Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        House of Representatives, Votes and Proceedings, No. 69—25 September 2014, P. 856.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, No. 56—25 September 2014, pp. 1506-1507.

[3]        Bills Digest, p. 3.

[4]        Bills Digest, p. 3. References omitted.

[5]        Bills Digest, p. 3.

[6]        Bills Digest, p. 4; Mr Morrison, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10546.

[7]        Explanatory Memorandum, p. 2.

[8]        Mr Morrison, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, pp. 10545-10546.

[9]        Explanatory Memorandum, p. 13.

[10]      Explanatory Memorandum, p. 13.

[11]      Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Alert Digest No. 14 of 2014, 29 October 2014, pp. 20-47.

[12]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, Fourteenth Report of the 44^th Parliament, October 2014, pp. 70-92.

Chapter 2 - Key provisions of the Bill

[1]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 11 & 15.

[2]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Item 19 (proposed section 75C).

[3]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 12 & 18.

[4]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 15 & 17.

[5]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 19 (proposed section 75D) & 31.

[6]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 19 (proposed section 75F) & 31.

[7]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Item 19 (proposed section 75H).

[8]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 6 (proposed sections 22A & 22B) & 19 (proposed sections 75A & 75B).

[9]        The Bill, Schedule 1, Items 32-35.

[10]      The Bill, Schedule 1, Item 36.

[11]      The Bill, Schedule 1, Item 37.

[12]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10546.

[13]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Items 5 & 16.

[14]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 29.

[15]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 31.

[16]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 30.

[17]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 31.

[18]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 16.

[19]      The Bill, Schedule 2, Items 20 & 38.

[20]      The Bill, Schedule 3, Item 1.

[21]      The Bill, Schedule 3, Item 7.

[22]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10546.

[23]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 1; Legislative Instruments Act 2003, subsection 44(2) (Item 26); Explanatory Memorandum, p. 114.

[24]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 1

[25]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Items 16 & 17.

[26]      The phrase 'manifestly unfounded claim' is not defined.

[27]      Section 97 provides the following definition of 'bogus document' which only applies to Subdivision C of Division 3 of Part 2 of the Migration Act and, therefore, does not apply to the definition of 'excluded fast track review applicant': "bogus document", in relation to a person, means a document that the Minister reasonably suspects is a document that:

(a)  purports to have been, but was not, issued in respect of the person; or

(b)  is counterfeit or has been altered by a person who does not have authority to do so; or

(c)  was obtained because of a false or misleading statement, whether or not made knowingly.

[28]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Items 1 & 2; Legislative Instruments Act 2003, subsection 44(2) (Item 26); Explanatory Memorandum, p. 114.

[29]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473CA).

[30]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473BD).

[31]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473FA).

[32]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473DA).

[33]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473DB).

[34]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed sections 473DB-DD).

[35]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473CC).

[36]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 22.

[37]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, pp. 10547, 10548.

[38]      See Sir Elihu Lauterpacht QC & Daniel Bethlehem, 'The scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion' in E Feller, V Turk & F Nicholson (Eds), Refugee protection in international law:  UNHCR's global consultations on international protection (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 87-177.

[39]      The Bill, Schedule 5, Item 2.

[40]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, pp. 10548-10549.

[41]      The Bill, Schedule 5, Items 4-17.

[42]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10549.

[43]      This is because:

(a)    by section 10 of the Migration Act, a non-citizen child born in Australia is deemed to have entered Australia at the time of birth:

(b)   by subsection 5AA(2), a person who enters Australia otherwise than by air is deemed to have 'entered Australia by sea';

(c)    by section 14, a non-citizen in Australia without a valid visa is an 'unlawful non-citizen'; and

(d)   by subsection 5AA(1), an unlawful non-citizen who entered Australia by sea is an 'unauthorised maritime arrival'.

This analysis is supported by the recent decision of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia in Plaintiff B9/2014 v Minister for Immigration [2014] FCCA 2348.

[44]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10549.

[45]      The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 4 & 14.

[46]      The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 5-10.

[47]      The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 13 & 15.

[48]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10550.

Chapter 3 - Key Issues

[1]        Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp 2-6; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 137, pp 2-9; Amnesty International, Submission 170, pp 2-3; Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp 12-19; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 19 and Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp 24-25.

[2]        Refugee Council of Australia, Submission 136, p. 1.

[3]        Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp 4-5; Refugee Advice and Casework Service, Submission 134, pp 5-7; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp 24-25 and Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 15.

[4]        Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp 2-3.

[5]        Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 15.

[6]        Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 16.

[7]        Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp 6-7; Refugee Advice and Casework Service, Submission 134, p. 7. and Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 16.

[8]        Refugee Advice and Casework Service, Submission 134, p. 7.

[9]        Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171.

[10]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 5.

[11]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 6.

[12]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, pp 5-6.

[13]      Ms Vicki Parker, General Counsel, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 61.

[14]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, pp 6-7.

[15]      Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp 15-16; Refugee Council of Australia, Submission 136, pp 4-6; Migration Law Program, Australian National University, Submission 168, pp 6-7; Refugee Advice and Casework Service, Submission 134, pp 8-16; Amnesty International, Submission 170, pp 3-5; Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp 19-25; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, pp 6-11 and Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp 17-20.

[16]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp 8-9; Refugee Advice and Casework Service, Submission 134, p. 9; Amnesty International, Submission 170, p. 4 and Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp 34-35,

[17]      Mr Khanh Hoang, Associate Lecturer, Migration Law Program, ANU College of Law, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 37.

[18]      Mr Paul Power, Chief Executive Officer, Refugee Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 44.

[19]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 20.

[20]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp 8-9; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 42; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp 15-16 and Refugee Council of Australia, Submission 136, pp 4-6;

[21]      Migration Law Program, Australian National University, Submission 168, pp 6-7,

[22]      Refugee Council of Australia, Submission 136, p. 5.

[23]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 7.

[24]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 7.

[25]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 7.

[26]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, Second Reading Speech, House of Representatives Hansard, 25 September 2014, p. 10546.

[27]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 7.

[28]      Ms Karen Visser, Director, Protection and Humanitarian Policy Section, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 56.

[29]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 24; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 1, 2; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 13.

[30]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 29; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 2; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 10.

[31]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp. 25, 27; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 1.

[32]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp. 11, 25; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, pp. 11-12; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 2.

[33]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 4.

[34]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 31; Amnesty International, Submission 170, p. 7. These submissions are referring to the Migration Amendment Legislation (Regaining Control of Australia’s Protection Obligations) Bill 2014, which seeks to remove the statutory process for complementary protection assessment, and the Migration Amendment Legislation (Protection and Other Measures) Bill 2014, which seeks to increase the test for complementary protection claims to ‘more likely than not’, or greater than 50% chance of harm on return.

[35]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 4; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 26-28; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 9.

[36]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 18, 26; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 12.

[37]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 30; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 25-26; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 12; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 9.

[38]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 28; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 9.

[39]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 28; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 9.

[40]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 7;

[41]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 29; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 25-26; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 7-8.

[42]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed subsection 473FA(1)). Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 28; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 29; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 13; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 7.

[43]      Migration Act 1958, sections 353 & 420.

[44]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 20; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 13.

[45]      The Bill, Schedule 4, Item 21 (proposed section 473CC).

[46]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 25.

[47]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 14.

[48]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 13.

[49]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, pp. 13-14.

[50]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp. 27-28.

[51]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 30; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 3-4.

[52]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 6.

[53]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 32.

[54]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 6-7.

[55]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 31; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 3.

[56]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 10.

[57]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 14.

[58]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 15.

[59]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp. 4, 30; 10. The Bill excludes decisions that have been or might be subject to fast track review from the jurisdiction of the Federal Circuit Court: Schedule 4, Item 22.

[60]      Ms Carina Ford, Steering Group, Migration Law Committee, Law Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 2.

[61]      Mr Shane Prince, Member, Law Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 8.

[62]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 35; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 1; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 137, p. 12.

[63]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 35; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 17.

[64]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, pp. 15-16.

[65]      Explanatory Memorandum, p. 166.

[66]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 9-10; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp. 9-10; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 12.

[67]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 12.

[68]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 17.

[69]      Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 15; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 10; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 14-15.

[70]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 7, 12; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 10; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 15.

[71]    Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 36; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 12-13; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, pp. 16-17; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 12-13; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp. 10-11; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 15-16; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 137, pp. 9-10.

[72]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 13-14; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 16-18.

[73]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 13-14; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 14-15; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 18-19; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 137, p. 10.

[74]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 19-20

[75]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 38; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 14-15; Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 16; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 16-17; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, pp. 11-12; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, p. 20; Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Submission 137, pp. 11-12.

[76]      Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 20-21.

[77]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 15-17; Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, pp. 15-16; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 21-22.

[78]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 12.

[79]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 38; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 15.

[80]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 17.

[81]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 17.

[82]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 17.

[83]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 20.

[84]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 21.

[85]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 23.

[86]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, pp. 42-44; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p 48; Maurice Blackburn, Submission 43.

[87]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 42.

[88]      Maurice Blackburn, Submission 43, p. 4.

[89]      Maurice Blackburn, Submission 43, p. 4.

[90]      Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 18; Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 7; Maurice Blackburn, Submission 43, p. 4.

[91]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 48, 50.

[92]      Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 18.

[93]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 129, p. 39.

[94]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 24.

[95]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 25.

[96]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to a question on notice, received 19 November 2014, pp 6-7.

[97]      Australian Citizenship Act 2007, subsection 21(8).

[98]      Explanatory Memorandum, p. 31.

[99]      Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 52.

[100]    Maurice Blackburn, Submission 43, pp. 5-6.

[101]    Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 24-25.

[102]    Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 24.

[103]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 26.

[104]    Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, pp. 48, 49-50.

[105]    Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 163, p. 47.

[106]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to a question on notice, received 19 November 2014, p. 2.

[107]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to a question on notice, received 19 November 2014, p. 2.

[108]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to a question on notice, received 19 November 2014, p. 3.

[109]    The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 4 & 14.

[110]    The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 5-10.

[111]    The Bill, Schedule 7, Items 13 & 15.

[112]    Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 21, quoting Explanatory Memorandum, Migration and Ombudsman Legislation Amendment Bill 2005, para. 35.

[113]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 28.

[114]    Australian Red Cross, Submission 164, p. 19; Institute of International Law and Humanities, Melbourne Law School, and the Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, UNSW, Submission 167, pp. 26.

[115]    Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 21.

[116]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Submission 171, p. 28.

[117]    Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to a question on notice, received 19 November 2014, p. 4.

Dissenting Report of the Australian Labor Party

[1]        All other provisions in the Bill concerning safe haven enterprise visas are consequential to this proposed subsection.

[2]        Namely Schedule 3.

[3]        The Bill, Schedule 2, Item 15; Explanatory Memorandum, p. 51.

[4]        The Bill, Schedule 3, Item 7; Explanatory Memorandum, pp 52, 53.

[5]        Ms Karen Visser, Protection and Humanitarian Policy Section, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 55.

[6]        Ms Karen Visser, Protection and Humanitarian Policy Section, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 56.

[7]        Ms Karen Visser, Protection and Humanitarian Policy Section, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 56.

[8]        Senator the Hon Jacinta Collins, Committee Hansard, 14 November 2014, p. 57.

[9]        Department of Immigration and Border Protection, answer to questions on notice, 14 November 2014 (received 19 November 2014).

[10]      Mr Clive Palmer MP, Member for Fairfax, 'A solution to save Australia billions of dollars and place refugees into productive employment', Media release, 26 September 2014.

[11]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, 'Reintroducing TPVs to resolve Labor's asylum legacy caseload, Cambodia', Transcript of press conference, 26 September 2014.

[12]      The Hon Scott Morrison MP, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, 'Reintroducing TPVs to resolve Labor's asylum legacy caseload, Cambodia', Transcript of press conference, 26 September 2014.

[13]      Mr Clive Palmer MP, Member for Fairfax, 'A solution to save Australia billions of dollars and place refugees into productive employment', Media release, 26 September 2014.

Dissenting Report: The Australian Greens - Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014

[1]        Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 3.

[2]        CPCF v. Minister for Immigration and Border Protection & Anor.

[3]        Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 4.

[4]        Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 24.

[5]        Uniting Justice Australia, Submission 124, p. 4.

[6]        Amnesty International Australia, Submission 170, p. 4.

[7]        Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 20.

[8]        Ms Alison Larkins, First Assistant Secretary, Refugee, Humanitarian and International Policy Division, Estimates Hansard, Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, 27 May 2014, p. 78.

[9]        Human Rights Law Centre, Submission 166, p. 10.

[10]      Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 12.

[11]      United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Submission 138, p. 5.

[12]      Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, Submission 131, p. 19.

[13]      Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, Submission 131, p. 22.

[14]      Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 43, p. 1.

[15]      ChilOut, Submission 96, p. 2.

[16]      Refugee Immigration and Legal Centre, Submission 165, p. 20.

[17]      Refugee Council of Australia, Submission 136, p. 13.