Chapter 1 - Introduction and background

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 103—26 June 2018, pp. 3306–3307.

[2]        Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand & inTouch Multicultural Centre Against Family Violence (Good Shepherd & InTouch), Submission 6, p. 7.

[3]        Australian Centre for Human Rights and Health, Submission 2, p. 3.

[4]        For example, see Good Shepherd & inTouch, Submission 6, p. 7.

[5]        Good Shepherd & inTouch, Submission 6, p. 7.

[6]        Monash Family Violence Prevention Centre (MFVPC), the Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre (MMIC) and Monash Gender, Peace and Security (GPS), Submission 15, pp. 7–8.

[7]        United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, Good Practices in Legislation on 'Harmful Practices' against Women, UN DAW (2009).

[8]        Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Report, Volume 1, March 2016, p. 133.

[9]        Good Shepherd & inTouch, Submission 6, p. 43.

[10]      Uthra Ramachandran, Submission 28, p. 4.

[11]      Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Submission 47, p. 8.

[12]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 8.

[13]      Good Shepherd & InTouch, Submission 6, p. 8.

[14]      Good Shepherd & InTouch, Submission 6, p. 8.

[15]      Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Submission 9, p. 4.

[16]      safe steps Family Violence Response Centre, Submission 14, p. 8.

[17]      Ms Uthra Ramachandran, Submission 28, p. 6 (citations omitted).

[18]      Turbans4Australia, Submission 81, p. 1.

[19]      Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p. 2.

[20]      Dr Indrani Ganguly, Submission 36, p. 3.

Chapter 2 - The legislative framework

[1]        Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Submission 47, p. 12, citing: Sundari Anitha, Anupama Roy, and Harshita Yalamarty, ‘Gender, Migration, and Exclusionary Citizenship Regimes: Conceptualizing Transnational Abandonment of Wives as a Form of Violence Against Women’ 24(7) Violence Against Women p. 747.

[2]        Criminal Code Act 1995, s. 270.7B.

[3]        Slavery is defined as '...the condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised, including where such a condition results from a debt or contract made by the person' – see Criminal Code Act 1995, s. 270.1. Slavery offences are outlined at section 270.3 of the Criminal Code.

[4]        'Servitude' is defined at section 270.4, and servitude offences are set out at 270.5 of the Criminal Code Act 1995.

[5]        'Forced labour' is defined at section 270.6, and forced labour offences are set out at section 270.6A of the Criminal Code Act 1995.

[6]        Family Law Act 1975, ss. 4AB(1).

[7]        Family Law Act 1975, ss. 4AB(2).

[8]        Family Law Act 1975, ss. 4AB(2).

[9]        Family Law Act 1975, s. 4.

[10]      National Domestic and Family Violence Bench Book, June 2018, section 10.1.3, http://dfvbenchbook.aija.org.au/foundational-information/intersection-of-legal-systems/ (accessed 7 January 2019).

[11]      Ms Ashleigh Saint, Assistant Secretary Family Law Branch, Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[12]      Migration Act 1958, s. 29.

[13]      Elibritt Karlsen and Moira Coombs, Migration Amendment (Family Violence and Other Measures) Bill 2016, Bills Digest No. 21, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2016, p. 3.

[14]      Migration Amendment (Family Violence and Other Measures) Act 2018, Item 10, inserts new ss. 104AA(2). Section 104AA(3) provides for the establishment of a framework to achieve this end.

[15]      Migration Regulations 1994, reg. 1.21.

[16]      Migration Regulations 1994, sub-para. 1.20J(1)(a)(ii).

[17]      Elibritt Karlsen and Moira Coombs, Migration Amendment (Family Violence and Other Measures) Bill 2016, Bills Digest No. 21, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2016, p. 7.

[18]      Elibritt Karlsen and Moira Coombs, Migration Amendment (Family Violence and Other Measures) Bill 2016, Bills Digest No. 21, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2016, p. 7.

[19]      AGD, Submission 13, p. 3.

[20]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 20.

[21]      Family Violence Act 2106 (ACT), sub-para. 8(1)(a)(iv).

[22]      Family Violence Act 2106 (ACT), ss. 8(3).

[23]      Family Violence Act 2106 (ACT), ss. 8(2).

[24]      Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 (NSW), para. 11(1)(c).

[25]      Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007, para. 4(a).

[26]      Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), ss. 44(1).

[27]      Domestic and Family Violence Act 2007 (NT), s. 5.

[28]      Domestic and Family Violence Act 2007 (NT), s. 8.

[29]      Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 (Qld), para. 8(1)(c).

[30]      Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 (Qld), s. 12.

[31]      Intervention Orders (Prevention of Abuse) Act 2009 (SA), s. 8.

[32]      Criminal Law Consolidation (Domestic Abuse) Amendment Bill 2018, proposed new section 20A.

[33]      Family Violence Act 2004 (Tas), s. 7.

[34]      Family Violence Act 2004 (Tas), s. 8.

[35]      Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and recommendations, March 2016, p. 122. See, Recommendation 156.

[36]      Mosiqi Acharya, 'Victorian parliament passes legislation banning dowry abuse', SBS News 9 August 2018, https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2018/08/09/victorian-parliament-passes-legislation-banning-dowry-abuse (accessed 18 December 2018). 

[37]      Justice Legislation Amendment (Family Violence Protection and Other Matters) Act 2018 (Vic), para. 15(a), amending s. 5 of the Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic).

[38]      Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic), s. 6.

[39]      Restraining Orders Act 1997 (WA), ss. 5A(2).

[40]      Department of Justice (Canada), Family violence laws, 8 March 2017, https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/fv-vf/laws-lois.html (accessed 18 December 2018).

[41]      Family Violence Act 2018 (NZ), ss. 9(4).

[42]      Family Violence Act 2018 (NZ), para. 11(1)(e).

[43]      Crimes Act 1961 (NZ), s. 98 and s. 208.

[44]      Ministry of Justice, Transforming the Response to Domestic Abuse: Government Consultation (full version), June 2018, p. 13.

[45]      Ministry of Justice, Transforming the Response to Domestic Abuse: Government Consultation (full version), June 2018, p. 13.

[46]      Liberty (The National Council for Civil Liberties), Liberty’s response to the Government’s consultation on the Domestic Violence and Abuse Bill 2018, May 2018, p. 4 (emphasis added).

[47]      Ministry of Justice, Transforming the response to domestic abuse, https://consult.justice.gov.uk/homeoffice-moj/domestic-abuse-consultation/ (accessed 18 December 2018).

[48]      House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee, Domestic abuse, HC 1015, 22 October 2018, p. 3.

[49]      Nazia Rashid, AnthonyGold, Dowry claims and English Law, 29 August 2017, https://s3.amazonaws.com/documents.lexology.com/ef164d59-3fd2-4083-8ef4-ebf523b8dba5.pdf (accessed 18 December 2018).

[50]      Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, s. 2.

[51]      Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, ss. 3(1).

[52]      Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, s. 4.

[53]      The Indian (Sub-Continent) Crisis & Support Agency, Submission 50, p. 5. This provision was inserted in 1983.

Chapter 3 - The criminal law

[1]        See, for example, Soroptimist International of Australia, Submission 26, p. 4; The Indian (Sub-Continent) Crisis & Support Agency (ICSA), Submission 50, p. 14; Dr Kym Jenkins, President, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 8.

[2]        See, for example, Ms Uthra Ramachandran, Submission 28, p. 5; Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand and inTouch Multicultural Centre against Family Violence (GSANZ and inTouch), Submission 6, p. 26.

[3]        United Indian Association (UIA), Submission 8, p. 2.

[4]        Mrs Sumati Advani, Chair, Women's Steering Committee, and Founder, United Indian Associations Inc, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 9.

[5]        Dr Manjula O'Connor, Submission 16, p. 6.

[6]        Dr O'Connor, Submission 16, p. 6 (emphasis omitted).

[7]        White Ribbon Australia, Submission 24, p. 1.

[8]        See, for example, Professor Supriya Singh, Submission 3, pp. 1–2; GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 42; and Monash Family Violence Prevention Centre (MFVPC), the Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre (MMIC) and Monash Gender, Peace and Security (GPS) (Monash University), Submission 15, p. 14.

[9]        See, for example, Ms Ramachandran, Submission 28, pp. 4–5; and Ms Muktesh Chibber, Submission 28, p. 2.

[10]      See, for example, Professor Singh, Submission 3, pp. 1–2; and Ms Ramachandran, Submission 28, p. 4.

[11]      See, for example, GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 42.

[12]      See, for example, Ms Chibber, Submission 28, p. 2. This inquiry has also received a number of submissions from men, some of who are Australian citizens or residents, who claim that they have been unfairly accused of dowry abuse, which has led to them being unable to leave India following accusations, or that they have not been able to see their children.

[13]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, pp. 26–27.

[14]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 27.

[15]      Professor Singh, Submission 3, p. 1.

[16]      Professor Singh, Submission 3, p. 1.

[17]      Harmony Alliance, Submission 18, p. 2.

[18]      Associate Professor Marie Segrave, Associate Professor, Criminology; Researcher, Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre; Deputy Director and Lead of Trafficking and Slavery Impact, Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 12.

[19]      Associate Professor Segrave, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 12

[20]      Ms Ramachandran, Submission 28, p. 5 (citations omitted).

[21]      Turbans4Australia, Submission 81, p. 1.

[22]      Turbans4Australia, Submission 81, p. 1.

[23]      Turbans4Australia, Submission 81, p. 2.

[24]      Name Withheld, Submission 17, p. 1.

[25]      Name Withheld, Submission 30, p. 1.

[26]      R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1.

[27]      Professor Jennifer Burn, Director, Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 28.

[28]      Case No IT-96–23-T & IT-96–23/1-T, 22 February 2001.

[29]      R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1 [28], citing: Prosecutor v Kunarac Case No IT-96–23-T & IT-96–23/1-T, 22 February 2001 at 194 [543].

[30]      Professor Bun, ASA, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 28.

[31]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 13.

[32]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 15, citing: Sundari Anitha, Anupama Roy, and Harshita Yalamarty, ‘Gender, Migration, and Exclusionary Citizenship Regimes: Conceptualizing Transnational Abandonment of Wives as a Form of Violence Against Women’ 24(7) Violence Against Women p. 747.

[33]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 16.

[34]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 16.

[35]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 21.

[36]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 21.

[37]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 22.

[38]      Slavery Links Australia (Slavery Links), Submission 74, p. 4.

[39]      Slavery Links, Submission 74, p. 7.

[40]      Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Submission 13, p. 2.

[41]      AGD, Submission 13, p. 2.

[42]      AGD, Submission 13, p. 2.

[43]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 35 (citations omitted).

[44]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 36.

[45]      safe steps Family Violence Response Centre (safe steps), Submission 14, p. 6.

[46]      safe steps, Submission 14, p. 6.

[47]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 14.

[48]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 14 (citations omitted), citing: Free the Slaves Submission to the Women Human Rights and Gender Section, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Call for submission on child, early and forced marriage, 13 December 2013, p. 2.

[49]      ISCA, Submission 50, p. 7.

[50]      ICSA, Submission 50, p. 7.

[51]      Extradition (India) Regulations 2010, art. 1.

[52]      Extradition (India) Regulations 2010, art. 2.1.

[53]      Extradition (India) Regulations 2010, art. 2.4 (emphasis added).

[54]      Extradition (India) Regulations 2010, arts 3–5.

[55]      Ministry of External Affairs, Guidelines for indian law enforcement agencies - For extradition of fugitives from abroad, January 2016, https://www.mea.gov.in/extraditionguidelinesabroad.htm (accessed 7 January 2019).

[56]      Dr O'Connor, Executive Director, Australasian Centre for Human Rights and Health, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 4.

[57]      UIA, Submission 8, p. 4.

[58]      Dr O'Connor, Submission 16, Attachment 1.  See also, Mrs Sunila Kotwal, Manager, Diversity and Inclusion, White Ribbon Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2019, p. 33.

Chapter 4 - Family law

[1]        Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Submission 13, p. 1.

[2]        AGD, Submission 13, p. 2.

[3]        Ms Ashleigh Saint, Assistant Secretary Family Law Branch, AGD, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[4]        Ms Saint, AGD, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[5]        National Domestic and Family Violence Bench Book, June 2018, section 3.1.5, http://dfvbenchbook.aija.org.au/foundational-information/intersection-of-legal-systems/ (accessed 7 January 2019).

[6]        Ms Stella Avramopoulos, Chief Executive Officer, Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 24

[7]        Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic), sub-para. 5(1)(a)(iii).

[8]        See, for example, Name Withheld, Submission 30, p. 4; Name Withheld, Submission 35, p. 1; Ms Muktesh Chibber, Submission 48, p. 1.

[9]        See, for example, Ms Naomi Selvaratnam , Submission 1, p. 2; Name Withheld, Submission 46, p. 1; Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Submission 47, p. 22.

[10]      White Ribbon Australia, Submission 24, p. 2.

[11]      ASA, Submission 47, pp. 21–22, citing: Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Summary and Recommendations, March 2016, p. 34.

[12]      See, for example, Catholic Women’s League, Submission 34, p. 9; Ms Avramopoulos, Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 25.

[13]      Harmony Alliance, Submission 18, pp. 1–2 (citations omitted).

[14]      Legal Services Commission of South Australia (Legal Services Commission), Submission 12, p. 8.

[15]      Professor JaneMaree Maher, Professor, Sociology; Lead Researcher, Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 16.

[16]      Monash Family Violence Prevention Centre (MFVPC), the Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre (MMIC) and Monash Gender, Peace and Security (GPS) (Monash University), Submission 15, p. 5 (citations omitted).

[17]      Ms Avramopoulos, Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 24.

[18]      Professor Supriya Singh, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 29.

[19]      Professor Singh, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 29.

[20]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 20.

[21]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 23.

[22]      See, for example, safe steps Family Violence Response Centre, Submission 14, p. 4; Mrs Sandra Morris, Manager, Health Promotion Team, Women's Health in the North, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 21.

[23]      Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand and inTouch Multicultural Centre against Family Violence (GSANZ and inTouch), Submission 6, p. 24.

[24]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 30.

[25]      AGD, Submission 13, pp. 2–3. See paras. 79(4)(a) and (b) of the Family Law Act 1975.

[26]      Family Law Act 1975, ss. 79(2).

[27]      Pursuant to s. 79 of the Family Law Act 1975.

[28]      Pursuant to the common law authority, Marriage of Kennon [1997] FamCA 27. Such adjustments are limited to exceptional circumstances – see, AGD, Submission 13, p. 3.

[29]      A number of submitters informed the committee that 'dowry' is treated as a gift – see, for example, The Indian (Sub-Continent) Crisis & Support Agency (ICSA), Submission 50, p. 6.

[30]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 23.

[31]      ASA, Submission 47, pp. 23–24.

[32]      See, for example, United Indian Association, Submission 8, p. 3; Legal Services Commission, Submission 12, p. 5; Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia, Submission 20, p. 4; ICSA, Submission 50, p. 8.

[33]      Australian Women Against Violence Alliance, Submission 10, p. 6.

[34]      Australasian Centre for Human Rights and Health (ACHRH), Submission 2, p. 26.

[35]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, pp. 31–32.

[36]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 32.

[37]      See, for example, ACHRH, Submission 2, p. 26; Soroptimist International Moreton North Inc, Submission 51, p. 5.

[38]      Ms Uthra Ramachandran, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2-18, p. 30.

[39]      ACHRH, Submission 2, p. 26.

[40]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p. 13.

[41]      [2017] FCCA 2945.

[42]      Monash University, Submission 15, p. 10.

[43]      Monash University, Submission 15, p. 11.

[44]      Singh v Dala [2017] FCCA 2945 [57], per Judge Wilson.

[45]      Singh v Dala [2017] FCCA 2945 [59], per Judge Wilson.

[46]      Monash University, Submission 15, p. 11.

[47]      Legal Services Commission, Submission 12, p. 5.

[48]      Monash University, Submission 15, p. 11.

[49]      Ms Saint, AGD, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 7.

Chapter 5 - Migration law

[1]        The National Plan 'is the first plan to coordinate action across jurisdictions' to harmonise 'the efforts of governments across the nation to make a real and sustained reduction in the levels of violence against women', and is to be implemented in four three-year plans—see, Commonwealth of Australia, National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010‐2022, 2011, Foreword.

[2]        Department of Social Services, The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010 – 2022, 24 August 2018, https://www.dss.gov.au/women/programs-services/reducing-violence/the-national-plan-to-reduce-violence-against-women-and-their-children-2010-2022 (accessed 9 January 2019).

[3]        National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children, Third Action Plan 2016–2019 of the National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010–2022, 2016, p. 20.  

[4]        Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand and inTouch Multicultural Centre against Family Violence (GSANZ and inTouch), Submission 6, p. 36.

[5]        Oorja Foundation, Submission 49, p. 1.

[6]        Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Submission 47, p. 10.

[7]        ASA, Submission 47, p. 16.

[8]        Migration Regulations 1994, reg. 1.21.

[9]        See chapter 2.

[10]      Family Law Act 1975, ss. 4AB(1).

[11]      Family Law Act 1975, ss. 4AB(2).

[12]      Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Family Violence and Commonwealth Laws—Improving Legal Framework (ALRC Report 117), 2012, at Recommendation 3–1.

[13]      Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and recommendations, March 2016, p. 89, Recommendation 162.

[14]      See, for example, Monash Family Violence Prevention Centre (MFVPC), the Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre (MMIC) and Monash Gender, Peace and Security (GPS) (Monash University), Submission 15, p. 21; Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia, Submission 20, p. 5.

[15]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 19.

[16]      See, for example, Ms Michael O'Connell, Submission 84, p. 5;

[17]      Australian Women Against Violence Alliance (AWAVA), Submission 10, p. 8.

[18]      Immigration Advice & Rights Centre (IARC), Submission 22, p. 4.

[19]      Mr Ali Mojtahedi, Principal Solicitor, IARC, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 22.

[20]      Legal Services Commission of South Australia (Legal Services Commission), Submission 12, p. 7.

[21]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 18.

[22]      See, for example, Legal Services Commission, Submission 12, p. 7; AWAVA, Submission 10, p. 8.

[23]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 17.

[24]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 17.

[25]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 19.

[26]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), pp. 10–11.

[27]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 18.

[28]      ALRC, Family Violence and Commonwealth Laws—Improving Legal Frameworks (ALRC Report 117), 2012. Recommendation 20–1, which was to amend the Migration Regulations 1994 to allow Prospective Marriage (Subclass 300) visa holders to have access to the family violence exception, has since been implemented – see, DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), pp. 10–11.

[29]      Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and recommendations, March 2016, p. 89, Recommendation 162.

[30]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), pp. 10–11.

[31]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 11.

[32]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 11.

[33]      See, for example, AWAVA, Submission 10, p. 2; Harmony Alliance, Submission 10 p. 2; Mrs Sunila Kotwal, Manager, Diversity and Inclusion, White Ribbon Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 32.

[34]      IARC, Submission 22, p. 4.

[35]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 17 (citations omitted).

[36]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 17.

[37]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 16.

[38]      AWAVA, Submission 10, p. 8. See also, safe steps Family Violence Response Centre, Submission 14, p. 4; Harmony Alliance, Submission 18, p. 3.

[39]      AWAVA, Submission 10, p. 8.

[40]      AWAVA, Submission 10, p. 8.

[41]      Ms Jatinder Kaur, Submission 27, pp. 8–9.

[42]      IARC, Submission 22, p. 4.

[43]      IARC, Submission 22, p. 4.

[44]      The Indian (Sub-Continent) Crisis & Support Agency (ICSA), Submission 50, p. 10.

[45]      ICSA, Submission 50, p. 9.

[46]      Ms Kittu Randhawa, Project Lead, ICSA, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 14.

[47]      Australasian Centre for Human Rights and Health, Submission 2, p. 13.

[48]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 16.

[49]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 16.

[50]      See, for example, Ms Manasi Wagh-Nikam, Health Promotion Worker, Women's Health in the North, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2019, p. 22; Women's Legal Service QLD, Submission 19, p. 3.

[51]      See, for example, Ms Kaur, Social Worker, JK Diversity Consultants, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 4

[52]      Ms Kaur, Social Worker, JK Diversity Consultants, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 4.

[53]      Ms Michal Morris, Chief Executive Officer, inTouch Multicultural Centre Against Family Violence, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 25.

[54]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 3 December 2018, (received 25 January 2019), p. 10.

[55]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 3 December 2018, (received 25 January 2019), p. 10.

[56]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 3 December 2018, (received 25 January 2019), p. 13.

Chapter 6 - Policy reform

[1]        Dr Manjula O'Connor, Submission 16, p. 1.

[2]        Mrs Sunila Kotwal, Manager, Diversity and Inclusion, White Ribbon Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 33.

[3]        Anti-Slavery Australia (ASA), Submission 47, p. 9.

[4]        Ms Maria Dimopoulos, Chair, Harmony Alliance: Migrant and Refugee Women for Change, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 40.

[5]        Australasian Centre for Human Rights and Health (ACHRH), Submission 2, p. 6.

[6]        See, for example, safe steps Family Violence Response Centre, Submission 14, p. 3; Harmony Alliance, Submission 18, p. 1; Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia (FECCA), Submission 20, p. 2.

[7]        Ms Jatinder Kaur, Submission 27, p. 6.

[8]        Ms Jatinder Kaur, Submission 27, p. 6.

[9]        Ms Kaur, Submission 27, p. 6.

[10]      Ms Kaur, Submission 27, p. 10.

[11]      Dr Indrani Ganguly, Submission 36, p. 7.

[12]      Soroptimist International Moreton North Inc, Submission 51, p. 2.

[13]      Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand and inTouch Multicultural Centre against Family Violence (GSANZ and inTouch), Submission 6, p.19. See also p. 26.

[14]      GSANZ and inTouch, Submission 6, p.19.

[15]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 9.

[16]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 9.

[17]      ASA, Submission 47, pp. 9–10.

[18]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 11.

[19]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 11.

[20]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 11.

[21]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 11.

[22]      Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP), Submission 9, p. 5.

[23]      RANZCP, Submission 9, p. 5.

[24]      RANZCP, Submission 9, p. 5.

[25]      Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence, Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and recommendations, March 2016, p. 101.

[26]      Crime Statistics Agency, Family Violence Data Portal, 17 May 2018, https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/family-violence-data-portal (accessed 14 January 2019).

[27]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 11.

[28]      Department of Social Services (DSS), Submission 70, p. 2.

[29]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 2.

[30]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 2. DSS noted that 'Australian Law with regard to cultural practices (such as forced marriage) is listed as indicative content under the Australian Law topic'.

[31]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 2.

[32]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 2.

[33]      DSS, Family Safety Pack, 5 April 2016, https://www.dss.gov.au/family-safety-pack (accessed 14 January 2019).

[34]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 2.

[35]      White Ribbon Australia, Supplementary Submission 24.1, p. 5.

[36]      Mrs  Kotwal, White Ribbon Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p.32.

[37]      Mrs  Kotwal, White Ribbon Australia, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p.32.

[38]      ACHRH, Submission 2, p. 4.

[39]      See, for example, Daaman Welfare Society, Submission 58, p. 4; Federation of Indian Associations of ACT Inc, Submission 70, p. 4; Catholic Women’s League, Submission 34, p. 9.

[40]      FECCA, Submission 20, p. 1.

[41]      Ms Kaur, Social Worker, JK Diversity Consultants, Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, pp. 2–3.

[42]      Ms Naomi Selvaratnam, Submission 1, p. 1.

[43]      Ms Selvaratnam, Submission 1, p. 1.

[44]      See, for example, Women's Health in the North, Submission 21, p. 5; White Ribbon Australia, Supplementary Submission 24.1, p.  5; Ms Jaspreet Chopra, Director, Indian Support Center Inc., Committee Hansard, 30 November 2018, p. 10.

[45]      Ms Michal Morris, Chief Executive Officer, inTouch Multicultural Centre Against Family Violence, 21 September 2018, p. 25.

[46]      See, for example, ACHRH, Submission 6, p. 5; United Indian Association, Submission 8, p. 4; FECCA, Submission 20, p. 1.

[47]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 3.

[48]      Ms Selvaratnam, Submission 1, pp. 1–2.

[49]      safe steps Family Violence Response Centre, Submission 14, p. 3.

[50]      The Indian (Sub-Continent) Crisis & Support Agency (ICSA), Submission 50, p. 11.

[51]      ICSA, Submission 50, p. 11.

[52]      ICSA, Submission 50, p. 11.

[53]      Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Submission 12, p.7.

[54]      Ms Ashleigh Saint, Assistant Secretary Family Law Branch, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[55]      ASA, Submission 47, p. 23.

[56]      ACHRH, Submission 2, p. 21.

[57]      ACHRH, Submission 2, p. 21.

[58]      RANZCP, Submission 9, pp. 1–2.

[59]      Dr Kym Jenkins, President, RANZCP, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 9.

[60]      DSS, Submission 70, p. 3.

[61]      Immigration Advice & Rights Centre, Submission 22, p. 4.

[62]      Mr Richard Johnson, First Assistant Secretary, Immigration, Citizenship & Multiculturalism Policy Division, Department of Home Affairs, Committee Hansard, 3December 2018, p. 15.

Additional Remarks from Government Senators

[1]        Ms Ashleigh Saint, Assistant Secretary Family Law Branch, Attorney-General's Department (AGD), Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[2]        Ms Ashleigh Saint, Assistant Secretary Family Law Branch, AGD, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[3]        Ms Saint, AGD, Committee Hansard, 3 December 2018, p. 8.

[4]        National Domestic and Family Violence Bench Book, June 2018, section 3.1.5, http://dfvbenchbook.aija.org.au/foundational-information/intersection-of-legal-systems/ (accessed 7 January 2019).

[5]        Singh v Dala [2017] FCCA 2945 [57], per Judge Wilson.

[6]        Singh v Dala [2017] FCCA 2945 [59], per Judge Wilson.

[7]        Monash University, Submission 15, p. 11.

[8]        Professor Supriya Singh, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 29.

[9]        Professor Singh, Committee Hansard, 21 September 2018, p. 29.

[10]      DHA, answers to questions taken on notice, 18 October 2018, (received 30 November 2018), p. 19

Australian Greens additional comments

[1]        Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia 2018.