Chapter 5
Other challenges encountered by grandparents raising grandchildren
5.1
Grandparents experience a number of physical and emotional challenges when
they assume the primary care of their grandchildren. In some instances, these
challenges directly relate to the grandparents, whereas in other cases the
challenges arise from circumstances affecting either the birth parent(s) or the
grandchildren. This chapter discusses:
-
the health and well-being of grandparents raising grandchildren;
-
physical, emotional and financial abuse;
-
the health and well-being of the grandchildren; and
-
grandparents' familial relationships.
Health and well-being of grandparents raising grandchildren
5.2
Grandparents raising grandchildren are not a homogeneous group but the grandparents
share a number of common characteristics: compared with foster carers,
grandparents raising grandchildren are more likely to be older, single, female,
have lower incomes, have completed lower levels of education and experience
poorer health.[1]
Physical health and well-being
5.3
In this context, participants expressed concern about the impact that
raising grandchildren has on the physical and mental health of grandparents.
The Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), for example,
submitted:
The combination of age, health and income status alongside
the fact that many grandparent kinship caregivers are single women raises
concerns about the impact of the demands of kinship care on wellbeing.
Indeed, several studies have suggested that the health and wellbeing of
kinship caregivers may be negatively impacted by the stress of caring for a
child with specific health or behavioural challenges, not to mention the
exhaustion associated with caring for children more generally and the potential
impact on extended family relationships.[2]
5.4
Several participants noted the issue of fatigue,[3]
with one grandparent providing the following example of how raising her grandchildren
physically affected her on a daily basis:
Looking after my grandchildren gives me pleasure and keeps me
going but it is very demanding at the same time given their age range. The baby
wakes up 2 or 3 times a night and I have to settle him/change his nappies and
give him his bottle. He is teething and needs more attention. I might have a
few hours sleep at night to clean the house and do the washing. I am tired all
the time. I have to get lunches for the older two, iron their uniforms,
organise their breakfasts and take them to school. I take the little girl to
school every day and back. The older boy sometimes goes by himself. I take the
baby with me wherever I go unless my youngest daughter is able to watch her.
Sometimes I get very tired but have to carry on. Weekends are hardest with all
the children at home and the little girl demanding attention. My daughter is
working part time and can help a bit. I get so worn out I sometimes get
depressed and anxious and see a doctor.[4]
5.5
Dr Marilyn McHugh summarised:
Not having energy and feeling tired was an issue for many. It
[is] not difficult to imagine the increased stress and strain on carers from
lacking energy and continuously feeling tired, and the risk to stability when,
due to age and health issues, it all becomes 'too hard'.[5]
Mental health and well-being
5.6
Grandparents may also experience a decline in mental health and
wellbeing as a result of raising their grandchildren. There are many reasons
for this decline, such as: financial and practical concerns; the grandchildren's
health and well‑being (including children with disability); concerns
regarding the future care of the grandchildren; and intra-family relationships.
Housing arrangements
5.7
Housing arrangements are a key factor in providing stable and suitable
living environments for children and young people. When grandparents become
carers for their grandchildren, it might be necessary to alter their housing
arrangements (for example, by relocating or by modifying existing
accommodation).[6]
5.8
Not all grandparents raising grandchildren are able to effect these
changes, which can lead to families living in unsuitable accommodations and highly
stressful circumstances. In Melbourne, for example, Ms Pam Cox,
grandparent for three children, told the committee that 'the [Department
of Human Services (Vic)] did not understand our needs at all',[7]
explaining that her family's housing arrangements were far too small for five
people. Mr Terry Cox elaborated that, although the family is now reduced to
three people:
[F]inancially we cannot do anything other than live in a
one-bedroom flat. Pam and I are presently sleeping in the lounge room...It is
very difficult.[8]
5.9
In Perth, Ms Jan Standen gave the following evidence:
[T]here are four of us living in a two-bedroom unit. My 14½
year old granddaughter shares a bedroom with me. We are on the priority list
for a house. The boys sleep in the back room. Sharing a room with my
granddaughter, I have sleep apnoea and I keep her awake and it is stressful for
both of us.[9]
5.10
Grandparents who live in private rental accommodation might not be able
to afford accommodation in their area of choice. Further, there can be lengthy
waiting periods for public housing. The Aged-care Rights Service Inc. said:
A single grandparent, who does have public housing, is more
than likely to be housed in a small one bed apartment. If they even take in one
grandchild the space will be severely compromised. Their chance of being
relocated at short notice will be very limited and the likelihood of being
reported for having too many people living in the property and being evicted is
a real possibility.[10]
5.11
The Salvation Army suggested that there should be priority access to
public housing when required by grandparents raising grandchildren.[11]
However, the AASW indicated that, in practice, this may be difficult to
achieve:
[I]t is an enormous struggle. We have had kids sleeping in
cupboards like Harry Potter. We tell the [Department of Human Services (Vic)]
this is not on, and yet even with their own housing department they are not
able to effect a move.[12]
Unresolved grief
5.12
Another significant concern identified as a contributing factor to the grandparents'
mental health and well-being is unresolved grief in relation to the
circumstances leading to the care placement.[13]
The Mirabel Foundation, for example, referred to the anguish of losing a child
(the birth parent) to substance abuse:
[T]he guilt [grandparent carers] feel—always wondering if
they have done something wrong—never leaves them. Many times the grandparents
have had several children who have all been brought up in the same way,
but only one has chosen to become involved in illicit drugs. And the lives
of the whole family have been affected.[14]
5.13
Dr Jan Backhouse submitted:
Despite their commitment to the care and protection of their
grandchildren, the transition from traditional grandparent to
grandparent-as-parent is permeated by grief and loss on many levels - the
sadness, disappointment and anger about their adult children's lives and the
fact they are unable to look after their own children; the loss of the
traditional grandparent/grandchild relationship; the sadness at the impact of their
circumstances on other family members, including relationships with other grandchildren;
the effect on their wider social life, such as loss of friends, social activities,
retirement plans and dreams for the future.[15]
5.14
Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren WA (Inc.) (GRG WA) similarly indicated
that there is a culmination of factors, both personal and practical, which
adversely affects the health of grandparents raising grandchildren:
They have to deal with their own stress and grief at the same
time as the grandchildren come to live with grandma and granddad. Grandparents
often do not have time to properly grieve for their loss of freedom [and] retirement
plans. There is the constant worry about money, feeding more mouths, the normal
cost of raising a child as well as the additional costs for these grandchildren's
particular needs, the threat and reality of expensive legal action. Parents
drop in and out of the children's lives causing major disruptions. Many parents
are erratic in their contact and access visits with the children, leaving the
children confused and grandparents to pick up the pieces.[16]
5.15
Wanslea Family Services Inc. (Wanslea) noted that some grandparents do
not attend to their physical and mental health needs due to the 'busyness of
caring for children'.[17]
Other grandparents do not attend to their personal needs for financial reasons,
often foregoing medical treatment and failing to fill their prescriptions.[18]
One witness before the committee, a chronic insulin-dependent diabetic
affected by arthritis, testified:
I had to make a choice because I was not getting the money at
the time. I dropped my medication to care for this baby–to give her what
she needed.[19]
5.16
The Australian Medical Association (AMA) observed:
[R]educed financial resources may mean that grandparents are
put in a position of needing to prioritise the various health care and other
needs of the child (including medications and treatments). Given their lack of
health expertise, this is not ideal. It may also mean that grandparents place
the health needs of the children they care for above their own needs, which may
contribute to declines in their own health and wellbeing, and ultimately
reducing their capacity to care for the children.[20]
Concerns regarding the future care
of the grandchildren
5.17
Some submitters expressed concern regarding the future care of grandchildren,
if their grandparents are no longer able to care for them (due to their own
physical and mental limitations, or because they pass away).[21]
The Central Australian Women's Legal Service, for example, submitted:
All of the grandparents that we consulted with expressed deep
concern at what will happen to their grandchildren once they become too old or
infirm to care for them. Most of the grandparents said they have to trust that
other family members will step in to care for the children, but some had
limited family support and feared that once they pass away, their grandchild
will have to go into care of the [g]overnment, and may be removed from their
home community.[22]
5.18
In this context, some grandparents raising grandchildren referred to the
challenge of 'living long enough to see the children into adulthood'[23]
or being able to institute succession planning which provides for the
grandchildren.[24]
For example, Mr Ron Richards told the committee:
Facing the future, [our grandson] is 10 ½. I do not think the
journey will ever finish while we are alive. We certainly have another 10 years
or so–it might be shorter–but our aim is to bring this child up so that he has
the best possible situation that we can give him for his future. It is a bit of
an unknown.[25]
5.19
A few participants were especially concerned for grandparents raising
grandchildren with disability and the future of those grandchildren. The
Aged-care Rights Service Inc. (TARS), for example, submitted:
Grandparent carers of grandchildren with disabilities,
irrespective of the child's disability, generally take on an enormous task that
is more demanding after the child reaches adulthood. Generally whilst the
grandchild is a child, special disability services are available that offer
respite and assistance. Once the child attains the age of 18 years this ceases.
The grandparent is faced with issues of guardianship and financial management,
ongoing care and often if the child is a boy, trying to manage a person who may
be physically big...whilst still a child. If the child has mental health issues
and is inclined to sporadic rage they may not be able to control the child.
They also have concerns about who will look after the child once they have
gone.[26]
Mental health services for
grandparents raising grandchildren
5.20
UnitingCare Tasmania submitted that the emotional stress experienced by
grandparents raising grandchildren is more significant than the practical
challenges, with many grandparents requiring assistance to cope with
depression, worry and sometimes suicidal thoughts:
I have my own psychologist for depression.
I had suicidal thoughts for about [two] years.
I'm worried sick!
I'm disillusioned with life and institutions.[27]
5.21
Ms Meredith Kiraly noted that, in some surveys, 'the incidence of
anxiety and depression is very high'.[28]
In another study, Dr McHugh reported that the emotional health of some
grandparents was 'tenuous':
[I]t was kinship carers who spoke of feeling, that at times,
they would have liked to 'walk away' from their caring responsibilities, 'given
children back' to the department, or let children 'go' to another family.[29]
5.22
Submitters encouraged the provision of mental health services to
grandparents, to assist them in managing the multiple stressors and complex
issues arising from the care arrangement.[30]
Grandparents For Grandchildren SA Inc. and GRANDS Raising Kids NSW Inc.,
for example, called for free counselling services,[31] with The Salvation Army
suggesting:
Access to a reduced rate for professional mental health
services, so that it remains a priority rather than becoming a secondary need
in the financial burden of raising children.[32]
5.23
The AMA indicated that general practitioners and medical specialists
could provide better services to grandparents raising grandchildren if provided
with an information package, including: information about the types of health
problems prevalent in grandparent‑headed families; and guidance on how to
access Medicare and consent for children in informal care arrangements:
It is also important that the information includes reference
to the appropriate contacts for those instances when the treating medical
practitioner believes that financial and other difficulties are likely to
prevent a child from accessing the appropriate medical care.[33]
Committee view
5.24
It is clear that raising grandchildren can affect the physical and
mental health and well-being of grandparents. The work involved in raising
children is unrelenting and, in the grandparents' circumstances, complicated by
many factors. It is concerning therefore that the grandparents' physical and
mental health often suffers. Not only does this adversely affect the
grandparents but also the children in their care, who cannot be unaware
of, and unaffected by, the situation.[34]
5.25
The committee notes that improved respite services would assist
grandparents raising grandchildren to find the time to recharge, and attend to
their physical and mental health needs. However, this by itself is not a
solution. The committee agrees that a more comprehensive approach will
address the various factors which adversely affect grandparents' health and
well-being.
5.26
Based on the evidence provided to the inquiry, grandparents raising
grandchildren have limited means of accessing understanding and support.
Without support, it is not difficult to see how the role could
become more difficult, then overwhelming and untenable. This is not in the
best interests of the grandparents or their grandchildren. The committee
suggests that there is a clear and overwhelming need for the Australian
Government to investigate how access to and the availability of professional
counselling services can be enhanced for grandparent‑headed families.
Physical, emotional and financial abuse
5.27
Evidence received during the inquiry revealed that some grandparents fear
for their safety, and that of their grandchildren, when the grandparents become
carers for their grandchildren.[35]
This fear can arise due to the factors leading to the care arrangement (such as:
substance abuse; mental ill health; or family violence)[36]
or due to the circumstances of the arrangement itself (including during
contact).
5.28
TARS, for example, submitted:
Family violence can erupt when the child expects to be
allowed to return to live in the family home as well and is refused.
Apprehended Violence Orders may have to be sought because the grandparents are
in fear of their own children.[37]
5.29
Mrs Shirley Fitzhum agreed:
A lot of grandparent carers have had to take out restraining
orders against their own children and their in-laws. I certainly have one
against my [grandson's] mother because of the abuse that I am getting as well
as him.[38]
5.30
TARS indicated that such abuse can also be instigated by the children in
care:
Put simply the role of principal carer for grandchildren may
be a conduit for actions by the grandparents' own children or even their
(usually teenaged) grandchildren that fall into the category of elder abuse or
financial exploitation.[39]
5.31
TARS submitted that, while little is known regarding the scope and
frequency of elder abuse in Australia, there is a need to create national
pathways to deal with such issues:
Such pathways need to expedite a resolution of the elder
abuse and financial issues at the lowest level of heat for the older person.
Such pathways should be free or at least readily affordable by people
already experiencing severe financial constraints.[40]
5.32
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Tasmania, grandparents
raising grandchildren consider that additional supports and/or protections
should be made available to grandparents affected by violence resulting from
the assumption of care. The department noted from consultations in
relation to its submission:
One grandparent had to relocate to another state with their
two grandchildren due to constant threats of violence, leaving the other
grandparent living at home in fear for their life.[41]
Health and well-being of the grandchildren
5.33
As noted in Chapter 1, the reasons for grandparent care are varied, such as:
substance abuse by the birth parent(s); child abuse or neglect; and the death
or physical illness of a birth parent.[42]
As a result of these factors, grandchildren who are being raised by their
grandparents are likely to have complex needs,[43]
for example, psychological issues and challenging behaviours.[44]
The Women's Legal Service Tasmania submitted, for example:
In many instances where the grandchildren are placed
unexpectedly with their grandparents they arrive suffering from some degree of
trauma. This is particularly the case where they have been exposed to family
violence or substance abuse or where they have been subjected to child abuse,
neglect or abandonment.
These are issues that many grandparents are simply not equipped
to deal with and whilst the love and security the grandparents can provide will
go some way in rectifying these issues, often it will not be enough and additional
intervention and support will be needed.[45]
5.34
The AASW agreed that grandparents require expert assistance to care for grandchildren
with complex mental health needs:
[A] significant minority of children experience complex
psychological and behavioural problems emerging from a history of trauma, abuse
and neglect...The level of knowledge, skill and support required to understand,
assess and respond to the needs of children in care is substantial and crucial
to positive and long-term outcomes. Caring for these children presents
challenges, which are difficult even for skilled and experienced carers.[46]
5.35
The AASW described the range of challenges for children in the
out-of-home care system: attachment and interpersonal difficulties;
developmental disorders; issues which affect regulation, disassociation and
behavioural control, and issues with cognition.[47]
5.36
In submissions and evidence, grandparents raising grandchildren provided
some vivid illustrations of the children's challenging behaviours:
They go from calm to full blown in a second so there's no
time even to do de-escalation talk. They trash their rooms, run away, have
unreasonable fears and withdrawal at school, they have an unreal need for
control.
They threaten self- harm to get what they want or [the
grandson] says he will punch his brother.[48]
5.37
Witnesses told the committee that some grandparents feel compelled to
relinquish the care of their teenage grandchildren due to behavioural
difficulties (including physical assaults).[49]
Access to supports and services
5.38
Participants in the inquiry said that there is a need for grandparents
to access supports and services, to manage the complex needs of grandchildren
in their care.[50]
COTA Australia and the Mirabel Foundation indicated that there is variable
provision based on the legal status of grandparents raising grandchildren.[51]
Other participants argued that access is impeded by the affordability of
multiple and ongoing treatments, the high demand for available supports and services,
and geographical considerations.
5.39
For example, Ms Aishya Mason shared the following experience:
I have one grandchild who I believe has [attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and who threatens to stab me in the face with a
knife. [She] is eight years old. I have been to [the Department for Child
Protection (WA)] and I have pushed and pushed. I cannot afford to take her to a
private paediatrician. There is a 12-month waiting list to see a paediatrician.
This little girl is already two years behind at school, and her self-esteem is
getting lower and lower every single day. If she does have ADHD and if this
could be fixed, how much more simple would that make her life?[52]
5.40
In Western Australia, Mr Moray McSevich from Wanslea gave evidence that
there are very few specialist, regional services for children affected by
trauma:
Even when I was working in [the Department for Child
Protection (WA)], we had 1.5 [full time employed] psychologists for that
particular purpose across the Great Southern region, which went out to
Manjimup, Bremer Bay et cetera. Trying to access private consultants is
very expensive, and a lot of them do not specialise in child trauma. It is a
real issue, a real gap.[53]
5.41
Ms Brenda Carmen from Permanent Care and Adoptive Families similarly observed:
[One grandparent] said to me, 'Our nine-year-old is actually
depressed...How do I...deal with this—a depressed nine-year-old?' We know
there are really limited mental health services, both in metro and regional
country Victoria. If you had a child under 15 years with a mental health crisis
after hours, you would be very lucky if you got to see a service.[54]
5.42
Dr Stephen Nicholson, representing the Grandparent and Kinship Carers
Association Inc., Mid North Coast New South Wales, emphasised the need for
immediate access to medical and psychological services for traumatised
children:
What happens is you suddenly get these children on your
doorstep and you are asked to take them and, usually, [you] have to make an
on-the-spot decision with no idea of what you are getting yourself into. Then [the Department
of Community Services (NSW)] will say to you, 'You will need to access these
services through the public health system,' and so they then put you onto
waiting lists for six to nine months. No‑one can wait that long with
these children who come into your care. They have such ongoing, immediate
problems that need to be dealt with. So what do we do? We then have to
access these things privately. In some cases the gap payment is huge. We have
one child in our care and the gap is over $100 each time he goes to the
psychologist.[55]
5.43
In submissions and evidence, the committee heard that there is an urgent
need for both physical and mental health supports and services[56]
for children in grandparent provided care.
Mental health supports and services
5.44
As noted earlier in this chapter, the circumstances leading to care
placements frequently result in psychological and behavioural challenges which require
specialist intervention.[57]
GRG WA explained the necessity for mental health supports and services, to enable
the grandchildren to develop into healthy young adults:
[Exposure to parental drug abuse] affects the way these
grandchildren interact, think, and feel about themselves, others and society.
If help is not found, such thoughts and feelings can escalate into obstacles
preventing the development of healthy adults. These grandchildren may develop
anti‑social [behaviour], depression, hostility and many more [stress]
related difficulties later in life.[58]
5.45
Inquiry participants proposed various approaches to improving the mental
health and well-being of grandchildren in care, including: priority and
enhanced access to services; co‑ordinated early intervention programs for
families at risk; and extending the Commonwealth disability allowance.
5.46
At the Melbourne public hearing, Mr Bernie Geary argued in favour of a
'gold card [for priority access] in services' for children and young people in
care:
We should not be talking about access to so many of these
normal services like health, education and housing. These kids should have a
gold card in services because they are in the situation they are in through no
fault of their own.[59]
5.47
The Psychologists Association (SA Branch) suggested that Medicare should
allow for an increased number of subsidised services per year, to enable
psychologists to provide adequate therapy for families with complex needs.[60]
Further, that accessible early intervention services should target
vulnerable families to prevent the placement of children in out‑of-home
care:
A national scheme could be introduced where parents in
vulnerable families, where risk to children is moderate, are encouraged to
participate in therapy for about one year before steps are taken to remove
children from the care of the parent. This scheme would avoid a situation where
grandparents are suddenly asked to care for their grandchildren because a
parent has unexpectedly been declared an unfit parent.[61]
5.48
GRG WA called for governments and community service providers to work
together to provide evidence‑based early intervention programs which 'include
adequate services for individual children and families, especially emotional
and psychological services and therapies'[.][62]
5.49
The Children's Commissioner, Northern Territory indicated that parenting
education programs targeting vulnerable mothers–such as teenage mothers–would
be beneficial, with the programs covering a range of topics (such as: behaviour
problems, relationships, discipline and sleep):
Continuing to support and enhance the capacity of evidence‑based
parenting programs such as the Australian Nurse-Family Partnership Program
(as operated by Congress in Central Australia) will provide real outcomes
for young mothers and their children. Such initiatives should also ease the
burden on grandparents looking after their grandchildren.[63]
Physical health supports and
services
5.50
While participants identified a general need for physical health
supports and services, the committee heard that grandchildren with disability
are in special need. Mrs Shirley Fitzhum explained:
Often these children have never received Early Intervention,
Better Start, or similar government programs. By the time they come to
their grandparents the children are often too old for such involvement, and
life becomes a constant round of medical and allied health professionals to try
to get effective diagnosis and treatment...[D]aily tasks such as feeding, toilet
training and getting them to sleep can be even more challenging. Additionally,
developmental disability can make it more difficult for the child to learn
appropriate behaviours. And then there is the disheartening task of dealing
with government departments, many of whom seem to think that disability is a
word and not a real condition. As the majority of grandcarers in this position are
usually widowed women, these problems must be faced alone[.][64]
5.51
The Commissioner for Children and Young People, Western Australia agreed
that it is essential to meet additional care requirements and ensure 'adequate
supports are available to grandparents caring for a child with disability'[.]
Further, personalised supports and services should be provided:
Systems of support need to cater for the variety of needs and
provide a flexible service that is guided by the needs of the carers and the
children and young people [for whom] they are caring.[65]
5.52
The Australian Human Rights Commission submitted that supports and
services for children with disability have been improving (for example, the
Better Start for Children with Disability initiative[66]
and the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)):
As new support mechanisms for children with disabilities are
expanded and resources are allocated to them and their carers to direct towards
supports, it will be important to ensure that grandparents who care for
children with disabilities have access to the funding. For example, through
recognition of their "parental responsibility" pursuant to the National
Disability Insurance Act 2013 (Cth) and the NDIS Rules.[67]
Committee view
5.53
Evidence presented to the committee suggests that grandparents are
caring for a significant number of Australian children who, through no fault of
their own, have complex physical and mental health needs, which cannot be
addressed without skilled intervention. It is in these children's best interests
(short and long-term) that their grandparents are adequately supported to
access the services and supports which meet each child's individual needs.
5.54
The committee heard that there are various impediments to such access,
some of which are more readily resolved than others. It is concerning–and has
been for some time–that there remains a paucity of mental health services
throughout metropolitan, rural and remote areas, including in the specialty
area of child trauma. This gap in service provision should be addressed.
5.55
Children with complex health needs should have timely access to supports
and services. The committee particularly empathises with the circumstances of
grandparents raising grandchildren with disability, for this care arrangement
entails challenges above and beyond those experienced by grandparents raising
grandchildren generally. Noting that pro-active measures are currently
underway, the committee encourages all governments to additionally recognise
the special needs of, and costs associated with, raising children with
disability, in determining eligibility for, and the extent of, supports and
services provided to grandparents raising grandchildren.
5.56
A prominent feature of the National Framework for Protecting Australia's
Children 2009-2020 is its focus on early intervention. Consistent with this
approach, some participants in the inquiry argued in favour of evidence-based
early intervention supports and services for vulnerable families. The committee
agrees that programs of this nature might assist in managing the circumstances
which lead to children being placed in out-of-home care. The committee
therefore supports the collaborative efforts of the Commonwealth, state and
territory governments, and urges all governments to consider exploring options
to improve mental health services for all family members (not just the birth
mother), to support the family unit and prevent children from entering the out‑of‑home
care system.
Grandparents' familial relationships
5.57
In 2010, Ms Heather Boetto, an expert in social work and human services
at Charles Sturt University, published the following summation of the effect of
care arrangements on grandparents' familial relationships:
Kinship carers are also confronted with circumstances unique
to their experience, which creates further disadvantage and hardship.
These circumstances involve the changing nature of their
relationships—mostly changing from the role of grandparent to parent. Kinship
carers often feel torn between the child's parents (usually their own child)
and the needs of their grandchild...as well as the relationships they have with
their other grandchildren who do not live with them...Kinship carers may
experience harassment and abuse from the child's parents as a result of working
with the child protection agency, and struggle with contact arrangements due to
a conflict in loyalties between the child's parents and their
grandchild...Further to this, many kinship carers need to formalise their
kinship care through legal proceedings in order to receive financial support,
which further exacerbates conflict with other family members[.][68]
5.58
Some participants in the inquiry commented on the intra-familial
relationships of grandparents raising grandchildren (excluding the birth parent
and grandchildren in care).[69]
Relationships Australia, for example, noted that the care arrangement can
affect these relationships either positively or negatively:
Many grandparents are strongly supported by their other
children, but some have to deal with the anger of their other children who
think an unfair burden has been placed on their parents and, in some cases,
resent the time taken up by the grandchildren and feel that their own children
are not receiving sufficient attention from their grandparents, or fear their
inheritance being spent on these grandchildren.[70]
5.59
Most submitters and witnesses focussed however on a specific source of
tension between the grandparents and the birth parent (their child), that is, managing
contact arrangements.[71]
Managing contact arrangements
5.60
Participants said that grandparents raising grandchildren face
significant challenges in attempting to maintain a relationship between the
birth parent(s) and their grandchildren.[72]
Wanslea indicated that the grandparents facilitate this relationship to ensure
the safety of grandchildren:
Grandparents report to Wanslea [that] they take great care to
manage relationships with their children so that they do not remove the grandchildren
from their care. That is, they manage or avoid the conflict[.][73]
5.61
In contrast, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Service
(Qld) Ltd. (ATSILS Qld) submitted that most grandparents raising grandchildren wish
to reunite the grandchildren with their parents 'on the basis that it 'is only
right for the children to be with their parents'':
Parents with drug, alcohol, anger management, or criminal
justice issues need extensive support and assistance to be able to establish a
safe home for their children to return to. Meanwhile, unless the parents pose a
risk of harm to the children, contact needs to be organised.[74]
5.62
The AASW noted that child protection authorities sometimes manage the contact
arrangements instead of the grandparents:
Where contact is fraught or impossible, [formal grandparent]
carers are provided the option...wherein the relevant authority attends and
coordinates visits rather than requiring the grandparent to do so. This might
be appropriate where, for example, a child has been removed due to violence or
significant drug, alcohol or mental health issues and the child and grandparent
may be at risk of harm.[75]
5.63
The Women's Legal Service Tasmania noted that, in these situations,
contact between the birth parent and their child may undermine the
relationship and leave the child feeling unloved: 'the grandparents are then
left to pick up the pieces, which also harms their own relationship with their
children further'.[76]
The AASW noted that court-ordered contact, against the wishes of the birth
parent and their child, can have similar adverse results.[77]
5.64
When supervision by child protection authorities is not required,
grandparents raising grandchildren (formal/informal) must manage the contact
between the birth parents and the grandchildren. ATSILS Qld said that 'grandparents
express the greatest level of difficulty with such arrangements and seek
assistance from family or support services for this purpose'.[78]
One grandchild submitted:
I think the burden needs to be taken off the grandparents...it
was always Nan's responsibility when my Mum didn't show up. Like I didn't have
a social worker to organise visitation and it was just like Nan was the one
that would tell me she wasn't coming. It was like Nan was always the bad guy
and she always had to deal with that. Whereas if we had have had a middle
person....[79]
Committee view
5.65
The committee consistently heard that grandparent provided care is
fraught with conflicting emotions. It is not difficult to comprehend the
difficulties associated with altered relationships and loyalties, in particular
where there are many complicating factors involved (such as: grief and loss;
financial stress; physical and mental health concerns; legal proceedings). The
committee considers that relationship supports and services could benefit
grandparents raising grandchildren, by helping to manage intra‑family relationships.
5.66
Specifically in relation to one source of tension and conflict, the
committee does not believe that it is helpful for some grandparents to manage
contact arrangements between the birth parents and the grandchildren. The
committee suggests that the Australian Governments investigate alternate means
of facilitating these arrangements (for example, through community service
providers), where requested.
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