Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction: why does income inequality matter?

[1]        See 'CEO Pay in ASX 200 Companies', 13^th Annual ACSI Survey of Chief Executive Remuneration, September 2014, http://www.acsi.org.au/images/stories/ACSIDocuments/ceo_pay_in_the_top_200/CEO%20Pay%20in%20Top%20200%20Companies%202012.Sep13.pdf (accessed 27 November 2014).

[2]        Since 2006, the Australian Taxation Office, the Australian Federal Police and the Australian Crime Commission have led Project Wickenby, a taskforce aimed at fighting tax evasion, tax avoidance and crime. Project Wickenby has helped make a number of high profile prosecutions. As of 31 August 2014, Project Wickenby has raised $1.991 billion in tax liabilities, completed 4,343 audits and convicted 44 people. See: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/The-fight-against-tax-crime/News-and-results/Project-Wickenby---getting-results/ (accessed 27 November 2014).

[3]        On 19 March 2012, the previous Labor Government implemented the Mineral Resources Rent Tax (MRRT). The tax was a profits-based tax that aimed to deliver a fairer share of revenue from the sale of non-renewable resources. The tax was repealed by the Coalition Government in 2013. There has been a broader debate about whether Australia has made the most from the resources boom in terms of saving for the future and using tax windfalls to invest in productive activities. A number of commentators proposed a savings and investment vehicle along the lines of a sovereign wealth fund to better manage the resources boom. See: http://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2012/Economic-Roundup-Issue-2/Report/Sovereign-wealth-funds-and-the-exchange-rate (accessed 27 November 2014).

[4]        Cost of living pressures have been a recurrent theme in Australian politics over the past decade in particular. In recent years, attention has focussed on the sharp rise in the cost of utility services, particularly electricity. There has been strong criticism of these increases and the effect they have on low income earners in particular. Over the past 12 months, the National Australia Bank's Consumer Anxiety Index has consistently found that cost of living was the principal source of anxiety. This inquiry has also considered the evidence on the extent to which basic necessities have increased in price over the past few years (see evidence from Queensland Council of Social Service at the Brisbane hearing, the Western Australian Social of Social Service at the Rockingham hearing and the evidence of Mr Brendan Churchill at the Hobart hearing).

[5]        Housing affordability has been a highly publicised issue over the past decade. Rising house prices across the country—but particularly in the capital cities—have fed fears that younger generations will be permanently priced out of the market. There are a number of demand and supply-side factors at work. In terms of demand, attention has focussed on the vehicle of negative gearing, which allows rental investors to offset their losses against their income (thereby allowing the investor to hold an appreciating asset). There has also been recent discussion of the effect that overseas buyers have had on the inflating the residential property market. In terms of supply, attention has focussed on land shortages, government and developer charges and zoning laws.

          This inquiry has focussed on the issue of housing in the context of both the private rental market and social housing options.

[6]        In December 2011, the Review of Funding for Schooling ('the Gonski Review') was provided to the federal government. The review looked at the issue of equity and disadvantage in Australian schooling. It noted that 'maintaining a fair and inclusive education system is one of the most powerful levers available to make society more equitable' (page 107). However, the Review emphasised that Australia's schooling system is characterised by a strong concentration of disadvantaged students in certain schools, and conversely, a strong concentration of advantaged students in other schools. Chapter 3 of this report looks at the findings—and the government's response—to the Gonski Review. 

[7]        The 2014 federal budget proposed a $7 co-payment for a visit to a General Practitioner. This committee recommended in August 2014 that the Government not proceed with further co‑payments and that the Government 'should undertake a comprehensive review of the impact of existing co-payments on individuals' access to health services and health outcomes'. See: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Australian_healthcare/~/media/Committees/clac_ctte/australian_healthcare/report.pdf  (accessed 27 November 2014).

[8]        The Coalition contested the 2013 election offering a Paid Parental Leave Scheme. The Scheme would pay women 26 weeks' salary at their full wage, capped at $50 000. The projected cost of the scheme is $5.5 billion with a proposed start date of 1 July 2015. The legislation for the Scheme has not yet been introduced into the Parliament.

Apart from the expense of the Coalition's Scheme, it also generated debate on the need for more investment in childcare and early learning facilities to allow working mothers to return to work. On 31 October 2014, the Government announced the completion of the Productivity Commission's inquiry into Childcare and Early Childhood Learning. The Government is currently considering its response to the report with the Minister anticipating a response by the end of 2014.

[9]        There was public discussion in early 2013 about the ability of Newstart recipients to make ends meet on $35 a day. This inquiry has also considered recent research and stakeholders' views on the challenges of living on the Newstart benefit. The issue was given further attention after government's May 2014 budget announcement proposing withholding an eligible Newstart recipient's benefits for six months.

[10]      On 23 May 2014, The Daily Telegraph reported that 1 in 10 people in some regions of New South Wales now rely on the Disability Support Pension. It also noted that since 2001, successful mental health claims for the DSP have jumped from 140 965 to 256 380. The paper's editorial of that day stated: 'The number of disability claimants in NSW alone is already greater than the number of Australian servicemen and women who have been injured fighting in wars for their nation since the late 1880s'. The 2014 federal budget proposed introducing requirements, such as work-focused activities, for DSP recipients with the aim of increasing DSP recipients' chances of finding and keeping a job.

[11]      The figure for CEO pay is taken from the most recent Australian Council of Superannuation Investors Survey. 'CEO Pay in ASX 200 Companies', 13^th Annual ACSI Survey of Chief Executive Remuneration, September 2014, p. 24.

The figure for an average full-time adult worker was extrapolated from the ABS' Average Weekly Earnings Survey. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Average Weekly Earnings, Cat. No. 6302.0, May 2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6302.0 (accessed 15 October 2014).

[12]      The minimum wage is $640.90 a week or $33 327 per annum. This figure is based on the Fair Work Commission's National Minimum Wage Order 2014, https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/sites/wagereview2014/decisions/c20141_order.pdf (accessed 15 October 2014).

[13]      For a good summary of this position, see Andrew Leigh, 'Consequences of inequality', The Monthly, 8 July 2013. See also the comments of Professor Roger Wilkins in his submission to this inquiry. He writes: 'My own view is that the primary argument against inequality is that it directly lowers social welfare—that is, reduces the overall subjective wellbeing of the population'. Submission 7, p. 1.

[14]      The Pareto principle holds that a change is good if it makes someone better off without making anyone worse off.

[15]      Professor Martin Feldstein, 'Reducing poverty, not inequality', The Public Interest, Fall, 1999, p. 34.

[16]      Professor Robert Lucas, The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future, https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3333&& (accessed 16 October 2014).

[17]      See the comments of Ms Mikayla Novak, 'Does more equal really mean all better?', IPA Review article, https://ipa.org.au/publications/1824/does-more-equal-really-mean-all-better- (accessed 10 October 2014).

[18]      Mr Chris Berg, 'We should fear slow growth, not inequality', Institute of Public Affairs, 29 April 2014, http://ipa.org.au/sectors/economics-deregulation/news/3094/we-should-fear-slow-growth-not-inequality (accessed 10 October 2014).

[19]      Mr Peter Saunders, 'What is driving income inequalities?', The Centre for Independent Studies, 31 May 2013, http://www.cis.org.au/publications/ideasthecentre/article/4828-what-is-driving-income-inequalities (accessed 10 October 2014).

[20]      Professor Peter Whiteford and Professor Andrew Podger, Submission 55, pp 1–2.

[21]      Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Allen Lane, 2009, p. 19.

[22]      Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Allen Lane, 2009, p. 261.

[23]      Professor Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, Allen Lane, 2012, p. 83.

[24]      Professor Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, Allen Lane, 2012, p. 85.

[25]      Professor Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, Allen Lane, 2012, p. 93.

[26]      Dr Andrew Leigh, 'Consequences of inequality', The Monthly, 8 July 2013, http://www.themonthly.com.au/blog/andrew-leigh/2013/07/08/1373239059/consequences-inequality

[27]      Dr Andrew Leigh, Battlers and Billionaires, Redback Books, 2013, p. 149.

[28]      Dr David Richardson, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 15.

[29]      Dr Richard Denniss, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 16.

[30]      Ms Christine Laguarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund, Economic Inclusion and Financial Integrity – Address to the Conference on Inclusive Capitalism, 27 May 2014, https://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2014/052714.htm (accessed 16 October 2014).

[31]      The English edition was published in 2014.

[32]      Professor Thomas Piketty, Capital in the 21^st Century, 2014, p. 471.

[33]      Professor Thomas Piketty, Capital in the 21^st Century, 2014, p. 525.

[34]      Professor Paul Krugman, 'The Piketty Panic', http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/opinion/krugman-the-piketty-panic.html?_r=0 (accessed 15 October 2014).

[35]      Professor Tyler Cowen, 'Capital punishment: Why a global wealth tax on wealth won't end inequality', Foreign Affairs, May/June 2014 (Review of Capital in the 21^st Century by Thomas Piketty), http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141218/tyler-cowen/capital-punishment (accessed 18 November 2014.

[36]      See The Hon. Joe Hockey MP, Treasurer, Budget Speech 2014-15, 13 May 2014, http://www.budget.gov.au/2014-15/content/speech/html/speech.htm  (accessed 3 December 2014).

[37]      That said, the Queensland Government has recently a 30 year plan for the State which has as one of its goals: 'Increase the wealth of all Queenslanders while achieving Australia's narrowest gap between the wealthy and the poor', http://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/assets/images/qld-plan.pdf (accessed 20 October 2014).

[38]      The Hon. Joe Hockey, Treasurer,  Address to the Sydney Institute, 11 June 2014.

[39]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, 'Income inequality in Australia', Treasury Economic Roundup, 2013, p. 51, http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2013/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%202/Downloads/PDF/3-Income-Inequality-Paper.ashx (accessed 16 October 2014).

[40]      Dr Ken Henry, 'Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality: Friends, Foes or Strangers', Towards Opportunity and Prosperity Conference, University of Melbourne, April 2002, pp 31–32. Also see:  https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Conley.pdf (accessed 3 December 2014).

[41]      The Treasury, 'Australia's future tax system', http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/Content.aspx?doc=html/pubs_reports.htm (accessed 16 October 2014).

[42]      The Treasury, Architecture of Australia's tax and transfer system, August 2008, p. 224, http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/downloads/report/Architecture_of_Australias_Tax_and_Transfer_System_Revised.pdf (accessed 16 October 2014).

[43]      The Hon. Joe Hockey MP, Treasurer, Address to the Sydney Institute, 11 June 2014.

[44]      Dr Martin Parkinson, The 2014-15 budget and sustaining broad-based growth in living standards, Speech to the Australian Business Economists, 20 May 2014, http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Speeches/2014/ABE%20May/Downloads/PDF/ABEMay2014_1200.ashx (accessed 3 December 2014).

[45]      Michael Jones, The Australian welfare state: evaluating social policy, Allen & Unwin, Fourth edition, 1996, p. 14.

[46]      Frank Castles, The Working Class and Welfare, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1985.

[47]      Professor Frank Castles, 'How society chooses: Policy and values, past and future', Eureka Street, 2002, http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/articles/0404castles.html (accessed 1 November 2014).

[48]      The Hon. Susan Ryan AO, Age Discrimination Commissioner, The Longevity Revolution—Crisis or Opportunity?, Address to the National Press Club, September 2014,
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/longevity-revolution-crisis-or-opportunity  (accessed 17 November 2014).

[49]      World Economic Forum, 'Worsening health gap seen as biggest risk Facing the world in 2014', News Release, http://www.weforum.org/news/worsening-wealth-gap-seen-biggest-risk-facing-world-2014 (accessed 3 December 2014).

[50]      Mr Murdoch's comments were based on a speech (published in advance in The Australian newspaper on 28 October 2014) to the G20 meeting in Brisbane.

[51]      Australia21, Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing inequality in Australia, Submission 37.

[52]      These changes are: limitation of the FTB Part A large family supplement; removal of the FTB Part A per child add on; and reduction of the FTB Part B primary earner income limit, see: Social Services and Other Legislation Amendment (2014 Budget Measures No. 6) Act 2014, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5357 (accessed 2 December 2014).

[53]      See: Social Services and Other Legislation Amendment (2014 Budget Measures No. 4) Bill 2014; Social Services and Other Legislation Amendment (2014 Budget Measures No. 5) Bill 2014; Social Security Legislation Amendment (Strengthening the Job Seeker Compliance Framework) Bill 2014; Social Services and Other Legislation Amendment (Student Measures) Bill 2014; Social Services and Other Legislation Amendment (Seniors Supplement Cessation) Bill 2014.

[54]      Department of Social Services, Review of Australia's Welfare System, http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/review-of-australia-s-welfare-system (accessed 15 September 2014).

[55]      Department of Social Services, Review of Australia's Welfare System.

[56]      A New System for Better Employment and Social Outcomes—Interim Report, http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/review-of-australia-s-welfare-system/a-new-system-for-better-employment-and-social-outcomes-full-version-of-the-interim-report (accessed 15 September 2014).

[57]      'Public Submissions', https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/review-of-australia-s-welfare-system/public-submissions (accessed 1 December 2014).

[58]      Australia21, Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing inequality in Australia, Submission 37 , Attachment 1, p. 6.

[59]      Australia21, Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing inequality in Australia, Submission 37, Attachment 1, p. 8.

[60]      Australia21, Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing inequality in Australia, Submission 37, Attachment 1, p. 28.

[61]      South Australian Government, Department of State Development, Building Family Opportunities Program, http://www.dfeest.sa.gov.au/bfo (accessed 21 November 2014). Also see: http://www.ucwpa.org.au/program-details-system-page/21 (accessed 21 November 2014).

[62]      The other members of the team present were Mr Peter Wall-Smith, Mr James Lino, Ms Muriel Bic, Ms Selina De Gioia and Ms Ann Piper.

Chapter 2 - The extent of income inequality in Australia

[1]        Mr Nigel Ray, Executive Director, Fiscal Group, The Treasury, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 1.

[2]        Professor Peter Whiteford and Professor Andrew Podger, Submission 55, p. 1.

[3]        Professor Roger Wilkins, Submission 7, pp 2–3.

[4]        Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup Issue 2, December 2013, p. 38; see also Mr Nigel Ray, Treasury, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 1.

[5]        Submission 55, p. 9.

[6]        Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, pp 7–8.

[7]        See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 'Social and welfare issues—Inequality', http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm (accessed 18 November 2014) (accessed 28 November 2014).

[8]        Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Submission 46, Figures 17 and 18, pp 26–27.

[9]        Professor Roger Wilkins, Submission 7, p. 2.

[10]      Professor Roger Wilkins, Submission 7, p. 2.

[11]      Submission 7, p. 2.

[12]      Submission 55, p. 7.

[13]      Submission 7, p. 2.

[14]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Wealth and wealth distribution, 2011–12, (6554.0), p. 5, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/FB162A8CBB41033DCA257BCD001A5725/$File/65540_2011_12.pdf (accessed 13 September 2014).

[15]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution, Australia, 2011–12, (6554.0), p. 5.

[16]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution, Australia, 2011–12, (6554.0), p. 6.

[17]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution, Australia, 2011–12, (6554.0), p. 9.

[18]      D. Johnson and R. Wilkins, ‘The causes of changes in the distribution of family income in Australia, 1982 to 1997–98’, Social Policy Research Paper Number 27, Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Australian Government, Canberra, 2006,Table 4.5, http://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/publicationsarticles/research-publications/social-policy-research-paper-series/number-27-the-causes-of-changes-in-the-distribution-offamily-income-in-australia-1982-to-1997-98 (accessed 10 November 2014).

[19]      Submission 55, p. 11.

[20]      Submission 46, p. 7.

[21]      Professor Roger Wilkins, Evaluating the evidence on income inequality in the 2000s, Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 26/13, July 2013, p. 55.

[22]      Professor Roger Wilkins, Evaluating the evidence on income inequality in the 2000s, Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 26/13, July 2013, p. 55. See also Submission 7, p. 3.

[23]      Submission 46, p. 9.

[24]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup Issue 2, December 2013, p. 40. Reproduced with permission.

[25]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup Issue 2, December 2013, p. 40.

[26]      Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Sharing the boom: the distribution of wealth and income in Western Australia, February 2014, p. 12.

[27]      Professor Alan Duncan, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 6.

[28]      Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Sharing the boom: the distribution of wealth and income in Western Australia, February 2014, Figure 9, p. 11. Reproduced with permission.

[29]      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 'Social and welfare issues—Inequality', http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm (accessed 18 November 2014).

[30]      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 'Social and welfare issues—Inequality', http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm (accessed 18 November 2014).

[31]      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Divided we stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, 2011, http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/49499779.pdf (accessed 13 September 2014).

[32]      —the income of people in the 80^th percentile as a proportion of people in the 20^th percentile

[33]      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Divided we stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, 2011, p. 45.

[34]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 36.

[35]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 42. Reproduced with permission.

[36]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 41.

[37]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 43.

[38]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 45.

[39]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, p. 59, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/122496/income-distribution-trends.pdf (accessed 20 November 2014).

[40]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, p. 7.

[41]      These are 2011–12 adjusted values.

[42]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, pp 7, 10 and 59, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/122496/income-distribution-trends.pdf (accessed 20 November 2014).

[43]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, pp 7 and 59.

[44]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, p. 102.

[45]      Australian Government Productivity Commission, Trends in the Distribution of Income in Australia, Staff Working Paper, March 2013, p. 108.

[46]      Michael Fletcher and Ben Guttman, Income inequality in Australia, Treasury Economic Roundup, December 2013, p. 46. Reproduced with permission.

[47]      Andrew Leigh, Battlers and Billionaries: The story of inequality in Australia, Pluto Press, 2013, p. 57.

[48]      Falling through the cracks, Poverty and disadvantage in Australia, Focus on the States Report Series, No. 1, October 2014; Sharing the boom, The distribution of income and wealth in WA, Focus on Western Australia Report Series, No. 1, February 2014, http://business.curtin.edu.au/research/centres-institutions/bankwest-curtin-economics-centre/ (accessed 18 November 2014).

[49]      Director and Bankwest Chair in Economic Policy, Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 1. Professor Duncan noted that the 90:10 ratio was 4.2 Australia-wide in 2009–10. Officials from The Treasury indicated that its Social Policy Division has not definitively analysed the income inequality issues prevalent in Western Australia: Mr Nigel Ray and Ms Leesa Croke, General Manager, Social Policy Division, Fiscal Group, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 6.

[50]      Director, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 37. Also see: Professor Gerard Richmond, Project Leader, Australian Child Wellbeing Project, School of Social and Policy Studies, Flinders University, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 37.

[51]      Mr Ross Womersley, Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 22.

[52]      Board Member, Australia21, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 35. Also see: Associate Professor Daphne Habibis, Director, Housing and Community Research Unit, University of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 17.

[53]      Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, National Director, UnitingCare Australia and Dr John Falzon, Chief Executive Officer, St. Vincent de Paul  Society National Council, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 46.

[54]      Superintendent, Ashfield Parish Mission, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 46.

[55]      Foodbank Australia is a non-denominational, non-profit organisation which acts as a pantry to the charities and community groups who feed the hungry: see http://www.foodbank.org.au/about-us/what-is-foodbank/ (accessed 18 November 2014).

[56]      Ms Barbara Bennett, Deputy Secretary, Committee Hansard, Community Affairs Budget Estimates 2014–15, 5 June 2014, p. 31.

[57]      See, for example: Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, UnitingCare Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 47–48. Ms Meredith Perry, Senior Manager Community Services, UnitingCare Wesley Port Adelaide, said that her organisation has had to supplement emergency relief funding: see Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 14.

[58]      Mr Mark Glasson, Executive General Manager, Service Operations, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 19.

[59]      See: Foodbank WA, 'The Hunger Report', http://www.foodbankwa.org.au/hunger-in-wa/the-hunger-report/ (accessed 18 November 2014).

[60]      Foodbank Australia, Foodbank Hunger Report 2014, 2014, p. 9.

[61]      Ms Meg Webb, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, pp 1–2. The Treasury noted that there is a Joint Commonwealth and Tasmanian Economic Council which broadly aims to address economic development in Tasmania: Mr Nigel Ray, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, pp 12–13.

[62]      Submission 55, p. 24.

[63]      Dr Nick Rohde, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 49–51.

[64]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 8.

[65]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 3–4.

[66]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 36.

[67]      See chapters 2–3.

Chapter 3 - Impact of income inequality on access to services and entrenching disadvantage

[1]        Professor Sue Richardson, Economist warns of growing 'forces of inequality', Flinders University Blog, August 2014, http://blogs.flinders.edu.au/flinders-news/2014/08/01/economist-warns-of-growing-forces-of-inequality/ (accessed 1 October 2014).

[2]        United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 1 October 2014).

[3]        Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 48–49.

[4]        For example, see: Dr David Morawetz, Board Member, Australia21, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 43–44; Mr Matt Cowgill, Economic Policy Officer, Australian Council of Trade Unions, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 3–4.

[5]        Dr David Morawetz, Board Member, Australia 21, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 43–44.

[6]        Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p. [6].

[7]        Professor Sharon Friel & Dr Richard Denniss, Unfair economic arrangements make us sick, Australia21, p. 5,  http://www.australia21.org.au/publication-archive/unfair-economic-arrangements-make-us-sick-how-should-australia-respond-to-the-expanding-financial-inequities-among-its-citizens/ (accessed 14 October 2014). See also, Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 42, p. 4.

[8]        Turrell G., Stanley L., de Looper M. & Oldenburg B., Health Inequalities in Australia: Morbidity, health behaviours, risk factors and health service use. Health Inequalities Monitoring Series No. 2 AIHW Cat. No. PHE 72, 2006, p. xii, Canberra, QUT and AIHW, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459734 (accessed 13 October 2014).

[9]        Turrell G., Stanley L., de Looper M. & Oldenburg B., Health Inequalities in Australia: Morbidity, health behaviours, risk factors and health service use. Health Inequalities Monitoring Series No. 2 AIHW Cat. No. PHE 72, 2006, pp 52–92.

[10]      Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p. 5.

[11]      Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p. [6]. See also: NATSEM, The Cost of Inaction on the Social Determinants of Health, University of Canberra, 2012, http://www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/publications/?publication=the-cost-of-inaction-on-the-social-determinants-of-health (accessed 4 November 2014).

[12]      Rosemary Korda, Ellie Paige, Vasoontara Yiengprugsawan, Isabel Latz, and Sharon Friel, 'Income related inequalities in chronic conditions, physical functioning and psychological distress among older people in Australia: cross-sectional findings from the 45 and up study. BMC Public Health, 14:741, pp 1–10.

[13]      People with Disability Australia, Submission 44, pp 5 and 13.

[14]      Submission 42, p. 6.

[15]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 57.

[16]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 47.

[17]      World Health Organization, The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21^st century—the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme, http://www.who.int/oral_health/media/en/orh_report03_en.pdf (accessed 25 November 2014).

[18]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 4839.0—Patient Experiences in Australia: Summary of Findings, 2013–14, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4839.0~2013-14~Main%20Features~Dental%20professionals~3 (accessed 25 November 2014).

[19]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 27.

[20]      Territorial Social Programme Director, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 22.

[21]      Dr Yvonne Luxford, Member, Public Health Association of Australia (PHAA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 53.

[22]      Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's health 2012, Australia's health series no. 13. Cat. No. AUS 156, 2012, pp 209–214, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737422169 (accessed 31 October 2014). See also Dr Yvonne Luxford, PHAA, Committee Hansard, 16 October 2014, p. 52.

[23]      Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p. [5].

[24]      Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's health 2012, Australia's health series no. 13. Cat. No. AUS 156., 2012, pp 203–208.

[25]      St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Submission 32, pp [1–2].

[26]      Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's health 2012, Australia's health series no. 13. Cat. No. AUS 156, 2012, pp 221–225.

[27]      Turrell G., Stanley L., de Looper M. & Oldenburg B., Health Inequalities in Australia: Morbidity, health behaviours, risk factors and health service use. Health Inequalities Monitoring Series No. 2 AIHW Cat. No. PHE 72, 2006, p. 84, Canberra, QUT and AIHW, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459734 (accessed 13 October 2014).

[28]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Health 2010, Australia's health series no. 12. Cat. no. AUS 122, p. 253–254, Canberra, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442452962 (accessed 2 December 2014).

[29]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Out-of-pocket costs in Australian healthcare, 2014, pp 4 and 66, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Australian_healthcare/Report (accessed 20 October 2014).

[30]      Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p. 5.

[31]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 52.

[32]      Gough Whitlam, Election Policy Speech for the Australian Labor Party, Blacktown Civic Centre, 13 November 1972,
http://whitlamdismissal.com/1972/11/13/whitlam-1972-election-policy-speech.html (accessed 15 October 2014).

[33]      Professor Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, United States, 2014, pp 21 and 313.

[34]      Dr James J Heckman, The Case for Investing in Disadvantaged Young Children in Big Ideas for Children: Investing in our Nation's Future, University of Chicago School of Economics, p. 49, 2012, http://www.heckmanequation.org/content/resource/case-investing-disadvantaged-young-children (accessed 19 September 2014).

[35]      Australian Government, Review of Funding for Schooling: Final Report December 2011 (Gonski Review_, p. 19, https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/review-of-funding-for-schooling-final-report-dec-2011.pdf (accessed 30 September 2014).

[36]      Gonski Review, p. 105.

[37]      Submission 9, p. 3.

[38]      Gonski Review, p. 124.

[39]      The Gonski Review defines four main types of educational disadvantage—low SES, location, indigeneity, and a language background other than English (LBOTE).

[40]      Gonski Review, p. 124.

[41]      As an example of health disadvantage interacting with educational disadvantage, in 2009, a federal Health survey found that 74 per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote communities had a middle ear infection, with at least 54 per cent recording some hearing loss.

[42]      Emphasis added.

[43]      Gonski Review, p. 123.

[44]      Gonski Review, pp 149–151.

[45]      Ms Emma King, CEO, Victorian Council of Social Service (VCOSS), Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 10. See also: Ms Terese Edwards, National Council of Single Mothers and their Children, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 17–19; Ms Anne Hampshire, Head, Research and Advocacy, The Smith Family, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 39. Ms Hampshire states that 'educational achievement in Australia is much more closely related to family characteristics than is desirable. If we had a reduction of the impact of family background on whether or not a young person achieves educationally, we would be shifting the dial.'

[46]      Ms Emma King, VCOSS, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 10.

[47]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 40.

[48]      The Weekend Australian, Power to choose: mums and dad vote on schools with their feet, 11 October 2014, p. 6.

[49]      Submission 9, p. 11.

[50]      Submission 9, p. 7.

[51]      Professor Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, United States, 2014, pp 21 and 313.

[52]      Dr James J Heckman, The Case for Investing in Disadvantaged Young Children in Big Ideas for Children: Investing in our Nation's Future, University of Chicago School of Economics, pp 51–52, 2012 http://www.heckmanequation.org/content/resource/case-investing-disadvantaged-young-children (accessed 19 September 2014).
See also; Mr Mark Henley, CEO, Queensland Council of Social Service (QCOSS), Committee Hansard, 8 October 2014, p. 17. Mr Henley compares the Australian investment in early childhood learning with Scandinavian countries. See also: Gonski Review, pp 107–108.

'Maintaining a fair and inclusive education system is one of the most powerful levers available to make society more equitable.' The report cites evidence that 'strengthening equity in education can be cost beneficial'. Investment in education at an early age may actually provide the foundational skills that some disadvantaged children do not learn in the home.

[53]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 42.

[54]      Ms Jacqueline Phillips, Director of Policy, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 24.

[55]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 14.

[56]      Gonski Review, p. 112.

[57]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 34–35.

[58]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 51.

[59]      Ms Catherine Bartolo, CEO, YFS Limited, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 34–35.

[60]      The Smith Family, Submission 9, pp 7–8.

[61]      Submission 44, p. 11. The National Plan for School Improvement, based on the Gonski Review, created a specific disability loading for schools. This funding is not guaranteed past July 2015.

[62]      Submission 9, pp 7–8.

[63]      Submission 9, p. 8.

[64]      Ms Kasy Chambers, Executive Director, Anglicare Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 37. See also: Ms Anne Hampshire, The Smith Family, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 39. Ms Hampshire cites the closure of the COAG reform council and the loss of yearly data collated at the Commonwealth level for low and high SES as something that needs to be addressed.

[65]      Ms Anne Hampshire, The Smith Family, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 35.

[66]      Ms Catherine Bartolo, YFS Limited, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 34.

[67]      Australian Government, Skills for all Australians, 2012, p. 30, http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/skills_for_all_australians/pdf/skills_for_all_australians.pdf (accessed 27 October 2014).

[68]      Submission 21, p. [3].

[69]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 32.

[70]      Universities Australia, Participation and Equity: A review of the participation in higher education of people from low socio-economic backgrounds and indigenous people, March 2008, p. 2, https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/ArticleDocuments/210/Participation%20and%20equity.pdf.aspx (accessed 25 November 2014). See also, People with Disability Australia, Submission 44, p. 11. Only 15% of people with a disability complete a Bachelor degree or higher compared to 26% of people without a disability.

[71]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 38.

[72]      Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why more equal societies almost always do better, Penguin Books, Camberwell, 2009, p. 115.

[73]      Professor Jonathon West, Obstacles to Progress, Griffith Review No. 39, 2012, https://griffithreview.com/articles/obstacles-to-progress/ (accessed 15 September 2014).

[74]      Associate Professor Daphne Habibis, Director, Housing and Community Research Unit, University of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, pp 13–14.

[75]      Tasmanian Youth Forum, Should I Stay or Should I go?, Final Report, September 2013, http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/234820/Stay_or_go_what_you_said_final_report_Dec_2013.pdf (accessed 6 November 2014).

[76]      Dr Peter Shergold, Graduation ceremonies a celebration of Australia's cultural diversity, 20 October 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/comment/graduation-ceremonies-a-celebration-of-australias-cultural-diversity-20141019-1189v3.html (accessed 20 October 2014).

[77]      Board Member, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 26.

[78]      Baptcare, Baptcare Social Policy Position Paper: Affordable Housing, 2014, p. 1, http://www.baptistcareaustralia.org.au/documents/item/221 (accessed 31 October 2014).

[79]      For example, see: Social Determinants of Health, Submission 43, p. 5; Tabled Document, QCOSS, Indicators of Poverty and Disadvantage, October 2014, p. 15, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Income_Inequality/Additional_Documents (accessed 8 October 2014).

[80]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2049.0—Census of Population and Housing: Estimating Homelessness, 2011, http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2049.0Main%20Features22011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2049.0&issue=2011&num=&view= (accessed 25 November 2014).

[81]      Committee Hansard, 8 October 2014, p. 40. See also: Social Determinants of Health Alliance, Submission 43, p [5].

[82]      Australian Government, National Housing Strategy, Canberra, 1991, p. 7.

[83]      Senate Select Committee on Housing Affordability, 'A good home is hard to find: Housing Affordability in Australia', June 2008, p. 35, https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/wopapub/senate/committee/hsaf_ctte/report/report_pdf.ashx (accessed 17 November 2014).

[84]      ABS, 6416.0—Residential Property Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities, June 2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6416.0 (accessed 2 October 2014).

[85]      Fair Work Commission, Media Release: Fair Work Commission Annual Wage review increases national minimum wage, https://employment.gov.au/news/fair-work-commission-annual-wage-review-increases-national-minimum-wage (accessed 2 October 2014).

[86]      Australian Government, Historical versions of 'A guide to Australian Government payments' booklet, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/corporate/publications-and-resources/historical-rates-for-co029 (accessed 2 October 2014).

[87]      ABS, 1380.0.55.013—Perspectives on Regional Australia: Housing Arrangements—Rental Rates in Local Government Areas, 2011, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1380.0.55.013 (accessed 7 October 2014).

[88]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 6554.0 Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution 2011–12, pp 18–19, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/6554.0Main%20Features22011–12?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=6554.0&issue=2011–12&num=&view= (accessed 19 September 2014).

[89]      Tabled Document, QCOSS, Indicators of Poverty and Disadvantage, October 2014, p. 16, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Income_Inequality/Additional_Documents (accessed 8 October 2014).

[90]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 46.

[91]      Submission 44, p. 5.

[92]      Ms Emma Keys, Chief Executive Officer, VCOSS, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 11.

[93]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 2.

[94]      Australian Government, The Treasury, Australia's Future Tax System: Final Report [Chapter 12], http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/finalreport.aspx?doc=html/publications/papers/final_report_part_1/chapter_12.htm (accessed 14 November 2014).

[95]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 6554.0 Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution 2011–12, pp 18–19. In this section, non-equivalised data sets have been used. Equivalised data adjusts total household income to facilitate comparisons of households of differing sizes and compositions. It is worth noting that equivalised data shows a smaller difference in housing wealth between quintiles.

[96]      Mr David Richardson and Dr Richard Denniss, Income and Wealth Inequality in Australia, July 2014, p. 10, http://www.tai.org.au/content/income-and-wealth-inequality-australia (accessed 19 September 2014).

[97]      Australian Tax Office, Rental properties 2012–13: Negative gearing, https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Tax-return/2013/In-detail/Publications/Rental-properties-2012-13/?page=16 (accessed 7 October 2014). See also: Dr Richard Denniss, Executive Director, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 13–20.

[98]      Australian Taxation Office, Capital gains tax, https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ (accessed 7 October 2014).

[99]      See for example: Alan Kohler, The two certainties in housing: debt and taxes, The Drum (originally published in Business Spectator), http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-02/kohler-the-two-certainties-in-housing-debt-and-taxes/5784272 (accessed 3 October 2014). Alan Kohler states that ' in the past 20 years the shares of total lending by businesses and for housing have basically flipped—housing has gone from 25 to 61 per cent of total credit and business credit has fallen from 64 to 34 per cent.' There is a concern that current taxation policy has skewed borrowing to non-productive sectors (i.e. established housing stock) away from productive sectors that create jobs (i.e. business investment).

[100]    Australian Department of the Treasury, Australia's future tax system—Section 6: Taxing business and investment, http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/ConsultationPaper.aspx?doc=html/publications/Papers/Consultation_Paper/section_6.htm (accessed 7 October 2014).

[101]    Department of Human Services, Rent Assistance, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/rent-assistance (accessed 21 October 2014).

[102]    This varies from state to state; however, Queensland charges 25 per cent, whereas NSW charges 25–30 per cent depending on household and income status.

[103]    Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, Poverty Lines: Australia, ISSN 1448-0530 June Quarter 2014, https://melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/publications/Poverty%20Lines/Poverty-Lines-Australia_June2014.pdf (accessed 31 October 2014).

[104]    Baptcare, Baptcare Social Policy Position Paper: Affordable Housing, 2014, pp 6–7, http://www.baptistcareaustralia.org.au/documents/item/221 (accessed 31 October 2014).

[105]    For example, see: Ms Mary D'Elia, State Operations Manager, Tasmania, Baptcare, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 4; Mr Neil Castles, Director-General, Queensland Department of Housing and Public Works, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 2 and 7.

[106]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 2.

[107]    Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Welfare 2013, p. 214, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129544561 (accessed 25 November 2014).

[108]    Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Housing outcomes for groups vulnerable to homelessness, Cat. No. HOU 274, Canberra, 2014, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129548949 (accessed 27 October 2014).

[109]    Submission 36, pp 4–5. See also: Mr Chris Twomey, Director, Western Australia Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 13.

[110]    Ms Meredith Perry, Senior Manager—Community Services, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 11.

[111]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 14.

[112]    Manager—Homelessness Services, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 13.

[113]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 16.

[114]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 27–38.

[115]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 46.

[116]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 3.

[117]    The Hon. Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister of Australia, 'Federation White Paper—Release of First Issues Paper', Media release, 12 September 2014.

[118]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 1.

[119]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 1–3.

[120]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 3.

[121]    See also Mr Paul Donegan and Mr Ross Elliott in Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 39–51.

[122]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 42–43.

[123]    Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, National Director, UnitingCare Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 48.

[124]    VAMPIRE (Vulnerability assessment for mortgage, petroleum, and inflation risks and expenditure).

[125]    Jago Dodson and Neil Sipe, Unsettling Suburbia: The New Landscape of Oil and Mortgage Vulnerability in Australian Cities, Griffith University, 2008, http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/88851/urp-rp17-dodson-sipe-2008.pdf (accessed 10 October 2014).

[126]    Submission 9, p. 10.

[127]    For example, see: The Smith Family, Submission 9, p. 10; Ms Anne Hampshire, The Smith Family, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 35.

[128]    Submission 9, p. 10.

[129]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 42.

[130]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 34.

[131]    ABS 1301.0. Definitions Year Book Australia, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Underutilised%20labour~297 (accessed 6 November 2014).  Unemployment rate is defined as the unemployed as a percentage of the labour market (unemployed plus employed); underemployment rate are those part-time workers are those who are available and would prefer to work more hours; labour force underutilisation rate is the sum of the unemployed and the underemployed as a percentage of the labour market; extended labour force underutilisation rate is the sum of the unemployed, underemployed, discouraged job seekers and those looking for work but unable to start  work in the reference week, but available to start in four weeks.

[132]    August 2013 was the most recent date of all of these labour force statistics.

[133]    The Australia Institute, Submission 37b, p. 12.

[134]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 50.

[135]    Director, Justice and International Mission Unit, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 49.

[136]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 34.

[137]    The Hon. Joe Hockey MP, Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia, 'The Case for Change', Speech, 23 April 2014, http://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2014/04/23/case-change-address-hon-joe-hockey-mp-treasurer (accessed 13 November 2014).

[138]    REST Industry Super, The Journey Begins: Australia's Journey to Retirement, June 2014, http://www.rest.com.au/restpension/rest-the-journey-begins.pdf (accessed 2 December 2014).

[139]    Submission 44, p. 7.

[140]    Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 18.

[141]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, 6220.0 —Persons not in the Labour Force, September 2013 (accessed 13 November 2014). See also: Submission 44, p. 12.

'DSP [Disability Support Pension] recipients are also not eligible for Jobs, Education and Training (JET) childcare although people receiving working age payment including Newstart are. This means that DSP recipients who are studying or are want to study must pay for their childcare from their DSP. For the majority of parents on DSP this will make the pursuit of further study too costly.

[142]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, 6220.0 —Persons not in the Labour Force, September 2013 (accessed 13 November 2014).

[143]    See for example: Mr Joe Gannon, Manager, Homelessness Services, UnitingCare Wesley Port Adelaide, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 13; Dr Ian Goodwin-Smith, Director, Australian Centre for Community Services Research, Flinders University, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, pp 40–41.

[144]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 49.

[145]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 49.

[146]    Policy and Research Officer, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 13.

[147]    Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 17.

[148]    OECD 2014, PF3.4: Childcare support, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF_3_4_Childcare_support_May2014.pdf (accessed 2 October 2014).

[149]    Centrelink, A guide to Australian Government payments: 20 September–31 December 2014, 2014, pp 10–12, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/spw/corporate/publications-and-resources/resources/co029/co029-1409.pdf (accessed 2 October 2014).

[150]    OECD 2011, Babies and Bosses—Reconciling Work and Family Life: A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries, pp 79–80, 87.

[151]    Australian Bureau of Statistics, 6554.0 Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution 2011–12, pp 18–19, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/6554.0Main%20Features22011–12?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=6554.0&issue=2011–12&num=&view= (accessed 19 September 2014).

[152]    OECD 2011, Babies and Bosses—Reconciling Work and Family Life: A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries, http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/babies-and-bosses-reconciling-work-and-family-life_9789264032477-en#page86 (accessed 2 October 2014).

[153]    OECD 2011, Babies and Bosses—Reconciling Work and Family Life: A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries.

[154]    See, for example: Mr Sameh Gowegati, Proof Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, pp 34–47.

[155]    See, for example: Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 5; Ms Sarah Walbank, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 17 on flexible working options for carers.

Chapter 4 - The impact of income inequality on disadvantaged groups

[1]        See Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, National Director, UnitingCare Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 49.

[2]        Research Fellow, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 32.

[3]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing: A focus on children and youth, April 2011, Cat. 4725.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4725.0Chapter300Apr%202011 (accessed 17 November 2014).

[4]        Professor Graeme Hugo and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, A significant contribution: The economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants, 'Summary of findings', 2011, p. 23.

[5]        Sir Roland Wilson, Bringing Them Home, 1997; Australian Government, Closing the Gap reports, 2009–2014; Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2014.

[6]        Commonwealth of Australia, Closing the Gap Report, 2014

[7]        See; Close the Gap, Submission 11, p. 14; Oxfam, Submission 22, p. 6; Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Income and Income Distribution, 2011–12, Cat. 6523.0, p. 27, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/B0530ECF7A48B909CA257BC80016E4D3/$File/65230_2011-12.pdf (accessed 1 October 2014).

[8]        Close the Gap, Submission 11, p. 14.

[9]        Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, pp 2 and 23, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/179260/key-indicators-2014-report.pdf (accessed 24 November 2014).

[10]      See: Ms Johanna Pride, Public Policy and Advocacy Manager, Oxfam Australia, Committee Hansard, 18 September 2014, p. 23; Oxfam, Submission 22, p. 6.

[11]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Aussie men now expected to live past 80', Media release, 6 November 2014.

[12]      Closing the Gap Prime Minister's report, http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/closing_the_gap_2014.pdf (accessed 10 November 2014)

[13]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' labour force outcomes', Australian Social Trends, November 2013, Cat. 4102.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Nov+2013 (accessed 1 October 2014).

[14]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' labour force outcomes', Australian Social Trends, November 2013, Cat. 4102.0.

[15]      Australian Government, Closing the Gap Prime Minister's report, 2014, p. 12

[16]      Australian Government, Closing the Gap Prime Minister's report, 2014, p. 12

[17]      Queensland Council of Social Service, Indicators of Poverty and Disadvantage in Queensland, October 2013.

[18]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 32.

[19]      Australian Government, Closing the Gap Prime Minister's report, 2014, p. 2.

[20]      Department of Human Services, Community Development Employment Projects Participant Supplement, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/community-development-employment-projects (accessed 25 November 2014).

[21]      Principal Research Fellow, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 4.

[22]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness, 2011, Cat. No. 2049.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2049.0Main%20Features22011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2049.0&issue=2011&num=&view (accessed 10 November 2014).

[23]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, pp 4.94–4.95.

[24]      Director, Community and Housing Research Unit, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 16.

[25]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Cat 4517.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4517.0 (accessed 15 November 2014).

[26]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Cat 4517.0.

[27]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Health 2014, p. 17.

[28]      Australian Government, Closing the Gap Prime Minister's report, 2014, p. 2.

[29]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students', Cat. 4221.0—Schools, Australia, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4221.0Main%20Features100062013?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4221.0&issue=2013&num=&view= (accessed 10 November 2014).

[30]      Head, Research and Advocacy, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 40–41.

[31]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 19 September 2014, p. 6.

[32]      Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, pp 28–29.

[33]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 35.

[34]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 35.

[35]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 41.

[36]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Health 2014, p. 81, http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129548150 (accessed 1 November 2014).

[37]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, p. 8.3.

[38]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, p. 8.11.

[39]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, p. 8.20.

[40]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, p. 8.25.

[41]      Productivity Commission, Overcoming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Disadvantage, Key indicators report 2014, p. 8.35.

[42]      Submission 43, p. 7. Also see: Carson, B., Dunbar, T., Chenhall, RD., Bailie, R. Eds (2007). Social determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples health. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin.

[43]      Board Member, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 52.

[44]      Submission 22, p. 10.

[45]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 3.

[46]      Deloitte Access Economics, The economic benefits of increasing employment for people with disability, Commissioned by the Australian Network on Disability, August 2011, p. 13,
http://www.and.org.au/data/Conference/DAE_Report_8May.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[47]      Deloitte Access Economics, The economic benefits of increasing employment for people with disability, Commissioned by the Australian Network on Disability, August 2011, p. 15.

[48]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of findings 2012, Cat. 4430.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/A813E50F4C45A338CA257C21000E4F36?opendocument (accessed 17 November 2014).

[49]      Submission 44, p. 8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, p. 73.

[50]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, p. 73.

[51]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, p. 228.

[52]      Deloitte Access Economics, The economic benefits of increasing employment for people with disability, August 2011, http://www.and.org.au/data/Conference/DAE_Report_8May.pdf (accessed 3 December 2014).

[53]      Submission 44, p. 4.

[54]      Submission 44, p. 7.

[55]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Out of pocket costs in Australian healthcare, August 2014, p. 34.

[56]      Submission 44, p. 7.

[57]      Submission 44, p. 8.

[58]      Submission 44, p. 5. The reference given was to the Department of Social Services, Characteristics of Disability Support Pension Recipients, 2013, p. 19.

[59]      Submission 44, p. 5.

[60]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, p. 123.

[61]      Mr Neil Castles, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 1.

[62]      Submission 44, p. 6.

[63]      Joint Parliamentary Committee on the National Disability Insurance Scheme, Progress report on the implementation and administration of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, July 2014, p. xvi, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme/~/media/Committees/ndis_ctte/progress_report/report.pdf (accessed 1 November 2014).

[64]      Submission 44, p. 9.

[65]      Submission 44, p. 10.

[66]      Mr Josh Fear, Director, Policy and Projects, Mental Health Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 56.

[67]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Health 2014, p. 131.

[68]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's Health 2014, p. 131.

[69]      Submission 16, p. 4.

[70]      Submission 16, p. 5.

[71]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 59.

[72]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 57.

[73]      Submission 16, p. 6.

[74]      Submission 16, p. 6.

[75]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 56.

[76]      See: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/08_2014/133_-_national_mental_health_consumer_carer_forum_mental_health_council_of_australia.pdf (accessed 3 December 2014).

[77]      Mr Josh Fear, Committee Hansard, p. 59. The 2011 Productivity Commission report estimated that 57 000 people will be eligible for an individualised package. Productivity Commission, Disability Care and Support, Vol. 1, No. 54, 31 July 2011, page 27 and page 190. Mental Health Australia estimated that there are around 20 000 to 300 000 people in Australia with a psychosocial disability.

[78]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 59.

[79]      This included 7504 grants under the onshore component and 12 515 grants under the offshore component. In the offshore component, 12 012 (95.9 per cent) grants were Refugee visas and 503 (4.0 per cent) were SHP visas.

[80]      Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Information Paper, Appendix A, December 2013,
http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/refugee/ref-hum-issues/pdf/humanitarian-program-information-paper-14-15.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[81]      Based on a 2006 figure for migrants aged over 15 years of age.

[82]      Professor Graeme Hugo and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, A significant contribution: The economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants, 'Summary of findings', 2011, p. 23.

[83]      Submission 24, pp 2–3.

[84]      Professor Graeme Hugo and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, A significant contribution: The economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants, 'Summary of findings', 2011, p. 23.

[85]      Professor Graeme Hugo and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, A significant contribution: The economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants, 'Summary of findings', 2011, p. 40.

[86]      Submission 24, p. 3.

[87]      Department of Social Services, Labour market and related payments: a monthly profile, September 2014, p. 9, https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/11_2014/labour_market_and_related_payments_september_2014_updated_13nov14.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[88]      2013–14 Additional Estimates Hearings, Senate Community Affairs Committee, Social Services Portfolio, Question 583, response to Senator Siewert.

[89]      See also Dr Marcia Keegan, Associate Professor Rebecca Cassels and Dr Riyana Miranti, 'Unemployment, income support and job search activity among baby boomers in Australia', Conference paper presented to 42^nd Australian Conference of Economists, Murdoch University, 7–10 July 2013, http://www.murdoch.edu.au/School-of-Management-and-Governance/_document/Australian-Conference-of-Economists/Unemployment-income-support-and-job-search-activity-among-baby-boomers-in-Australia.pdf (accessed 2 December 2014).

[90]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 29.

[91]      State Operations Manager, Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 3.

[92]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends September 2010: Older people and the labour market, Cat. 4102.0, p. 1, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/LookupAttach/4102.0Publication29.09.104/$File/41020_OlderWorkers.pdf (accessed 1 November 2014).

[93]      Submission 38, p. 4.

[94]      Submission 38, p. 4.

[95]      Social Policy Officer, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 9.

[96]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 4.

[97]      Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, Families, Incomes and Jobs, Volume 8, 2013, p. 93, https://www.melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/hilda/Stat_Report/statreport-v8-2013.pdf (accessed 25 November 2014).

[98]      Additional information, 8 October 2014, p. 13.

[99]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, pp 10–11.

[100]    The Hon. Susan Ryan AO, Age Discrimination Commissioner, The Longevity Revolution—Crisis or Opportunity?, Address to the National Press Club, September 2014,
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/longevity-revolution-crisis-or-opportunity  (accessed 17 November 2014).

[101]    Policy and Research Officer, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 13.

[102]    National Commission of Audit, 7.1, The Age Pension, 2014.

[103]    'Generation GFC forced back to work', The Weekend Australian, 22 October 2011, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/generation-gfc-forced-back-to-work/story-e6frg926-1226173518461 (accessed 1 November 2014).

[104]    Explanatory Memorandum, Minerals Resource Rent Tax Repeal and Other Measures 2013, p. 27.

[105]    Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 4.

[106]    Exploring recent increases in the gender wealth gap among Australia's single households, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, published 17 October 2014, http://elr.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/08/18/1035304614556040.full.pdf+html (accessed 17 November 2014).

[107]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 34.

[108]    Her caveat to this finding was that women may have had to have worked longer hours in order to offset the effects of growing male-earnings inequality.

[109]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 34.

[110]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 34.

[111]    Assistant Secretary, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 5.

[112]    Policy and Programs Manager, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 14.

[113]    Michael Jones, The Australian welfare state: evaluating social policy, Allen & Unwin, Fourth edition, 1996, pp 91 and 93.

[114]    Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, pp 71–72.

[115]    Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia's welfare 2013, p. 77.

[116]    Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard,  Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 17.

[117]    Ms Emma King, Chief Executive Officer, Victorian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 14.

[118]    Additional information provided at public hearing on 8 October 2014, p. 13.

[119]    Mr Ben Phillips, Principal Research Fellow, NATSEM, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 23.

[120]    Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 19.

[121]    Submission 15, p. 4.

[122]    Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 18.

[123]    See for example, Wayne Swan, Postcode: the splintering of a nation, Pluto Press, North Melbourne, 2005.

[124]    Falling through the cracks: Poverty and disadvantage in Australia, Focus on the States Report Series No. 1, October 2014, p. 60.

[125]    See Committee Hansard, 8 October 2014 (Logan), 10 November 2014 (Elizabeth) and 11 November 2014 (Rockingham).

[126]    For Elizabeth, see: http://profile.id.com.au/playford/households-with-children
For Rockingham, see: http://profile.id.com.au/rockingham/households-with-children
For Logan, see: http://profile.id.com.au/logan/households-with-children

[127]    For Elizabeth, see: http://profile.id.com.au/playford/occupations?BMID=50
For Rockingham, see: http://profile.id.com.au/rockingham/occupations
For Logan, see: http://profile.id.com.au/logan/occupations

[128]    For Elizabeth, see: http://economy.id.com.au/playford/income
http://profile.id.com.au/playford/seifa-disadvantage
For Rockingham, see: http://economy.id.com.au/rockingham/income http://profile.id.com.au/rockingham/seifa-disadvantage
For Logan, see: http://economy.id.com.au/rockingham/income
http://profile.id.com.au/rockingham/seifa-disadvantage

[129]    For Elizabeth, see: http://profile.id.com.au/playford/schooling
For Rockingham, see: http://profile.id.com.au/rockingham/schooling
For Logan, see: http://profile.id.com.au/logan/schooling

[130]    See Committee Hansard, 8 October, 10 November and 11 November 2014.

[131]    See http://www.darwin2014.com.au/dr-anthony-mann/ (accessed 3 December 2014).

[132]    Director, Australian Centre for Community Services Research, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 41.

[133]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 41.

[134]    Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 49.

[135]    Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 9.

[136]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 41.

[137]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 42.

[138]    Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 21.

[139]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 16.

[140]    Executive General Manager, Service Operations, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 21.

[141]    Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 8.

[142]    Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 25.

[143]    Lecturer in Sociology, School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 15.

[144]    Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 14.

[145]    See the comments of Associate Professor Daphne Habibis, University of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 16.

[146]    See the discussion at Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 16.

[147]    Deloitte Access Economics, Increasing economic participation among older workers: the grey army advances, September 2012, p. 12,
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/increasing-participation-among-older-workers-grey-army-advances2012  (accessed 17 November 2014).

[148]    Deloitte Access Economics, The economic benefits of increasing employment for people with disability, Commissioned by the Australian Network on Disability, August 2011, p. ii.

[149]    This is the 'investment approach' and the 'forward liability model'.

Chapter 5 - 2014–15 Budget impact on income inequality

[1]        2 Samuel 12:1–4.

[2]        Budget Speech, House Hansard, 13 May 2014, p. 3591.

[3]        Phillips, B., NATSEM Budget 2014-15 Analysis, National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM), University of Canberra, 26 May 2014, p. 1, http://www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/storage/2014-15%20Budget%20Research%20Note.pdf (accessed 18 November 2014). The modelling focussed on 18 budget measures and three additional measures (Schoolkids Bonus, The Income Support Bonus, and the repeal of the Carbon Price) but did not include the Stronger Participation Incentives for Job Seekers under 30 measure, which would 'add significantly to the impact on low income families, mostly single persons': p. 3.

[4]        NATSEM Budget 2014–15 Analysis, 26 May 2014, p. 4.

[5]        Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Submission 46, p. 30; Ms Emma King, Chief Executive Officer, Victorian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 10.

[6]        NATSEM Budget 2014–15 Analysis, 26 May 2014, p. 4.

[7]        Submission 46, p. 31.

[8]        Whiteford, P. and Nethery, D. (2014), 'Sharing the Budget Pain', Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, p. 2, https://crawford.anu.edu.au/news/4081/budget-pain-being-shared-fairly (accessed 18 November 2014).

[9]        Whiteford, P. and Nethery, D. (2014), 'Sharing the Budget Pain', Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, p. 2. The paper notes that all calculations are conservative and do not take into account non-Budget measures and general policies.

[10]      Mr Ben Phillips advised that NATSEM's analysis 'should reflect accurately what is in the budget papers [within two per cent]': Principal Research Fellow, NATSEM, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 22. Also see p. 30.

[11]      Final Distributional Analysis For 2014-15 Budget, Document 3–Data underlying the chart 'Working age families and singles in 2016-17' in the 2014-15 Budget Overview glossy [p. 5], http://www.treasury.gov.au/Access-to-Information/DisclosureLog/2014/1510 (accessed 18 November 2014). The estimated cash transfers are: lower income groups–$842; middle income groups–$477; and higher income groups–$71.

[12]      Principal Research Fellow and HILDA Survey Deputy Director (Research), Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 31. Also see: Associate Professor Roger Wilkins, Submission 7, p. 4.

[13]      Whiteford, P. and Nethery, D. (2014), 'Sharing the Budget Pain', Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, p. 2.

[14]      Mr Nigel Ray, Executive Director, Fiscal Group, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 8.

[15]      Mr Nigel Ray, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 8.

[16]      Phillips, B., National and Regional Analysis of the 2014–15 Federal Budget, NATSEM, University of Canberra, September 2014, p. 22, http://www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/publications/?publication=national-and-regional-analysis-of-the-2014-15-federal-budget (accessed 18 November 2014). Also see Table 4 at p. 16.

[17]      Phillips, B., National and Regional Analysis of the 2014–15 Federal Budget, NATSEM, University of Canberra, p. 19.

[18]      See, for example: Ms Meg Webb, Deputy Chief Executive, Tasmanian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, pp 3 and 8–9; Ms Donna Siejka, Chief Executive Officer, Youth Network of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 4; Ms Sarah Walbank, Policy and Research Officer, Carers Queensland Inc., Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 13; Mr Ross Walmersley, Chief Executive Officer, South Australia Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, pp 22–23; Mr Craig Comrie, Chief Executive Officer, Youth Affairs Council of Western Australia, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 18.

[19]      Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 33.

[20]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 44.

[21]      Submission 46, p. 27.

[22]      Deputy Associate Dean, Research, School of Social Sciences, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 24.

[23]      Submission 46, p. 28.  Also see: Dr David Morawetz, Board Member, Australia21, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 36.  For alternative views on the efficiency of the tax and transfer system, see, for example: Mr Llewellyn Reynders, Policy and Programs Manager, Victorian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 15; Mr Brendan Markey-Towler, Research higher degree candidate, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 46; Dr Richard Denniss, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 13.

[24]      Submission 46, p. 33. Also see pp 29 and 31.

[25]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 23. STINMOD (Static Incomes Model) is a model of the Australian tax and benefits system that is used to analyse the effect of policy change. It has been developed over the past 20 years for use by the Treasury, the Social Services, Education and Employment departments.

[26]      See, for example: Ms Emma King, Victorian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 10 and 14; Mr Mark Henley, Chief Executive Officer, Queensland Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 14.

[27]      See, for example: Ms Deanna Taylor, National President, National Union of Students, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 30.

[28]      See, for example: Ms Meg Webb, Tasmanian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 2; Ms Mary D'Elia, State Operations Manager, Tasmania, Baptcare, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 3.

[29]      Another relative poverty line is 50 per cent of the median income, which is the measure used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

[30]      The payment levels considered in Poverty Lines: Australia reflects direct payments and do not take into account indirect benefits (e.g. health, education et cetera).

[31]      Department of Human Services, 'Eligibility for Newstart Allowance', http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/enablers/centrelink/newstart-allowance/eligibility-for-newstart-allowance (accessed 18 November 2014). Newstart Allowance recipients must be younger than the Age Pension qualifying age.

[32]      Department of Human Services, 'A guide to Australian Government payments, 20 September‑31 December 2014', p. 27, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/corporate/publications-and-resources/a-guide-to-australian-government-payments (accessed 18 November 2014).

[33]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, '6302.0—Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2014', http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6302.0 (accessed 18 November 2014).

[34]      Submission 46, p. 41.

[35]      Submission 46, p. 43.

[36]      Submission 46, pp 42–44.

[37]      Morris, A. and Wilson, S. (2014), 'Struggling on the Newstart unemployment benefit in Australia: The experience of a neoliberal form of employment assistance', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 217,  http://elr.sagepub.com/content/25/2/202 (accessed 18 November 2014).

[38]      Morris, A. and Wilson, S. (2014), 'Struggling on the Newstart unemployment benefit in Australia: The experience of a neoliberal form of employment assistance', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 216 quoting Gary (a pseudonym).

[39]      In December 2013, the Hon. Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Social Services, commissioned a review of Australia's welfare system to identify improvements aimed at ensuring that the social support system is sustainable, effective and coherent, and encourages people to work. This review is commonly known as the McClure Review for the Chair of the Reference Group, Mr Patrick McClure AO.

[40]      Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 45.

[41]      Dr John Falzon, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 45.

[42]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014-15, Budget Paper No. 2', p. 203; The Hon. Joe Hockey MP, Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia, Budget Speech, House Hansard, 13 May 2014, p. 3594.

[43]      Department of Human Services, 'A guide to Australian Government payments, 20 September‑31 December 2014', p. 25. 

[44]      See, for example: Ms Mary D'Elia, Baptcare, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 3.

[45]      Submission 46, p. 35.

[46]      Submission 21, p. 2.

[47]      Submission 21, Appendix 1. For example, Youth Allowance, single at home, decreased from 31.3 per cent to 27 per cent;  Youth Allowance, single away from home, decreased from 61.8 per cent to 53.4 per cent (living alone or with a partner) and 57.1 per cent to 48.8 per cent (living in share accommodation).

[48]      Submission 21, p. 8.

[49]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014–15, Budget Paper No. 2', p. 210.

[50]      NATSEM Budget 2014–15 Analysis, 26 May 2014, p. 3.

[51]      See, for example: Justice and International Mission Unit, Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Uniting Church in Australia, Submission 28, pp 5–6; ACTU, Submission 46, p. 35; Mr Brendan Churchill, Lecturer in Sociology, School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 13. 

[52]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 14.

[53]      Ms Emma King, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 16. Also see: National Union of Students, Submission 21, p. 7.

[54]      Ms Serena Wilson, Deputy Secretary, Proof Hansard, Community Affairs Budget Estimates 2014–15, 4 June 2014, p. 124. Ms Wilson advised that $229.6 million has been budgeted for emergency relief over the forward estimates.

[55]      Ms Meg Webb, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 2.

[56]      Submission 46, pp 34–35. Also see: Ms Donna Siejka, Youth Network of Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 4.

[57]      Mr Jack Gracie, Welfare Officer, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, pp 31–32.

[58]      Submission 46, p. 35.

[59]      See, for example: Dr John Falzon, St. Vincent de Paul Society National Council, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 50; Mr Chris Twomey, Director of Policy, Western Australian Council of Social Service, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 12.

[60]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014-15, Budget Paper No. 2', p. 98.

[61]      Submission 20, p. 10.

[62]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 36.

[63]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 25.

[64]      Dr Ian Goodwin-Smith, Director, Australian Centre for Community Services Research, Flinders University, Committee Hansard, 10 November 2014, p. 41

[65]      Dr John Falzon, CEO, St Vincent de Paul Society, Committee Hansard, 16 October 2014, p. 50.

[66]      Ms Mary D'Elia, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 4.

[67]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends September 2010: Older people and the labour market, Cat. 4102.0, p. 3, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/LookupAttach/4102.0Publication29.09.104/$File/41020_OlderWorkers.pdf (accessed 1 November 2014).

[68]      Submission 38, p. 5.

[69]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014–15, Budget Paper No. 2', pp 77–79 and 83–85.

[70]      House of Representatives, Votes and Proceedings, No.61, 28 August 2014, p. 765.

[71]      Explanatory Memorandum, p. 1.

[72]      Submission 21, p. [5]. Also see: Youth Affairs Council of Western Australia, Submission 25, p. 10. Also see: Ms Meg Webb, National Union of Students, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 34.

[73]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 11.

[74]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, pp 32-33.

[75]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 30.

[76]      Welfare Officer, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 34.

[77]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 34.

[78]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 11.

[79]      Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, United States, 2014, p. 485.

[80]      Professor Joseph Stiglitz, 'Inequality: why Australia must not follow the US', Sydney Morning Herald, 6 July 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/comment/inequality-why-australia-must-not-follow-the-us-20140706-zsxtk.html (accessed 17 November 2014).

[81]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 47 and 51.

[82]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014–15, Budget Paper No. 2', p. 133.

[83]      Australian Government, 'Budget Measures 2014–15, Budget Paper No. 2', p. 140.

[84]      See, for example: Dr Yvonne Luxford, Member, Public Health Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 54. Ms Catherine Bartolo, Chief Executive Office of YFS Ltd, related anecdotal evidence that this effect is already occurring in anticipation of the enabling legislation: Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 31.

[85]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 54.

[86]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 57.

[87]      Ms Meg Webb, Deputy Chief Executive, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 9.

[88]      Queensland Council of Social Service, Indicators of Poverty and Disadvantage in Queensland, October 2013, tabled 8 October 2014, p. 33.

[89]      Mr Nigel Ray and Ms Marisa Purvis-Smith, Principal Advisor, Tax Analysis Division, Revenue Group, The Treasury, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, pp 4–5.

[90]      See chapter 6.

[91]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 44.

[92]      The Hon. Joe Hockey MP, Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia, Budget Speech, House Hansard, 13 May 2014, p. 3594.

[93]      The Hon. Peter Dutton MP, Minister for Health, quoted in Greg Jennett, 'GP Co-payment: Federal Government looking at 'different options'', ABC News, 27 November 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-27/government-looking-at-different-options-on-gp-co-payment/5920908 (accessed 27 November 2014). Also see: 'Govt reportedly abandon GP Co‑payment', Sky News, 27 November 2014, http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2014/11/27/govt-reportedly-abandoned-gp-co-payment.html (accessed 27 November 2014).

[94]      Stefanie Balogh and Rosie Lewis, 'We're ready to work on co-payment: Robb', The Australian, 1 December 2014, p. 6; Rosie Lewis, 'GP co-payment: Julie Bishop says government committed to policy', 28 November 2014, p.

Chapter 6 - The principles that should underpin social security payments and practical measures to address inequality

[1]        See, for example, Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Submission 46.

[2]        COTA Australia, Submission 38, Attachment 1, pp 21–22.

[3]        Australia's Future Tax System Review, 'Section 7.3: Important impacts of the personal tax‑transfer system', Architecture of Australia's Tax and Transfer System, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2009; ACTU, Submission 46, p. 39. The ACTU's submission to this inquiry provides a considered assessment of current Newstart payment levels against each of these four measurements.

[4]        ACTU, Submission 46, p. 39.

[5]        Dr Jeff Harmer, Pension Review Report, 27 February 2009, pp xii–xiii, https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05_2012/pensionreviewreport.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[6]        Submission 46, p. 40.

[7]        Submission 46, p. 41.

[8]        P Saunders, J Chalmers, M McHugh, C Murray, M Bittman & B Bradbury, 'Development of Indicative Budget Standards for Australia', Research paper No. 74, Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), University of New South Wales, March 1998, p. iv.

[9]        P Saunders, J Chalmers, M McHugh, C Murray, M Bittman & B Bradbury, 'Development of Indicative Budget Standards for Australia', Research paper No. 74, SPRC, University of New South Wales, March 1998, pp iv-v.

[10]      ACTU, Submission 46, p. 43.

[11]      Submission 46, p. 43. The ACTU noted that it had taken one of three possible measures mentioned in the SPRC report to update standards over time. The other two measures were repricing the elements of the baskets of goods on a regular basis and conducting the exercise afresh. The ACTU argued that re-conducting the exercise was the best way to update the standards.

[12]      Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, Poverty lines: Australia ISSN 1448-0530, June Quarter 2012, https://melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/publications/Poverty%20Lines/Poverty-lines-Australia-June2012.pdf (accessed 18 November 2014).

[13]      Submission 46, p. 42. See also Mr Matt Cowgill, Economic Policy Officer, ACTU, Committee Hansard, 18 September 2014, p. 7.

[14]      Director, Social Policy Institute, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 27–28.

[15]      Peter Saunders and Melissa Wong, 'Pension adequacy and the Pension Review', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011, pp. 12–13.

[16]      Peter Saunders and Melissa Wong, 'Pension adequacy and the Pension Review', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011, p. 17.

[17]      Peter Saunders and Melissa Wong, 'Pension adequacy and the Pension Review', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011, p. 17.

[18]      Submission 46, p. 44.

[19]      Dr Richard Denniss, Executive Director, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 16 October 2014, p. 13.

[20]      Submission 29, p. 3.

[21]      Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 45.

[22]      Submission 30, p. 8. Saunders, Peter 2004, Updated budget standard estimates for Australian working families in September 2003, Final Report, SPRC Report 1/04, University of New South Wales, Sydney.

[23]      The Hon. Kevin Andrews MP, Keynote Address to the Committee for Economic Development of Australia, 10 November 2014, http://kevinandrews.com.au/latest-news/2014/11/10/keynote-address-committee-economic-development-australia-ceda/ (accessed 17 November 2014).

[24]      Submission 46, p. 48.

[25]      Submission 46, p. 48.

[26]      Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 17.

[27]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 18 September 2014, p. 18.

[28]      Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 16 October, p. 43.

[29]      Submission 33, p. 13.

[30]      Submission 46, p. 47.

[31]      Submission 46, p. 47.

[32]      'Delivering on our commitments to Australian seniors', Media releases, 13 May 2014, http://kevinandrews.dss.gov.au/media-releases/88 (accessed 18 November 2014).

[33]      Dr Luke Buckmaster, Money for nothing? Australia in the global middle class welfare debate', Research Paper No. 31, Parliamentary Library, 2008–09, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0809/09rp31#_ftn33 (accessed 18 November 2014).

[34]      Mr Nigel Ray, Executive Director, Fiscal Group, Treasury, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 2.

[35]      'Middle Class Welfare in Australia: How has the distribution of cash benefits changed since the 1980s?', Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2011, pp 81 and 100.

[36]      See Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 28, pp 72–73; ACTU, Submission 46, p. 39; Dr Luke Buckmaster, Money for nothing? Australia in the global middle class welfare debate', Research Paper No. 31, Parliamentary Library, 2008–09.

[37]      It has been reported that the McClure Review is 'keen to report that "no one is financially disadvantage" by the radical welfare changes in the short-term'. See Patricia Karvelas, 'Macklin: McClure dole plan will leave welfare recipients worse off', The Australian, 9 October 2014.

[38]      Ms Lin Hatfield Dodds, Chief Executive, UnitingCare Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 43–44; UnitingCare, Submission 30, p. 4; Anglicare Australia, Submission 33, p. 12; St Vincent de Paul Society, Submission 19, p. 13.

[39]      Ms Barbara Bennett, Deputy Secretary, Department of Social Services, Committee Hansard, Community Affairs Budget Estimates 2014–15, 5 June 2014, pp 47–48.

[40]      Submission 33, p. 13.

[41]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 44.

[42]      Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 6, https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/06_2014/dss001_14_full_report_27_june_tagged.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[43]      Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 6.

[44]      Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 6.

[45]      Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 7.

[46]      Australia’s Future Tax System Review, 'Section 7.3: Important impacts of the personal tax‑transfer system', Architecture of Australia’s Tax and Transfer System, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2009, pp 59–60.

[47]      See COTA, Submission 38, Attachment 1, p. 21.

[48]      Submission 38, p. 11.

[49]      Submission 38, p. 11.

[50]      Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2009, p. 4.

[51]      Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 2.

[52]      Australia's Future Tax System Review, Report to the Treasurer, Part 1, Overview, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2009, p. xxiii.

[53]      Interim report of the Reference Group on Welfare Reform to the Minister for Social Services,   A new system for better employment and social outcomes, Full Report, June 2014, p. 31.

[54]      See Department of Education, 'Youth Connections', http://education.gov.au/youth-connections   (accessed 18 November 2014).

[55]      Executive Director, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 29.

[56]      Submission 25, p. 10.

[57]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 20.

[58]      Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 20.

[59]      Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 27.

[60]      Submission 35, p. 9.

[61]      Submission 35, p. 9.

[62]      Pasifika Families Program with Purpose and Pride, https://prezi.com/yh6xxw_6etos/pasifika-families-program-with-purpose-and-pride/ (accessed 18 November 2014).

[63]      Ms Rananda Stanley, Multicultural Liaison and Community Development Coordinator, Hope Centre Services, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 29–30. See also evidence from Ms Jane Frawley, Community Services Manager, Logan City Council, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, pp 23–24. The Scanlon Foundation also provides funding for six community hubs and six staff to engage with students who are disengaged from schooling and at risk of not finishing school. Mr Neil Castles, Director-General, Queensland Department of Housing and Public Works, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 2. The AFL Cape York House in Cairns was also described in evidence as a boarding house where indigenous children from remote locations can board and then attend local high schools.

[64]      Head, Research and Advocacy, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 40.

[65]      Ms Anne Hampshire, The Smith Family, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 40.

[66]      Mr Sam Gowegati, Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Rockingham, 11 November 2014, p. 41.

[67]      Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, pp 25–26.

[68]      Board Member, Automotive Transformation Taskforce, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, pp 3–4.

[69]      Work Inspiration, 'What's involved?', http://www.workinspiration.com.au/whats-involved/ (accessed 19 November 2014).

[70]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 41–42.

[71]      See: http://www.darwin2014.com.au/dr-anthony-mann/ (accessed 3 December 2014).

[72]      Director, Australian Centre for Community Services Research, Committee Hansard, Elizabeth, 10 November 2014, p. 41.

[73]      Chief Executive Officer, Committee Hansard, Logan, 8 October 2014, p. 34.

[74]      The Hon. Susan Ryan AO, Age Discrimination Commissioner, The Longevity Revolution—Crisis or Opportunity?, Address to the National Press Club, September 2014,
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/longevity-revolution-crisis-or-opportunity  (accessed 17 November 2014). See also, Joanna Mather, 'Slow start for aged workers subsidy', Australian Financial Review, 20 September 2014, p. 11.

[75]      The committee understands that the Age Discrimination Commissioner has made some preliminary approaches to federal Ministers and Shadow Ministers. Discussion with the Hon. Susan Ryan AO, 27 November 2014. 

[76]      Department of Human Services, Childcare benefit, http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/child-care-benefit (accessed 17 November 2014).

[77]      The Productivity Commission (PC) recommended that the government establish this program (as well as the Inclusion Support Program) to cater for those areas where delivery is likely to be improved through a block-funding approach, rather than a child-based funded approach. See page 23 of the Draft Report.

[78]      PC, Childcare and Early Childhood Learning, Draft Report, July 2014, p. 49.

[79]      PC, Childcare and Early Childhood Learning, Draft Report, July 2014, p. 41.

[80]      'Childcare resolutions will have to wait for the new year', Sydney Morning Herald, 30 October 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/childcare-resolutions-will-have-to-wait-for-the-new-year-20141031-11eazr.html  (accessed 18 November 2014).

[81]      Submission 13, p. 7.

[82]      The Draft Report, released in July 2014, can be found here: http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138383/childcare-draft.pdf

[83]      Lecturer in Microeconomics, Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, Committee Hansard, Hobart, 19 September 2014, p. 13.

[84]      Australia's Future Tax System Review, Report to the Treasurer, Part 1, Overview, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2009, p. xx.

[85]      Australia's Future Tax System Review, Report to the Treasurer, Part 2, Detailed Analysis, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2009, p. 22.

[86]      Mr Tim Dyce, Deputy Commissioner, Aggressive Tax Planning, Australian Taxation Office, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 1.

[87]      Executive Director, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 13.

[88]      Submission 29, p. 4.

[89]      Amounts in excess of $30 000 are taxed at the personal tax rate plus an interest charge.

[90]      Amounts in excess of $35 000 are taxed at the personal tax rate plus an interest charge.

[91]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 19.

[92]      Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, pp 16–17.

[93]      Submission 38, p. 6.

[94]      Dr Richard Denniss, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 October 2014, p. 13.

[95]      http://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/boom-puts-spotlight-on-negative-gearing-20140411-36him.html (accessed 3 December 2014).

[96]      http://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/boom-puts-spotlight-on-negative-gearing-20140411-36him.html (accessed 3 December 2014).

[97]      Reserve Bank of Australia, Financial Stability Review, September 2014, p. 51, http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/fsr/2014/sep/pdf/0914.pdf (accessed 17 November 2014).

[98]      Mr Michael Janda, 'The myth of 'mum and dad' property investors', The Drum, Australian Broadcasting Commission, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/janda-the-myth-of-mum-and-dad-negative-gearers/5766724 (accessed 24 September 2014).

[99]      Professor Bob Gregory, 'Time for action on superannuation and negative gearing', in Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing income inequality in Australia?, Presented to the Committee by Australia21 as submission 37, Attachment 1, p. 44.

[100]    Office of State Revenue, New South Wales Government, First Home Owners Grant (New Homes) Scheme, http://www.osr.nsw.gov.au/grants/fhog (accessed 18 November 2014).

[101]    Executive Summary, Advance Australia Fair? What to do about growing income inequality in Australia?, Presented to the Committee by Australia21 as submission 37, Attachment 1, p. 9.

Coalition Senators' Dissenting Report

[1]        Majority Report, p. 5.

[2]        Mr Nigel Ray, Executive Director, Fiscal Group, The Treasury, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 2.

[3]        Majority Report, p. 32.

[4]        Credit Suisse Research Institute, Global Wealth Report 2014, p. 52, https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=60931FDE-A2D2-F568-B041B58C5EA591A4

[5]        Mr Nigel Ray, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 1.

[6]        Mr Nigel Ray, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 17 November 2014, p. 1.

[7]        Mr Nigel Ray, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 16 November 2014, p. 2.