Footnotes

Chapter 1

[1]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/694995

[2]        An 'arrangement or understanding' is a form of either verbal or written agreement that falls short of a common law contract. It must involve 'a meeting of the minds' of the parties to it, and there must be a consensus as to what is to be done, rather than simply a hope that something will be done. Explanatory Memorandum, p. 49.

[3]        Section 4D of the TPA defines exclusionary dealing and the way it operates with section 45(2).

[4]        OECD Council, 1998, Recommendation of the Council concerning effective action against hard core cartels, Adopted by the Council at its 921^st session on 25 March 1998.

[5]        The prosecution will be required to prove that the corporation intended to make a contract, arrangement or understanding, and that the corporation knew or believed that the contract, arrangement or understanding contained a cartel provision.

[6]        The Hon. Chris Bowen, Second Reading Speech, 3 December 2008, p. 12310

[7]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 12, p. 3.

[8]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 12, p. 3.

[9]        'Comments on the seminar on criminalising cartel conduct, ABLR 36, No. 241, 2008, p. 249.

[10]      Review of the Trade Practices Act, 'Overview', http://tpareview.treasury.gov.au/content/report/html/Summary.asp

[11]      Treasury, Submission: Criminal penalties for serious cartel conduct—Draft legislation, 4 March 2008, http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?ContentID=1350&NavID=037

[12]      H. K. Holdaway, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 1.

[13]      Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Recommendation of the Council concerning effective action against hard core cartels, May 1998.

[14]      Ms Simone Abbot, Treasury, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 2; Consumer Action Law Centre, Submission 8, p. 1.

[15]      See Paula Pyburne, Bills Digest, Parliamentary Library, p. 5.

[16]      Mr Graeme Samuel, Opening Statement, Visy News Conference, 2 November 2007, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/item.phtml?itemId=802637&nodeId=6131d945203f7f1ac39efde321315e44&fn=Opening+statement+-+Visy+news+conference.pdf

Chapter 2

[1]        Paula Pyburne, Bills Digest, Parliamentary Library, p. 14.

[2]        The Hon. Chris Bowen, 'Second Reading Speech', House of Representatives Hansard, 3 December 2008, p. 2.

[3]        Paula Pyburne, Bills Digest, Parliamentary Library, p. 16.

[4]        See Explanatory Memorandum, p. 38.

[5]        Australia Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 12, p. 4.

[6]        Consumer Action Law Centre, Submission 8, p. 3.

[7]        Explanatory Memorandum, p. 64.

Chapter 3

[1]        Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 40.

[2]        H. K. Holdaway, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 3.

[3]        See Speed and Stracey, Submission 6, pp. 1–2; Mr Brent Fisse, Submission 5; Law Council of Australia, Additional information, Tabled 16 February 2009.

[4]        Speed and Stracey, Submission 6, p. 1.

[5]        Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 18.

[6]        Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 16.

[7]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p. 6.

[8]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 29.

[9]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 30.

[10]      Treasury, Answers to Questions on Notice, 23 February, p. 4.

[11]      section 190, Enterprise Act 2002

[12]      Andreas Stephan, 'The Cartel Offence: Lame Duck or Black Mamba?', Centre for Competition Policy Working Paper 08-19, November 2008, p. 32, http://ccpweb.mgt.uea.ac.uk/publicfiles/workingpapers/CCP08-19.pdf

[13]      United States v Aston, 974 F.2d 1206 (1992) at 1210.

[14]      Mr Scott Rogers, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 6.

[15]      See also the comments of Justice RV Giles AO, 'Comments on seminar on criminalising cartel conduct', Australian Business Law Review, 241, vol. 36, 2008, p. 241.

[16]      Ms Catriona Lowe, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, pp. 46–47.

[17]      Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 16.

[18]      Mr Milton Cockburn, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 23. See also, Mr Timothy Walsh, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, pp. 24–25.

[19]      Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 24.

[20]      Mr Timothy Walsh, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 24.

[21]      Law Council of Australia, Correspondence to Treasury dated 21 November 2008, p. 4.

[22]      Mr Dave Poddar, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 49.

[23]      Law Council of Australia, Correspondence to Treasury dated 21 November 2008, p. 5.

[24]      Professor Bob Baxt, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 48.

[25]      Mr Bill Reid, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 50.

[26]      Ergon Energy, Submission 4, p. 2.

[27]      Mr Brent Fisse, Submission 5, p. 6.

[28]      Mr Scott Rogers, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 4.

[29]      Mr Scott Rogers, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 7.

[30]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 12, p. 7.

[31]      Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 42.

[32]      Speed and Stracey Lawyers, Submission 6, p. 2.

[33]      Mr Scott Gregson, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 43.

[34]      Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 42.

[35]      Shopping Centre Council of Australia, Submission 1a, p. 2.

[36]      Treasury, Answers to Questions on Notice, 23 February, p. 4.

[37]      DomGas Alliance, Submission 3, p. 3.

[38]      Mr Scott Rogers, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 4.

[39]      Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 28.

[40]      Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 40.

[41]      Mr Scott Gregson, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 43.

[42]      Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 18.

[43]      Speed and Stracey, Submission 6, p. 4.

[44]      Mr Scott Rogers, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 6.

[45]      Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 41.

[46]      Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 12, p. 7. Proposed subsection 44ZZRM

[47]      Mr Milton Cockburn, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 23.

[48]      Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 27.

[49]      Mr Dave Poddar, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 53. See also Mr Peter Speed, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 20. Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 35.

[50]      Motor Trades Association of Australia, Submission 7, p. 2.

[51]      Mr Michael Delaney, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, pp. 11–12.

[52]      Mr Brian Cassidy, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p. 42.

[53]      Law Council of Australia, Submission 10, p. 5.

Chapter 4

[1]        See Speed and Stracey, Submission 6, p. 1.

Additional comments by Senator Xenophon

[1]        The Wealth of Nations, book I, chapter X.

[2]        Ms H K Holdaway, Treasury, Proof Committee Hansard, 16 February 2009, p 5.

[3]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11a, p 3.

[4]        This wording is taken from the MOU, described in ACCC, Submission 12, p 4. If there are concerns that any such wording may later prove to be unsatisfactory, a provision could be inserted in the bill empowering the treasurer by a disallowable legislative instrument to specify one or more factors which the courts must consider in determining whether 'serious cartel conduct' exists.

[5]        For example, the Shopping Centre Council wanted the joint venture exemptions broadened to cover not just written or oral contracts, but agreements or understandings. This would offer too much scope for truly anticompetitive conduct to escape punishment.

[6]        Associate Professor Frank Zumbo, Submission 11, p 12.