Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Treasury, Submission 10, p 2.

[2]        Second Reading Speech, Senate Hansard, 24 June 2009, p. 55.

[3]        Treasury, Submission 10, cover letter.

Chapter 2 - The bill: provisions and rationale

[1]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 8.

[2]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 9.

[3]        Mr Craig Kelly, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, pp 2 and 5.

[4]        See Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, pp 45, 47–48.

[5]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, pp 45 and 47.

[6]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 57.

[7]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 132.

[8]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 128.

[9]        Hon Dr Craig Emerson MP, Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs, media statement, 18 September 2009.

[10]      Proof Committee Hansard, 18 September 2007, pp 71-72.

[11]      —and, by extension, penalise customers who do not buy at these supermarkets. ACCC, Petrol Prices and Australian Consumers, December 2007, p. 77.

Chapter 3 - Geographic price discrimination in Australia

[1]        The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, p. 626. Much of the economic literature employs a terminology introduced by A Pigou in The Economics of Welfare,  (1920, Part 2, Chapter XVII) under which geographic price discrimination is a type of 'third-degree' price discrimination as it involves discrimination between consumers rather than between purchases of an individual consumer; see IPA, Submission 4; H Varian, 'Price discrimination' in R Schmalensee & R Willig (ed) Handbook of Industrial Organisation, Volume 1, 1989, p 600 and L Phlips, The Economics of Price Discrimination, 1983, pp 11-13.

[2]        Dr Thomas Nagle, Strategy and tactics of pricing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1987, p. 159.

[3]        This excludes excluding fresh fruit, vegetables and regional bakery lines.

[4]        http://www.aldi.com.au/au/html/ALDI_national_pricing.htm.

[5]        IPA, Submission 4, p. 1.

[6]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 467.

[7]        Coles, Submission 5, p. 2.

[8]        Dr Brendan Long, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 17.

[9]        The study's findings were presented in Appendix D of the Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008.

[10]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 467.

[11]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, pp. 473–478.

[12]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 467.

[13]      'GROCERYchoice', http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/87702/20080807-0955/www.grocerychoice.gov.au/Default.html (accessed 18 September 2009).

[14]      Senate Economics References Committee, Response to question on notice, Woolworths, 11 November 2009, p. 3.

[15]      Senate Economics References Committee, Response to question on notice, Woolworths, 11 November 2009, p. 2.

[16]      Mr Craig Kelly, Submission 12, p. 5.

[17]      Mr Craig Kelly, Submission 12, p. 5.

[18]      Mr Craig Kelly, Submission 12, p. 8.

[19]      See Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 3.

[20]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 'Petrol prices and Australian consumers—Report of the ACCC inquiry into the price of unleaded petrol', December 2007, p. 113 and p. 126. http://www.accc.gov.au/content/item.phtml?itemId=806216&nodeId=8185570f0f6244d5f20d18d7bc37d1e3&fn=Chapter%208%20Price%20determination%20and%20competition%20at%20the%20wholesale%20level.pdf (accessed 22 September 2009).

[21]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 'Petrol prices and Australian consumers—Report of the ACCC inquiry into the price of unleaded petrol', December 2007, p. 113 and p. 139.

[22]      Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 3.

[23]      Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 3.

[24]      Mr Ken Henrick, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 26.

[25]      NARGA, Tabled documents, 25 September 2009.

[26]      Mr Ken Henrick, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 26.

[27]      NARGA, Submission 6, p. 3.

[28]      Service Station Association, Submission 1, pp. 1–2.

[29]      Service Station Association, Submission 1, p. 2.

[30]      L. Phlips, The Economics of price discrimination, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 7.

[31]      The ACCC's 2008 inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for groceries in Australia did contain some useful information on the major supermarket chain's pricing strategies.

[32]      Coles, Submission 5, p. 4.

[33]      Senate Economics References Committee, Woolworths, Answers to questions on notice, 10 November 2009.

Chapter 4 - Predatory pricing, geographic price discrimination and the Trade Practices Act

[1]        Treasury, Submission 10, p. 6.

[2]        Frederick Hilmer, Report on National Competition Policy, 1995.

[3]        Dawson Review, 2003, pp. 96–97 http://tpareview.treasury.gov.au/content/report/downloads/PDF/Chpt4.pdf (accessed 21 September 2009).

[4]        Mr Craig Kelly, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 5.

[5]        NARGA, Submission 6, p. 3.

[6]        NARGA, Submission 6, p. 5.

[7]        NARGA, Submission 6, p. 4.

[8]        Coles, Submission 5, p. 3.

[9]        Coles, Submission 5, p. 3.

[10]      Treasury, Submission 10, p. 1.

[11]      Australasian Association of Convenience Stores, Submission 3, p. 1. The same argument was put by ANRA, Submission 9, p. 3.

[12]      Dr Brendan Long, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 14.

[13]      Dr Brendan Long, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 17.

[14]      Senate Standing Committee on Economics, National Fuelwatch (Empowering Consumers) Bill 2008, October 2008, p 37.

[15]      Paul Crampton, 'Major changes to the Competition Act (Canada) and the Competition Bureau's Enforcement Policies, The antitrust source, June 2009, pp. 3–4. http://www.abanet.org/antitrust/at-source/09/06/Jun09-Crampton6-29f.pdf (accessed 16 September 2009).

[16]      Competition Bureau Canada, 'Proposed changes to the Competition Act', http://www.cb-bc.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/00243.html (accessed 16 September 2009).

[17]      Treasury, Submission 10, p. 1.

[18]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 2, p. 3.

[19]      Dr Thomas Nagle, The strategy and tactics of pricing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1987, p. 160.

[20]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 2, p. 3.

[21]      Mr Scott Gregson, ACCC, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, p. 3.

[22]      Treasury, Submission 10, p. 2.

[23]      7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd, Submission 8, p. 2.

[24]      Coles, Submission 5, p. 4.

[25]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 87.

[26]      Treasury, Submission 10, p. 2.

Chapter 5 - Practical concerns with the bill

[1]        Dr Brendan Long, ANRA, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 14.

[2]        Mr Craig Kelly, Southern Sydney Retailers Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 11.

[3]        Mr Craig Kelly, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 8.

[4]        Mr John Cummings, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 September 2009, p. 65.

[5]        Treasury, Submission 10, p. 3.

[6]        Mr Scott Gregson, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, p. 3.

[7]        Mr Scott Gregson, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, p. 3.

[8]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 1 August 2008, p. 38.

[9]        Fuelwatch inquiry, Australian Convenience and Petroleum Marketers Association, Submission 6, p. 4.

[10]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 2, p. 4.

[11]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 473.

[12]      See Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 38. ANRA, Submission 9, p. 5. Dr Brendan Long, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, pp 21–22.

[13]      Dr Brendan Long, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, pp 15 and 21. See also Mr Scott Gregson, ACCC, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, pp 3–4.

[14]      Mr Scott Gregson, ACCC, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, pp. 3–4.

[15]      Mr Scott Gregson, General Manager, Enforcement Operations, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009, p 4.

Minority Report by Senators Joyce and Xenophon

[1]        ACCC, Petrol prices and Australian consumers, December 2007, p. 126.

[2]        Service Station Association, Submission 1, p. 1.

[3]        Service Station Association, Submission 1, p. 1.

[4]        Treasury, Submission 10, p. 2.

[5]        Mr Scott Gregson, ACCC, Proof Committee Hansard, 5 October 2009.

[6]        Australian National Retailers Association, Submission 9, p. 3.

[7]        Coles, Submission 5, p. 3. Mr Robert Hadler, Proof Committee Hansard, GROCERYchoice inquiry, Senate Economics References Committee, 28 October 2009, p. 16.

[8]        ACCC, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008.

[9]        Coles, Submission 5, p. 4.

[10]      Woolworths, Responses to questions on notice for GROCERYchoice inquiry, Senate Economics References Committee, 11 November 2009.

[11]      Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 3.

[12]      Coles, Submission 5, p. 2.

[13]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 2, p. 4.

[14]      Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 5.

[15]      ACCC, Report of the ACCC inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, July 2008, p. 467.

[16]      http://www.aldi.com.au/au/html/ALDI_national_pricing.htm

[17]      Service Station Association, Submission 1, p. 1.

[18]      Southern Sydney Retailers Association, Submission 12.

[19]      Southern Sydney Retailers Association, Submission 12, p. 8.

[20]      Mr Craig Kelly, Southern Sydney Retailers Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 4.

[21]      Mr Craig Kelly, Southern Sydney Retailers Association, Proof Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 3.