Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction and conduct of the inquiry

[1]        Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 2.

[2]        CPRS Fact Sheet: Scheme Coverage, Department of Climate Change.

Chapter 2 - The case for change

[1]        Thomas Friedman, Hot, Flat and Crowded, 2008, p 128.

[2]        The other greenhouse gases are water vapour, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons and tropospheric ozone. Greenhouse gases are often expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) due to the different warming potential of the various gases.

[3]        IPCC 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, p. 5.

[4]        Cited in White Paper, p 1-2. This may not sound a lot, however, 5 degrees is the difference between now and the last ice age.

[5]        White Paper, p 2-1.

[6]        John Holdren, Professor of Environmental Policy, at Harvard University and former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, cited in Thomas Friedman, Hot, Flat and Crowded, 2008, p 125.

[7]        IPCC 2007, Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, p. 509.

[8]        Dr Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 4.

[9]        A Dupont & G Pearman, 'Heating up the planet: Climate change and security', Lowy Paper, no 12, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2006, cited in White Paper p 1-2.

Chapter 3 - Timing

[1]        Mr James Cameron, Vice Chairman and Executive Director, Climate Change Capital, ProofCommittee Hansard, 19 March 2008, p. 25.

[2]        Dr Peter Burn, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 82.

[3]        Mr Tim Nelson, AGL Energy, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 1.

[4]        Mr John Connor, Climate Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 42.

[5]        Mr Paul Curnow, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 15.

[6]        Mr Ottaviano, Carnegie Corporation, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 36.

[7]        Mr Andrew Catchpole, Hydro Tasmania, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 15.

[8]        Ms Susan Jeanes, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Geothermal Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 50.

[9]        Ms Amanda McCluskey, Colonial First State Global Asset Management, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 50.

[10]      Australian Financial Markets Association, Submission 114, p, 4.

[11]      Mr Steve Gibbs, Investor group on Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 86.

[12]      Mr John Connor, Chief Executive Officer, Climate Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 42.

[13]      Dr Peter Burn, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p, 40.

[14]      Mr Geoff Rousel, Executive Director, Global Head Commodities, Carbon and Energy, Westpac, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 27.

[15]      Dr Ray Wills, Chief Executive Officer, Western Australian Sustainable Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 45.

[16]      Dr David Gruen, 'The economic costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions: understanding the Treasury modelling', Treasury Economic Roundup, no. 4, 2008, p 27.

[17]      Dr  Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 4.

[18]      David Pearce, Executive Director, Centre for International Economics, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 87

[19]      Origin Energy, Submission 113, p,2.

[20]      Dr Paul Simshauser, AGL Energy, 27 March 2009, p 9.

[21]      Mr Gregg Rowley, Group Executive, Clean Energy, Santos Limited, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 31.

[22]      Mr Ben Fargher, Chief Executive Officer, National Farmers' Federation, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 12.

[23]      This point is made by, among others, Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital (UK), Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 23 and Dr  Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 5.

[24]       James Cameron, Climate Change Capital, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p11

[25]       Dr Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p11

[26]      Dr Peter Burn, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 76.

[27]      Caltex, Submission 128, p 1.

[28]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 64.

[29]      Dr Frank Jutzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 34.

[30]      Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 20.

[31]      Professor Clive Hamilton, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 19.

[32]      Australian Industry Group, Submission 90, p 2.

[33]      Dr Peter Burn, Associate Director Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 81.

[34]      Ms Amanda McCluskey, Colonial First State Global Asset Management, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 55.

[35]      Mr Sibley, Energetics, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 70.

[36]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 65.

[37]      Professor Tim Flannery, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 112.

[38]      Dr Frank Jotzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 34.

[39]      Mr Tony Westmore, ACOSS, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 19.

[40]      The Climate Institute, Submission 105, p 6.

[41]      Mr Paul Toni, World Wildlife Fund, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 68.

[42]      Mr Owen Pascoe, Australian Conservation Foundation, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 46. The reasons for this are that ACF view the targeted emissions reductions are too small, the number of free permits as excessive and the support for renewable energy and voluntary action as inadequate.

Chapter 4 - Economic modelling

[1]        Treasury, Australia's Low Pollution Future: The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation, October 2008, p iii. This report is hereafter referred to as Treasury (2008). Similarly, the Secretary of the Department of Climate Change commented ' the Treasury modelling is the most significant and comprehensive exercise ever undertaken in Australia'; Dr Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 8.

[2]        The three main computable general equilibrium models used were the Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM) developed by ABARE, the G-cubed model developed by Professor Warwick McKibbin of the Australian National University and the Monash Multi‑Regional Forecasting (MMRF) model. They were supplemented by industry-specific models. The impacts on households were modelled using Treasury's Price Revenue Incidence Simulation Model (PRISMOD). Treasury (2008, pp 12-14).

[3]        Treasury (2008, p ix).

[4]        Treasury (2008, p xi).

[5]        Treasury (2008, p 78).

[6]        Advanced economies from 2010, China from 2015, India from 2020 and poorer countries from 2025; Treasury (2008, p 82).

[7]        Mr Andrew Canion, Senior Adviser, Industry Policy, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Western Australia, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 17 November 2008, p 5.

[8]        Dr Brian Fisher, 'A peer review of the Treasury modelling of the economic impacts of reducing emissions', Concept Economics, 30 January 2009, p 20.

[9]        Dr David Gruen, 'The economic costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions: understanding the Treasury modelling', Treasury Economic Roundup, no. 4, 2008, p 27.

[10]      Australian Industry Greenhouse Network, Submission 54, p, 7.

[11]      Ms Meghan Quinn, Treasury, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 19 November 2008, p 63.

[12]      Dr Brian Fisher, 'A peer review of the Treasury modelling of the economic impacts of reducing emissions', Concept Economics, 30 January 2009, p 36.

[13]      Ms Meghan Quinn, Treasury, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 12.

[14]      Ms Meghan Quinn, Treasury, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 19 November 2008, p 63.

[15]      Treasury (2008, p xvi).

[16]      'Garnaut's myths of emission', The Australian, 31 October 2008.

[17]      Dr Brian Fisher, 'A peer review of the Treasury modelling of the economic impacts of reducing emissions', Concept Economics, 30 January 2009, p 6.

[18]      Dr Brian Fisher, 'A peer review of the Treasury modelling of the economic impacts of reducing emissions', Concept Economics, 30 January 2009, p 29.

[19]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 7.

[20]      Dr Heinz Schandl, CSIRO, 25 March 2009, p 24.

[21]      Dr Heinz Schandl, CSIRO, 25 March 2009, p 25.

[22]      Dr Heinz Schandl, CSIRO, 25 March 2009, p 33.

[23]      Garnaut Review, p 253.

[24]      Garnaut Review, p 253.

[25]      Garnaut Review, pp 262-3.

[26]      Garnaut Review, p 272.

[27]      Garnaut Review, p 268.

[28]      Garnaut Review, p 306.

[29]      Australian Business Roundtable on Climate Change, The Business Case for Early Action, April 2006, p 5.

[30]      The Australian, 26 March 2009; see also Danny Price, Frontier Economics, Proof Senate Select Committee on Fuel and Energy Hansard, 2 April 2009, p 19.

[31]      Reserve Bank, Statement on Monetary Policy, February 2009, p 69.

[32]      Reserve Bank, Statement on Monetary Policy, February 2009, p 69.

Chapter 5 - Targets in the CPRS

[1]        The internationally agreed conversion factors, reflecting the impact on global warming of the various gases, are given in White Paper, p 6-2. While, for example, nitrous oxide is emitted in much lower volumes than carbon dioxide, its global warming impact is 310 times as high.

[2]        Definitions of the sectors are given in White Paper, pp 6-2 and 6-3.

[3]        The average requirement was a 5 per cut from 1990 levels: White Paper, p C-1.

[4]        White Paper, p 4-6.

[5]        CPRS Bill Commentary, p 8.

[6]        White Paper, p 10-7.

[7]        CPRS Bill Commentary, p 14. The Garnaut Review had also advocated a 5 per cent unconditional cut but recommended an offer of a 25 per cent cut in the context of an international agreement that added up to sufficient cuts to reach a CO₂ concentration of 450 ppm.

[8]        White Paper, Executive Summary, p 5.

[9]        White Paper, p 4-8.

[10]      Prime Minister's speech at National Press Club, 14 December 2008?

[11]      Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 21, p 2.

[12]      Australian Workers Union, Submission 27, p 5.

[13]      Professor Joshua Gans, Submission 1, p 1.

[14]      Ms Emma Louise Herd, Director Emissions and Environment, Westpac, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p, 28.

[15]      Australian Industry Greenhouse Network, Submission 54, p 8. (The EU, and the UK part of it, are not actually wealthier than Australia.)

[16]       Australian Government submission to the Ad hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperative Action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

[17]      It has been suggested the White Paper could be understating likely European population growth; Tim Colebatch, 'Rudd's defence of target contains some telling omissions', The Age, 17 December 2008.

[18]      Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009, Exposure Draft, (hereafter CPRS ED), section 14, p 30.

[19]      Garnaut Review, p 278.

[20]      A similar calculation in a report by Ecofys gives a 22-28 per cent reduction as Australia’s contribution; Dr Paul Twomey, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 116. This is also about a 25 per cent reduction from 2000 levels, as in Australia there was little net increase in emissions over 1990-2000 (see Chart 5.2).

[21]      Dr Frank Jotzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, pp 29-30.

[22]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 65.

Chapter 6 - Transitional assistance

[1]        Department of Climate Change, Assistance for EITE industries, Fact Sheet, December 2008.

[2]        As a British expert witness put it of a firm relocating to avoid a carbon price, 'what they are saying is they would prefer not to take the responsibility as a member of society to reduce their emissions, to take their business somewhere else and freely to admit that which will cause harm to their own citizens. I cannot see that as evidence of leadership of any kind. I regard that as weak.'; Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 19.

[3]        Cement Industry Federation, Submission 14, p 4.

[4]        Australian Plantation Products and Paper Industries Council, Submission 36, p 2.

[5]        Ms Aileen Murrell, Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 3.

[6]        White Paper, p xxxiii.

[7]        Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital (UK), Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 22.

[8]        A study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics, cited in Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, [Shergold] Report, May 2007, p 95.

[9]        Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 26.

[10]      Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital (UK), Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 26.

[11]      Mr Connor, Climate Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 45.

[12]      Dr Guy Pearse, 'Quarry vision: coal, climate change and the end of the resources boom, Quarterly Essay, no 33, 2009, p 55.

[13]      Dr Brian Fisher, 'A peer review of the Treasury modelling of the economic impacts of reducing emissions', Concept Economics, 30 January 2009, p 26.

[14]      Mr Timothy McAuliffe, Alcoa, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 67.

[15]      Dr Richard Denniss, Australia Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 75.

[16]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 26.

[17]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p   .

[18]      Ms Amanda McCluskey, Colonial First State Global Asset Management, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 48.

[19]      Australian Workers Union, Submission 27, p 3.

[20]      The operation of 'baseline-and-credit' systems is described and critiqued in Chapter 11.

[21]      White Paper, p lxxv.

[22]      White Paper, p 12-45.

[23]      The reduction is 1.3 per cent, not percentage points. So the rate in the second year is          60*(1-0.13)=59.2 per cent, not 60-1.3=58.7 per cent. This also means the rate will never reach zero.

[24]      White Paper, p xxxv. This is considerably above that in the Garnaut Review, which envisaged the proportion being less than 30 per cent and falling over time (p xxxii).

[25]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 17.

[26]      Dr  Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, pp 5-6.

[27]      Rio Tinto, Submission 63, p 2.

[28]      Australian Industry Greenhouse Network, Submission 54, p 3.

[29]      Blue Scope Steel and OneSteel, Submission 66, p 2.

[30]      Woodside Energy, Submission 95, p 3.

[31]      See, for example, Ms Belinda Robinson, APPEA, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 3; Cement Industry Federation, Submission 14, p 2; Alcoa, Submission 44, p 1; and BlueScope/Onesteel, Submission 66, p 2.

[32]      Mr Blair Comley, Acting Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p 5.

[33]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 64.

[34]      Garnaut Review, p 345.

[35]      Dr Frank Jutzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 30.

[36]      Dr Regina Betz, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 121.

[37]      Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, [Shergold] Report, May 2007, p 95.

[38]      Dr Frank Jotzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 30.

[39]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 14.

[40]      Mr Ralph Hillman, Executive Director, Australian Coal Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 108.

[41]      Mr Ralph Hillman, Executive Director, Australian Coal Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 110.

[42]      Mr Ralph Hillman, Executive Director, Australian Coal Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 110.

[43]      White Paper, p 12-46.

[44]      Mitch Hooke, Chief Executive, Minerals Council of Australia, cited in The Australian, 23 January 2009, p 1.

[45]      Ms Belinda Robinson, Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p, 3.

[46]      Minister for Climate Change and Water, Media Release, 27 February 2009.

[47]      Ms Clare Savage, Chief Executive Officer, ESAA, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 35. A similar view is put by Mr Wayne Trumble, Griffin Energy, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 13.

[48]      ESAA, Submission 21, p 5.

[49]      White Paper, p

[50]      CPRS Bill Commentary, pp 133-4.

[51]      Dr Richard Deniss, Executive Director, Australia Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 74.

[52]      Mr Tony Westmore, Australian Council of Social Service, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 25.

[53]      Ms Anna Reynolds, Energetics, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 39.

[54]      Australian Workers' Union, Submission 27, p 9.

[55]      Mr Peter Burns, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 84.

[56]      Mr Blair Comley, Acting Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p 6.

[57]      Ms Sue Jeanes, Chief Executive, Australian Geothermal Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 39.

[58]      EUAA, Submission 74, p 14.

[59]      Australasian Railway Association, Submission 73, p 2.

[60]      White Paper, p 17-2; Treasury (2008, p xv).

[61]      White Paper, p 17-2. Treasury (2008, p xv) refers to 'a one-off rise in the price level of around 1-1.5 per cent'. The Reserve Bank refers to a 'total effect of around 1 per cent'; Statement on Monetary Policy, February 2009, p 68. See also the discussion of impact on inflation below.

[62]      White Paper, p 17-2.

[63]      White Paper, p 17-1.

[64]      White Paper, Executive Summary, p 3.

[65]      White Paper, Executive Summary, p 4.

[66]      Department of Climate Change, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/greenpaper/factsheets/pubs/fs7.pdf

[67]      Mr Tony Westmore, ACOSS, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 23.

[68]      Dr Robert Breunig and Carol Gisz, 'An exploration of Australian petrol demand: unobservable habits, irreversibility and some updated estimates', Economic Record, vol 85, no 268, March, pp 73-91.

[69]      Mr Michael Roth, Royal Automobile Club of Queensland, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 20 February 2009, pp 3-4.

[70]      Mr Topham, Caltex, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 20 February 2009, p 56.

Chapter 7 - Employment and retraining

[1]        Mr Blair Comley, Acting Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p, 7.       

[2]        Dr Heinz Schandel, Senior Science Leader, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (and author of Growing the Green Collar Economy), Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 24.    

[3]        Ms Amanda McCluskey, Colonial First State Global Asset Management, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 53.

[4]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Labour Mobility (cat. No. 6209.0), February 2006.

[5]        Mr Ralph Hillman, Executive Director, Australian Coal Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 111.

[6]        Mr Tony Westmore, Australian Council of Social Service, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 24.

[7]        Dr Ottaviano, Carnegie Corporation, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 33.

[8]        Danny Price, Frontier Economics, Proof Fuel and Energy Select Committee Hansard, 2 April 2009, p 18.

[9]        Dr Heinz Schandl, Senior Science Leader, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 33.

[10]      Ms Sharran Burrows, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p, 87.

[11]      Mr James Cameron, Executive Director, Climate Change Capital (UK), Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 21.

[12]      Mr Daniel Price, Frontier Economics, Proof Select Committee on Fuel and Energy Hansard, 2 April 2009, p 19.

Chapter 8 - Voluntary abatement efforts under the CPRS

[1]        Energy related emissions will be included in the CPRS by applying permit obligations to electricity generators, gas retailers and upstream fuel suppliers.  These entities are expected to pass carbon costs through to consumers, creating an incentive for firms and households to reduce their energy use.  If households and firms fail to respond to the price signal as expected, more abatement will need to occur in other parts of the economy.

[2]        Submissions making this point include Submissions 3, 5, 21, 33, 35, 42, 49, 52, 55, 74, 79, 82, 84, 87, 93, 93, 97, 107, 110, 111, 112, 116 and 122.

[3]        Professor Tim Flannery, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 101.

[4]        Voluntary Carbon Markets Association, Submission 116, p, 2.

[5]        Australian Consumers Association, Submission 93, p, 2.

[6]        Total Environment Centre, Submission 79, p, 5.

[7]        Greenfleet, Submission 82, p, 5.

[8]        Dr Richard Dennis, 'Fixing the floor in the ETS: The role of energy efficiency in reducing Australia's emissions', The Australia Institute, Research Paper No. 59, November 2008; 'Wong must cap and slice', The Australian, 2 March 2009, p. 8.

[9]        Dr Richard Denniss, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 77.

[10]      Mr Matthew Warren, Chief Executive Officer, Clean Energy Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 61.

[11]      Professor Clive Hamilton, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 20.

[12]          Analysis by the Department of Climate Change.

[13]       Mr Blair Comley, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p 2

[14]      Mr David Pearce, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 92. 

[15]      Australian Industries Group, Submission 90, p 5.

[16]      Professor Clive Hamilton, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009. A similar linkage was put by Dr Richard Dennis s: 'when you combine emissions trading with a target that is too low from a scientific point of view, you have an understandable desire on the part of individuals and communities to "do their bit" to "take an extra step" and the design features of a CPRS literally prevent that from occurring; Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, pp. 74–75.

[17]      Dr Frank Jotzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 31.

[18]      Exposure draft, Commentary, p. 89.

[19]      The Hon. Penny Wong, 'ETS is better than tax', The Australian, 23 February 2009, p. 8.

[20]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, 

[21]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 21.

[22]      ‘Carbon crumbling – Part 2’, Sandbag, http://sandbag.org.uk/node/132 

[23]      Adjunct Professor Alan Pears, Submission to the Green Paper, p 4.

[24]      Mr Andrew Catchpole, Hydro Tasmania, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 15.

[25]      Total Environment Centre, Submission 79, pp 4,5.

[26]      Dr Richard Dennis, 'Fixing the floor in the ETS: The role of energy efficiency in reducing Australia's emissions', Research Paper No. 59, The Australia Institute, November 2008, p. 10.

[27]      Adjunct Professor Alan Pears, Submission on the Green Paper, p. 7. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/greenpaper/consultation/pubs/0331-pears.pdf

[28]      Mr Matthew Warren, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 60.

[29]      Mr David Pearce, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 92.

[30]      Carbon Reduction Institute, Submission on the Green Paper, p. 2. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/greenpaper/consultation/pubs/0547-carbon-reduction-institute.pdf

[31]      Dr Regina Betz, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 118.

Chapter 9 - Complementary measures

[1]        Mr Blair Comley, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 29.

[2]        White Paper, p. 19-1.

[3]        White Paper, p. 19-2.

[4]        White Paper, Budget Summary, p. E-1.

[5]        Energy Users Association of Australia, Submission 74, p. 14

[6]        Housing Industry Association, Submission 37, p. 2.

[7]        Ms Anna Reynolds, Energetics, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 66.

[8]        Australian Industry Group, Submission 90, p. 3.

[9]        White Paper, p. 19-4.

[10]      Dr Michael Ottaviano, Carnegie Corporation, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p. 36.

[11]      Hydro Tasmania, Submission 62, p. 4

[12]      Ms Susan Jeanes, Australian Geothermal Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 42.

[13]      Geosequestration is defined as 'injection of carbon dioxide directly into underground geological formations'. Biosequestration is defined as 'the removal from the atmosphere and storage of greenhouse gases through biological processes, such as growing trees and practices that enhance soil carbon in agriculture. Garnaut Review, pp 609, 611.

[14]      White Paper, p. 19-4

[15]      Prof Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p. 56

[16]      Mr Greg Rowley, Santos Ltd, Proof Committee Hansard, 24  March 2009,

[17]      Shell Australia Limited, Submission 112, p. 5.

[18]      National Farmers Federation, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 11.

[19]      Mr Matthew Warren, Clean Energy Council, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 61.

[20]      Prof. Tim Flannery, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p. 102.

[21]      Ms Susan Jeanes, Australian Geothermal Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. E39.

[22]      Energy Users Association of Australia, Submission 74, p. iii

[23]      Dr Ray Wills, Western Australian Renewable Energy Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, pp. 46-47.

[24]      Dr Michael Ottaviano, Carnegie Corporation, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 34.

[25]       Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism.

Chapter 10 - Markets for carbon permits

[1]        Strictly, the proposal is for twelve auctions per financial year; CPRS Bill Commentary, p 112.

[2]        The Government's aim is to hold at least one auction before July 2010; CPRS Bill Commentary, p 19.

[3]        White Paper, pp 9-17 to 9-21.

[4]        It also points out that in practice excluded entities could just arrange with eligible entities to bid for permits on their behalf; White Paper p 9-22.

[5]        White Paper, p 9-23.

[6]        White Paper, p 9-27.

[7]        White Paper, p 9-28.

[8]        This view was put in submissions on the Green Paper by, for example, BP Australia and environmental groups; White Paper, pp 8-33, 34.

[9]        Dr Regina Betz, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 117.

[10]      White Paper, p 8-1 to 8-3.

[11]      Rob Elstone, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Stock Exchange, cited in Australian Financial Review, 30 December 2008, p 29.

[12]      Mr Paul Curnow, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 Mrach 2009, p, 16.

[13]      Garnaut Review, p 217

[14]      Professor Warwick McKibbin, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 98.

[15]      Green Paper, p, 219

[16]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 13.

[17]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, pp 53-4.

[18]      Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 124, p, 13.

[19]      White Paper, Chapter 11, p, 3.

[20]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 54.

[21]      Cool NRG, Submission 52, p, 1.

[22]      Dr Richard Deniss, The Australia Institute, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p, 76.

[23]      Dr Regina Betz, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 117.

[24]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 13.

[25]      Dr Frank Jutzo, Proof Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p 32.

[26]      White Paper, Chapter 11, p, 10.

Chapter 11 - Alternative approaches to reducing emissions

[1]        David Hodgkinson and Renee Garner, Global climate change: Australian law and policy, 2008, p 242.

[2]        Mr Blair Comley, Deputy Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 12.

[3]        Garnaut Review, p 196.

[4]        White Paper, pp 5-11, 5-12.

[5]        White Paper, p 5-12.

[6]        Garnaut Review, p 196.

[7]        Garnaut Review, p 196.

[8]        Mr John Humprheys, 'Exploring a carbon tax for Australia', Centre for Independent Studies Policy monographs, no 80, 2007, p ix.

[9]        Joshua Gans and John Quiggan, 'The practicalities of emissions trading', Melbourne Review, vol 3, no 2, November 2007, p 63.

[10]      White Paper, p 5-13.

[11]      Mr John Humprheys, 'Exploring a carbon tax for Australia', Centre for Independent Studies Policy monographs, no 80, 2007, p ix.

[12]      See, for example, Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 55.

[13]      Garnaut Review, p 196.

[14]      Professor Warwick McKibbin, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 97.

[15]      Mr Rynne, Select Committee on Fuel and Energy, Committee Hansard, 20 February 2009 p 30.

[16]      Clive Hamilton and Frank Muller, 'Critique of the McKibbin-Wilcoxen hybrid emissions trading scheme', Australia Institute Research Paper, no 42, March 2007, p 7.

[17]      Garnaut Review, p 310.

[18]      Garnaut Review, p 309.

[19]      Professor Ross Garnaut, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 64.

[20]      Dr Martin Parkinson, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 22

[21]      Dr Parkinson and Mr Comley, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 March 2009, p 32.

[22]      The ACT introduced a scheme that mirrors the NSW GGAS in January 2005.

[23]      For an analysis of the NSW GGAS see Robert Passey, Iain MacGill and Hugh Outhred, 'The governance challenge for implementing effective market-based climate policies: a case study of the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction [sic] Scheme', Energy Policy 26 (2008), pp 3009-18.

[24]      Geoff Carmody, 'Effective climate change policy: the seven ‘Cs’, Geoff Carmody and Associates Policy Notes, no. 1, July 2008.

[25]      Submission 54, p 3.

[26]      White Paper, p 3-4.

[27]      White Paper, p 3-4.

[28]      Garnaut Review, p 327.

[29]      Mr Blair Comley, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p 2

[30]      Garnaut Review, p 308.

Chapter 12 - Governance Issues

[1]        ACCRA Bill Exposure Draft, clause 18

[2]        White Paper, p. 16-8.

[3]        Mr Blair Comley, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 20.

[4]        Mr Blair Comley, Acting Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 6.

[5]        Australian Climate Change Regulatory Authority Bill 2009 Exposure Draft, Commentary, p. 11

[6]        Department of Climate Change, White Paper, p. 16-3.

[7]        Australian Climate Change Regulatory Authority Bill 2009 Exposure Draft, Commentary, p. 13

[8]        Prof. Warwick McKibbon, Proof Committee Hansard , 25 March 2009, p. 97

[9]        Mr Blair Comley, Department of Climate Change, Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 10.

[10]      Australian Workers Union, Submission 27, p.10.

[11]      Rising Tide Newcastle, Submission 86, p. 4.

[12]      ACCRA Bill Exposure Draft Commentary, p. 17

[13]      Mr Blair Comley, Draft Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. E19

[14]      Institute of Chartered Accountants, Submission 98, p. 2

[15]      Australian Financial Markets Association, Submission 114, p. 9

[16]      Australian Bankers Association, Submission 107, p. 24

[17]      Taxation Institute of Australia, Submission 125, pp.1-2

[18]      Institute of Chartered Accountants, Submission 98, p. 3; Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 21, p. 11

[19]      Institute of Chartered Accountants, Submission 98, p. 3

[20]      Consequential Amendments Bill Commentary, p. 49.

[21]      Consequential Amendments Bill Commentary, p. 43.

[22]      White Paper, p. 14-16.

[23]      Institute of Chartered Accountants, Submission 98, p. 5

[24]      Institute of Chartered Accountants, Submission 98, p. 4; Energy Supply Association of Australia, Submission 21, p. 12

[25]      Mr Roderick Henderson, Institute of Chartered Accountants, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p. E56.

[26]      Green Paper, July 2008, p. 97

[27]      Commentary on CPRS Bills, p. 29

[28]      White Paper, Box 6.5, p. 6-15

[29]      White Paper, p. 6-14

[30]      Mr Paul Curnow, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p 18

[31]      Mr Gregg Rowley, Santos Ltd, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 23

[32]      CSR Limited, Submission 65,  p. 4

[33]      Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Submission 85, p. 7.

[34]      BP Australia, Submission 103, p. 3

[35]      Australian Institute of Petroleum, Submission 115, p. 20

[36]      Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, Submission 111, p. 14

[37]      Caltex Australia, Submission 128, p 3.

Chapter 13 - Legal aspects

[1]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 1.

[2]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 1.

[3]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 2.

[4]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 2.

[5]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 3.

[6]        Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Submission 6, p. 1.

[7]        The extracted methane contains CO₂, which is separated out and vented, thus attracting liability under the proposed CPRS.

[8]        Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 23.

[9]        Santos Limited, Submission 81, p. 2.

[10]      Mr Gregg Rowley, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p 23.

[11]      White Paper, Vol. 1, p. lxxxv.

[12]      Mr Ralph Hillman, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p 107.

[13]      Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 10.

[14]      Ms Aileen Murrell, Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia, Proof Committee Hansard, 23 March 2009, p 2.

[15]      Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 24.

[16]      Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 39-40.

[17]      Proof Committee Hansard, 30 March 2009, p. 39.

[18]      Department of Climate Change, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 Commentary, p. 126-7.

[19]      Legislative Instruments Act 2003, section 3.

[20]      See Dr Peter Burn, Associate Director Public Policy, Australian Industry Group, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p. 85; and Mr Lee White, General Manager, Institute of Chartered Accountants, Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p. 55.

[21]      Proof Committee Hansard, 27 March 2009, p. 39.

Coalition Senators’ Dissenting Report

[1] Rupert Murdoch, ABC “AM”, 7^th November 2006

[2] Committee Proof Hansard, 24^th March 2009, p. E2

[3] Committee Proof Hansard, 23^rd March 2009, p. E2

[4] Professor Ross Garnaut, Senate Proof Hansard, 23^th March 2009, E53

[5] Committee Proof Hansard, 23^rd March 2009, p. E2

[6] Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009, Commentary, p. 13

[7] Alan Moran, 2008, Submission to the Green Paper on Australia’s Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, Institute of Public Affairs, September 9, p3.

[8] Mathew Murphy, ‘Emissions scheme threatens LNG’, Age,  25 September 2008, p2.

[9] Senator Alan Eggleston, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p26.

[10] Ross Garnuat, 2008, The Garnuat Climate Change Review: Final Report, p299. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

[11] Professor Warwick McKibbin, 2008, Dinner address: Lessons for climate policy from monetary history. In Promoting Better Environmental Outcomes: Roundtable Proceedings, Canberra, 2008, p226. Melbourne: Productivity Commission.

[12] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p70.

[13] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p72.

[14] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p72.

[15] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p72.

[16] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p72-3.

[17] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p73.

[18] Daniel Price, Proof Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p81.

[19] Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade, 2008, Composition of Trade 2007-08. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

[20] Alan Moran, 2008, ‘Japan and Global Warming Policies’, Institute of Public Affairs Occasional Paper, November 2008.

[21] Tim Wilson, 2009, ‘Australia’s delinked and non-compliant Emissions Trading Scheme’, Institute of Public Affairs Occasional Paper, March 2009, p15.

[22] Tim Wilson, 2009, ‘Australia’s delinked and non-compliant Emissions Trading Scheme’, Institute of Public Affairs Occasional Paper, March 2009, p10.

[23] Tim Wilson, 2009, ‘Australia’s delinked and non-compliant Emissions Trading Scheme’, Institute of Public Affairs Occasional Paper, March 2009, p11.

[24] Committee Proof Hansard, 30 March 2009, E27

[25] Committee Proof Hansard, 23 March 2009, E26

[26] Committee Proof Hansard, 23 March 2009, E65

[27] Committee Proof Hansard, 23 March 2009, E 65

[28] Committee Proof Hansard, 25 March 2009,  E8

[29] Committee Proof Hansard, 23 March 2009,  E60

[30] Keogh, M & Thompson, A, Preliminary modelling of the farm-level impacts of the Australian greenhouse emissions trading scheme, Australian Farm Institute, September 2008.

[31] ibid, 8

[32] Ford, M, et al, Issues Insight, Agriculture and the carbon pollution Reduction Scheme: Economic Issues and implications, ABARE, March 2009.

[33] Keogh, M & Thompson op.cit, 2008.

[34] ibid

[35] Penny Wong, Sydney Morning Herald, 23^rd February 2009

[36] Proof Committee Hansard, 24^th March 2009,  p. E84

[37] Australia’s Low Pollution Future, p xiv

[38] Mr James Cameron, Climate Change Capital, Committee Proof Hansard, 19^th March 2009, p. E 25

[39]Senator David Bushby, Climate Change Capital, Committee Proof Hansard, 19^th March 2009, p. E 25

[40] Commentary, p. 12

[41] Committee Proof Hansard, 25^th March 2009, E6

[42] Penny Wong, Sydney Morning Herald, 23^rd February 2009

[43] Committee Proof Hansard, 18^th March 2009, p. E5

[44] Committee Proof Hansard, 18^th March 2009, p. E5

[45] Committee Proof Hansard, 18^th March 2009, p. E9

Minority Report by Senator Nick Xenophon

[1] Garnaut, R., The Garnaut Climate Change Review: Final Report, (2008) Commonwealth of Australia, pp287-290

[2] The imperative of global action, particularly for poorer countries, is underlined by David Wheeler in "Another Inconvenient Truth: A Carbon-Intensive South Faces Environmental Disaster, No Matter What the North Does", Center for Global Development, Working Paper Number 134, December 2007. Wheeler’s modelling suggests that even if rich countries emissions were reduced to zero, current emissions trends in poor countries would still place the world on course for serious climate change impacts.

[3] Parliamentary Library Vital Issues Seminar, "Carbon tax and emissions trading", 17 March  2009,  audio available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/vis/index.htm