Footnotes

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 30-12 May 2011, p. 909.

[2]        Journals of the Senate, No. 54-20 September 2011, p. 1517.

[3]        Journals of the Senate, No. 63‑3 November 2011, p. 1739.

[4]        Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1298.

[5]        Explanatory Memorandum, p. 2.

[6]        Explanatory Memorandum, p. 2.

[7]        Clause 4 of the Bill.

[8]        Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1298.

CHAPTER 2 - Overview of the Bill

[1]        For further details of the Declaration, see United Nations, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html (accessed 6 October 2011).

[2]        Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1300.

[3]        The freehold test requires that, when certain future acts are proposed, native title holders must be given the same procedural rights as those landowners who hold 'ordinary title'. 'Ordinary title' means a freehold estate in fee simple in the land, except in the ACT and Jervis Bay Territory where 'ordinary title' means a lease over the land: see section 253 of the Act.

[4]        Senator Rachel Siewert, Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, pp 1300-1301. Also see Explanatory Memorandum, p. 4.

[5]        The non-extinguishment principle provides that an act, such as a lease, that would normally extinguish native title does not have that effect. Instead, any inconsistent native title rights and interests are suspended while the act in question has effect: see section 238 of the Act.

[6]        Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1301.

[7]        Act No. 110 of 1993. The original paragraphs 23(3)(a) and (b) were repealed by item 9 of the Native Title Amendment Bill 1998.

[8]        Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009 Native Title Report, Report No. 2 of 2010, p. 106 and p. 124 (Recommendation 3.15).

[9]        Senator Rachel Siewert, Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1301.

[10]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1301.

[11]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1301.

[12]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1301.

[13]      Proposed new subsection 35(1A).

[14]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1302.

[15]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1302. By way of background, also see French, RS, Lifting the burden of native title – some modest proposals for improvement, Native Title User Group, Adelaide, 9 July 2008, available at: http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/aboutct/judges_papers/speeches_frenchj35.html (accessed 6 October 2011).

[16]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1303.

[17]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1303.

[18]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1303.

[19]      Senate Hansard, 21 March 2011, p. 1304.

CHAPTER 3 - Key issues

[1]        For example, Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 2; Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 2; Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 5; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 1; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 2; Professor Jon Altman, Submission 16, p. 5; Mr Graeme Taylor, Submission 19, p. 1; Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 6; Ms Carolyn Drew, Submission 29, p. 2; National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 2.

[2]        For example, National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 2; Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning, Submission 17, p. 11; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 1.

[3]        Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 2.

[4]        For example, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 1; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 24, p. 6.

[5]        For example, National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 3.

[6]        Submission 24, p. 6 and Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 24, respectively.

[7]        Submission 27, p. 15 and Mr Anthony McAvoy, Law Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 27.

[8]        Submission 27, p. 1.

[9]        Submission 22, pp 1-2.

[10]      (2002) 213 CLR 1.

[11]      Western Australia v Ward (2002) 213 CLR 1 at 9.56 per Callinan J. The National Native Title Tribunal told the committee that, in its experience, the substantive provisions of the Act are not ambiguous, leaving the tribunal with little need to have recourse to the principles of the Declaration: see Submission 15, p. 5. Also see Mr Graeme Neate, National Native Title Tribunal, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 17 where the tribunal conceded that 'there may be sections [of the Act] where that might occur' (such as section 39).

[12]      Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 27.

[13]      For example, Ms Rosemary O'Grady, Submission 3, p. 1; Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 4, p. 2; South Australian Government, Submission 23, p. 2.

[14]      For example, Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 4, p. 2.

[15]      Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p.1.

[16]      For example, The Association of Mining and Exploration Companies, Submission 7, p. 4; Western Australian Government, Submission 18, p. 4.

[17]      Submission 18, p. 5.

[18]      Submission 21, p. 4.

[19]      Submission 23, p. 2.

[20]      Submission 15, pp 7-8. Also see Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p. 1.

[21]      For example, Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 4, p. 2; South Australian Government, Submission 23, p. 2.

[22]      For example, Queensland Government, Submission 27, p. 1; Chuulangun Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 28, p. 3.

[23]      Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 2.

[24]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 6.

[25]      South Australian Government, Submission 23, p. 2.

[26]      For example, Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 2; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 3; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 3; Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 7; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 2; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 24, p. 6.

[27]      Submission 21, p. 7. The Law Council of Australia also queried how an applicant is to achieve the return of the native title rights and interests once they have been compulsorily acquired. On this point, also see National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 4.

[28]      For example, Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 4, p. 2; Western Australian Government, Submission 18, p. 12; Queensland Government, Submission 27, p. 4.

[29]      Submission 23, p. 3.

[30]      For example, Ms Carolyn Tan, Kimberley Land Council, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 3; Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 2; Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 6; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 3; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 2; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 3; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 3; Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 8; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 3; Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 26, p. 20; Chuulangun Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 28, p. 3; Ms Kirsten Tona, Submission 32, p. 1.

[31]      [2009] FCAFC 49 (30 April 2009). In this case, the Federal Court of Australia held that 'good faith' is to be construed contextually and the ordinary meaning of the phrase applies: see para 27 per Spender, Sundberg and McKerracher JJ.

[32]      Submission 24, p. 8. Also see Queensland Government, Submission 27, p. 5.

[33]      Submission 14, p. 3.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 3.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 19.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 7.

[37]      Submission 4, p. 2.

[38]      For example, Northern Land Council, Submission 1, p. 1; Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 4; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 4; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 3; National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 5.

[39]      Submission 18, pp 8-9 and Submission 23, p. 3, respectively.

[40]      Submission 15, pp 24-25.

[41]      Ms Carolyn Tan, Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 3.

[42]      Ms Justine Toohey, Kimberley Land Council, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, pp 11 and 13.

[43]      Submission 6, p. 7; Professor Jon Altman, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, pp 22-23; and Submission 14, p. 4, respectively.

[44]      Submission 18, pp 9-10.

[45]      Submission 7, p. 5 and Submission 4, pp 2-3, respectively.

[46]      Submission 23, p. 3.

[47]      For example, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 2; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 4.

[48]      Submission 15, p. 24.

[49]      Submission 23, pp 3-4.

[50]      Submission 18, p. 10.

[51]      Submission 13, p. 1.

[52]      The Hon. Robert McClelland MP, Attorney-General, and the Hon. Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Discussion Paper, Leading practice agreements: maximising outcomes from native title benefits', p. 14, available at: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_Consultationonpossiblegovernanceandfutureactsreforms (accessed 6 October 2011).

[53]      Submission 13, p. 2.

[54]      One such issue is the consideration of means to encourage entities that receive native title payments to adopt measures to strengthen governance: see the Hon. Robert McClelland MP, Attorney-General, and the Hon. Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Discussion Paper, Leading practice agreements: maximising outcomes from native title benefits, p. 6, available at: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_Consultationonpossiblegovernanceandfutureactsreforms (accessed 6 October  2011).

[55]      Submission 13, p. 2.

[56]      For example, Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 4; Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 3; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 3; Professor Ciaran O'Faircheallaigh, Submission 9, p. 1; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 2; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 4; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 4; Professor Jon Altman, Submission 16, p. 7; Mr Graeme Taylor, Submission 19, p. 2; Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 8; Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 26, p. 20; Ms Susan Chalcroft, Submission 33, p. 3.

[57]      For example, the Australian Institute for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 5.

[58]      For example, Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 7; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 3.

[59]      Submission 23, p. 4. Also see the National Native Title Tribunal, Submission 15, p. 26.

[60]      Submission 15, p. 26. The National Native Title Tribunal added that, without legislative guidance, the arbitral body might be reluctant to determine such conditions, other than by consent of the parties: see p. 27.

[61]      Submission 7, p. 5 and Submission 18, p. 12, respectively.

[62]      Submission 4, p. 3. Also see Response from Fortescue Metals Group to adverse comment in Form Letters 1-4 and Submissions 29-34, p. 5, where Fortescue Metals Group explained its approach to benefit-sharing; the Hon. Robert McClelland MP, Attorney-General, and the Hon. Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Discussion Paper, Leading practice agreements: maximising outcomes from native title benefits', p. 4, where the Australian Government acknowledged non-financial benefits in agreement-making.

[63]      The Hon. Robert McClelland MP, Attorney-General, and the Hon. Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Discussion Paper, Leading practice agreements: maximising outcomes from native title benefits', p. 5, available at: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_Consultationonpossiblegovernanceandfutureactsreforms (accessed 3 November 2011).

[64]      The Hon. Robert McClelland MP, Attorney-General, and the Hon. Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Discussion Paper, Leading practice agreements: maximising outcomes from native title benefits', p. 5, available at: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_Consultationonpossiblegovernanceandfutureactsreforms (accessed 3 November 2011).

[65]      For example, Kimberley Land Council, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 12; Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 8; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 4; Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 26, p. 20. Also see, for example, Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 8; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 24, p. 7.

[66]      Submission 5, p. 4. For similar comments, also see Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 5; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 6.

[67]      Submission 14, pp 4-5.

[68]      Submission 23, p. 5.

[69]      Submission 27, p. 9.

[70]      Attorney-General's Department, Native title reform website, 2010 Reforms: Possible historical extinguishment amendment, http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Indigenouslawandnativetitle_Nativetitle_Nativetitlereform#submissions2010 (accessed 6 October 2011).

[71]      Submission 13, p. 2.

[72]      For example, Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 4; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 4; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 5; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 5; Centre for Native Title Anthropology (ANU), Submission 20, p. 1; Law Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 9.

[73]      Submission 6, p. 8.

[74]      Submission 1, p. 3.

[75]      For example, Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 4; Mr Graeme Neate, National Native Title Tribunal, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 14; Centre for Native Title Anthropology (ANU), Submission 20, p. 2; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 7.

[76]      Submission 16, p. 6. In relation to the issue of the 'right people for the claim area', also see Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 2; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 4; National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 7.

[77]      Submission 20, p. 2. Also see Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Submission 22, p. 8.

[78]      Submission 22, p. 8.

[79]      Submission 20, p. 3.

[80]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[81]      For example, Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 2; Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 4; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 2; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 5; Centre for Native Title Anthropology (ANU), Submission 20, p. 1.

[82]      Submission 21, p. 11.

[83]      Submission 21, p. 11. The submission sets out an example substitute provision.

[84]      Submission 8, p. 4.

[85]      Submission 6, p. 9.

[86]      Submission 27, pp 9-12.

[87]      Submission 23, p. 5. In this regard, also see North Queensland Land Council, Submission 1, p. 2.

[88]      Submission 7, p. 4, Submission 15, pp 12-14 and Submission 22, p. 8, respectively.

[89]      Mr Graeme Neate, National Native Title Tribunal, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 14.

[90]      Submission 15, p. 12.

[91]      Submission 18, p. 7.

[92]      For example, Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 3; Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 9; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 5; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, p. 2; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 5; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 6; Professor Jon Altman, Submission 16, p. 6; Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning, Submission 17, p. 15; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 24, p. 10; Mr Paul Marshall, Submission 34, p. 3; National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Submission 35, p. 8.

[93]      Submission 23, p. 5. For similar comments, also see Western Australian Government, Submission 18, p. 8.

[94]      Submission 22, pp 9-10.

[95]      For example, Kimberley Land Council, Submission 2, p. 4; Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 5, p. 5; Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation, Submission 6, p. 9; Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 8, p. 5; Torres Strait Regional Authority, Submission 11, pp 2-3; South Australian Native Title Services, Submission 12, p. 6; National Native Title Council, Submission 14, p. 7; Professor Jon Altman, Submission 16, pp 7-8; Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning, Submission 17, p. 19; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 24, p. 11.

[96]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[97]      Submission 21, p. 12.

[98]      Submission 18, pp 12-13.

[99]      Submission 7, p. 5.

[100]    Submission 22, p. 12.

[101]    South Australian Government, Submission 23, p. 1.

[102]    Submission 13, pp 1-3.

[103]    Submission 23, p. 1.

[104]    Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 18.

[105]    Submission 13, p. 1.

[106]    Submission 13, pp 1-2.

[107]    Ms Kathleen Denley, Attorney-General's Department, Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 31.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS BY COALITION SENATORS

[1]        Commonwealth, Parliamentary debates, House of Representatives, 16 November 1993 (Paul Keating, Prime Minister).

[2]        Commonwealth, Parliamentary debates, House of Representatives, 16 November 1993 (Paul Keating, Prime Minister).

[3]        Commonwealth, Parliamentary debates, Senate, 21 March 2011, p. 1299 (Senator Rachel Siewert).

DISSENTING REPORT BY THE AUSTRALIAN GREENS

[1]        Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 8.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 16 September 2011, p. 3.

[3]        Submission 16, p.7.