Footnotes

Overview

[1]        ABS, Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership, Cat. No. 6310.0.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        National Statement on Poverty by 13 major community service organisations, dated 31 January 2002.

Chapter 2 - Defining and measuring poverty

[1]        Submission 133, p.3 (UnitingCare Australia).

[2]        Submission 165, p.67 (FaCS).

[3]        Greenwell H, Lloyd R & Harding A, 'An Introduction to Poverty Measurement Issues', NATSEM Discussion Paper No 55, December 2001, p.10.

[4]        Submission 1, p.1 (Dr Mendes).

[5]        Submission 244, p.10 (ATSIC).

[6]        Submission 98, p.1 (BSL).

[7]        See Harding A & Szukalska A, Financial Disadvantage in Australia – 1999, Smith Family, 2000, p.25.

[8]        Submission 163, pp.38-39, 48 (ACOSS).

[9]        Submission 95, p.15 (Professor Saunders). See also Submission 44, p.15 (SVDP National Council).

[10]      Submission 148, p.7 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[11]      Submission 71, pp.1- 4 (Dr Serr).

[12]      Submission 45, p.4 (Centre for Independent Studies).

[13]      Saunders P, 'Povery and Deprivation in Australia', in Year Book Australia, 1996, p.2. See also Submission 30, pp.1-2 (Jesuit Social Services).

[14]      See Saunders P, Welfare and Inequality: National and International Perspectives on the Australian Welfare State, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.222.

[15]      Submission 30, p.1 (Jesuit Social Services).

[16]      Submission 32, p.1 (Tasmanian Catholic Justice and Peace Commission).

[17]      Submissions 69, p.15 (Victorian Government), 172, pp.63-79 (The Smith Family).

[18]      See, for example, Submission 30, pp.6-7 (Jesuit Social Services).

[19]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.440 (Professor Saunders).

[20]      The poverty line developed by Professor Henderson is referred to as the 'Henderson poverty line'. Professor Henderson was Chairman of the Commission of Inquiry into Poverty that was established in 1972 and is discussed in more detail in chapter 3.

[21]      See Submission 95, p.12 (Professor Saunders).

[22]      Harding & Szukalska, p.29; Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, pp.258-59.

[23]      Saunders P & Tsumori K, Poverty in Australia: Beyond the Rhetoric, CIS Policy Monograph 57, 2002, p.12.

[24]      Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, p.228. See also Submission 165, p.71 (FaCS).

[25]      Saunders & Tsumori, pp.12-13.

[26]      Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, pp.259-60.

[27]      See Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, p.223.

[28]      Submission 95, pp.11-12 (Professor Saunders).

[29]      Submission 163, p.55 (ACOSS).

[30]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.676 (ACOSS).

[31]      Social Welfare Policy Secretariat (SWPS), Report on Poverty Measurement, AGPS, 1981, p.28.

[32]      Submission 95, p.11 (Professor Saunders). See also Submission 165, p.70 (FaCS).

[33]      See SWPS, pp.36-39.

[34]      Saunders & Tsumori, p.11.

[35]      For a discussion, see Saunders & Tsumori, pp.8-9.

[36]      Saunders & Tsumori, pp.8-9; SWPS, p.5; Submission 95, p.12 (Professor Saunders).

[37]      Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.19.

[38]      Submission 163, pp.56-58 (ACOSS).

[39]      Submission 163, p.58 (ACOSS).

[40]      Submission 163, p.59 (ACOSS).

[41]      Bray J, 'Hardship in Australia', FaCS Occasional Paper No.4, 2001.

[42]      Submission 163, p.60 (ACOSS).

[43]      Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.2.

[44]      ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, Cat. No. 6523.0, July 2003, p.2.

[45]      Submission 165, p.78 (FaCS); Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, pp. 6-8; Saunders & Tsumori, pp.24-36.

[46]      Harding & Szukalska, p.26.

[47]      Commission of Inquiry into Poverty, Poverty in Australia: First Main Report, April 1975, p.2.

[48]      Submission 172, pp.34-36 (The Smith Family).

[49]      The income that remains after all housing costs have been met is referred to as 'after-housing income'. Disposable income is sometimes referred to as 'before-housing income' to indicate that housing costs have not been deducted.

[50]      Submission 165, p.78 (FaCS); Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, pp.13-14.

[51]      See, for example, Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.15.

[52]      Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.15.

[53]      Submissions 163, pp.62-63 (ACOSS); 95, pp.17-19 (Professor Saunders).

[54]      Submission 95, pp.17-18 (Professor Saunders).

[55]      Submission 95, pp.52-53, Appendix A (Professor Saunders).

[56]      Submission 163, p.62 (ACOSS); 95, p.19 (Professor Saunders).

[57]      Bray, p.ix.

[58]      Submission 163, p.62 (ACOSS).

[59]      Submission 95, p.19 (Professor Saunders).

[60]      Submission 165, pp.96-77 (FaCS).

[61]      Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.14.

[62]      Submission 172, pp.10-11, 17-38 (The Smith Family).

[63]       See Submission 165, pp.83-84 (FaCS).

[64]      Submission 95, p.21 (Professor Saunders).

[65]      Submission 165, p.81 (FaCS).

[66]      Harding & Szukalska, pp.28-29; Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, pp.16-17.

[67]      Harding & Szukalska, pp.28-29; Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, pp.6-7.

[68]      Submission 165, p.79 (FaCS).

[69]      Submission 165, pp.81-82 (FaCS); Harding & Szukalska, pp.27-28; Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, pp.17-18.

[70]      Greenwell, Lloyd & Harding, p.20.

[71]      See Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, p.252.

[72]      Saunders & Tsumori, pp.9-10. See also Submission 165, pp.74-75 (FaCS).

[73]      Saunders, Welfare and Inequality, pp.253-55.

[74]      Submission 44, p.14 (SVDP National Council).

Chapter 3 - Poverty and inequality in Australia

[1]        Submission 44, p.42 (SVDP National Council).

[2]        Fincher R & Nieuwenhuysen J, eds., Australian Poverty: Then and Now, Melbourne University Press, 1998, pp.52-60; Saunders P, 'Poverty and Deprivation in Australia', Year Book Australia, 1996, p.5.

[3]        Commission of Inquiry into Poverty, Poverty in Australia: First Main Report, April 1975, pp.27-28.

[4]        Submission 45, p.10 (CIS).

[5]        Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia - 1990 to 2000, The Smith Family, 2001, pp.22-23.

[6]        Harding A & Szukalska A, Financial Disadvantage in Australia - 1999, The Smith Family, 2000, p.38.

[7]        King A, 'Income Poverty since the early 1970s', in Fincher & Nieuwenhuysen, p.78.

[8]        Submission 45, p.10 (CIS).

[9]        Harding & Szukalska, p.36.

[10]      Submission 163, p.9 (ACOSS).

[11]      Submission 98, pp.3-4 (BSL).

[12]      Submission 44, p.44 (SVDP National Council).

[13]      Harding & Szukalska, pp.8-9, 22-23.

[14]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.2.

[15]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.v.

[16]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.2.

[17]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, pp.23-24.

[18]      Tsumori K et. al., 'Poor Arguments', Issue Analysis, No.21, January 2002; Saunders P, 'Poor Statistics', Issue Analysis, No.23, April 2002. See also Submission 45, pp.5-6 (CIS).

[19]      Saunders P, 'Getting Poverty Back onto the Policy Agenda', Smith Family Research and Social Policy Briefing Paper, No.10, March 2002, pp.1-3.

[20]      See, for example, Submissions 1, pp.2-3 (Dr Mendes); 98, p.4 (BSL); 172, pp.37-38 (The Smith Family); 163, pp.11-12 (ACOSS); 118, p.7 (VCOSS).

[21]      Harding & Szukalska, p.16. The data are based on after-housing poverty (that is, those in poverty after paying for housing costs).

[22]      Submission 244, pp.9-10 (ATSIC). See also Submissions 163, p.11 (ACOSS); 98, p.4 (BSL).

[23]      Submissions163, pp.73-88 (ACOSS); 121, pp.2-12 (Victorian Alcohol & Drug Association); 69, p.14 (Victorian Government).

[24]      Submission 187, p.22 (SA Government).

[25]      Submission 120, pp.19-20 (LHMU).

[26]      Submissions 1, p.2 (Dr Mendes); 98, p.4 (BSL); 69, p.15 (Victorian Government).

[27]      'Low income households' refers to those persons in the bottom 20 per cent of persons ranked by their equivalised gross household income. See ABS, Australian Social Trends 2003, pp.6-8.

[28]      ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, Cat. No. 6523.0, July 2003, p.9. The Northern Territory had the highest mean income – 34 per cent above the national average – although the ABS indicated that this probably overestimated average income levels as data from sparsely settled areas of the NT were excluded from the study.

[29]      Submission 46, p.7 (SACOSS); Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.47 (SACOSS).

[30]      Submission 46, p.7 (SACOSS). See also Submission 187, pp.14-22 (SA Government).

[31]      Submission 176, p.7 (TasCOSS); Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp. 207-11 (TasCOSS).

[32]      Submission 195 (Mr Peter Brohier).

[33]      Submission 185, p.9 (Tasmanian Government).

[34]      Submission 183, p.9 (WACOSS). See also Committee Hansard 28.7.03, pp.1027-30 (WACOSS).

[35]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1192-93 (QCOSS); Submissions 160, pp.3-10 (QCOSS); 129, p.4 (Queensland Government).

[36]      Submission 160, p.6 (QCOSS).

[37]      Submission 118, pp.6,12 (VCOSS).

[38]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, pp.1081-83 (NTCOSS).

[39]      Submission 166, p.8 (Salvation Army). See also Submissions 44, pp.42-45 (SVDP National Council); 98, pp.5-6 (BSL); 163, pp.67-71 (ACOSS).

[40]      ABS, Australian Social Trends 2000, p.x. See also Submission 94, p.8 (ACTU).

[41]      The Gini coefficient varies between 0, when income is equally distributed, and 1, when income is most unequal. See Saunders, Year Book Australia, 2002, p.11.

[42]      Submission 165, p.56 (FaCS).

[43]      'Income' in the study refers to disposable income, that is income from employment, investments and transfers from government (such as pensions, allowances and benefits), private institutions and other households, after the deduction of income tax and the Medicare levy. See ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, Cat. No. 6523.0, p.29.

[44]      P90 is the income level dividing the bottom 90 per cent of the population from the top 10 per cent. P10 is the income level dividing the bottom 10 per cent of the population from the rest of the population.

[45]      The ABS uses the second and third deciles and not the lowest decile to indicate 'low income' because of some underreporting of income by low income households in the lowest income decile and the reporting of low or negative business incomes in this decile which may distort the income distribution. See ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, pp.29-30.

[46]      ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, p.11.

[47]      Saunders P, 'It's Official: Inequality is Increasing Again' Impact, Spring 2003, p 5.

[48]      Refers to disposable (after income tax) income, adjusted for differences in household size. See Harding A & Greenwell H, 'Trends in Income and Expenditure Inequality in the 1980s and 1990s', NATSEM Discussion Paper No 57, June 2002, p.21.

[49]      Submission 163, p.69 (ACOSS).

[50]      Submissions 44, p.39 (SVDP National Council); 223, p.4 (APSF); 184, p.19 (COTA National Seniors).

[51]      Submission 165, Supplementary Information, 13.8.03, p.10 (FaCS).

[52]      Saunders P, Year Book Australia, 2001, p.12.

[53]      See Submission 172, pp.35-36 (The Smith Family). See also Submission 165, p.58 (FaCS).

[54]      Submission 44, pp.12,37 (SVDP National Council).

[55]      See Submission 44, p.45 (SVDP National Council).

[56]      Kelly S, 'Simulating Future Trends in Wealth Inequality', Paper presented at the 2002 Australian Conference of Economists, October 2002, p.3.

Chapter 4 - Unemployment and the changing labour market

[1]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.55 (BSL).

[2]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, pp.55-56 (BSL); Submission 163, p.104 (ACOSS).

[3]        Submissions 94, pp.2-6 (ACTU); 98, pp.10-11 (BSL); Preston A, 'The changing Australian labour market: developments during the last decade', Australian Bulletin of Labour, vol.27, no.3, September 2001, p.169; Department of Industry, Tourism & Resources, Key Demographic and Labour Market Trends in Australia during the 1990s, 2002, p.7; and recent ABS statistics.

[4]        ABS, Labour Force, Australia, Cat. No. 6202.0.

[5]        Key Demographic Trends, pp.7-8; and recent ABS statistics.

[6]        Submission 158, p.43 (Disability Action). See also Submission 180, pp.5-6 (Tasmanian Poverty Coalition).

[7]        ABS, Labour Force, Australia, Cat. No. 6291.0.55.001.

[8]        Preston, p.163.

[9]        ACOSS, Hidden Unemployment in Australia, November 2003, pp.7-9.

[10]      Submission 68, Attachment B (The Australia Institute); Committee Hansard 19.6.03, pp.646-47 (The Australia Institute).

[11]      Submission 201, p.21 (CofFEE).

[12]      Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia, 1990 to 2000, The Smith Family, 2001, p.12.

[13]      Submission 95, p.32 (Professor Saunders); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.436 (Professor Saunders). See also Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.553 (CofFEE).

[14]      Submission 95, p.32 (Professor Saunders).

[15]      Gregory RG, 'Its full-time jobs that matter', Australian Journal of Labour Economics, vol.5, no.2, June 2002, p.275.

[16]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.56 (BSL).

[17]      Submission 98, p.10 (BSL).

[18]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.554 (CofFEE). See also Submission 201, pp.13-16 (CofFEE).

[19]      Submissions 163, p.114 (ACOSS); 98, p.viii (BSL).

[20]      Submissions 210, pp.13-14 (CofFEE); 28, p.2 (ANOU); 76, p.7 (Unemployed Persons Advocacy); 211, p.6 (Unemployed Workers Group -Townsville/Thuringowa).

[21]      Submission 28, p.7 (ANOU).

[22]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.58 (BSL). See also 30.4.03, p.58 (VCOSS).

[23]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.59 (Centre for Public Policy).

[24]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, pp.558-59 (CofFEE); Submission 201, p.11 (CofFEE).

[25]      Submission 201, p.34 (CofFEE).

[26]      OECD, Policies Towards Full Employment, 2000, p.203.

[27]      Submission 206, pp.1-12 (Australia @ Work); Committee Hansard 28.5.03, pp.520-21 (Australia @ Work).

[28]      Productivity Commission, Independent Review of the Job Network, June 2002, pp.xxii-xxii; Parliamentary Library, Job Network, the 3^rd Contract, August 2003, pp.1-4.

[29]      Submissions 98, pp.24-25 (BSL); 201, pp.22-23 (CofFEE).

[30]      Submission 148, p.22 (Catholic Welfare Australia), See also Submission 133, p.6 (UnitingCare Australia).

[31]      Cited in Submission 98, p.25 (BSL).

[32]      Productivity Commission, p.xxvii.

[33]      Productivity Commission, pp.5.6-5.9.

[34]      Cited in Productivity Commission, p.5.10.

[35]      Cited in Productivity Commission, p.5.12.

[36]      Productivity Commission, p.5.12.

[37]      Submission 98, p.25 (BSL).

[38]      DEWR, Employment Services: An Active Participation Model – Discussion Paper, May 2002, p.3.

[39]      Productivity Commission, p.9.13.

[40]      Productivity Commission, pp.xxxii-xxxiii.

[41]      Productivity Commission, p.9.29.

[42]      Submission 98, p.25 (BSL).

[43]      Submission 163, p.105 (ACOSS).

[44]      Submission 163, p.105 (ACOSS).

[45]      Submissions 163, pp.105-6 (ACOSS); 201, p.25 (CofFEE).

[46]      Submission 148, p.24 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[47]      Submission 98, p.25 (BSL).

[48]      Submissions 148, p.22 (Catholic Welfare Australia); 163, p.114 (ACOSS).

[49]      Submission 163, p.115 (ACOSS).

[50]      Submission 135, p.8 (Salvation Army).

[51]      Submission 163, p.115 (ACOSS).

[52]      Submission 98, p.26 (BSL).

[53]      Submissions 98, p.viii (BSL); 135, p.8 (Salvation Army).

[54]      ACOSS, Submission to the AIRC National Wage Case, March 2003, p.3.

[55]      Submission 163, p.115 (ACOSS).

[56]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, pp.13-14.

[57]      Harding A & Szukalska A, Financial Disadvantage in Australia – 1999, The Smith Family, 2000, p.9.

[58]      Dunlop Y, 'Low-paid employment in the Australian labour market, 1995-97' in Borland J et. al. eds., Work Rich, Work Poor, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, 2001, pp.99-100.

[59]      Eardley T, 'Working but Poor? Low Pay and Poverty in Australia', SPRC Discussion Paper No. 91, November 1998, pp.21-35. See also Eardley T, 'Low Pay and Family Poverty', Family Matters, No 51, Spring/Summer 1998, pp.29-32.

[60]      Submission 120, pp.11-13 (LHMU).

[61]      See also Submission 94, ACTU, Minimum Wages Case 2003: ACTU Witness Statements, 5 February 2003, tabled at hearing 30.4.03.

[62]      Submission 120, pp.i, 6-16 (LHMU); Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.315-17 (LHMU).

[63]      Submission 120, p.ii (LHMU).

[64]      Submission 120, pp.ii, 19-20 (LHMU).

[65]      Submission 120, p.26 (LHMU).

[66]      Submission 120, p.26 (LHMU).

[67]      Submission 163, p.118 (ACOSS).

[68]      Submission 163, pp.117-18 (ACOSS).

[69]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.99 (ACTU). See also Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.319 (LHMU); 29.4.03, p.9 (LHMU - SA).

[70]      Eardley study, p.33: Submission 120, p.26 (LHMU).

[71]      Submission 120, p.28 (LHMU).

[72]      Submission 148, pp.18-20 (Catholic Welfare Australia) and Supplementary Information, 10.10.03, pp.1-9; Committee Hansard 20.6.03, pp.714-716 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[73]      Submission 98, p.14 (BSL).

[74]      Submission 120, p.25 (LHMU).

[75]      Submission 120, p.24 (LHMU).

[76]      Submission 120, p.29 (LHMU). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.109 (SDA); 28.7.03, p.1045 (LHMU).

[77]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.322 (LHMU).

[78]      Submission 120, p.30 (LHMU). See also Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1045 (LHMU); 26.5.03, p.302 (AMWU).

[79]      Submission 120, pp.29-30 (LHMU).

[80]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.317 (LHMU).

[81]      Submission 148, p.27 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[82]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.302-303 (AMWU); 2.7.03, pp.957-60 (LHMU).

[83]      ABS, Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership, Cat. No. 6310.0. The ABS defines 'casual employment' as employment without paid sick or holiday leave entitlements.

[84]      Watson I, et.al., Fragmented Futures: New Challenges in Working Life, Federation Press, 2003, p.67.

[85]      ABS, Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership, Cat.No. No.6310.0.

[86]      Parliamentary Library, Casual Employment, August 1999, p.1.

[87]      ABS, Forms of Employment, Cat. No 6359.0. See also Fragmented Futures, p.69.

[88]      Submission 156, p.7 (AMWU); Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.302-303 (AMWU); 2.7.03, 30.4.03, p.101 (ACTU); pp.957, 960 (LHMU); 30.4.03, p.54 (Jesuit Social Services).

[89]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.102 (ACTU).

[90]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.101 (ACTU).

[91]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.957 (LHMU).

[92]      Submission 98, pp. 10-11 (BSL).

[93]      Fragmented Futures, p.69.

[94]      Submission 156, p.9 (AMWU).

[95]      Committee Hansard 6.5.03, p.303 (AMWU).

[96]      Cited in Fragmented Futures, p.67.

[97]      ABS, Forms of Employment, Cat. No.6359.0. See also Submission 94, Supplementary Information, 1.5.03 (ACTU).

[98]      Parliamentary Library, p.3; Submission 156, p.8 (AMWU).

[99]      Submission 156, p.8 (AMWU).

[100]    www.actu.asn.au

[101]    www.actu.asn.au

[102]    Submission 98, p.viii (BSL).

[103]    ABS, Forms of Employment, Cat. No.6359.0. Another ABS survey, Employment Services, Cat. No.8558.0 estimated that there were 290 115 labour hire employees in 2001-02 (this survey counts jobs so would have double counted any persons employed by more than one labour hire company, whereas the former survey counts persons).

[104]    Fragmented Futures, p.73. See also Submission 156, pp.9-10 (AMWU).

[105]    Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.302 (AMWU).

[106]    Fragmented Futures, pp.73-74.

[107]    Fragmented Futures, p.72.

[108]    Submission 156, p.10 (AMWU). See also Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1149 (LHMU- Queensland Branch).

[109]    Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.302-03 (AMWU).

[110]    Submission 156, p.10 (AMWU).

[111]    Submission 156, p.10 (AMWU).

[112]    www.actu.asn.au

[113]    Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.320 (LHMU). See also Submission 156, pp.9-11 (AMWU).

[114]    Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.303 (AMWU).

[115]    Submissions 129, p.14 (Queensland Government); 150, pp.10-15 (TWU); 156, pp.11-13 (AMWU).

[116]    Submission 98, pp.12-13 (BSL). See also Watts M, 'Wages and wage determination in 2001', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.44, no. 2, June 2002, pp.228-44.

[117]    Submission 120, p.11 (LHMU).

[118]    Submission 156, p.11 (AMWU). See also Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.305-06 (AMWU).

[119]    The group subject to the State industrial relations system were termed 'Schedule 1A' workers – they were subject to a very minimalist form of protective regulation, prescribed in a set of legislative minimum conditions and by the internal regulations operating within enterprises. See Watson I, 'Kennett's industrial relations legacy: impact of deregulation on minimum pay rates in Victoria', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.43, no.3, September 2001, pp.294-306.

[120]    Submission 94, p.9 and Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.96 (ACTU); Submission 98, p.13 (BSL).

[121]    Preston, p.174.

[122]    Submissions 150, pp.10-11 (TWU); 156, pp.11-12 (AMWU).

[123]    Watson, p.306.

[124]    Submissions 98, p.13 (BSL); 50, pp.4-7 (SDA).

Chapter 5 - Income support

[1]        Submission 163, p.124 (ACOSS).

[2]        Submission 223, p.3 (APSF).

[3]        Submission 184, p.19 (COTA National Seniors).

[4]        ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility: Reform of Workforce Age Social Security Payments in Australia, September 2003, pp.40-42. See also Harding A & Szukalska A, Financial Disadvantage in Australia – 1999, The Smith Family, 2000, p.5.

[5]        Bray J, 'Hardship in Australia', FaCs Occasional Paper No.4, December 2001, pp.x-xi. 'Hardship' refers to not being able to afford heating and meals as well as having to pawn items or needing to obtain assistance from community organisations.

[6]        Travers P & Robertson F, Relative Deprivation among DSS Clients, Flinders University of SA, Adelaide, 1996. No families with children were included in the study.

[7]        See also Submission 169, p.15 (Mission Australia).

[8]        Submissions 75, pp.2-3 (Fairfield Community Aid); 189 pp.1-2 (Holroyd Community Aid); 226, pp.1-3 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[9]        Submission 75, p.2 (Fairfield Community Aid). The Committee heard stories of hardship first-hand from the workers at Fairfield Community Aid during its visit to their facilities.

[10]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.45. See also Submissions 187, p.27 (SA Government); Victorian Government, p.11 (Victorian Government).

[11]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.63 (BSL).

[12]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, pp.63-64 (BSL); Submissions 163, p.128 (ACOSS); 98, p.17 (BSL).

[13]      Submissions 98, p.17 (BSL); 163, p.133 (ACOSS).

[14]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.674 (ACOSS).

[15]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.51.

[16]      Submission 46, p.21 (SACOSS).

[17]      Submission 98, p.viii (BSL).

[18]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.52.

[19]      Submission 165, Supplementary Information, 13.8.03, p.7 (FaCS).

[20]      Submission 44, p.71 (SVDP National Council).

[21]      Submission 184, p.19 (COTA National Seniors).

[22]      Submissions 223, p.13 (APSF); 29, p.11 (CPSA).

[23]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.283 (CPSA).

[24]      Submission 165, Supplementary Information, 13.8.03, p.7 (FaCS).

[25]      Submission 165, p.41 (FaCS).

[26]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.62.

[27]      Submission 143, pp.3-4 (NCOSS).

[28]      Submission 69, p.28 (Victorian Government).

[29]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.63.

[30]      Submissions 169, pp.17-18 (Mission Australia); 166, p.34 (Salvation Army); 163, pp.128-29 (ACOSS).

[31]      Submission 165, Supplementary Information, 13.8.03, p.6 (FaCS).

[32]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.64.

[33]      Submission 166, p.34 (Salvation Army).

[34]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, pp.64-65.

[35]      Parenting Payment recipients whose youngest child is aged between 6 and 12 years are required to attend an annual participation interview but they are not subject to breaches and penalties.

[36]      Submission 163, p.132 (ACOSS).

[37]      Submission 163, p.131 (ACOSS).

[38]      Submissions 133, p.7 (UnitingCare Australia); 98, pp.17-18 (BSL); 163, p.131 (ACOSS). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.64 (BSL).

[39]      Submission 135, p.4 (Salvation Army).

[40]      Submission 98, p.17 (BSL). See also Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp.219-220 (Anglicare Tasmania); 1.5.03, p.135 (Knox City Council).

[41]      See, for example, Submissions 163, p.134 (ACOSS); 166, p.36 (Salvation Army).

[42]      Independent Review of Breaches and Penalties in the Social Security System (Pearce Review), Making it Work, 2002, pp.83-86.

[43]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Report on Participation Requirements and Penalties in the Social Security System, September 2002, chapter3.

[44]      Submission 163, p.134 (ACOSS). See also Submission 46, p.21 (SACOSS).

[45]      Submission 98, p.ix (BSL).

[46]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.64 (BSL).

[47]      Submissions 98, p.18 (BSL); 187, p.28 (SA Government).

[48]      Reference Group on Welfare Reform, Interim Report: Technical and Other Appendices, Appendix 4, pp.38-48.

[49]      Submission 163, pp.133-34 (ACOSS).

[50]      Submission 98, p.18 (BSL).

[51]      Submission 163, p.133 (ACOSS).

Chapter 6 - Housing

[1]        Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.228 (Salvation Army).

[2]        Submission 129, p.33-34 (Queensland Government).

[3]        Submissions 163, pp.145-46 (ACOSS); 144, p.10 (Tenants Union of Victoria). See also AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, pp.162-165.

[4]        Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia, 1990 to 2000, The Smith Family, 2001, p.18.

[5]        Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.362 (SVDP – Riverwood Conference).

[6]        Submission 163, p.145 (ACOSS).

[7]        National Shelter & ACOSS, Rent Assistance: Does it Deliver Affordability?, September 2003, pp.4,10.

[8]        Submission 98, p.19 (BSL).

[9]        Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Our Homeless Children: Report of the National Inquiry into Homeless Children, 1989.

[10]      Chamberlain C & MacKenzie D, Counting the Homeless 2001, ABS, November 2003, p.2. See also Submission 57, 8 (AFHO); Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.723 (AFHO).

[11]      Counting the Homeless, pp.1-8.

[12]      Counting the Homeless, p.8.

[13]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.357 (SVDP – Sydney). See also Committee Hansard 2.7.03, pp.967-68 (SVDP – Wollongong).

[14]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1194 (QCOSS).

[15]      Submission 98, p.20 (BSL).

[16]      Submission 57, p.9 (AFHO). See also AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, pp.389-90.

[17]      AHURI, On the Margins? Housing Risk among Caravan Park Residents, August 2003, pp. i-v. See also Submission 16, pp.1-3 (Mr Bollard).

[18]      Submission 57, p.14 (AFHO).

[19]      Submission 165, p.43 (FaCS).

[20]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.724 (AFHO).

[21]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.724 (AFHO).

[22]      Australia's Welfare 2003, p.401.

[23]      Committee Hansard 30.4 03, p.46 (Anglicare Victoria).

[24]      Australia's Welfare 2003, p.188.

[25]      Report on Government Services 2004, Vol.2, pp.16.9-16.11.

[26]      Report on Government Services 2004, Vol.2, pp.16.9-16.11.

[27]      Submissions 163, p.144 (ACOSS); 144, p.10 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[28]      Submission 163, p.144 (ACOSS). See also Submission 98, p.21 (BSL).

[29]      Report on Government Services 2004, Vol 2, p.16.6.

[30]      Submission 129, p.34 (Queensland Government).

[31]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.456 (Shelter NSW).

[32]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.49 (Catholic Social Services Victoria); 27.5.03, p.456 (Shelter NSW).

[33]      Report on Government Services 2004, vol 2, p.16.9.

[34]      Australia's Welfare 2003, pp.191-92.

[35]      Submission 144, p.11 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[36]      Submission 163, p.145 (ACOSS).

[37]      Australia's Welfare 2003, p.188.

[38]      Submission 98, p.21 (BSL).

[39]      Submissions 166, p.22 (The Salvation Army); 77, p.6 (Melbourne Citymission); 144, p.12 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[40]      Submission 102, p.17 (Shelter NSW); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, pp.455-57 (Shelter NSW).

[41]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.460 (Shelter NSW).

[42]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Report on Housing Assistance, December 1997, p.80.

[43]      Cited in Australia's Welfare 2003, p.161.

[44]      Housing Assistance Act 1996, Annual Report 2000-01, pp.40-61; Annual Report 2001-02, pp.39-68.

[45]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.190 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[46]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.50 (Centre for Public Policy); 27.5.03, p.457 (Shelter NSW). See also National Shelter & ACOSS, Rent Assistance, pp.18-19.

[47]      Submission 102, p.14 (Shelter NSW).

[48]      FaCS, Annual Report 2002-03, Vol. 2, p.107.

[49]      Submission 144, p.9 (Tenants Union of Victoria). See also Submission 166, p.22 (Salvation Army).

[50]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.457 (Shelter NSW).

[51]      Submission 129, p.35 (Queensland Government). See also Submission 185, p.26 (Tasmanian Government).

[52]      Submission 129, p.35 (Queensland Government).

[53]      Submission 144, p.9 and Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.182 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[54]      See, for example, Submission 144, p.9 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[55]      Submission 46, p.25 (SACOSS); Submission 98, p.ix (BSL).

[56]      FaCS, Annual Report 2001-02, Vol. 2, p.111. See also Senate Report on Housing Assistance, p.40.

[57]      Submission 144, p.10 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[58]      Submissions 163, p.146 (ACOSS); 166, p.22 (Salvation Army).

[59]      Submission 46, p.25 (SACOSS).

[60]      Submission 144, p.11 (Tenants Union of Victoria); Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.188 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[61]      Submission 185, p.26 (Tasmanian Government).

[62]      Submission 144, pp.11-12 (Tenants Union of Victoria); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, pp.460-61 (Shelter NSW).

[63]      See, for example, Submission 46, p.25 (SACOSS).

[64]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.191 (Tenants Union of Victoria). See also Submission 53, pp.6-7 (Queensland Shelter – North Queensland Branch).

[65]      www.tica.com.au

[66]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.56 (Shelter SA).

[67]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.191 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[68]      Report of Special Government Backbench Committee, Tenancy Databases, August 2002, p.9.

[69]      www.tuq.org.au. See also Submission 53, pp.6-7 (Queensland Shelter - North Queensland Branch).

[70]      www.tuq.org.au

[71]      Report of Special Government Backbench Committee, pp.6-10.

[72]      REIA, 'Tenancy databases: REIA calls for co-ordinated government approach', Media Release, 21.1.03.

[73]      NSW Office of Fair Trading, 'Proposed tenant database laws', Media Release, 23.12.03.

[74]      Commonwealth Attorney-General, 'Working Group to Examine Tenancy Database Privacy', News Release, 8.8.03.

[75]      Ministerial Council on Consumer Affairs, Residential Tenancy Databases – Issues Paper, November 2003, p.2.

[76]      Submission 129, p.35 (Queensland Government).

[77]      Submission 144, p.12 (Tenants Union of Victoria).

[78]      Submission 163, p.147 (ACOSS).

[79]      Submission 98, p.ix (BSL).

Chapter 7 - Education and training

[1]        Submission 108, p.6 (AEU).

[2]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.68 (Anglicare Victoria).

[3]        Foster L & Hawthorne L, 'Poverty, Education and Training', in Fincher R & Nieuwenhuysen J, Australian Poverty: Then and Now, Melbourne University Press, 1998, p.204.

[4]        Harding A, Lloyd R, & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990-2000: The persistence of poverty in a decade of growth, Smith Family, 2001, p.14.

[5]        Submission 163, p.118 (ACOSS).

[6]        Submission 129, p.10 (Queensland Government).

[7]        SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision), Report on Australian Government Services 2004, Productivity Commission, p.B.16.

[8]        Submission 163, p.118 (ACOSS).

[9]        Submission 169, Attachment 1, pp.8-9 (Mission Australia).

[10]      Submission 178, p.3 (NTEU).

[11]      Submission 163, p.119 (ACOSS).

[12]      Submission 165, p.19 (FaCS).

[13]      Submission 178, p.4 (NTEU).

[14]      Travers P, 'Inequality and the futures of our children', in Fincher R & Saunders P, Creating unequal futures? Rethinking poverty, inequality and disadvantage, Allen & Unwin, 2001, pp.123-24.

[15]      Smyth C, Zappala G & Considine G, 'School to adult life transitions through work and study: A select review of the literature', Background Paper No. 4, Smith Family, p.5.

[16]      Rothman S & McMillan J, 'Influences on Achievement in Literacy and Numeracy', Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth, Research Paper 36, ACER, October 2003, p.2.

[17]      The Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) survey conducted by the OECD. Submission 108, p.8 (AEU).

[18]      Submission 108, p.8 (AEU).

[19]      Rothman & McMillan, p.5.

[20]      www.dest.gov.au/schools/literacy&numeracy/. Additional Information, Department of Education, Science and Training, 24.2.04.

[21]      Yenchen D & Porter L, A Just and Sustainable Australia, Melbourne, September 2001, p.26; SCRGSP, p.3.32.

[22]      Report on Australian Government Services 2004, p.3.49.

[23]      Submission 118, p.15 (VCOSS).

[24]      James R, Socioeconomic Background and Higher Education Participation: An analysis of school students' aspirations and expectations, DEST, April 2002, p.6.

[25]      Smyth et al, p.5.

[26]      Report on Australian Government Services 2004, p.B.10.

[27]      Senate Employment, Workplace Relations and Education References Committee, Hacking Australia's future, November 2003, p.60.

[28]      James, p.7.

[29]      McClelland A, ‘No child...’ Child poverty in Australia, Brotherhood of St Laurence, 2000, p.16.

[30]      Submission 160, p.8 (QCOSS).

[31]      Submission 108, p.9 (AEU).

[32]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1215 (Mission Australia).

[33]      Report on Australian Government Services 2004, pp.14.9-10.

[34]      Submissions 108, p.9 (AEU); 163, p.121 (ACOSS).

[35]      Submissions 133, p.6 (UnitingCare Australia); 143, p.5 (NCOSS).

[36]      Submission 143, p.5 (NCOSS).

[37]      Submission 143, p.5 (NCOSS).

[38]      Marginson S, Pathways to Failure: The Educational Disadvantage of Children from Low-income Families, The Ronald Henderson Research Foundation, Monash University, 2002, p.10.

[39]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1209-15 (Mission Australia).

[40]      Submission 165, p.17 (FaCS).

[41]      Task Force on Child Development, Health and Wellbeing, Towards a National Agenda for Early Childhood – What you told us, October 2003, p.6.

[42]      Committee Hansard 30.5.03, p.68 (Anglicare Victoria).

[43]      Submission 172, p.32 (Smith Family).

[44]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.216 (Anglicare Tasmania).

[45]      Submission 98, p.24 (BSL).

[46]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.151 (Knox City Council).

[47]      Submission 166, p.19 (Salvation Army Southern Territory).

[48]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1170 (SVDP).

[49]      Submission 138, p.12 (Knox City Council).

[50]      Submission 185, p.21 (Tasmanian Government).

[51]      www.det.vic.gov.au

[52]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.69 (Anglicare Victoria).

[53]      Anglicare, Food Insecurity – A Welfare Agency Perspective, November 2003, p.22.

[54]      Anglicare, p.20.

[55]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.72 (AEU).

[56]      Submissions 108, p.6 (AEU) and 214, p.1 (SVDP Lower Hunter Region); Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.72 (AEU and SVDP Victoria) and 29.5.03, p.577 (SVDP). For information on the UK program see www.educationextra.org.uk/breakfast_clubs/.

[57]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.72 (AEU).

[58]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, pp.387-88 (Smith Family).

[59]      Taylor J & Fraser A, Eleven Plus Life chances and family income, Brotherhood of St Laurence; Submission 172, p.13 (Smith Family).

[60]      Submission 172, p.78; Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.388 (Smith Family).

[61]      Marginson, p.14.

[62]      Submission 163, p.120 (ACOSS).

[63]      Submission 98, p.24 (BSL).

[64]      UnitingCare Burnside, Because Children Matter: Making a case for addressing child poverty in Australia, June 2003, p.34.

[65]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.70 (AEU).

[66]      Marginson, p.6.

[67]      Marginson, p.12; Submission 108, p.8 (AEU).

[68]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.70 (AEU).

[69]      Submission 89, p.14 (Anglicare Victoria).

[70]      McClelland, p.34.

[71]      Submission 118, p.15 (VCOSS).

[72]      Submission 185, pp.21-22 (Tasmanian Government).

[73]      Submission 129, pp.10-11 (Queensland Government).

[74]      Submission 185, pp.21-22 (Tasmanian Government).

[75]      Submission 108, pp.13, 20 (AEU).

[76]      Submission 163, p.123 (ACOSS).

[77]      Business Council of Australia, The Cost of Dropping Out: the Economic Impact of Early School Leaving, January 2003, p.11.

[78]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.379 (Smith Family).

[79]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.73 (SVDP Victoria).

[80]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.113 (NTEU).

[81]      Submission 178, p.6 (NTEU).

[82]      Submission 165, p.17 (FaCS).

[83]      Submission 130, p.12 (NUS).

[84]      James, p.ix.

[85]      Submission 89, p.15 (Anglicare Victoria).

[86]      James, p.x.

[87]      Submission 163, p.121 (ACOSS).

[88]      Submissions 64, p.4 (UTSSA); 130, p.15 (NUS).

[89]      Submissions 64, p.5 (UTSSA); 130, p.15 (NUS).

[90]      Submission 130, p.16 (NUS).

[91]      James, p.xi.

Chapter 8 - Health

[1]        Submission 118, p.16 (VCOSS).

[2]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, pp.76-81 (Centre for Public Policy/Salvation Army/Catholic Social Services Victoria). See also Submissions 118, p.16 (VCOSS); 41, pp.5-6 (Dianella Community Health).

[3]        AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, p.14. See also Submission 129, pp.37-38 (Queensland Government).

[4]        Submission 163, p.139 (ACOSS). See also Submissions  44, p.31 (SVDP); 118, p.16 (VCOSS); Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1220 (Doctors Reform Society).

[5]        Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.135 (Knox City Council). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.85 (Salvation Army).

[6]        Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.66 (SACOSS).

[7]        Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.66 (Lutheran Community Care).

[8]        Committee Hansard 29.5.03, pp.581-82 (Mrs Cox).

[9]        Submissions 166, p.28 (Salvation Army); 98, p.22 (BSL); 118, p.16 (VCOSS).

[10]      Submissions 29, p.7 (CPSA); 223, p.9 (APSF). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.76 (Centre for Public Policy).

[11]      Submission 163, p.140 (ACOSS).

[12]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, pp.76-77 (Centre for Public Policy); 4.8.03, p.1219 (Doctors Reform Society).

[13]      Department of Health & Ageing (DoHA), Medicare Statistics, September & December Quarters 2003.

[14]      Submission 184, p.21 (COTA National Seniors). See also Submissions 29 p.8 (CPSA); 223, p.10 (APSF).

[15]      Submission 118, p.17 (VCOSS).

[16]      DoHA, Medicare Statistics, December Quarter 2003.

[17]      DoHA, Medicare Statistics 1984/85 to September Quarter 2003, p.41; Medicare Statistics, December Quarter 2003.

[18]      Submission 129, p.39 (Queensland Government).

[19]      Submission 69, p.24 (Victorian Government).

[20]      Submissions 98, p.22 (BSL); 166, p.28 (Salvation Army).

[21]      Submission 98, p.ix (BSL).

[22]      ALP policy cited in Senate Select Committee on Medicare, Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, October 2003, pp.115-16.

[23]      Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, p.xiii.

[24]      Senate Select Committee on Medicare, MedicarePlus: the Future for Medicare?, February 2004.

[25]      Submissions 134, p.2 (Centre for Public Policy); 184, p.20 (COTA National Seniors). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, pp.76-79 (Centre for Public Policy).

[26]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1220 (Doctors Reform Society).

[27]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Healing our Hospitals: Report on Public Hospital Funding, December 2000, p.x.

[28]      DoHA, Annual Report 2002-03, pp.83-84.

[29]      NSW Health, 'NSW response to Commonwealth Medicare proposal', Media Release, 23.4.03; 'Federal Government cuts NSW hospital funding by $1.3 billion', Media Release, 2.5.03.

[30]      AHRA, 'Health industry and consumers in last ditch effort to rescue $42 billion care agreements',  Media Release, 17.7.03.

[31]      Cameron P & Campbell D, 'Access block: problems and progress', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 178, No.3 2003, p.99.

[32]      Leeder S, 'Achieving equity in the Australian healthcare system', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol.179, No.9, 2003, p.477.

[33]      Cameron & Campbell, p.99.

[34]      Van Der Weyden M, 'Australian healthcare reform: in need of political courage and champions', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 179, No.6 2003, p.280; Leeder S, p.477; Australian Health Reform Alliance, 'New "Health Reform Council" is a test of leadership for today's COAG meeting', Media Release, 29.8.03.

[35]      Submission 134, p.2 (Centre for Public Policy); Leeder, p.477.

[36]      Submission 118, p.17 (VCOSS).

[37]      DoHA, Portfolio Budget Statements 2003-04, p.217.

[38]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1220 (Doctors Reform Society).

[39]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.78 (Centre for Public Policy).

[40]      Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, p.167.

[41]      Submission 69, p.24 (Victorian Government).

[42]      Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, p.134.

[43]      Submission 118, p.16 (VCOSS); Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.76 (Centre for Public Policy).

[44]      Submission 184, pp.20-21 (COTA National Seniors).

[45]      Schofield D, 'Ancillary and Specialist Health Services: Does Low Income Limit Access?', NATSEM Discussion Paper No. 22, June 1997, pp. 1-3, 18.

[46]      For a discussion see Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, pp.133-43.

[47]      Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare? , pp.143-44.

[48]      For further discussion see Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, pp.137-38, 169-205.

[49]      AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, pp.323-24.

[50]      AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, pp.212-13.

[51]      NSW Health, The Start of Good Health: Improving the Health of Children in NSW, September 1999, p.22.

[52]      The Start of Good Health, p.36.

[53]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.78 (VCOSS); 4.8.03, p.1220 (Doctors Reform Society); 2.7.03, pp.922-24 (Illawarra Dental Health Action Group).

[54]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.78 (Centre for Public Policy).

[55]      Submissions 98, p.22 (BSL); 166, pp.28-29 (Salvation Army).

[56]      Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Report on Public Dental Services, May 1998, p.6.

[57]      Dental Services report, p.4; Submissions 143, p.6 (NCOSS); 29, pp. 9-10 (CPSA); 69, p.24 (Victorian Government); 230, pp.1-5 (Illawarra Dental Health Action Group). See also Committee Hansard 2.7.03, pp.922-23 (Illawarra Dental Health Action Group).

[58]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.922 (Illawarra Dental Health Action Group).

[59]      The States were required to maintain their baseline level of recurrent funding to adult dental services under the Agreement with the Commonwealth. See Dental report, pp.27-29.

[60]      For further details see Dental report, pp.29-32.

[61]      Submission 98, p.22 (BSL). See also Submission 166, p.29 (Salvation Army).

[62]      Submission 143, p.6 (NCOSS).

[63]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03 (VCOSS).

[64]      Submission 69, p.25 (Victorian Government). See also Submission 98, p.23 (BSL).

[65]      Submissions 98, p.ix (BSL), 143, p.6 (NCOSS).

[66]      Submissions 69, p.25 (Victorian Government); 143, p.6 (NCOSS).

[67]      Submission 163, p.143 (ACOSS).

[68]      Submission 143, pp.6-7 (NCOSS).

[69]      Similar conclusions and recommendations were made by the Select Committee on Medicare that examined issues relating to allied and dental health care, Medicare – Healthcare or Welfare?, pp.121-132.

Chapter 9 - Other issues: Utilities, credit, gambling

[1]        Submissions 105, pp.1-6 (Energy Action Group); 91, pp.1-6 (Ms Romeril). See also Committee Hansard 1.5.03, pp.192-199 (Energy Action Group/Ms Romeril); 28.7.03, p.998 (St Vincent de Paul WA).

[2]        Submission 212, p.2 (SVDP – Riverwood Conference).

[3]        Submission 91, p.2 (Ms Romeril).

[4]        Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1028 (WACOSS). WACOSS has just completed a report Would you like some heat with your trickle of water? About the cost of utility services and the nature and impact of those costs on emergency relief agencies and their clients.

[5]        Submission 91, pp.2-4 (Ms Romeril).

[6]        Submission 91, p.4 (Ms Romeril).

[7]        Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.194 (Ms Romeril).

[8]        Submission 91, pp.2-6 (Ms Romeril). See also Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.198-99 (Ms Romeril).

[9]        Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.197 (Ms Romeril). See also Submission 212, p.2 (SVDP – Riverwood Conference).

[10]      Submission 143, p.4 (NCOSS).

[11]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.147 (Knox City Council).

[12]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, pp.735-36 (ACA). See also Submissions 182, p.7 (CFA); 99, p.2 (FCRC).

[13]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.736 (ACA).

[14]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.822 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[15]      www.creditcode.gov.au

[16]      Submissions 217, p.1 (Lifeline – Northern Rivers); 99, p.2 (FCRC).

[17]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.736 (ACA).

[18]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.819 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[19]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.736 (ACA).

[20]      Submission 113, p.5 (FCAN); Committee Hansard , 27.5.03, p.413 (FCAN).

[21]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.820 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[22]      Submission 222, p.2 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service); Committee Hansard 1.7.03, pp.819-20 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[23]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.820 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[24]      Submission 222, p.3 (Lismore Financial Counselling Sevice).

[25]      Standing Committee of Officials on Consumer Affairs, Fringe Credit Providers: Discussion Paper, August 2003, pp.5-6.

[26]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.738 (CFA).

[27]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, pp.820-22 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service); 20.6.03, p.738 (CFA).

[28]      Submission 222, p.2 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[29]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.137 (Knox City Council).

[30]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, pp.821-24 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service); 27.5.03,  p.414 (FCAN).

[31]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.836 (Lifeline Northern Rivers).

[32]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, p.10.

[33]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.11, 19-20.

[34]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.29-30.

[35]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.12, 18.

[36]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.12, 43. See also Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.738 (CFA).

[37]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.822 ((Lismore Financial Counselling Service). See also Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.25-28.

[38]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, pp.13, 20.

[39]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, p.30.

[40]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, pp.824-826 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[41]      Credit Providers Discussion Paper, p.38.

[42]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.412 ((FCAN).

[43]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.412 (FCAN).

[44]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.137 (Knox City Council).

[45]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.410 (FCAN).

[46]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.823 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[47]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.415 (FCAN).

[48]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.816 (Lismore Financial Counselling Service).

[49]      Study cited in Submission 113, p.7 (FCAN).

[50]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.228 (Salvation Army); pp.273-76 (Mr Booth MHA); 29.4.03, p.62 (SACOSS).

[51]      See, for example, Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp.275-76 (Mr Booth  MHA); Submissions 190, Appendix 1 (Mr Booth MHA); 110, pp.62-64 (Darebin City Council).

[52]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.171 (Laverton Community Centre).

[53]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.861 (SVDP – Lismore). See also Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.234 (Tasmanian Poverty Coalition); Submission 110, pp.62-63 (Darebin City Council).

[54]      Productivity Commission, Australia's Gambling Industries, 1999, pp.2-3.

[55]      Committee Hansard pp.171-73 (Chelsea Neighbourhood House).

[56]      Productivity Commission, pp. 9, 52.

[57]      Submission 190, Appendix 2 (Mr Booth MHA).

[58]      Submission 166, p.27 (Salvation Army).

[59]      For an outline of measures introduced at Commonwealth and State levels since the Productivity Commission report to address problem gambling, see Minister for Family and Community Services, Senator Vanstone, answer to Question on Notice no.1484, Senate Hansard, 11.8.03, pp. 13068-071.

[60]      Legislation passed in these jurisdictions also provides for some degree of industry self- regulation. See McMillen J &. McAllister G, 'Responsible gambling: legal and policy issues', Paper presented at the 3^rd National Gambling Regulation Conference, May 2000, p.8.

[61]      McMillen & McAllister, pp.8-9.

[62]      NSW Government, 'Gaming Reform', Media Release, 26.7.01.

[63]      McMillen & McAllister, p.11.

[64]      Gambling Research Panel, Harm Minimisation Policies in Victoria, n.d., pp.1-8.

[65]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, pp.134-45 (Darebin City Council).

[66]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.147 (Darebin City Council).

[67]      SA Minister for Gambling, 'Tough new gambling codes of practice for SA', News Release, 7.12.03.

[68]      Submission 190, p.6 (Mr Booth MHA). See also Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp.273-76 (Mr Booth MHA).

[69]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.235 (Anglicare Tasmania). See also Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp.234-35 (Tasmanian Poverty Coalition/Tasmanian Catholic Justice & Peace Commission).

[70]      Submissions 190, Appendix 1 (Mr Booth MHA); 110, p.64 (Darebin City Council); 166, pp.27-28 (Salvation Army).

[71]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.62 (SACOSS).

[72]      Submission 166, p.28 (Salvation Army).

[73]      Ministerial Council on Gambling, Joint Communique, 21.11.03.

[74]      Prime Minister to President of the Senate, dated 6.11.03, in response to a resolution of the Senate of 8.10.03. Letter tabled in Senate on 10.2.04.

Chapter 10 - Women and sole parents

[1]        Harding, A, Lloyd, R & Greenwell, H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990 to 2000: The persistence of poverty in a decade of growth, Smith Family, 2001, p.15.

[2]        Harding , Lloyd, R & Greenwell pp.15, 23.

[3]        Submission 165, p.29 (FaCS).

[4]        Submission 165, pp.22-23 (FaCS).

[5]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.100 (ACTU).

[6]        Submission 51, p.13 (Women's Action Alliance).

[7]        Colvin, K, The Women and Poverty Report: 'More than half-less than equal', VCOSS, October 2001, p.16.

[8]        Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.429 (Women's Action Alliance).

[9]        Submission 51, p.14 (Women's Action Alliance).

[10]      Submission 50, p.74 (SDA).

[11]      Colvin, p.21.

[12]      Submission 50, p.74 (SDA).

[13]      Submission 163, p.151 (ACOSS).

[14]      Submission 165, pp.36,39-40 (FaCS).

[15]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.929 (Barnardo's Australia South Coast).

[16]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.200 (Ms B Romeril).

[17]      Submission 57, p.17 (AFHO).

[18]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.726 (AFHO).

[19]      Submission 93, p.3 (Lismore Women's and Children's Refuge).

[20]      Committee Hansard 28.403, p.57 (SACOSS).

[21]      Colvin, pp.28-29.

[22]      Colvin, p.12. See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.83 (VCOSS).

[23]      Submission 153, p.5 (IWSA).

[24]      Submission 153, p.2 (IWSA).

[25]      Colvin, p.14.

[26]      Submission 57, p.28 (AFHO).

[27]      Submission 153, p.3 (IWSA).

[28]      AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, p.219.

[29]      Harding, Lloyd, R & Greenwell pp.7-8.

[30]      Submission 172, pp.26,37 (Smith Family).

[31]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.218 (TasCOSS).

[32]      Committee Hansard 30.5.03, p.83 (VCOSS).

[33]      Submission 172, pp. 26, 37 (Smith Family).

[34]      Submission 163, p.78 (ACOSS).

[35]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.331-32 (Mission Australia).

[36]      McClelland A, 'No child...' Child poverty in Australia, Brotherhood of St Laurence, April 2000, p.33.

[37]      McClelland, pp.33-34.

[38]      Submission 165, p.23 (FaCS).

[39]      Submission 165, pp.23, 54 (FaCS).

[40]      Submission 165, p.23 (FaCS).

[41]      Submission 163, p.137 (ACOSS).

[42]      Toohey M & Beer G, 'Is it worth working now? Financial incentives for working mothers under Australia's new tax system', Paper presented to the 2003 Australian Social Policy Conference, 9 July 2003, NATSEM, p.18.

[43]      Submission 163, p.16 (ACOSS).

[44]      Submission 165, pp.36-37 (FaCS).

[45]      AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, p.224.

[46]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.688 (FaCS).

[47]      Submission 165, p.40 (FaCS).

[48]      Submission 165, p.14 (FaCS).

[49]      ACOSS, 'Fairness and Flexibility: reform of workforce age social security payments in Australia', Paper 129, September 2003, p.42.

[50]      ACOSS, pp.43-44.

[51]      ACOSS, p.45.

[52]      ACOSS, p.56.

[53]      Percival R & Harding A, 'The Costs of Children in Australia Today', Paper presented to the AIFS Conference, Melbourne, 13 February 2003, NATSEM, p.3.

[54]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.358 (SVDP Sydney).

[55]      Submission 101, pp.2-3; Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.36 (NSCMC).

[56]      Submission 101, p.3 (NCSMC).

[57]      Submission 164, p.28 (LFAA).

[58]      Submission 101, p.3 (NCSMC).

[59]      Committee Hansard 26.4.03, p.36 (NCSMC).

[60]      Submission 165, p.40 (FaCS).

[61]      Harding A & Szukalska A, 'Social Policy Matters: The changing face of child poverty in Australia 1982 to 1997-98', Paper presented at the 7^th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, 26 July 2000, p.26.

[62]      McClelland, p.35.

[63]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.38 (NCSMC).

[64]      Submission 163, p.137 (ACOSS).

[65]      Submission 101, p.2 (NCSMC).

[66]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.41 (NCSMC).

[67]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.40 (NCSMC).

[68]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.45 (NCSMC).

[69]      Submission 164, pp.2,10-11 (LFAA).

[70]      Submission 164, p.27 (LFAA).

Chapter 11 - Children in poverty

[1]        Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.136 (Knox City Council).

[2]        See Bradbury B, 'Child Poverty: A review', Social Policy Research Centre, Report No 3/03, November 2003 for a discussion of the measurement of child poverty.

[3]        NATSEM expressed reservations about the updating of the Henderson poverty line over time and that there are grounds for believing that the line is set too high.

[4]        Submission 163, p.67 (ACOSS).

[5]        Harding A & Szukalska A, 'Social Policy Matters: The Changing Face of Child Poverty in Australia, 1982 to 1997-98', Paper presented at the 7th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, July 2000, p.27.

[6]        Harding & Szukalska 2000, pp.7-8; Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990-2000: The persistence of poverty in a decade of growth, Smith Family, 2000, p.5.

[7]        Harding & Szukalska, 2000, p.26.

[8]        Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.6.

[9]        Harding & Szukalska, 2000, p.24.

[10]      Harding & Szukalska, 2000, pp.24-25.

[11]      McClelland, A, ‘No child...’ Child poverty in Australia, April Brotherhood of St Laurence 2000, pp.21-25.

[12]      Submission 98, p.5 (BSL).

[13]      Submission 57, p.16 (AFHO).

[14]      Submission 92, p.7 (Anglicare Tasmania).

[15]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.6.

[16]      UnitingCare Burnside, Because Children Matter: Making a case for addressing child poverty in Australia, June 2003, p.14.

[17]      Harding A & Szukalska A, 'A portrait of child poverty in Australia in 1995-96', Paper presented at the 6^th AIFS Conference, Melbourne, 26 November 1998, pp.25-26.

[18]      McClelland, p.2.

[19]      Harding & Szukalska, 2000, pp.16-17.

[20]      This estimate in based on the before-housing half average income poverty line. Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.7; Harding & Szukalska, 1998, p.17.

[21]      Submission 98, p.14 (BSL).

[22]      Submission 101, p.1 (NCSMC).

[23]      Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, pp.7-8.

[24]      AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, p.220.

[25]      Mission Australia, Building resilient families, Snapshot, 2002, p.1.

[26]      Harding A & Szukalska A, 'Trends in Child Poverty in Australia: 1982 to 1995-96', Discussion Paper no.42, April 1999, pp.32-35.

[27]      Harding & Szukalska, 1999, p.21.

[28]      Harding and Szukalska, 2000, p.22.

[29]      Australia’s Welfare 2003, p.224.

[30]      Harding & Szukalska, 2000, p.22.

[31]      Submission 57, p.16 (AFHO)

[32]      Harding & Szukalska, 1998, p.24.

[33]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.266 (Tasmanian Commissioner for Children).

[34]      See for example, Submission 133, p.5 (UnitingCare Australia).

[35]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.18.

[36]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.19.

[37]      Submission 133, p.5 (UnitingCare Australia).

[38]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.19.

[39]      McClelland, p.7.

[40]      UnitingCare Burnside, pp.22-23; McClelland, pp.16-17; Submission 98, p.24 (BSL).

[41]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.23.

[42]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.25.

[43]      Submission 185, p.20 (Tasmanian Government).

[44]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.24.

[45]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.24.

[46]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.25.

[47]      Submission 70, (Barnados Australia); Submission 109 (Child & Family Welfare Association of Australia Inc).

[48]      Submission 109, p.6 (CAFWAA); see also Submission 129, p.35 (Qld Government).

[49]      Submission 70, Attachment Child Poverty and Social Exclusion, and its impact on the welfare of Children and Young People in Australia, updated Feb 2003, p.4 (Barnardos Australia).

[50]      Submission 109, p.7 (CAFWAA).

[51]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.26.

[52]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.26.

[53]      Submission 187, p.8 (South Australian Government).

[54]      Submission 106, p.12 (Office of the Commissioner for Children).

[55]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.30.

[56]      Submission 50, p.33 (SDA).

[57]      Saunders quoted in Submission 117, p.24 (Catholic Social Services Victoria).

[58]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, pp.342-43 (CAFWAA).

[59]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.31.

[60]      Adelman, L, 'Role Reversal: Child Poverty in Australia and Britain', SPRC Newsletter, No.84, October 2003.

[61]      Timmins, N, Child tax credit ‘needs to rise’, Financial Times, 1 November 2003.

[62]      Submission 163, p.26 (ACOSS).

[63]      Mission Australia, 2003, p.4.

[64]      Adelman, p.4.

[65]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.32.

[66]      UnitingCare Burnside, p.45.

[67]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1210-15.

[68]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1215 (Mission Australia).

Chapter 12 - Youth and student issues

[1]        Submission 169,Attachment, p.15 (Mission Australia).

[2]        Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990 to 2000: The persistence of poverty in a decade of growth, Smith Family, pp.7,16,17.

[3]        Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell, p.7.

[4]        Submission 165, p.18 (FaCS).

[5]        Smyth C, Zappala G & Considine G, 'School to adult life transitions through work and study: A select review of the literature', The Smith Family, Background Paper No. 4, 2002, p.1.

[6]        Submission 57, p.18 (AFHO).

[7]        Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.57 (SACOSS)

[8]        Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.385 (The Smith Family).

[9]        Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.565 (Hunter Council of Social Services).

[10]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1223 (DRS).

[11]      Submission 77, p.11 (Melbourne Citymission).

[12]      Submission 169, Attachment, p.12 (Mission Australia).

[13]      Submission 57, p.19 (AFHO).

[14]      Muir K, Youth unemployment in Australia: a contextual, governmental and organisational perspective, A Report by The Smith Family for the AMP Foundation, November 2003, pp.9-10.

[15]      Muir, p.10.

[16]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.382 (Smith Family).

[17]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1005 (SVDP, Perth); see also Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1093 (Anglicare NT); p.1105 (Centacare NT).

[18]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.862 (St Vincent de Paul Lismore).

[19]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.568 (Samaritans Foundation).

[20]      ABS, Australian Labour Market Statistics, October 2003, p.10.

[21]      ABS, pp.11, 15.

[22]      ABS, Labour Force Australia, November 2003, p.21.

[23]      Submission 129, p.10 (Queensland Government).

[24]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, How Young People are Faring, Key Indicators 2003, August 2003, pp.7-8.

[25]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.11.

[26]      Muir, pp.6-7.

[27]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.14.

[28]      Submission 169, Attachment p.7 (Mission Australia).

[29]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.19.

[30]      Submission 169, Attachment, pp.8-9 (Mission Australia).

[31]      Submission 165, p.19 (FaCS).

[32]      Submission 169, Attachment 1, pp.8-9 (Mission Australia).

[33]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.336 (Mission Australia).

[34]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.20.

[35]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.21.

[36]      Submission 169, p.11 (Mission Australia).

[37]      Muir, p.4.

[38]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1093 (Anglicare NT).

[39]      SSCEWRE, Bridging the skills divide, November 2003, p.153.

[40]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.24.

[41]      SSCEWRE, November 2003, pp.155-56.

[42]      Submission 165, p.19 (FaCS).

[43]      SSCEWRE, p.158.

[44]      Submission 165, p.19 (FaCS).

[45]      SSCEWRE, p.59.

[46]      SSCEWRE, pp.66-80.

[47]      Committee Hansard 26.5.03, p.334 (Mission Australia).

[48]      Submission 165, pp.18,36 (FaCS).

[49]      Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.249 (UTas).

[50]      ACOSS, 'Fairness and Flexibility: reform of workforce age social security payments in Australia', Paper 129, September 2003, p.45. See also Submissions 187, p.27 (SA Government); 69, p.11 (Victorian Government).

[51]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.63 (BSL).

[52]      Submission 77, p.8 (Melbourne Citymission).

[53]      Submissions 98, p.17 (BSL); 163, p.133 (ACOSS); 46, p.21 (SACOSS).

[54]      ACOSS, p.51.

[55]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.165 (Laverton Community Centre and Neighbourhood House); see also Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1223 (DRS).

[56]      Submission 57, p.19 (AFHO).

[57]      Submission 77, p.9 (Melbourne Citymission).

[58]      Submission 62, p.4 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[59]      Welfare Rights Centre, quoted in Submission 77, p.9 (Melbourne Citymission).

[60]      Submission 62, p.4 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre); Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1093 (Anglicare NT).

[61]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.22 (Australian National Organisation of the Unemployed).

[62]      Submission 77, pp.8,9 (Melbourne Citymission).

[63]      Submission 77, p.9 (Melbourne Citymission).

[64]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1093 (Anglicare NT).

[65]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1093 (Anglicare NT).

[66]      Submission 77, p.10 (Melbourne Citymission).

[67]      Submission 77, p.11 (Melbourne Citymission).

[68]      www.youthinformation.com

[69]      OECD, Economic Survey Australia 2003, Paris 2003, p.91 quoted in Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.26.

[70]      Applied Economics, Realising Australia's Commitment to Young People, DSF, 2002 quoted in Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.26.

[71]      Submission 152, p.26 (MUSU).

[72]      Submission 130, p.3 (NUS).

[73]      Submission 32, p.7 (Tasmanian Catholic Justice and Peace Commission).

[74]      ACOSS media release, Over 400,000 unemployed & students move further below the poverty-line, 23.7.02.

[75]      Submission 147, p.2 (SRC – South Cross University).

[76]      Submission 103, p.9 (USASA).

[77]      ACOSS, p.52.

[78]      Submission 130, p.4 (NUS); see also Submission 64, p.9 (UTSSA).

[79]      See for example, Submission 103, p.12 (USASA).

[80]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.118 (MUSU).

[81]      Submission 103, pp.14-15 (USASA).

[82]      Submission 130, p.7 (NUS).

[83]      Submission 130, p.7 (NUS).

[84]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.126 (NUS).

[85]      Submission 130, pp.7-8 (NUS).

[86]      Submission 152, p.24 (MUSU).

[87]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.117 (MUSU).

[88]      Submission 127, p.3 (SAUT)

[89]      Submission 152, p.24 (MUSU).

[90]      Submission 64, p.3 (UTSSA)

[91]      Submission 152, p.26 (MUSU).

[92]      Submission 130, p.8 (NUS).

[93]      Submission 103, p.6 (USASA).

[94]      Submission 147, p.3 (SRC – South Cross University).

[95]      Submission 130, p.9 (NUS).

[96]      Submission 152, p.18 (MUSU).

[97]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.115 (NUS).

[98]      Submission 103, p.4 (USASA).

[99]      Submission 130, p.11 (NUS).

[100]    Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1077 (Ms J Carter).

[101]    Submission 147, p.3 (SRC – Southern Cross University).

[102]    Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.115 (NUS).

[103]    Submission 147, p.4 (SRC – South Cross University).

[104]    Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.115 (NUS).

[105]    Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.423 (Womans Action Alliance).

[106]    Submissions 103, p.3 (USASA); 152, p.11 (MUSU).

[107]    Submission 103, p.7 (USASA).

[108]    Submission 135, p.9 (Salvation Army Australia Eastern Territory).

Chapter 13 - Indigenous Australians

[1]        Committee Hansard 6.8.03, p.1227 (ATSIC).

[2]        Submission 255, p.1 (CAEPR).

[3]        Submissions 244, pp.8-9 (ATSIC); 255, pp.1-4 (CAEPR).

[4]        Taylor J, 'Aboriginal Australians and Poverty: Issues of Measurement', Family Matters, No.35, August 1993, pp.46-47. See also Ross R & Whiteford P, 'Poverty in 1986: Aboriginal Families with Children', Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol.27, No.2, May 1992, pp.92-111.

[5]        Submissions 163, p.11 (ACOSS); 88, pp.4-6 (COALS); 255, pp.1-9 (CAEPR); 24 (Aboriginal Corporation for Homeless & Rehabilitation Community Services).

[6]        Submission 244, p.31 (ATSIC).

[7]        Submission 244, pp.9-10 (ATSIC).

[8]        Hunter B, 'Three Nations, Not One: Indigenous and Other Australian Poverty', Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research Working Paper No.1, 1999, pp. v-vii, 16-18.

[9]        Submission 244, p.5 (ATSIC).

[10]      Submissions 255, pp.4-5 (CAEPR); 244, pp.12-16 (ATSIC).

[11]      Submission 244, p.12 (ATSIC).

[12]      Submission 244, pp.3, 12-13 (ATSIC).

[13]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.535 (COALS).

[14]      Submission 244, pp.13-15 (ATSIC); Committee Hansard 6.8.03, pp.1229-30, 1240 (ATSIC).

[15]      Submission 244, p.16 (ATSIC).

[16]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1095 (Anglicare NT).

[17]      Submission 244, pp.19-20 (ATSIC). See also Committee Hansard 6.8.03, pp.1230, 1235-37 (ATSIC).

[18]      Submission 244, p.20 (ATSIC).

[19]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1119 (Aboriginal Development Foundation).

[20]      Committee Hansard 6.8.03, p.1239 (ATSIC).

[21]      Submission 244, p.22 (ATSIC).

[22]      Yencken D & Porter L, A Just and Sustainable Australia, Melbourne 2001, p.26.

[23]      Submission 129, p.11 (Queensland Government).

[24]      Report on Government Services 2004, pp.3.20, 3.23-24.

[25]      Report on Government Services 2004, pp.3.38, 3.44.

[26]      Submission 244, p.25 (ATSIC).

[27]      Rothman S & McMillan J, 'Influences on Achievement and Numeracy', Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth, Research Report 36, ACER October 2003, p.34.

[28]      Submission 163, p.122 (ACOSS).

[29]      Submission 178, p.11 (NTEU).

[30]      Submission 163, p.122 (ACOSS).

[31]      Senate Employment, Workplace Relations and Education References Committee, Hacking Australia's Future: Threats to institutional autonomy, academic freedom and student choice in higher education, November 2003, p.61.

[32]      Submission 244, p.25 (ATSIC).

[33]      Submission 244, p.26 (ATSIC).

[34]      Submission 108, pp.24-25 (AEU).

[35]      Submission 108, p.29 (AEU).

[36]      Submissions 88, pp.5-6 (COALS); 244, pp.26-27 (ATSIC).

[37]      Submission 244, p.26 (ATSIC).

[38]      AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, pp.197-208.

[39]      AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, p.211.

[40]      McClelland A, 'No child...' Child poverty in Australia, Brotherhood of St Laurence, April 2000, p.28.

[41]      McClelland, p.28.

[42]      Submission 244, p.41 (ATSIC).

[43]      Submission 244, p.33 (ATSIC).`

[44]      Submission 244, pp 26-27 (ATSIC).

[45]      Submission 244, p.24 (ATSIC).

[46]      Submission 160, p.10 (QCOSS).

[47]      Submission 244, p.38 (ATSIC).

[48]      Submission 244, p.38 (ATSIC).

[49]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, How Young People are Faring, Key Indicators, 2003, p.43.

[50]      Submission 244, pp.38-39 (ATSIC).

[51]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, pp.39-44.

[52]      Dusseldorp Skills Forum, p.36.

[53]      Submission 244, pp.22-23 (ATSIC). See also Committee Hansard 29.5.03, pp.529-30 (COALS).

[54]      Submission 88, p.8 (COALS).

[55]      Submission 244, pp.23-24 (ATSIC); Committee Hansard 6.8.03, pp.1231-32 (ATSIC).

[56]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.533 (COALS).

[57]      Submission 88, p.10 (COALS).

[58]      Submission 244, p.24 (ATSIC).

[59]      Submission 244, p.24 (ATSIC).

[60]      Submission 255, pp.3-4 (CAEPR).

Chapter 14 - Rural and regional communities

[1]        Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1193 (QCOSS).

[2]        Committee Hansard 29.5.03, pp.561-571; 30.6.03, pp.744-760; 1.7.03, pp.845-861; 6.8.03, pp.1265-68. See also Submissions 166, pp.19-20 (Salvation Army); 169, pp.22-23 (Mission Australia); 148, pp.28-29 (Catholic Welfare Australia); 133, pp.5-6 (UnitingCare Australia); 129, pp.19-20 (Queensland Government).

[3]        Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1192-93 (QCOSS).

[4]        Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1029 (WACOSS).

[5]        Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1081 (NTCOSS).

[6]        Fincher R & Wulff M, 'The Locations of Poverty and Disadvantage', in Fincher R & Nieuwenhuysen J, eds., Australian Poverty: Then and Now, Melbourne University Press, 1998, p.164.

[7]        Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.467 (CWA of NSW). A study by Pawar and McClinton Towards Poverty Alleviation in Rural Australia argues that the decline of many small towns results from the loss or absence of key community and other services and that rural poverty is more widespread and more chronic than urban poverty, Centre for Rural Social Research, Charles Sturt University.

[8]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.87 (Anglicare Victoria).

[9]        Submission 244, p.3 (ATSIC).

[10]      Submission 148, p.29 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[11]      Submission 39, p.5 (CWA of NSW). See also Submission 58, p.1 (CWA of Victoria).

[12]      Submissions 166, pp.19-20 (Salvation Army); 39, p.6 (CWA of NSW); 58, p.1 (CWA of Victoria) 184, p.18 (COTA National Seniors).

[13]      Submission 39, p.6 (CWA of NSW); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.466 (CWA of NSW).

[14]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.574 (SVDP Society – Raymond Terrace).

[15]      Submission 184, p.18 (COTA National Seniors); Committee Hansard 19.6.03, p.625 (COTA National Seniors). See also Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.87 (Anglicare Victoria).

[16]      Many of these issues were raised by the Australian Catholic Social Welfare Commission in 'A Litany of Disadvantage: Rural Communities of Australia', Discussion Paper No.15, 2000.

[17]      Submission 169, p.22 (Mission Australia).

[18]      Submission 133, pp.5-6 (UnitingCare Australia).

[19]      Department of Industry, Tourism & Resources, Key Demographic and Labour Market Trends in Australia during the 1990s, 2002, p.16.

[20]      Key Demographic Trends, p.17.

[21]      ABS, Household Income and Income Distribution, Cat No.6523.0, July 2003, p.9.

[22]      Lloyd R et.al., 'Regional Divide? A Study of Incomes in Regional Australia', NATSEM Discussion Paper No.51, September 2000, pp.22-23.

[23]      Lloyd, p.22.

[24]      Submissions 184, p.17 (COTA National Seniors); 151, p.6 (Catholic Diocese of Armidale)

[25]      AIHW, Australia's Health 2002, pp.215, 270-74.

[26]      Submissions 58, p.1 (CWA of Victoria); 151, p.7 (Bishop's Commission for Justice, Development & Peace – Catholic Diocese of Armidale).

[27]      Key Demographic Trends, pp.19-20.

[28]      Key Demographic Trends, p.20.

[29]      Submission 148, p.30 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[30]      ACOSS, Generating Jobs: Fifteen Strategies for Reducing Unemployment in Australia, October 2001, p.28.

[31]      Submission 129, p.18 (Queensland Government).

[32]      Submission 118, p.12 (VCOSS). See also Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.465 (CWA of NSW).

[33]      Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.87 (Anglicare Victoria).

[34]      Submission 129, pp.18-19 (Queensland Government).

[35]      Submission 69, p.30 (Victorian Government).

[36]      Generating Jobs, p.29.

[37]      Submission 148, p.32 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[38]      Generating Jobs, pp.29-30.

[39]      Submission 148, pp.31-32 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[40]      Generating Jobs, p.30.

[41]      Submission 148, p.30 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[42]      Submission 169, p.24 (Mission Australia).

[43]      Generating Jobs, p.29.

[44]      Submissions 163, p.154 (ACOSS); 148, p.30 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[45]      Submission 69, p.30 (Victorian Government).

[46]      Submission 129, p.19 (Queensland Government).

Chapter 15 - Older people, migrants and refugees

[1]        Submission 223, pp.2-3 (APSF).

[2]        Harding, A, King A & Kelly S, Trends in the incomes and assets of older Australians', NATSEM, Discussion Paper no. 58, June 2002, pp.11-12.

[3]        Submission 172, p.30 (Smith Family).

[4]        Harding, King and Kelly, pp.14-15, 17.

[5]        Submission 163, p.35 (ACOSS); Harding A, Lloyd R & Greenwell H, Financial Disadvantage in Australia 1990 to 2000: The persistence of poverty in a decade of growth, Smith Family, 2001, p.17.

[6]        Submission 184, p.10 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[7]        Submission 184, p.11 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[8]        Submission 165, pp.29-30 (FaCS).

[9]        Submission 165, pp.40-41 (FaCS).

[10]      Nixon, S 'Older staff not worth training, say bosses', The Sydney Morning Herald, 7.10.03.

[11]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.566 (Samaritans Foundation).

[12]      Submission 184, p.12 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[13]      Submission 163, p.96 (ACOSS).

[14]      Submission 184, p.13 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[15]      Submission 172, pp.22,30 (Smith Family). Analysis based on equivalent disposable income for each household using the OECD equivalence scale.

[16]      Submission 163, p.95 (ACOSS).

[17]      Submission 184, p.10 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[18]      Submission 165, p.30 (FaCS).

[19]      Submission 169, p.14 (Mission Australia).

[20]      Submission 50, p.11 (SDA).

[21]      Submission 184, p.14 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[22]      Submission 184, p.14 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[23]      Submission 184, pp.19-20 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[24]      Submission 33, p.8 (Carers Australia).

[25]      Submission 184, p.15 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[26]      Submission 184, pp.22-23 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[27]      Submission 165, p.28 (FaCS).

[28]      Submission 165, Additional Information, 20.6.03 p.2 (FaCS).

[29]      Submission 172, p.30 (Smith Family).

[30]      Submission 29, pp.4,6 (Combined Pensioners and Superannuants Association of NSW).

[31]      Submission 77, p.13 (Melbourne Citymission).

[32]      Faulkner, D & Bennett, K, Linkages among housing assistance, residential (re)location, and use of community health and social care by old-old adults: shelter and non-shelter implications for housing policy development, AHURI, April 2002, pp.66-68.

[33]      Submission 223, p.8 (APSF).

[34]      Submissions 77, p.14 (Melbourne Citymission); 223, p.8 (APSF).

[35]      Submission 77, p.14 (Melbourne Citymission).

[36]      Submission 98, p.26 (Brotherhood of St Laurence).

[37]      Submission 6, p.2 (Mr D Cox).

[38]      Submission 29, p.10 (Combined Pensioners and Superannuants Association of NSW).

[39]      Submission 184, p.17 (COTA National Seniors Partnership).

[40]      Submission 51, p.7 (WAA).

[41]      Submission 223, p.12 (APSF).

[42]      Submission 153, p.4 (Immigrant Women's Speakout Association of NSW).

[43]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.486 (Holroyd City Council).

[44]      Department of Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs, Information provided 17.10.03.

[45]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.485 (Holroyd City Council).

[46]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.487 (Holroyd City Council).

[47]      Submission 142, p.23 (Holroyd City Council).

[48]      Submission 142, p.24 (Holroyd City Council).

[49]      Submission 153, p.9 (IWSA).

[50]      Submission 142, p.24 and Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.486 (Holroyd City Council).

[51]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.505 (Canterbury-Bankstown Migrant Resource Centre).

[52]      Submission 146, p.3 (Canterbury-Bankstown Migrant Resource Centre).

[53]      Submission 62, p.7 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[54]      Submission 142, p.24 (Holroyd City Council).

[55]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.486 (Holroyd City Council).

[56]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.486 (Holroyd City Council).

[57]      Submission 69, p.11 (Victorian Government).

[58]      Submission 153, p.10 (IWSA).

[59]      Submission 163, p.130 (ACOSS).

[60]      Submission 146, p.4 (Canterbury-Bankstown Migrant Resource Centre).

[61]      Submission 163, p.130 (ACOSS).

[62]      Submission 62, p.7 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[63]      Submission 110, p.46 (Darebin City Council).

[64]      Submission 110, p.46 (Darebin City Council).

[65]      Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.517 (Canterbury-Bankstown Migrant Resource Centre).

[66]      Submission 110, p.41 (Darebin City Council).

[67]      Submission 110, p.42 (Darebin City Council).

[68]      Submission 57, p.28 (Australian Federation of Homelessness Organisations).

[69]      Submission 153 p.4 (IWSA).

[70]      Submission 62, p.5 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[71]      Submission 62, p.5 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[72]      Submission 110, p.69 (Darebin City Council).

Chapter 16 - People with a disability

[1]        Committee Hansard 28.7.3, p.1015 (Ms Allan).

[2]        Submission 129, p.36 (Queensland Government).

[3]        Submissions 158, pp.9-10 (Disability Action); 256, pp.2-5 (People with Disability Australia); 125, p.i (SANE Australia); 163, p.141 (ACOSS).

[4]        King A, 'Income poverty since the early 1970s' in Fincher R & Nieuwenhuysen J eds., Australian Poverty: Then and Now, Melbourne University Press, 1998, p.88.

[5]        Submission 125, p.i (SANE Australia).

[6]        Submission 87, p.2 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[7]        A Health Care Card may be available to Sickness, Newstart, Youth and Mobility Allowance recipients – it entitles recipients to PBS prescription medicines at reduced cost.

[8]        Other payments include the Disability Pension, which is a compensation payment to veterans with a disability; Newstart Allowance (incapacitated) and Youth Allowance (incapacitated), which are provided to people – 21 years or more or under 21 years respectively – who, due to illness or injury are temporarily (up to 2 years) unable to work for more than 8 hours a week, or in the case of Youth Allowance, to study.

[9]        Agreement between the Commonwealth and the States and Territories in relation to Disability Services at www.facs.gov.au. See also AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, p.337.

[10]      Parliamentary Library, Disability Support and Services in Australia, October 2002, p.4; Report on Government Services 2003, pp.13.6-13.9; Report on Government Services 2004, p.13.8.

[11]      AIHW, Unmet Need for Disability Services, 2002, p.xxii.

[12]      Unmet Need for Disability Services, p.xxiii.

[13]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1152 (Physical Disability Council). See also Submission 256, pp.2-4 (PWD).

[14]      Submission 256, p.3 (PWD).

[15]      Submission 87, pp.5-6 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[16]      Submissions 188, pp.23-25 (Physical Disability Council); 87, pp.2-6 (Blind Citizens Australia); Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1150-1154 (Physical Disability Council); Committee Hansard 30.6.03, pp.761-66 (PINARC Support Services).

[17]      Submission 188, pp.2-3,32-34 (Physical Disability Council); Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1150-1152 (Physical Disability Council).  See also Submission 158, p.25 (Disability Action).

[18]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1152 (Physical Disability Council).

[19]      ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility: Reform of Workforce Age Social Security Payments in Australia, September 2003, pp.15-16.

[20]      See Submission 188, pp.38-39 (Physical Disability Council).

[21]      Australia's Welfare 2001, p.311.

[22]      Centrelink, A Guide to Payments and Services 2002-2003, pp.96-97.

[23]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.177 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[24]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.399 (Australian Federation of Deaf Societies).

[25]      Submission 158, p.17 (Disability Action).

[26]      Submission 87, p.5 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[27]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.20 (Disability Action).

[28]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, pp.20-21 (Disability Action); Submissions 158, p.18 (Disability Action); 87, p.4 (Blind Citizens Australia); Submission 139, p.1 (Australian Federation of Deaf Societies).

[29]      Australian Public Service Commission, State of the Service Report 2002-03, November 2003, pp.128-29. EEO data, including data on disability, is supplied to agencies by individuals on a voluntary basis and non-response varies between agencies.

[30]      FaCS, Improving Employment Assistance for People with Disabilities, n.d., pp.6,39.

[31]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.16 (Disability Action).

[32]      Submission 158, pp.18-19 (Disability Action).

[33]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.16 (Disability Action). See also Committee Hansard 29.4.03, pp.24-25 (Disability Action).

[34]      Improving Employment Assistance, p.6.

[35]      Submission 256, p.9 (PWD).

[36]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.770 (McCallum Disability Services).

[37]      Submission 224, p.5 (Greenacres Association).

[38]      Australia's Welfare 2001, p.311.

[39]      Australia's Welfare 2001, p.311.

[40]      Senate Employment, Workplace Relations and Education References Committee, Education of Students with Disabilities, December 2002, pp.10-11.

[41]      A Guide to Payments, pp.89-90.

[42]      Submission 158, p.40 (Disability Action).

[43]      Submission 158, p.39 (Disability Action).

[44]      Submission 158, pp.39-41 (Disability Action); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.399 (Deaf Society of NSW); 2.5.03, p.239 (Tasmanians with Disabilities).

[45]      Submissions 158, p.41 (Disability Action); 256, p.7 (PWD).

[46]      Education of Students with Disabilities, p.xix.

[47]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.399 (Deaf Society of NSW).

[48]      Submissions 256, p.8 (PWD); 158, pp.37-39 (Disability Action); Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.26-27 (Disability Action); 2.5.03, p.238 (Tasmanians with Disabilities); 28.7.03, p.1021 (People with Disabilities (WA)).

[49]      Submission 158, p.38 (Disability Action).

[50]      Australia's Welfare 2003, p.372.

[51]      Australia's Welfare 2001, p.361.

[52]      Submission 125, pp.i, 10 (SANE Australia); Committee Hansard 1.4.03, p.856 (St Vincent de Paul, Ballina).

[53]      Submission 87, p.6 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[54]      Australia's Welfare 2001, pp.308-9.

[55]      Committee Hansard 29.4.03, p.18 (Disability Action).

[56]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, pp.767-68 (McCallum Disability Services).

[57]      Submission 87, pp.6-7 (Blind Citizens Australia); Committee Hansard 2.5.03, pp.237-38 (Tasmanians with Disabilities); 4.8.03, pp.1156-57 (Physical Disability Council).

[58]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1156 (Physical Disability Council).

[59]      Submissions 188, p.25 (Physical Disability Council); 87, p.7 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[60]      Submission 87, p.7 (Blind Citizens Australia).

[61]      Submission 87, pp.7-8 (Blind Citizens Australia); Committee Hansard 2.5.03, p.238 (Tasmanians with Disabilities).

[62]      Some carers, ineligible for these payments, may receive other income support payments such as Parenting Payment.

[63]      Submission 33, pp.6-7 (Carers Australia).

[64]      Submission 33, pp.iv, 3-4 (Carers Australia). See also Submission 158, pp.28-30 (Disability Action).

[65]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.717 (Carers Australia).

[66]      Submission 33, p.v (Carers Australia); ACOSS, Fairness and Flexibility, p.16; Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.721 (Carers Australia).

[67]      Unmet Need for Disability Services, p.xxiii.

[68]      Australia's Welfare 2003, p.80.

[69]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.719 (Carers Australia). See also Submission 158, p.30 (Disability Action).

[70]      Submission 33, pp.9-11 (Carers Australia); Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.722 (Carers Australia).

Chapter 17 - Service providers

[1]        Salvation Army, Newcastle. Notes from Committee inspections, Newcastle 29.5.03.

[2]        Industry Commission, Charitable Organisations in Australia, Report No.45, 16 June 1995, Chapter 1 – the role and structure of the charitable sector in Australian society.

[3]        Submission 176, p.13 (TasCOSS).

[4]        Committee Hansard 28.5.03, p.481 (Holroyd City Council).

[5]        AIHW, Australia's Welfare 2003, p.123.

[6]        ABS, Community Services Australia 1999-2000, ABS Catalogue no 8696.0.

[7]        ACOSS, Australians Living on the Edge Survey of the Community Services Sector, ACOSS Paper 125, January 2003, p.5.

[8]        Submission 63, p.4 (Laverton Community Centre & Neighbourhood House Inc).

[9]        FaCS, Portfolio Budget Statements 2003-04, pp.109, 122.

[10]      FaCS, Annual Report 2002-03, Volume 2, pp.123-24.

[11]      FaCS, Discussion Paper Emergency Relief Program, March 2003, p.5.

[12]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1030 (Welfare Rights and Advocacy Service).

[13]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1028 (WACOSS).

[14]      Submission 226, p.1 (Anglicare Wollongong).

[15]      Submission 213, p.3 (SVDP, Raymond Terrace).

[16]      Submission 197, p.1 (SVDP, Newcastle North Regional Council).

[17]      Submission 62, p.4 (Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre).

[18]      Committee Hansard 6.8.03, p.1268 (SVDP, Townsville).

[19]      Submission 227, p.1 (SVDP, Central Illawarra)

[20]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.827 (Lismore & District Financial Counselling).

[21]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.833 (Lifeline Northern Rivers).

[22]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1184 (Lifeline Dowling Downs).

[23]      ACOSS, p.5.

[24]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.161 (Laverton Community Centre & Neighbourhood House).

[25]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.964 (SVDP Wollongong).

[26]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.931 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[27]      Submission 166, p.32 (Salvation Army Southern Territory).

[28]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.746 (Salvation Army Ballarat).

[29]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.941 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[30]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.931 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[31]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.964 (SVDP, Illawarra).

[32]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1189 (Lifeline Brisbane).

[33]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.853 (Lifeline Northern Rivers).

[34]      Submissions 138, p.3 (Knox City Council – Family Support & Community Education Service); 183, p.2 (WACOSS); 231, p.2 (Centacare Ballarat).

[35]      Submission 61, p.4 (Cranbourne Information and Support Service).

[36]      See for example, Submission 171, p.3 (Southern Peninsula Community Support & Information Centre).

[37]      Submission 166, p.19 (The Salvation Army Southern Territory).

[38]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.577; Submission 214, p.1 (SVDP, Lower Hunter Region).

[39]      See for example, Submission 214, p.3 (SVDP, Lower Hunter Region).

[40]      Submission 213, p.3 (SVSP, Raymond Terrace)

[41]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1096 (The Salvation Army Darwin).

[42]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, pp.135-36 (Knox City Council).

[43]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.964 (SVDP, Wollongong).

[44]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.853 (SVDP, Lismore).

[45]      ACOSS, p.22.

[46]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.753 (Salvation Army Ballarat).

[47]      Submission 20, p.3 (Southlakes Refuge).

[48]      Submission 176, p.14 (TasCOSS).

[49]      Submission 61, p.3 (Cranbourne Information and Support Service).

[50]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1097 (The Salvation Army Darwin).

[51]      Submission 171, p.6 (Southern Peninsula Community Support & Information Centre).

[52]      Submission 217, p.3 (Lifeline Northern Rivers).

[53]      Committee Hansard 6.8.03, pp.1247-48 (Lifeline Northern Queensland).

[54]      Committee Hansard 29.7.03, p.1097 (The Salvation Army Darwin).

[55]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.379 (The Smith Family).

[56]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.933 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[57]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.379 (The Smith Family).

[58]      Submission 98, p.27 (BSL).

[59]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, pp.1209-13 (Mission Australia).

[60]      Information from inspections by the Committee, Newcastle 29.5.03.

[61]      Submission 149, p.4 (Samaritans Foundation).

[62]      Submission 63, p.4 (Laverton Community Centre & Neighbourhood House).

[63]      Submission 171, p.7 (Southern Peninsula Community Support & Information Centre).

[64]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.848 (SVDP, Lismore).

[65]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.933 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[66]      Submission 176, p.13 (TasCOSS).

[67]      Submission 111, p.4 (Casey North Community Information & Support Service).

[68]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1190 (Lifeline Brisbane).

[69]      Submission 176, p.14 (TasCOSS).

[70]      Submission 176, p.15 (TasCOSS).

[71]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.539 (Newcastle City Council).

[72]      Submission 138, p.2 (Knox City Council).

[73]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.133 (Darebin City Council).

[74]      Submission 138, p.7 (Knox City Council).

[75]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, pp.161-62 (Laverton Community Centre & Neighbourhood House).

[76]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1031 (Welfare Rights and Advocacy Centre).

[77]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, p.134 (Darebin City Council).

[78]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, pp.537, 540 (Newcastle City Council).

[79]      Committee Hansard 1.5.03, pp.161-62 (Laverton Community Centre & Neighbourhood House).

[80]      Submission 119, p.6 (Fairfield City Council).

[81]      Evaluation of mistakes with Centrelink experienced by customers, Final report, DBM Consultants, June 2003; provided to Community Affairs Legislation Committee, 2003 Supplementary Budget Estimates, Answer to Question on Notice No 209 –Attachment 5.

[82]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.964 (SVDP, Wollongong).

[83]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1031 (Welfare Rights and Advocacy Centre).

[84]      Committee Hansard 6.8.03, p.1249 (Lifeline North Queensland).

[85]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.949 (Illawarra Legal Service).

[86]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.746 (Salvation Army Ballarat).

[87]      Submission 171, p.6 (Southern Peninsula Community Support & Information Centre); Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.914 (CPSA).

[88]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.749 (Salvation Army Ballarat).

[89]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.866 (SVDP, Lismore).

[90]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.941 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[91]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, p.866 (SVDP, Lismore).

[92]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.758 (Salvation Army Western Division Victoria).

[93]      Committee Hansard 2.7.03, p.933 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[94]      Submission 165, Supplementary Information, 20.6.03, p.4 (FaCS).

[95]      Committee Hansard 29.5.03, p.548 (Newcastle City Council).

[96]      Committee Hansard 30.6.03, p.749 (Salvation Army Ballarat); 1.7.03, p.863 (SVDP, Tweed Heads); 2.7.03, p.941 (Anglicare Illawarra).

[97]      Committee Hansard 1.7.03, 862 (Lifeline Northern Rivers).

[98]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.695 (Centrelink).

[99]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.695 (Centrelink).

[100]    Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.1061 (St Patrick's Community Support Centre).

[101]    Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.662 (UnitingCare)

[102]    Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.696 (Centrelink).

[103]    Committee Hansard 20.6.03, pp.691-92 (Centrelink).

Chapter 18 - Future directions

[1]        Committee Hansard 30.4.03, p.36 (Catholic Social Services Victoria).

[2]        Submissions 44, p.61 (SVDP National Council); 169, pp.3-4, 29 (Mission Australia); 30, p.7 (Jesuit Social Services).

[3]        Submission 163, p.30 (ACOSS).

[4]        Submissions 44, pp.69-72 (SVDP National Council); 148, pp.3-5 (Catholic Welfare Australia); 169, p.4 (Mission Ausralia).

[5]        Submission 187, p.33 (SA Government).

[6]        Submission 69, p.32 (Victorian Government). See also Submission 129, p.7 (Queensland Government).

[7]        Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.669 (UnitingCare Australia).

[8]        Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.707 (Catholic Welfare Australia). See also Submission 98, p.vii (BSL).

[9]        Submissions 44, p.69 (SVDP National Council); 133, p.2 (UnitingCare Australia).

[10]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.979 (Combat Poverty Agency).

[11]      Committee Hansard 19.6.03, p.615 (SVDP National Council).

[12]      Submission 187, p.33 (SA Government).

[13]      Submission 187, p.35 (SA Government).

[14]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.694 (FaCS).

[15]      See also Submission 199, pp.2-13 (ACT Government); Committee Hansard 19.6.03, pp.634-44 (ACT Government).

[16]      See Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.439 (Professor Saunders); Committee Hansard 27.5.03, pp.441-42 (CIS).

[17]      Committee Hansard 27.5.03, p.433 (Professor Saunders). See also Submission 69, p.7 (Victorian Government).

[18]      Submissions 163, pp.62-63 (ACOSS); 95, pp.17-19 (Professor Saunders).

[19]      Submission 172, p.18-36 (Smith Family).

[20]      UK Department for Work and Pensions, Measuring Child Poverty, April 2002, pp.16-17.

[21]      See Submission 69, p.7 (Victorian Government).

[22]      Submission 163, p.30 (ACOSS). See also Submissions 69, p.32 (Victorian Government); 187, p.38 (SA Government).

[23]      Submissions 69, p.32 (Victorian Government); 187, p.38 (SA Government).

[24]      Submission 187, p.38 (SA Government).

[25]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.978 (Combat Poverty Agency).

[26]      Submission 169, p.4 (Mission Australia).

[27]      See Submission 148, p.12 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[28]      Committee Hansard 19.6.03, p.615 (SVDP National Council).

[29]      Committee Hansard 19.6.03, p.615 (SVDP National Council).

[30]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.707 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[31]      Committee Hansard 4.8.03, p.1163 (ANOU).

[32]      Committee Hansard. 27.5.03, p.449 (CIS); Committee Hansard 19.6.03, pp.648-49 (Australia Institute).

[33]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, pp.693-94 (FaCS).

[34]      Submission 163, p.30 (ACOSS).

[35]      Submission 44, p.69 (SVDP).

[36]      Submission 148, p.14 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[37]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.707 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[38]      Submission 163, pp.26-30 (ACOSS).

[39]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, p.980 (Combat Poverty Agency).

[40]      Committee Hansard 28.7.03, pp.975, 980 (Combat Poverty Agency).

[41]      Submission 163, p.31 (ACOSS); see www.cesi.org.uk.

[42]      Submission 187, p.34 & Appendix 2 (SA Government).

[43]      Submission 163, p.31 (ACOSS); Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.676 (ACOSS).

[44]      Submission 148, p.3 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[45]      Submission 148, pp.14-15 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[46]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.707 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[47]      Submission 69, p.32 (Victorian Government). The Victorian Government also suggested that another option would be using the existing COAG framework.

[48]      Submission 148, p.14 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[49]      Submission 187, p.38 (SA Government).

[50]      Committee Hansard 20.6.03, p.655 (UnitingJustice Australia); 30.4.03, pp.36-37 (Catholic Social Services Victoria). See also Submissions 30, pp.1-8 (Jesuit Social Services); 44, pp.69-74 (SVDP National Council); SVDP, Two Australias: Addressing Inequality and Poverty, May 2001.

[51]      Submission 148, p.2 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[52]      Committee Hansard 19.6.03, p.599 (SVDP National Council).

[53]      Submission 148, p.2 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[54]      Submissions 98, pp.vi, 9-13 (BSL); 129, pp.8-9 (Queensland Government).

[55]      Submission 163, p.101 (ACOSS).

[56]      Submission 163, p.102 (ACOSS).

[57]      Submission 44, p.73 (SVDP National Council).

[58]      Submission 44, pp.73-74 (SVDP National Council). See also SVDP, 'Greed, poverty and compassion: where to Australia?', Paper presented to ALP Round-table on Poverty, October 2002, pp.7-8.

[59]      Submission 95, p.3 (Professor Saunders). See also Submission 148, p.33 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[60]      Submission 148, p.2 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[61]      Yencken D & Porter L, A Just and Sustainable Australia, The Australian Collaboration, September 2001, p.90.

[62]      Yencken & Porter, p.6.

[63]      Fincher R & Saunders P, 'The complex contexts of Australian inequality' in Fincher R and Saunders P, eds., Creating Unequal Futures?, Allen & Unwin, 2001, p.24.

[64]      Submission 148, p.2 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[65]      Yencken & Porter, p.6.

[66]      Submissions 44, pp.61-62 (SVDP National Council); 148, pp.2-5 (Catholic Welfare Australia).

[67]      Yencken & Porter, p.40. See also Fincher & Saunders, pp.23-24.

[68]      Submission 118, p.32 (VCOSS).

[69]      Submissions 163, pp.26-30 (ACOSS); 148, pp.34-38 (Catholic Welfare Australia); 169, p.27 (Mission Australia).

[70]      Submission 118, p.32 (VCOSS).