Submission 84, p. 6.

[32]      Submission 83, p. 2.

[33]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister, Apology Calligraphy Unveiling speech, Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May 2008.

[34]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister, Apology Calligraphy Unveiling speech, Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May 2008.

[35]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister, Apology Calligraphy Unveiling speech, Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May 2008.

[36]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister, Apology Calligraphy Unveiling speech, Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May 2008.

[37]      Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008); Tasmanian Government, Submission 80, p. 1.

[38]      Submission 80, p. 1.

[39]      Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008).

[40]      Submission 81, p. 1.

[41]      FaHCSIA, Submission 83, p. 3.

[42]      Submission 82, pp 1-2.

[43]      Parliamentary Library, "'Sorry': the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report", Background Note, 4 February 2008, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2007-08/BringingThemHomeReport.htm (accessed 27 March 2008).

[44]      The Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinances of 1911 and 1918 applied to Indigenous people living in the Northern Territory.

[45]      p. 2.

Chapter 3 - Key issues

[1]        For example, see Edmund Rice Institute for Social Justice, Submission 68, p. 4; Ms Helen Moran and Mr Rodney Dillon, National Sorry Day Committee, Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 16; Mr Philip Elsegood, Stolen Generations Alliance: Australians for Healing, Truth and Justice, Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 18.

[2]        Council for the National Interest, Western Australian Committee, Submission 8, p. 1.

[3]        Croker Island Stolen Generation People, Submission 37, p. 2; NSW National Sorry Day Committee, Submission 46, pp 2 & 6. Only one submission suggested, albeit indirectly, that focus on compensation for the Indigenous stolen generation is misguided given that there were other non-Indigenous members of the Australian population who suffered similar plights (such as those children who were sent to Australia from the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century). This submission argued that the scope of the Bill's compensation scheme should be extended to include all such 'stolen generations': Mr Peter Gerry, Submission 9.

[4]        Mr Alan N Hall AM, retired former Deputy President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (Cth), Submission 85, p. 1.

[5]        Submission 67, pp 4-5.

[6]        Submission 57, p. 1.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, pp 11 and 15.

[8]        Submission 57, p. 1.

[9]        Submission 67, p. 5.

[10]      Submission 57, p. 2.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 10.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 31.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 21.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 15.

[17]      Submission 65, p. 2.

[18]      Submission 68, p. 4.

[19]      Submission 6, p. 2.

[20]      Submission 73, p. 5.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 21.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 6.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 4.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 4.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, pp 4-5.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[30]      Submission 65, p. 2.

[31]      Submission 67, p. 6.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11.

[33]      Submission 70, p. 4.

[34]      Submission 70, pp 4-5.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 29.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11.

[37]      Committee Hansard , 16 April 2008, p. 13.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 12.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 12.

[40]      Submission 57, p. 3.

[41]      Submission 57, p. 2.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11.

[43]      Submission 15, p. 4.

[44]      Submission 6, p. 3.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 5.

[46]      Submission 22, p. 1.

[47]      For example, see Mr Julian Burnside QC, Submission 28, p. 2; Sydney Centre for International Law, Submission 57, p. 3.

[48]      For example, see Reconciliation for Western Sydney, Submission 3, p. 1; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 22, p. 2.

[49]      Submission 66, p. 1.

[50]      Ms Jacqueline Katona, Danila Dilba Health Service, Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 31.

[51]      Submission 33, p. 3.

[52]      Submission 70, p. 6.

[53]      Submission 70, p. 6.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 20.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 21.

[56]      Ms Jacqueline Katona, Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 31.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 11.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 11.

[59]      Submission 78, p. 3.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 4.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 7.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 7.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 28.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[65]      See, for example, Ms Helen Moran, Submission 19, p. 1; Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency, Submission 33, p. 3; Stolen Generations Victoria, Submission 34, p. 3.

[66]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 1.

[67]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 14.

[68]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 22.

[69]      Submission 69, p. 1.

[70]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 3.

[71]      Submission 6, p. 4.

[72]      Submission 43a, p. 2.

[73]      Submission 57, p. 4.

[74]      Submission 14, p. 4. The Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement and the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research also expressed strong support for a healing foundation: Submission 53, p. 6; Submission 42, p. 5.

[75]      Submission 42, p. 5.

[76]      Submission 42, pp 5-6.

[77]      Submission 42, p. 4.

[78]      Submission 42, p. 5.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 17.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 17.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 17.

[82]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 5.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 4.

[84]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 4.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, pp 5 & 6.

[86]      For example, see Dr Susan Greer, Submission 51, pp 1-2; Public Interest Advocacy Centre/Australian Human Rights Centre, Submission 69, pp 14-15; Dr Ben Saul, Sydney Centre for International Law, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 11; Ms Anna Cody, Kingsford Legal Centre, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 16.

[87]      Submission 83, p. 3.

[88]      The Law Society of New South Wales, Submission 79, p. 4.

[89]      Submission 83, p. 3.

[90]      Submission 83, p. 3.

[91]      Submission 83, p. 3.

[92]      Submission 15, p. 4.

[93]      See Chapter 1 of this report for further details about the history of the model.

[94]      Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 1.

[95]      Submission 69, p. 8.

[96]      Submission 69, p. 8.

[97]      Submission 69, p. 8.

[98]      Stolen Generations Reparations Tribunal Bill 2008.

[99]      Submission 69, Appendix A; Submission 69a, Annexure A.

[100]    Submission 69a, Annexure B.

[101]    Submission 76, p. 2.

[102]    Submission 25, p. 2.

[103]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, pp 16-17.

[104]    Submission 15, p. 2.

[105]    Submission 76, p. 2.

[106]    Submission 70, p. 6.

[107]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 20.

[108]    Mr Darren Dick, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 17.

[109]    Mr Darren Dick, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 20.

[110]    Mr Darren Dick, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, p. 18.

[111]    Mr Darren Dick, Committee Hansard, 16 April 2008, pp 18-19.

[112]    Submission 57, pp 3-4.

[113]    Submission 13, p. 1; Submission 24, p. 1.

[114]    Submission 81, p. 2.

[115]    Submission 15, p. 3; Submission 22, p. 2.

[116]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 30. This argument is based on the fact that, from 1911 until 1947, the laws of the Northern Territory were made by the Commonwealth. The first partly-elected Legislative Council of the Northern Territory was appointed in December 1947 and the Legislative Council was replaced by a fully-elected Legislative Assembly in 1974, but it was not until 1978 that the Northern Territory was granted self-government by the Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 (Cth).

[117]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 30.

[118]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, p. 26.

[119]    Committee Hansard, 15 April 2008, pp 26-27.

[120]    Submission 83, p. 3.

[121]    Submission 83, p. 3.

Additional comments by the Liberal Senators

[1]        The Hon. Dr Brendan Nelson MP, 'We Are Sorry', Apology to Australia's Indigenous Peoples, 13 February 2008 at http://www.brendannelson.com.au/Pages/Article.aspx?ID=557 (accessed 13 June 2008).

Additional comments by Senator Andrew Bartlett

[1]        https://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/stolen_wages/index.htm

Additional comments by Australian Greens

[1]        PIAC/AHRC, Submission 69, p. 56.

[2]        PIAC/AHRC, Submission 69, p. 56.