Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        The inquiry lapsed with the dissolution of the 44^th Parliament and was readopted in the 45^th Parliament. See Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 11, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/MedicalComplaints45 (accessed 24 January 2017).

[2]        Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, pp. 23, 30.

[3]        Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 22.

[4]        See recommendation 6, Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. x.

[5]        Productivity Commission, Australia's Health Workforce, Research Report, January 2006, p. xl, http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/health-workforce/report/healthworkforce.pdf (accessed 13 January 2017).

[6]        COAG, Communique, 26 March 2008, http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/gov/20150301030435/http://archive.coag.gov.au/coag_meeting_outcomes/2008-03-26/index.cfm (accessed 25 January 2017).

[7]        The scheme commenced in Western Australia on 18 October 2010. Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 6.

[8]        Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld), sch 1 (National Law), https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/H/HealthPracRNA09.pdf (accessed 25 January 2017).

[9]        Senate Standing References Committee on Community Affairs, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 8. 

[10]      National Law, s. 5 (definition of 'health profession').

[11]      AHPRA, 2015/16 Annual Report, November 2016, p. 1, http://www.ahpra.gov.au/annualreport/2016/downloads.html (accessed 11 January 2017).

[12]      AHPRA, 2015/16 Annual Report, November 2016, p. 1. For an explanation of health complaints entities see [1.18].

[13]      AHPRA, 2015/16 Annual Report, November 2016, p. 1.

[14]      AHMAC, Submission 75, [p. 1].

[15]      Ms Amity Durham, Acting Deputy Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, representing the Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 22.

[16]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, pp. 3–9.

[17]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 13.

[18]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 14.

[19]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 25.

[20]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 18.

[21]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 30.

[22]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 21.

[23]      Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 23.

[24]      National Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld), s. 7A; National Practitioner Regulation (Adoption of National Law) Act 2009 (NSW), s. 6.

[25]      See National Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld), s. 7B; National Practitioner Regulation (Adoption of National Law) Act 2009 (NSW), ss. 6B, sch. 1, s. 41B.

[26]      National Law, s. 5 (definition of 'co-regulatory jurisdiction').

[27]      National Law, s. 148(2).

[28]      Mr Leon Atkinson-MacEwen, Health Ombudsman, Office of the Health Ombudsman, Queensland, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 2.

[29]      National Law, s. 145.

[30]      National Law, s. 5 (definition of 'health complaints entity').

[31]      National Law, s. 148(1).

[32]      National Law, s. 150.

[33]      National Law, s. 150(4).

[34]      National Law, s. 151.

[35]      National Law, pt 8 div 7.

[36]      National Law, pt 8 div 8.

[37]      National Law, pt 8 div 9.

[38]      National Law, pt 8 div 10.

[39]      National Law, pt 8 div 11.

[40]      National Law, pt 8 div 12.

[41]      A list of appellable decisions can be found in National Law, s. 199.

[42]      Senate Standing Legislation Committee on Community Affairs, National registration and accreditation scheme for doctors and other health workers, August 2009, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2008-10/registration_accreditation_scheme/report/index (accessed 22 December 2016).; Senate Standing Legislation Committee on Community Affairs, Health Practitioner Regulation (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2010 [Provisions], 12 May 2010, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2008-10/health_practitioner_reg/index  (accessed 13 January 2017); Senate Standing References Committee on Finance and Public Administration, The administration of health practitioner registration by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), 3 June 2011, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/healthpractitionerregistration/report/index (accessed 13 January 2017).

[43]      Senate Standing References Committee on Finance and Public Administration, The administration of health practitioner registration by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), 3 June 2011, p. 115.

[44]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, p. 1.

[45]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, pp. 5–9.

[46]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, p. 6.

[47]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, p. 6.

[48]      Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (WA) Act 2010, s. 4(7).

[49]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, p. 8.

[50]      Australian Government, Response to the Senate Finance and Public Administration References Committee's Inquiry into the administration of health practitioner registration by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, 7 February 2012, p. 7, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/healthpractitionerregistration/index (accessed 7 April 2017).

[51]      COAG Health Council, Communique – The independent review of the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme for health professionals, 7 August 2015, http://www.coaghealthcouncil.gov.au/Portals/0/The%20Independent%20Review%20of%20the%20National%20Registration%20and%20Accreditation%20Scheme%20for%20Health%20Professions.pdf (accessed 17 January 2017).

[53]      AHMAC, Submission 75—Attachment 1, pp. 25, 30.

[54]      Mr Fletcher, Dr Flynn and Dr Mulcahy, AHPRA, answer to questions on notice, 1 November 2016, [pp. 4–5, 17–18] (received 16 November 2016) https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary
_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/MedicalComplaints45/Additional_Documents (accessed 24 April 2017).

[55]      Mr Fletcher, Dr Flynn and Dr Mulcahy, AHPRA, answer to questions on notice, 1 November 2016, [p. 6] (received 16 November 2016).

[56]      Mr Fletcher, Dr Flynn and Dr Mulcahy, AHPRA, answer to questions on notice, 1 November 2016, [pp. 6–11] (received 16 November 2016).

[57]      Journals of the Senate, No. 23, 1 December 2016, p. 755.

[58]      Available on the inquiry webpage, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/
Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/ComplaintsMechanism (accessed 7 April 2017).

Chapter 2 - Lodgement and assessment of complaints

[1]        Carers Victoria, Submission 113, [p. 3].

[2]        Health Practitioner Regulation National Law 2009 (Qld) (National Law), sch. 1, s. 140.

[3]        National Law, s. 5 (notifier).

[4]        Submission 113, [p. 3].

[5]        National Law, s. 148(2).

[6]        National Law, s. 150(2).

[7]        National Law, s. 150(3).

[8]        Mr Steve Tully, Commissioner, Health and Community Services Complaints Commissioner (SA), Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, pp. 1, 5; Ms Karen Toohey, ACT Health Services Commissioner, ACT Human Rights Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5; Mr Leon Atkinson-MacEwen, Health Ombudsman, Office of the Health Ombudsman (Qld), Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5.

[9]        Ms Toohey, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5; Mr Atkinson-MacEwen, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5; Mr Tully, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5.

[10]      Mr Tully, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 5.

[11]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 131, p. 3; Name withheld, Submission 122, p. 1; Women's Legal Services Australia, Submission 80, pp.4–5.

[12]      Mr Tully, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 3.

[13]      Mr Martin Fletcher, Chief Executive Officer, AHPRA, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 22.

[14]      AHPRA and MBA, Submission 119, p. 25.

[15]      Submission 119, p. 25.

[16]      Submission 119, p. 26.

[17]      Submission 119, p. 27.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 14.

[19]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Medical complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 40.

[20]      Mr Joel Levin, Submission 27, [p. 2]; MIGA, Submission 30, p. 9; Ms Kate Greenaway, Submission 33, p. 4; Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Submission 41, [p. 2]; Ms Jennifer Ellis, Submission 42, [p. 2]; Avant, Submission 50, p. 2; Dr Gary Fettke, Submission  54, p. 4; Ms Jennifer Smith, Submission 57, p. 2; Dr Jeremy Rourke, Submission 61; [p. 2]; Ms Caroline Raphael, Submission 69, p. 2; Ms Elizabeth Dolan, Submission 71, p. 3; Dr Rachel Mascord, Submission 73, [p. 3]; Ms Marianna Masiorski, Submission 74, [p. 2]; Mr Harrison White, Submission 79, [p. 3]; Name withheld, Submission 85, [p. 2]; Ms Zoe Sherrin, Submission 98, [p. 2]; Ms Cristina Vitellone, Submission 99, [p. 2]; Australian Dental Association, Submission 108, [p. 1]; Dr Maxine Szramka, Submission 109, [p. 2]; Dr Vincent Papaleo, Submission 116, [pp. 2‑3]; Australian Medical Association, Submission 117, p. 5; Ms Marg Fitzpatrick, Submission 126, [pp. 4–5]; Australian Psychological Association, Submission 130, p. 6–7.

[21]      Mr Joel Levin, Submission 27, p. 2.

[22]      Ms Johanne Brown, Submission 7, p. 1.

[23]      Dr Edwin Kruys, Vice-President, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 25.

[24]      Australian Medical Association, Submission 117, p. 5.

[25]      ADA, Submission 108, p. 2. 

[26]      For other reasons no further action may be taken see [2.33].

[27]      AFCC, Submission 38, p. 4.

[28]      NHPOPC, Submission 105, p. 11.

[29]      NHPOPC, answers to questions on notice, 1 November 2016 (received 10 November 2016).

[30]      NHPOPC, Submission 105, p. 11.

[31]      AHPRA Community Reference Group, answers to questions on notice, 31 March 2017 (received 24 April 2017), [pp. 2–3].

[32]      Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 32.

[33]      National Law, s. 151.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 22.

[35]      National Law, s. 148(1).

[36]      See paragraph [1.22] for the list possible actions available to a national board.

[37]      National Law, s. 151(1)(a).

[38]      Australian Medical Association, Submission 117, p. 3.

[39]      Mr Fletcher, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 22.

[40]      AHPRA and MBA, Submission 119, p. 9.

[41]      Submission 119, p. 9.

[42]      Submission 119, p. 19.

[43]      NHPOPC, Submission 105, p. 12.

[44]      Australian Medical Association, Submission 117, p. 5; Australian Psychological Society, Submission 130, pp. 7–8.

[45]      Dr Jennifer Neoh, Secretary, Australian Chapter, Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 25.

[46]      Dr Marie Bismark, Associate Professor, University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 10; Mr Rhett Clayton, National Liability Claims Manager, Guild Insurance, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 31; Health Consumers' Council, Submission 96, p. 4; Guild Insurance, Submission 48, p. 3.

[47]      Mr Fletcher, Dr Flynn and Dr Mulcahy, answer to questions on notice, 1 November 2016 [p. 3] (received 16 November 2017) https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/
Senate/Community_Affairs/MedicalComplaints45/Additional_Documents (accessed 24 April 2017).

[48]      Dr Joanna Flynn, Chair, Medical Board of Austraia, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 29.

[49]      Dr Flynn, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 27.

[50]      Dr Flynn, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 27.

[51]      AFCC, Submission 38, p. 9.

[52]      AHPRA and MBA, Submission 119, p. 4.

[53]      Mr Fletcher, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 27.

[54]      Avant, Submission 50, p. 3.

[55]      Mr Joel Levin, Submission 27, p. 2; AFCC, Submission 38, p. 4.

Chapter 3 - Investigations and national board decisions

[1]        Ms Marg Fitzpatrick, Submission 126, [p. 5]; Mrs Rhonda McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 10; Mr Ian McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, pp. 11–12.

[2]        Mr Maxwell Brown, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[3]        Mr Maxwell Brown, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[4]        Mr Brown, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[5]        Mrs Rhonda McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 11.

[6]        Ms Karen Toohey, Australian Capital Territory Health Services Commissioner, Australian Capital Territory Human Rights Commission, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 2.

[7]        Mr Leon Atkinson-MacEwen, Health Ombudsman, Office of the Health Ombudsman, Queensland, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 4.

[8]       Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 2.

[9]        Mr Tully, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 2.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 2.

[11]      Kim Snowball, Independent review of the national registration and accreditation scheme for health professions, December 2014, p. 28.

[12]      National Law, s. 187.

[13]      See for example National Law, ss. 151(3), 161(3), 180, 192(2), (4).

[14]      Ms Toohey, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 4.

[15]      AHMAC, Submission 75—Attachment 1, p. 25.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 8.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 16.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 17.

[19]      Adjunct Professor Debora Picone AM, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 1.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 26.

[21]      Adjunct Professor Debora Picone AM, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 4.

[22]      Ms Kate Greenaway, Submission 33, p. 5; Ms Elizabeth Dolan, Submission 71, p. 2.

[23]      Ms Elizabeth Dolan, Submission 71, p. 2; Dr Rachel Mascord, Submission 73, [p. 2].

[24]      Dr Anne Malatt, Submission 65, p. 1.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 17.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 16.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 18.

[28]      RACGP, Submission 41, [pp. 1–2].

[29]      Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 27.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 26.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 35.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 35.

[33]      Ms Georgie Haysom, Head of Advocacy, Avant Mutual Limited, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 35.

[34]      Ms Amity Durham, Acting Deputy Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria representing the Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 17.

[35]      Ms Cynthia Hickman, Submission 29, [pp. 3–4]; Ms Elizabeth Dolan, Submission 71, p. 4; Dr Jane Barker, Submission 112, [p. 1].

[36]      Ms Cynthia Hickman, Submission 29, [pp. 3–4]; Ms Elizabeth Dolan, Submission 71, p. 4; Dr Jane Barker, Submission 112, [p. 1].

[37]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 13.

[38]      Health Consumers' Council, Submission 96, p. 4.

[39]      Associate Professor Colin Moore, Submission 55, p. 1.

[40]      Name withheld, Submission 68, [p. 4].

[41]      Name withheld, Submission 68, [p. 4].

[42]      Mr Maxwell Brown, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[43]      Mrs Rhonda McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 11.

[44]      AHPRA and the MBA, Submission 119, p. 19.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 28.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 28.

[47]      Dr Rachel Mascord, Submission 73, [p. 3].

[48]      Mr Gary Clarke, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 13.

[49]      Tasmanian Government, Submission 131, p. 2.

[50]      Ms Donna McGrath, Submission 6, p. 6; Ms Jennifer Ellis, Submission 42, p. 4; Dr Anne Malatt, Submission 65, p. 4; Dr Rachel Mascord, Submission 73, [p. 3]; Dr Simon Rosenbaum, Submission 104, p. 3; Dr Maxine Szramka, Submission 109, p. 8.

[51]      RACGP, Submission 41, [p. 3].

[52]      AHPRA Community Reference Group, Submission 127, p. 4.

[53]      RACGP, Submission 41, [p. 3].

[54]      Mrs Rhonda McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[55]      AHPRA and the MBA, Submission 119, p. 4.

[56]      Dr Flynn, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 26.

[57]      See for example National Law, ss. 151, 156, 160, 169.

[58]      National Law, ss. 33, 36.

[59]      RACGP, Submission 41, [p. 2]; National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Submission 94, p. 2; Name withheld, Submission 84, p. 7.

[60]      RACGP, Submission 41, [p. 2].

[61]      Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 27.

[62]      Dr Flynn, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 27.

[63]      Mr Fletcher and Dr Flynn, answers to questions on notice, 31 March 2017, p. 3 (received 24 April 2017).

[64]      Mr Fletcher and Dr Flynn, answers to questions on notice, 31 March 2017, p. 3 (received 24 April 2017).

Chapter 4 - AHPRA's administration of the complaints mechanism

[1]        Dr Jennifer Neoh, Secretary, Australian Chapter, Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC), Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 24.

[2]        AFCC, Submission 38, p. 8; Institute of Clinical Psychologists, Submission 23, pp. 4–5.

[3]        AFCC, Submission 38, pp. 3–4.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, pp. 24–25.

[5]        Dr Neoh, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 24.

[6]        Dr Neoh, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, pp. 24–25.

[7]        Submission 116, p. 3.

[8]        Dr Neoh, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 25.

[9]        AFCC, Submission 38, pp. 3–4.

[10]      Dr Neoh, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 27.

[11]      Mr Hardy, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 24.

[12]      Mr Hardy, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 25.

[13]      AHPRA and MBA, answers to questions on notice, 31 March 2017 (received 24 April 20174) pp. 1–2.

[14]      CAA, Submission 125, pp. 7–8.

[15]      CAA, Submission 125, pp. 7–8.

[16]      Senate Standing References Committee on Finance and Public Administration, The administration of health practitioner registration by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), 3 June 2011, p. 92, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/healthpractitionerregistration/report/index (accessed 19 April 2017); Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Medical complaints in Australia, pp. 24–26; Legislative Council Legal and Social Issues Legislation Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into the performance of the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, Report No 2, March 2014, p. 90, http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/SCLSI/Leg_ctee/AHPRA/Final_version_AHPRA_report_30314.pdf (accessed 19 April 2017).

[17]      For details about the parliamentary privilege matter see Chapter 6.

[18]      Mrs Rhonda McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, pp. 10–11.

[19]      Avant, Submission 50, p. 11.

[20]      RACGP, Submission 41, [p. 4]; Australian Medical Assocation, Submission 117, p. 3.

[21]      AHPRA and MBA, Submission 119, p. 9.

[22]      AHPRA and MBA, Submission 119, p. 9.

[23]      Mr Fletcher, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, pp. 22–23.

[24]      MIGA, Submission 30, p. 4; Ms Jennifer Smith, Submission 57, p. 3; Dr Simon Rosenbaum, Submission 104, p. 3.

[25]      Submission 30, p. 4.

[26]      Submission 30, p. 4.

[27]      Ms Jennifer Smith, Submission 57, p. 3; Ms Marianna Masiorski, Submission 74, [p. 3]; Dr Simon Rosenbaum, Submission 104, p. 3.

[28]      Dr Marie Bismark, Associate Professor, University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 17 March 2017, p. 7.

[29]      Australian Medical Association, Submission 117, p. 3.

[30]      Submission 117, p. 3.

[31]      Avant, Submission 50, p. 2; Dr Gary Fettke, Submission 54, p. 2; Name withheld, Submission 84, p. 8.

[32]      Avant, Submission 50, p. 2; Dr Gary Fettke, Submission 54, p. 2.

[33]      Avant, Submission 50, p. 5.

[34]      Mr Ian McNees, Committee Hansard, 31 March 2017, p. 12.

[35]      Name withheld, Submission 84, p. 8.

Chapter 5 - Conclusions and recommendations

[1]        Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Medical Complaints in Australia, November 2016.

[2]        Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Medical Complaints in Australia, November 2016, p. 21.

[3]        NSW Health, Complaint Management Policy, additional information provided by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 31 March 2017 (received 31 March 2017), p. 16.

Chapter 6 - Matter of parliamentary privilege: Dr Gary Fettke

[1]        Senate Privilege Resolution 1(18).

[2]        Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 (Cth), s. 12(2).

[3]        Mr Martin Fletcher, Chief Executive Officer, AHPRA, Committee Hansard, 22 November 2016, p. 4.

[4]        Mr Fletcher, Committee Hansard, 22 November 2016, p. 6.

[5]        Committee of Privileges, Parliamentary privilege: Precedents, procedure and practice in Australian Senate 1966–2005, 125^th report, December 2005, p. 47.

[6]        Harry Evans and Rosemary Laing, eds, Odgers' Australian Senate Practice, 14^th edition, Department of the Senate, 2016, p. 88.