Footnotes
[1] Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Forgotten Australians: A report on
Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children,
August 2004. See Committee’s website: https://www.aph.gov.au/senate_ca
[2] Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Lost Innocents: Righting the Record, Report on Child Migration, August 2001.
[3] Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
(HREOC), Bringing them home: Report of the National Inquiry into the
Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their
Families, April 1997.
[4] A list of witnesses who appeared at public
hearings is in Appendix 2 of Forgotten
Australians.
[5] Copies of the statements referred to in this
section are in Appendix 2. There may have been other responses and statements that
have not been drawn to the Committee's attention.
[6] The Canberra
Times, 'Diocese offers abuse apology', 19.9.04, p.2.
[7] The Anglican Church of Australia General Synod, 'Church
apologises to victims of institutions', Media
Statement, 6.10.04.
[8] Sydney takes
the lead to protect children from abuse, 26.10.04, sydneyanglicans.net.
[9] Australian Catholic Bishops Conference, 'Statement
on Senate Report into Children in Institutional Care', Media Statement, 14.12.04.
[10] The Benevolent Society, 'The Benevolent Society
supports the Senate's Forgotten Australians report', Media Release, 15.10.04.
[11] Uniting Church in Australia National Assembly, 'The
"Forgotten Australians" Report', Media
Release, 27.9.04; also ABC News Online, 'Church sorry for institutional
care suffering', 27.9.04.
[12] The Age,
'Uniting Church says sorry for abuse', 28.9.04, p.3; Australian, 29.9.04, p.2; West
Australian, 29.9.04, p.17.
[13] Forgotten
Australians, pp.82-83.
[14] Sydney Legacy, Additional information, 26.8.04,
p.1.
[15] Sydney Legacy, Additional information, 26.8.04,
p.2.
[16] Brisbane Legacy, Personal communication,
21.12.04.
[17] Melbourne Legacy, Additional information, 5.1.05,
p.1.
[18] Forgotten
Australians, pp.199-213.
[19] Submission
300, Supplementary submission, 11.11.04 (Dr Mathews).
[20] Submission
50, Supplementary submission 'Acknowledging Mothers', 5.12.03 (MacKillop Family
Services).
[21] The issue of forced adoption of babies was raised
in Forgotten Australians at pp.107-9.
[22] Submission
224, Additional information 11.12.04.
[23] Submission
50, Supplementary submission, 5.12.03, p.2 (MacKillop Family Services).
[24] See also Forgotten
Australians, p.136.
[25] Submission
373, pp.1-9.
[26] Submission 383.
[27] Forgotten
Australians, pp.114-7.
[28] The Age,
'Deadly shots', 23-24.10.04, News Review p.31 and 'Polio vaccine tested at
orphanages before release', 25.10.04, pp.1, 3; also ABC Online, AM, 25.10.04.
[29] Submission
155, Supplementary submission 5.12.03 and Additional information 12.1.04. The supplementary
submission contains notes taken from CSL files opened for inspection at
National Archives relating to the Salk polio vaccine and includes the
experiments on babies and children, experiments on monkeys and CSL knowledge
that batches of the vaccine were issued with the SV40 virus present.
[30] Submission
155, Additional information 12.1.04, Draft report on medical research conducted
in babies and children's homes in Victoria – 1945 to 1970, Department of Human
Services, November 1997, (released under FOI).
[31] Parliamentary Debates (Ireland), Seanad Eireann,
v.164, 15.11.2000, Mr Martin.
[32] Forgotten
Australians 2004, p.8.
[33] Australia ratified the Convention, with
reservations, on 17 December 1990.
[34] Lynch Francis, 'Australia needs a uniform national
approach to child-protection legislation', On
line opinion, 15 April 2002.
[35] ACT Commissioner for Public Administration, The Territory as Parent:
review of the safety of children in care in the ACT and of ACT child protection
management, May 2004 (Vardon Report 2004), http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/child_protection_review/,
pp.43-44.
[36] Cunneen C & White R, Juvenile justice: youth and crime in Australia, Oxford University
Press, South Melbourne, 2002, p.276.
[37] Thorpe, Professor Ros, What works!? Evidence based practice in child and family services,
ACWA 2002 Conference, 2-4 September 2002. See also NSW Law Reform Commission, Review of the Disability Services Act 1993
(NSW), Report 91, July 1999, pp.118-119 re: children's rights under the UN
Convention.
[38] For example the Burdekin Report (1989); Wood
Royal Commission in NSW; Cashmore and Paxman study on leaving care (1996);
Victorian Department of Human Services study showing link between leaving
out-of-home care and homelessness (2002).
[39] Parliament of NSW, Legislative Council Standing
Committee on Social Issues, Care and
Support: Final Report on Child
Protection Services, Report 29, December 2002 (Care and Support 2002).
[40] Care and
Support 2002, p.31.
[41] Care and
Support 2002, pp.93-94.
[42] Care and
Support 2002, p.135.
[43] South Australian Government, Our best investment: A state
plan to protect and advance the interests of children, Child Protection
Review by Robyn Layton QC, March 2003 (Layton Report 2003). http://www.dhs.sa.gov.au/childprotectionreview/cpr-report.asp
[44] Semple, Des (2002) Alternative Care Review -
investigated the alternative care system in South Australia, given the
significant upsurge in demand for alternative care services for children.
[45] Layton Report 2003, pp.11.3-11.4.
[46] Australian Institute of Health & Welfare
(AIHW) Child protection Australia 2003-04,
AIHW cat. no.24, Canberra:AIHW (Child Welfare Series no.36), 2005, p.10.
[47] Commission
of Inquiry (Children in State Care) Act 2004.
[48] Commission
of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions, May 1999
(Forde Report). www.qld.gov.au/html/fordeinquiry
See also Forgotten Australians,
pp.10-12.
[49] Submission
125, Supplementary submission, 22.3.04, p.1 (Queensland Government).
[50] Crime and Misconduct Commission, Queensland, Protecting Children: An inquiry into abuse
of children in foster care, January 2004 (Protecting children 2004). http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au
[51] Protecting
children 2004, Summary, pp.xii-xviii.
[52] Submission
125, Supplementary submission, 22.3.04, pp.3-4 (Queensland Government).
[53] Australian Capital Territory Legislative
Assembly: Standing Committee on Community Services and Social Equity, The rights, interests and well-being of
children and young people, Report No 3, August 2003 (ACT Assembly 2003).
[54] ACT Assembly 2003, pp.47-48, 53, 57.
[55] ACT Commissioner for Public Administration, The Territory as Parent:
review of the safety of children in care in the ACT and of ACT child protection
management, May 2004 (Vardon Report 2004). http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/child_protection_review/
[56] Vardon Report 2004, pp.xvii-xxiv, 27, 29, 45,
128, 166.
[57] ACT Chief Minister and Minister for Education,
Youth and Family Services, 'ACT Government acts swiftly in response to child
protection report', Media Release, 25
May 2004.
[58] Murray G, The
Territory's Children: ensuring safety and quality care for children and young
people, Report on the Audit and Case Review, July 2004, pp.v-xxvii.
[59] Tasmanian Ombudsman, Review of Claims of Abuse from Adults in State Care as Children,
November 2004 (O'Grady Review 2004). The January 2004 interim report is
discussed in Forgotten Australians,
pp.13-14.
[60] O'Grady Review 2004, pp.39-40.
[61] Premier of Tasmania, Paul Lennon, MHA, 'Providing
Closure for Victims of Abuse in State Care', Media Release, 6.12.04.
[62] Submission
177, p.7 (WA Department of Justice).
[63] Submission
55, p.17 (WA Department for Community Development).
[64] Care and
Support 2002, p.64; Layton Report 2003, p.1.3.
[65] ACT Assembly 2003, p.v.
[66] Care and
Support 2002, p.35; Protecting
children 2004, pp. xiv & xiii.
[67] Care and
Support 2002, p.36; Layton Report 2003, p.11.3; Vardon Report 2004, pp.99-100.
[68] Layton Report 2003, pp.11.3-11.4; ACT Assembly
2003, pp.55-56.
[69] ACT Assembly 2003, pp. 54-55, 123-126.
[70] ACT Assembly 2003, p.63; Care and Support 2002, pp.110-111; Vardon Report 2004, p.21.
[71] Care and
Support 2002, pp.93-94; Vardon Report 2004, p.166.
[72] Care and
Support 2002, rec 44; Layton Report 2003, rec 131; ACT Assembly 2003, rec
27; Vardon Report 2004, p.101.
[73] Submission 71,
p.12 (Catholic Welfare Australia), quoting Dickey B, 1987, No charity there: a short history of social welfare in Australia,
Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
[74] Submission
160, p.7 (Mofflyn).
[75] Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Seen and heard: priority for children in the
legal process, Report No. 84, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, 1997, p.151.
[76] Lynch, Francis, 'Australian needs a uniform
national approach to child-protection legislation', On line opinion, Monday 15 April 2002.
[77] ALRC 1997, pp.80-81.
[78] Kerin P and Murphy P, 'Overview of an emerging
model of an integrated family court system', Paper presented at the Eight
Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, 12-14 February
2003, p.3.
[79] Ellingsen P, 'Too close to home: the hidden
horror of child abuse', The Sunday Age,
24 October 2004, pp.1-8.
[80] Family Law Council, Family Law and Child Protection, Final Report, September 2002,
pp.9-10, 34-35.
[81] Submission
35, p.22 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[82] McInnes Elspeth ‘Parental Alienation Syndrome:
family law's paradigm for child abuse', On
Line Opinion, 19 May 2003, pp.1-2.
[83] Family Law Council 2002, p.49.
[84] Family Law Council 2002, pp.24-25, 58-59.
[85] Parliament of NSW, Legislative Council Standing
Committee on Social Issues, Care and
Support: Final Report on Child
Protection Services, Report 29, December 2002, p.133.
[86] Brown, Thea, 'Project Magellan', Paper presented
at: Child sexual abuse: justice response or alternative resolution conference,
convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Adelaide 1-2 May 2003,
pp.7-9.
[87] Family Court of Australia, Annual Report 2003-2004, p.3 – www.familycourt.gov.au
[88] Kerin and Murphy 2003, p.3.
[89] Care and
Support, p.135.
[90] ALRC 1997, p.142.
[91] Submission
71, p.12 (Catholic Welfare Australia).
[92] Mandatory reporting is defined in relevant
legislation. It specifies that persons must report child abuse to the relevant
community services department. Reporting rules and what may warrant reporting, vary
among jurisdictions. See: AIHW, Child
protection Australia 2003-04, AIHW cat. no.24, Canberra:AIHW (Child Welfare
Series no.36), 2005, pp.1; 69-71
[93] Lynch 2002.
[94] Family Law Council, The best interests of the child? The interaction of public and private
law in Australia, Discussion paper no. 2, Family Law Council, October 2000,
Appendix A.
[95] Tomison, A, 'A history of child protection: back
to the future', Family Matters, No 60
Spring-Summer 2001, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 50.
[96] AIHW 2005, p.5. Also see pp.19-26, for details of
classifications of forms of abuse, and information on children in the child and
protection system.
[97] Lynch 2002.
[98] Submission
277, p.11 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[99] AIHW 2005, pp.63-68.
[100] Family Law Council 2000, Appendix A.
[101] AIHW 2005, pp.63-68.
[102] South Government, Our best investment, A State plan to protect and advance the
interests of children: Child Protection Review by Robyn Layton QC, March 2003,
pp.23.10-23.13. http://www.dhs.sa.gov.au/childprotectionreview/cpr-report.asp
[103] Submission
173, p.21 (Victorian Government).
[104] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.57 (Centacare Catholic Family Services).
[105] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.78 (Berry Street Victoria).
[106] Submission
277, p.7 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[107] Submission
35, p.3 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[108] ACT Commissioner for Public Administration, The Territory as Parent:
review of the safety of children in care in the ACT and of ACT child protection
management, May 2004 (Vardon Report 2004), p.11.
[109] Vardon Report 2004, p.11.
[110] Submission
253, pp.1-3 (The Law Society of New South Wales).
[111] Submission
160, p.15 (Mofflyn).
[112] Submission
82, p.8 (Centacare-Sydney).
[113] Submission
277, p.15 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[114] Submission
226, p.9 (Anglicare Australia).
[115] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.51 (Senator Murray).
[116] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.52 (Australian Council of Children & Youth
Organisations).
[117] Committee
Hansard 12.3.04, p.80 (Bravehearts).
[118] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.28 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[119] Submission
160, p.15 (Mofflyn).
[120] AIHW 2005, p.2-3.
[121] AIHW 2005, p.5.
[122] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.22 (WA Department for Community Development).
[123] AIHW 2005, p.3.
[124] Submission
277, pp.3-4, 10-11 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[125] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.52 (Australian Council of Children & Youth
Organisations).
[126] As a child can be the subject of more than one
notification, investigation or substantiation in a year, there are fewer
children than there are total numbers of notifications, investigations and
substantiations – AIHW 2005, p.14-16.
[127] AIHW 2005, p.15.
[128] AIHW 2005, p.16.
[129] AIHW 2005, p.17.
[130] Submission
49, p.10 (CBERSS).
[131] Submission
55, p.18 (WA Department for Community Development).
[132] Submission
55, p.23 (WA Department for Community Development).
[133] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.23 (WA Department for Community Development).
[134] AIHW 2005, pp.27-28.
[135] AIHW 2005, pp.28-29. See pps.28-40 for details
of care and protection orders.
[136] AIHW 2005, p.4.
[137] AIHW 2005, pp.34-35.
[138] AIHW 2005, pp.30-38.
[139] AIHW 2005, p.1.
[140] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.18 (WA Department for Community Development).
[141] Vardon Report 2004, p.116.
[142] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.68 (Anglicare Victoria).
[143] Committee
Hansard 12.3.04, p.107 (Dr Mathews).
[144] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.18-19 (WA Department for Community Development).
[145] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.48 (CBERSS).
[146] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.48-49 (CBERSS).
[147] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.51 (CBERSS).
[148] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.51 (CBERSS).
[149] Crime and Misconduct Commission, Queensland, Protecting Children: An inquiry into abuse
of children in foster care, January 2004 (Protecting children 2004), p.184.
[150] Productivity Commission, Report on Government Services 2005, Volume 2: Health, Community
Services, Housing, Canberra, January 2005, p.15.10.
[151] A discussion of State and Territory funding
increases for the care and protection of children appears in the Vardon Report
2004, pp.197-198.
[152] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.62 (Anglicare Victoria).
[153] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.29, 31 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[154] Submission
81, p.4 (Youth Off The Streets).
[155] Submission
81, pp.3-5 (Youth Off The Streets).
[156] Committee
Hansard 12.03.04, p.47 (Father Dethlefs).
[157] Submission
160, p.9 (Mofflyn).
[158] Submission
81, p.7 (Youth Off The Streets).
[159] Submission
160, p.15 (Mofflyn).
[160] Submission
223, p.2 (Ms Janet Lowe).
[161] Submission
35, p.3 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[162] ACT Government , A position paper: for a proposed Australian Capital Territory
Commissioner for Children and Young People, Chief Minister's Department,
September 2004, p.6.
[163] Submission
72, pp.1-2 (Queensland Commission for Children and Young People).
[164] ACT Government 2004, pp.6-8.
[165] Submission
277, p.2 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[166] Submission
277, pp.2-3 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[167] ACT Government 2004, p.10.
[168] Kenny N and Tait A, 'Commissioners for children
and young people: comparing state and territory statutory bodies for protecting
the rights and interests of children', NCPC
newsletter, vol 13, no. 1, Summer 2005, p.32.
[169] ACT Government 2004, pp.4, 10-11.
[170] McHale Sheila, 'Western Australia's independent
children's commission model finalised', Media
Release, 6 December 2004.
[171] This was illustrated in Bennett v Minister for
Community Welfare (1992) 176 CKR 408 where the High Court held that the
Director of Community Welfare should have arranged for a boy to have
independent legal advice on whether to bring a claim - Parkinson P, The Children's Guardian 1999, pp.5-6.
[172] Parkinson 1999, pp.2-14.
[173] Kenny and Tait 2005, p.32.
[174] Department of Human Services Victoria, Advocate for children in care: progress
update, current activities and future directions, Attachment 1, 8 December
2004.
[175] Queensland Government, The Public Advocate – http://www.justice.qld.gov.au/guardian/pa.htm
[176] Queensland Government, The Public Advocate – http://www.justice.qld.gov.au/guardian/ag.htm
[177] Vardon Report 2004, p.185.
[178] ACT Government 2004, p.13.
[179] ALRC 1997, p.143.
[180] Submission
13, p.1 (NSW Ombudsman).
[181] Vardon Report, pp.185-186.
[182] Committee Hansard
4.2.04, p.14 (Association of Children's Welfare Agencies).
[183] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.26 (UnitingCare Burnside).
[184] Committee
Hansard 12.3.04, p.47 (Father Dethlefs).
[185] Submission
82, p.7 (Centacare-Sydney).
[186] Submission
277, p.15 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[187] Submission
55, p.20 (WA Department for Community Development).
[188] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, pp.78, 81 (Berry Street Victoria).
[189] Submission
175, p.5 (Families Australia).
[190] Layton Report 2003, p.3.7. http://www.dhs.sa.gov.au/childprotectionreview/cpr-report.asp
[191] Submission
511, pp.1-2.
[192] Submission
81, p.6 (Youth Off The Streets).
[193] Submission
53, pp.4-8 (Post Adoption Resource Centre – The Benevolent Society).
[194] McIntosh, Jennifer, 'The inside journey through
care: a phenomenology of attachment and its loss in fostered children', Children Australia, vol 28, no. 3, 2003,
p.12.
[195] Department of Family and Community Services, Additional
information, 4.1.05.
[196] Department of Family and Community Services, Additional
information, 4.1.05.
[197] Department of Family and Community Services, Additional
information, 4.1.05.
[198] Department of Family and Community Services,
Additional information, 23.2.05.
[199] Submission
125, pp.1-6 (Queensland Government).
[200] Submission
125, Supplementary Submission, pp.1-5 (Queensland Government).
[201] Submission
277, p.8 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[202] Submission
55, pp.24-33 & 43 (WA Department for Community Development).
[203] Submission
55, p.23 (WA Department for Community Development).
[204] Submission
55, pp.45-46 (WA Department for Community Development).
[205] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.86 (Berry Street Victoria).
[206] Submission
55, p.32 (WA Department for Community Development).
[207] Submission
50, p.19 (MacKillop Family Services).
[208] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.20 (WA Department for Community Development).
[209] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.76 (Berry Street Victoria).
[210] Submission
81, p.19 (Youth Off The Streets).
[211] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, pp.78-79 (Berry Street Victoria).
[212] Submission
71, p.19 (Catholic Welfare Australia). Centacare-Sydney programs are listed on
pp.19-20.
[213] Submission
71, pp.18-19 (Catholic Welfare Australia).
[214] Submission
226, p.3 (Anglicare Australia).
[215] Submission
46, pp.3-6 (Salvation Army).
[216] Submission
69, p.31 (CREATE Foundation).
[217] Submission
81, p.13 (Youth Off The Streets).
[218] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.79 (Berry Street Victoria).
[219] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.61-62.
[220] Committee
Hansard 12.03.04, p.49 (Father Dethlefs).
[221] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.32 (Positive Justice Centre).
[222] Submission
160, p.10 (Mofflyn).
[223] Submission
61, p.16 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[224] Submission
511, p.2.
[225] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.80 (Berry Street Victoria).
[226] Submission
226, p.11 (Anglicare Australia).
[227] Submission
160, p.15 (Mofflyn).
[228] Submission
69, p.30 (CREATE Foundation).
[229] Submission
61, p.1 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[230] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.63 (Anglicare Victoria).
[231] Submission
61, p.18 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[232] Submission
44, pp.1-2 (Professor Chris Goddard).
[233] Submission
35, pp.14-15 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[234] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.66 (CREATE Foundation).
[235] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.20.
[236] Submission
18, p.39.
[237] Committee
Hansard 11.11.03, p.36.
[238] Submission
175, p.3 (Families Australia).
[239] Submission
61, p.16 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[240] Submission
70, p.7 (National Children's and Youth Law Centre).
[241] This subsequently went to the High Court: Commonwealth
v State of Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1 (the Dams Case).
[242] Committee
Hansard 12.3.04, p.107 (Dr Mathews).
[243] Lynch 2002. A discussion of the Commonwealth's
obligations regarding the UN Convention appears in the ALRC's report, Seen and heard pp.74-79. See also the
Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 17th Report,
1998.
[244] Portfolio Ministers, Australian Department of
Family and Community Services, Media
Release, 'Working together for children in foster care', 1.11.02.
[245] For details of key areas of action and proposed
outcomes, see http://www.facs.gov.au/internet/facsinternet.nsf/via/national_plan_foster_children/$file/NationalPlanFosterChildren.pdf
[246] Committee
Hansard 9.3.04, p.3 (WA Department for Community Development).
[247] Submission
53, p.8 (Post Adoption Resource Centre – The Benevolent Society).
[248] Submission
160, p.16 (Mofflyn).
[249] Submission
82, p.14 (Centacare-Sydney).
[250] Submission
44, pp.1-2 (Professor Chris Goddard).
[251] Submission
70, p.7 (National Children's and Youth Law Centre).
[252] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.76 (Berry Street Victoria).
[253] Australian Medical Association, 'More must be
done to protect our children from abuse and bullying', Media Release, 17 September 2004.
[254] Submission
49, pp.7-8 (CBERSS).
[255] ALRC 1997, pp.148-149.
[256] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.16 (Senator Murray).
[257] Confidential
submission, Additional
information.
[258] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.63 (Anglicare Victoria).
[259] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW), Australia's Welfare 2001,AIHW,
Canberra 2001, p.101.
[260] Johnstone H, 'The
demise of the institution – national trends in substitute care for children and
young people from 1970 to 2000', Paper presented at the 8th
Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect 2001, Melbourne, November,
p.2.
[261] Submission
82, p.3 (Centacare-Sydney).
[262] Submission
55, p.18 (WA Department for Community Development).
[263] Scott D, 'Home on the hill', Background Briefing, Radio National,
Sunday 7 September 2003.
[264] Submission
175, pp.14-16 (Families Australia).
[265] Submission
61, p.17 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[266] Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Forgotten Australians: a report on
Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children, 2004,
pp.xv-xvi.
[267] AIHW, Australia's
Welfare 2003, Canberra, 2003, p.257.
[268] Thorpe R, 'What Works!? Evidence based practice
in child & family services', Paper presented at the ACWA 2002 Conference,
2-4 September 2002.
[269] AIHW, Child
protection Australia 2003-04, AIHW cat. no.24, AIHW (Child Welfare Series
no.36), 2005, p.42.
[270] AIHW 2005, p.46; AIHW, Child protection Australia 1999-00, AIHW cat. no.24, Canberra:AIHW
(Child Welfare Series no.36), 2000, p.40. See also Productivity Commission, Report on Government Services 2005, Volume
2: Health, Community Services, Housing, Canberra, p.15.21.
[271] Productivity Commission 2005, p.15.23. See also
AIHW 2005, p.50.
[272] Crime and Misconduct Commission, Protecting Children: An Inquiry into Abuse
of Children in Foster Care, CMC, January 2004, pp.127-28; 234.
[273] Department of Human Services Victoria, Public Parenting: A review of home-based care
in Victoria, June 2003, p.12.
[274] AIHW 2005, p.41.
[275] CMC, pp.25, 35.
[276] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.14.
[277] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003, p.x.
[278] Submission
35, p.19 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[279] AIHW 2005, p.43.
[280] AIHW 2005, p.44. The national data for children
in out-of-home care is based on a count of children at 30 June of the relevant
year and are therefore a prevalence measure.
[281] AIHW 2005, pp.48,49.
[282] Submission
55, p.17 (WA Department for Community Development).
[283] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.22 (WA Department for Community Development).
[284] AIHW 2005, pp.45-47.
[285] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.25.
[286] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.65 (CREATE Foundation).
[287] AIHW 2005, p.48.
[288] AIHW 2005, p.50.
[289] AIHW 2003, p.253.
[290] Hanson D, Why
are they in children's homes? Report of the ACOSS children's home intake
study, Department of Social Security, 1979, pp.14-17.
[291] Johnstone, pp.3-4.
[292] Johnstone, p.4.
[293] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.61 (Anglicare Australia).
[294] Submission
71, p.16 (Catholic Welfare Australia).
[295] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.30.
[296] AIHW 2003, p.258.
[297] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.35.
[298] Ainsworth Frank, 'Drug use by parents: the
challenge for child protection and drug alcohol services', Children Australia, vol 29, no. 3, 2004, p.4.
[299] Submission
55, p.17 (WA Department for Community Development).
[300] Ainsworth 2004, p.6.
[301] Committee
Hansard 12.3.04, p.30.
[302] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.67 (CREATE Foundation).
[303] Johnstone, p.4.
[304] Senate Community Affairs References Committee, A hand up not a hand out: renewing the fight
against poverty, Report on poverty and financial hardship, March 2004,
p.258.
[305] Submission
59, p.11 (UnitingCare Burnside).
[306] Submission
165, pp.13-14 (People With Disability Australia Inc), (citing: Parliament of
NSW, Legislative Council Standing Committee on Social Issues, Care and Support, Final Report on Child
Protection Services, Report 29, Parliament of NSW, Sydney, 2002, 147).
[307] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.22 (WA Department for Community Development).
[308] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.35.
[309] Submission
226, p.2 (Anglicare Australia).
[310] Submission
35, p.15 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[311] SNAICC, Their
Future Our Responsibility: making a commitment to Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander children, p.7.
[312] SNAICC, p.7. See also Robertson Boni, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women's
taskforce on violence report. The State of Queensland, 1999.
[313] AIHW 2005, p.41.
[314] Submission
226, p.2 (Anglicare Australia).
[315] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.5 (WA Department for Community Development).
[316] Submission
115, p.3 (Children's Welfare Association of Victoria).
[317] Submission
115, pp.3-7 (Children's Welfare Association of Victoria).
[318] Submission
115, p.4 (Children's Welfare Association of Victoria).
[319] Submission
35, p.5 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[320] Submission
92.
[321] Submission
433, pp.1-2.
[322] Submission
35, p.18 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[323] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.57-58 (CREATE Foundation).
[324] Submission
369, pp.6-20.
[325] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.57 (CREATE Foundation).
[326] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.10 (WA Department for Community Development).
[327] Thomas Helen, 'Home on the Hill', Background Briefing, Radio National,
Sunday 7.9.03.
[328] Submission
81, p.3 (Youth Off The Streets).
[329] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.2 (Youth Off The Streets).
[330] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.77 (Berry Street Victoria).
[331] Confidential
attachment.
[332] Submission
69, pp.12-15 (CREATE Foundation).
[333] Thomas Helen, 'High risk kids', Background Briefing, Radio National,
Sunday 19.10.03.
[334] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.33 (MacKillop Family Services).
[335] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.68 (Anglicare Victoria).
[336] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.69 (Anglicare Victoria).
[337] Cashmore J, 'Child protection in the new
millennium', Social Policy Research
Centre Newsletter, May 2001, No 79, quoted in submission 35.
[338] Thomas 19.10.03.
[339] Thomas 19.10.03.
[340] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.46 (CBERSS).
[341] Radio National, Interview with delegate
-Knowledge into action: effective practice for children and family services
conference, Sydney, 2-4 August 2004, Life
Matters, 3.8.04.
[342] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.46-47 and Submission
49, p.9 (CBERSS).
[343] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.58 (CREATE Foundation).
[344] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.71.
[345] Submission
55, p.13 (WA Department for Community Development).
[346] Submissions
131; 239, p.2; 185, p.2; 190; 237, p.3; 139, p.2; 258, p.1.
[347] Submissions
293, p.1; 244, p.1; 395, pp.2-4.
[348] Submission
315, pp.2-3; see also Submissions
367, p.1; 368, p.7; 434 and 443.
[349] Submissions
327, p.6; 320, pp.1-2; 16, p.2; 17, p.1.
[350] Submission
126, pp.7-8.
[351] Submission
142, p.2.
[352] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.69.
[353] Submission
413, pp.3-4; also Submission 364,
p.2.
[354] Submission
419, pp.4-5.
[355] Thomas 7.9.03.
[356] Submission
50, p.14 (MacKillop Family Services).
[357] Submission
20, p.2.
[358] Submission
45, p.6 (NSW Committee on Adoption and Permanent Care).
[359] Submission
127, p.2 (West Heidelberg Community Legal Service).
[360] Cashmore, Dr Judy & Paxman, Ms Marina, Wards leaving care: a longitudinal study,
NSW Department of Community Services, Sydney, 1996.
[361] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.62-68.
[362] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.60-61.
[363] Scott D, 'Looking back to see ahead: enduring
insights and emerging understanding in relation to vulnerable children and
their families in the child welfare system', Lecture to mark Child Protection
Week, October 2000.
[364] Submission
53, p.7 (Post Adoption Resource Centre-The Benevolent Society).
[365] Submission
69, pp.19-21 (CREATE Foundation).
[366] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.2-3 (Youth Off The Streets).
[367] Submission
253, pp.1-3 (The Law Society of New South Wales).
[368] SNAICC, p.8.
[369] Submission
175, p.23 (Families Australia).
[370] SNAICC, p.5.
[371] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.66 (CREATE Foundation).
[372] Committee
Hansard 11.11.03, p.74 (Mrs Ziino).
[373] Department of Human Services Victoria 2003,
p.57.
[374] Submission
55, p.45 (WA Department for Community Development).
[375] Submission 61, p.18 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[376] Submission
45, pp.6-7 (NSW Committee on Adoption and Permanent Care).
[377] AIHW 2004, p.41.
[378] Submission
433, p.2.
[379] Submission
45, p.4 (NSW Committee on Adoption and Permanent Care).
[380] Mendes Philip and Moslehuddin Badal, 'Moving out
from the State parental home: a comparison of leaving care policies in Victoria
and New South Wales', Children Australia,
vol 29, no. 2, 2004, pp.20-29.
[381] Cashmore and Paxman 1996, Wards leaving care.
[382] Submission
369, p.6.
[383] Child Wise, Speaking
for themselves: voices of young people involved in commercial sexual activity,
August 2004, p.6.
[384] Submission
160, p.12 (Mofflyn).
[385] Submission
2, Additional information, p.1 (Dr Philip Mendes).
[386] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.30 (Positive Justice Centre).
[387] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.87 (Berry Street Victoria).
[388] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.3,5 (Centacare Catholic Community Services and
UnitingCare Burnside).
[389] Committee Hansard
4.2.04, p.13 (Youth Off The Streets).
[390] Mendes and Moslehuddin 2004, pp.20-29.
[391] Submission
2, p.1 (Dr Philip Mendes), additional information.
[392] Mendes Philip, 'A boost for those most in need',
The Canberra Times, 4.9.03, p.17.
[393] Mendes and Moslehuddin 2004, pp.20-29.
[394] Submission
55, Additional information 4.3.05 (WA Department for Community Development).
[395] Mendes and Moslehuddin, 2004, pp.20-29.
[396] Submission
226, p.3 (Anglicare Australia).
[397] Submission
45, p.10 (NSW Committee on Adoption & Permanent Care).
[398] Orr Bev, 'Surviving the allegation of abuse
investigation process', Presentation to Victorian Foster Care Conference,
Melbourne, Victoria, 2003, p.4.
[399] Australian Foster Care Association (AFCA), Securing a safe and effective foster care
system, Priorities and position statements, 2004, p.2 (Forward by Bev Orr,
AFCA President).
[400] Department of Human Services Victoria, Public Parenting: A review of home-based
care in Victoria, June 2003, p.40.
[401] AFCA, Securing
a safe and effective foster care system, Priorities and position
statements, 2002-2003, p.14.
[402] Submission
175, p.23 (Families Australia).
[403] Submission
44, p.1 (Professor Goddard).
[404] Dowling, Liz, 'Home on the Hill', Background Briefing, Radio National,
Sunday 7.9.03.
[405] Orr, Bev, 'Home on the Hill', Background Briefing, Radio National,
Sunday 7.9.03.
[406] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.11 (WA Department for Community Development).
[407] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.31 (Mercy Community Care Inc).
[408] Submission
35, p.4 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[409] Information cited in: Securing a safe and effective foster care system, Priorities and
position statements, 2002-2003, p.14.
[410] 'Home on the Hill', Background Briefing, Radio National, Sunday 7.9.03.
[411] Submission
35, p.5 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[412] Scott, Dorothy, 'Home on the Hill', Background Briefing, Radio National, 7.9.03.
[413] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.4 (Wesley Mission Dalmar).
[414] AFCA 2002-2003, p.2.
[415] Submission
61, p.17 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[416] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.76 (Berry Street Victoria).
[417] McHugh, Marilyn, The costs of caring: a study of appropriate foster care payments for
stable and adequate out of home care in Australia, Social Policy Research
Centre, University of NSW, February 2002.
[418] McHugh 2002, pp.xi-xvii.
[419] McHugh Marilyn, 'Paying for care: the state of
affairs in fostering', Paper presented at 8th Australian Institute
of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, 12-14 February 2003, pp.7-9.
[420] McHugh 2003, pp.9-10.
[421] Submission
35, p.21 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[422] McHugh 2003, p.11.
[423] AFCA 2004, pp.25-26.
[424] Committee
Hansard 11.11.03, pp.72,74 (Mrs Ziino) and Submission 12, p.3.
[425] Confidential
Attachment, pp.16-17.
[426] Submission
220, p.1.
[427] Confidential
Submission.
[428] Submission
61, p.20 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[429] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.11-12 (WA Department for Community Development).
[430] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.19 (Centacare Catholic Community Services).
[431] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.15 (Association of Children's Welfare Agencies).
[432] Submission
45, p.9 (NSW Committee on Adoption & Permanent Care) – citing DHS survey.
[433] Submission
127, p.2 (West Heidelberg Community Legal Service).
[434] Submission
45, p.9 (NSW Committee on Adoption & Permanent Care).
[435] Submission
61, p.16 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[436] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.17 (Association of Children's Welfare Agencies).
[437] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.17 (UnitingCare Burnside).
[438] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, p.65 (Anglicare Victoria).
[439] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.15 (Youth Off The Streets).
[440] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, pp.56 & 60 (Centacare Catholic Family Services); Committee Hansard 9.12.03, p.34 (Mercy
Community Services Inc).
[441] Submission
115, p.7 (Children's Welfare Association of Victoria).
[442] Submission
55, pp.13-15 (WA Department for Community Development).
[443] Committee
Hansard 12.11.03, pp.48-49 (Australian Council for Children & Youth
Organisations).
[444] Submission
54, p.6 (Australian Council for Children & Youth Organisations).
[445] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.36 (Mercy Community Services Inc).
[446] Department of Justice (Victoria), Working with Children Bill 2005,
Discussion paper, December 2004, p.4.
[447] Submission
72, p.3 (Queensland Commission for Children and Young People).
[448] Department of Justice (Victoria), p.4.
[449] Department of Justice (Victoria), pp.3-5.
[450] WA Department for Community Development – www.dcd.wa.gov.au
[451] Northern Territory Government (Department of
Health and Community Services), Consultation paper and response sheet on the
discussion draft for a proposed Act – Care
and Protection of Children and Young People Act 2005 – www.children.nt.gov.au
[452] Tasmanian Commissioner for Children, 'Screening
of individuals who work with children in Tasmania', Media Release, 7 January 2005.
[453] Department for Families and Communities (South
Australia), Screening and criminal
history checks policy, 1.2.2005, pp.1-3.
[454] Department for Families and Communities (South
Australia) 2005, pp.1-11.
[455] ACT Commissioner for Public Administration, The territory as
parent: review of the safety of children in care in the ACT and of ACT child
protection management, May 2004 (Vardon Report 2004), p.187.
[456] Murray G, The
territory's children: ensuring safety and quality care for children and young
people, Report on the audit and case review, July 2004, p.xxvii.
[457] Horin A, 'Weak watchdog raises abuse risk:
report', The Sydney Morning Herald,
27.10.04, p.6.
[458] McMenamin B, 'Police checks not enough to
protect our children' [Letters Page], The
Age, 29.10.04.
[459] Submission
45, p.10 (NSW Committee on Adoption & Permanent Care).
[460] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.16 (UnitingCare Burnside).
[461] Townsend, Ian, 'Child pornography raids
conducted in Qld', ABC PM, Friday 11.2.05.
[462] Orr, Bev, 'Surviving the allegation of abuse
investigation process', Presentation to Victorian Foster Care Conference,
Melbourne, Victoria, 2003, pp.1-6.
[463] Orr, Bev 2003, p.4.
[464] Confidential
Attachment, pp.11-34.
[465] Orr, Bev 2003, pp.2, 6-10.
[466] Submission
77, p.3 (Disability Council of NSW), quoting Community Services Commission, Inquiry into the practice and provision of
substitute care in NSW – new directions: from substitute to support care,
NSW Government, Sydney, 2000, pp.47-48.
[467] This definition is similar to that in the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW).
However, it is broader than that in other Acts in Australia, including that in
the Disability Services Act 1993
(NSW) – New South Wales Law Reform Commission, Review of the Disability Services Act 1993 (NSW), Report 91, July
1999, pp.75-77.
[468] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW), Children with disabilities in
Australia, 2004, pp.14-15, [AIHW Cat. No. DIS 38].
[469] Bain KJ, 'Children with severe disabilities:
options for residential care: is living under the same roof necessary for a
nurturing family relationship?', Medical
Journal of Australia 1998, 169, pp.598-600.
[470] Submission
173, p.15 (Victorian Government), quoting Ozanne, Rigby, Forbes, Glennen,
Gordon & Fyffe, Reframing
opportunities for people with intellectual disability, University of
Melbourne School of Social Work, 1999, p.173.
[471] Mellor EJ, Stepping
stones: the development of early childhood services in Australia, Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, London, 1990, pp.27-28.
[472] ACROD, 'Children with disability', Fact Sheet, May 2004, p.1.
[473] Submission
165, p.8 (People With Disability Australia Inc), quoting reports from the
Community Services Commission, Family Advocacy and Leadership Development, and
Amicus Brief to the Community Services Appeals Tribunal.
[474] AIHW, 'Deinstitutionalisation: the move towards
community-based care', Australia's
Welfare 2001, Canberra, 2001, p.99.
[475] Submission
77, p.4 (Disability Council of NSW).
[476] Submission
82, p.3 (Centacare-Sydney).
[477] AIHW 2001, pp.97-103.
[478] AIHW 2001, p.102.
[479] Gordon Meg, 'Family care of children with an
intellectual disability', in Reframing
opportunities for people with an intellectual disability, A report funded
by the Myer Foundation undertaken by School of Social Work, University of
Melbourne, 1999, pp.225-226.
[480] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[481] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[482] Gordon 1999, p.226.
[483] Gordon 1999, pp.198, 202-204.
[484] Gordon 1999, pp.203-205.
[485] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[486] Gordon 1999, p.199.
[487] Gordon 1999, p.211.
[488] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[489] AIHW 2004, p.14.
[490] AIHW 2004, pp.xii-xiii.
[491] Submission
77, p.5 (Disability Council of NSW).
[492] Submission
173, p.16 (Victorian Government); as this submission notes, many older adults
with disabilities have spent at least part of their childhood in institutions.
[493] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.77 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[494] AIHW 2004, p.42.
[495] AIHW 2004, pp.29-30.
[496] AIHW 2004, p.xiii.
[497] Yeatman A, Getting
real: the final report of the review of the Commonwealth-State Disability
Agreement, AGPS, Canberra, 1996, p.1.
[498] New South Wales Law Reform Commission 1999,
pp.53-55.
[499] Productivity Commission, Report on Government Services 2005, Volume 2: Health, Community
Services, Housing, Canberra, 2005, pp.13.4-13.5.
[500] Department of Family and Community Services
(FaCS), 'Commonwealth State Territory Disability Agreement', Factsheet, 30 July 2004 – www.facs.gov.au
[501] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
(AIHW), 'Disability and disability services', Australia's Welfare 2003, Canberra, 2003, p.358.
[502] New South Wales Law Reform Commission 1999, pp.8-9,
17.
[503] Submission
165, p.22 (People with Disability Australia Inc).
[504] New South Wales Law Reform Commission 1999,
pp.10-11.
[505] Gordon 1999, p.226.
[506] Submission
125, pp.7-8 (Queensland Government).
[507] Submission
72, pp.1-2 (Queensland Commission for Children and Young People).
[508] Submission
165, p.1 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[509] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.74 (Family Advocacy).
[510] Submission
77, p.7 (Disability Council of NSW).
[511] Submission
77, pp.4-5 (Disability Council of NSW); Submission
165, p.14 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[512] Submission
165, p.16 (People With Disability Australia Inc); Committee Hansard 4.2.04, pp.58-59 (CREATE Foundation); Submission 77, p.12 (Disability Council
of NSW); Committee Hansard 4.2.04,
pp.83-84 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[513] Submission
165, pp.11-12 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[514] Submission
165, p.20 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[515] Gordon 1999, pp.228, 230.
[516] Submission
84, pp.4-6 (Disability Services Commission WA).
[517] Submission
165, p.25 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[518] Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Seen and heard: priority for children in the
legal process, Report No. 84, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, 1997, p.109.
[519] Submission
220, p.2.
[520] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.85 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[521] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.85 (Family Advocacy).
[522] Submission
502, p.7.
[523] New South Wales Law Reform Commission 1999,
p.120.
[524] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.84 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[525] Submission
84, p.3 (Disability Services Commission WA).
[526] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.75 (Family Advocacy); Submission
165, p.8 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[527] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.75 (Family Advocacy).
[528] Submission
60 (Family Advocacy, pp.1-2 additional information).
[529] Submission
165, p.21 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[530] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.77 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[531] Submission
165, p.21 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[532] Confidential
Submission 91, p.13.
[533] Submission
77, p.9 (Disability Council of NSW).
[534] Submission
84, p.4 (Disability Services Commission WA).
[535] Submission
165, p.10 (People With Disability Australia Inc), quoting Audit Office of NSW,
Performance Audit Report: Ageing and Disability Department, Group homes for people with disabilities in
NSW, 2000, p.30.
[536] Submission
165, p.20 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[537] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.77 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[538] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.77 (Family Advocacy).
[539] Submission
502, p.7.
[540] Submission
502, pp.1-3.
[541] Submission
502, pp.1-3.
[542] Submission
503, p.2.
[543] Submission
503, p.2.
[544] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.78 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[545] SAAP provides transitional supported
accommodation and associated services to help people who are homeless or at
risk of homelessness.
[546] Submission
165, pp.17, 21 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[547] Submission
165, pp.15-17 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[548] Submission
77, pp.13-14 (Disability Council of NSW).
[549] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.81 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[550] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.81 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[551] Submission
77, p.15 (Disability Council of NSW).
[552] Submission
77, p.16 (Disability Council of NSW).
[553] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.79 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[554] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.78 (Family Advocacy).
[555] Submission
77, p.15 (Disability Council of NSW).
[556] Submission
71, p.19 (Catholic Welfare Australia).
[557] Submission
160, p.11 (Mofflyn).
[558] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.80 (Family Advocacy).
[559] Submission
84, pp.2-3 (Disability Services Commission WA).
[560] Submission
173, p.16 (Victorian Government).
[561] Submission
125, p.8 (Queensland Government).
[562] Submission
165, p.5 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[563] ACROD, 'Children with a disability', Factsheet, May 2004, p.2.
[564] Submission
125, p.7 (Queensland Government).
[565] ACROD, 'Children with a disability', Factsheet, May 2004, p.2.
[566] Submission
165, p.24 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[567] Submission
77, p.17 (Disability Council of NSW).
[568] Forgotten
Australians 2004, pp.197-198.
[569] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.76 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[570] Submission
165, p.25 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[571] Submission
77, pp.18-19 (Disability Council of NSW).
[572] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.76 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[573] Submission
165, p.25 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[574] Submission
165, pp.22,25 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[575] Submission
165, p.10 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[576] Submission
77, p.8 (Disability Council of NSW).
[577] Submission
165, p.20 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[578] Submission
77, p.7 (Disability Council of NSW), citing Community Services Commission
(CSC), Suffer the children: the Hall for
children report, NSW Government, Sydney, 1997, pp.4-7.
[579] Submission
165, p.5 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[580] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.83 (Family Advocacy).
[581] Submission
288, p.1.
[582] AAP, 'Catholic priest and brother to be
extradited to NZ', 14.2.05.
[583] Submission
79, p.8 (Broken Rites [Australia] Collective Inc).
[584] Confidential
Submission, pp.1-2.
[585] Confidential
Submission, pp.1-2, 5.
[586] Confidential
Submission, pp.8-12.
[587] Submission
125, p.6 (Queensland Government).
[588] Submission
125, p.7 (Queensland Government).
[589] Submission
160, p.11 (Mofflyn).
[590] Submission
160, p.12 (Mofflyn).
[591] Bain 1998, 169, pp.598-600.
[592] Submission
77, p.3 (Disability Council of NSW).
[593] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.81 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[594] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[595] Bain 1998, pp.598-600.
[596] Submission
165, p.25 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[597] Submission
277, p.1 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[598] Submission
177, p.8 (WA Department of Justice).
[599] Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Seen and heard: priority for children in the
legal process, Report No. 84, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, 1997, p.467.
[600] Australian Institute of Criminology – http://www.aic.gov.au
[601] Submission
177, p.8 (WA Department of Justice).
[602] Submission
72, p.2 (Queensland Commission for Children and Young People).
[603] Forgotten
Australians, p.38.
[604] Submission
69, p.9 (CREATE Foundation)
[605] Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) 'Juvenile
detention rates 1994-2003', Crime Facts
Info, No 87, 14.12.04.
[606] Submission
35, p.7 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[607] ALRC 1997, p.103.
[608] Submission
81, p.4 (Youth Off The Streets).
[609] Submission
35, p.7 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[610] Submission
82, p.6 (Centacare-Sydney) quoting Vinson 1974 and CAMA Report 1996.
[611] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, p.77 (WA Department of Justice).
[612] Stewart A, Dennison S & Waterson E,
'Pathways from child maltreatment to juvenile offending', Trends and Issues, No 241, AIC, October 2002, pp.1-6.
[613] Korn Y, 'Strategic directions in the prevention
of youth crime', Paper presented at the juvenile crime and juvenile justice: Towards
2000 and beyond conference, AIC, Adelaide, 26-27 June 1997, p.2, citing Youth
Voice from the National Youth in Care Network quoted in 'Young People Say' NCPC
1997, p.1.
[614] Kosky R, Sawyer M & Gowland J, 'Adolescents
in custody: hidden psychological morbidity?', Medical Journal of Australia, vol 53, July 1990, p.24.
[615] Submission
463, pp.1-4.
[616] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.75-76 (WA Department of Justice).
[617] Submission
81, p.4 (Youth Off The Streets).
[618] Australian Capital Territory Legislative
Assembly: Standing Committee on Community Services and Social Equity, The rights, interests and well-being of
children and young people, Report No 3, August 2003, p.71.
[619] Submission
177, pp.2-4 (WA Department of Justice).
[620] AIC, 'Juvenile detention rates 1994-2003', Crime Facts Info, No 87, 14.12.04.
[621] Norden Fr Peter, 'Are some states or territories
more delinquent than others? Inter-jurisdictional comparisons', Paper presented
at: Juvenile justice: from lessons of the past to a road map for the future
conference, AIC in conjunction with the NSW Department of Juvenile Justice,
Sydney, 1-2 December 2003.
[622] Committee
Hansard 12.03.04, p.46 (Father Dethlefs).
[623] Submission
81, p.6 (Youth Off The Streets).
[624] Submission
80, p.2 (Corrections Health Service).
[625] Submission
165, p.17 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[626] ALRC 1997, p.109.
[627] Submission
165, pp.17-18 (People With Disability Australia Inc).
[628] Submission
19, p.1 (Centre for Adolescent Health) - based on: Coffey C, Veit F, Wolfe R,
Cini E & Patton G, 'Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort
study', British Medical Journal, vol
326, 17.5.03.
[629] Submission
177, p.6 (WA Department of Justice).
[630] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.72-73 (WA Department of Justice).
[631] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.74-75 (WA Department of Justice) and Senator Humphries.
[632] Submission
173, p.22 (Victorian Government).
[633] Submission
480, p.1.
[634] Submission
480, p.1.
[635] Norden 2003.
[636] Submission
177, pp.2-5 (WA Department of Justice).
[637] Thompson J & Carrol M, 'Program Initiatives
within Juvenile Justice Victoria', Paper presented at the Juvenile Justice:
From lessons of the past to a road map for the future conference convened by
the AIC in conjunction with the NSW Department of Juvenile Justice, Sydney,
December 2003.
[638] ALRC 1997, p.476.
[639] Daly K & Hennessey H, 'Restorative justice
and conferencing in Australia', Trends
and Issues, No 186, AIC, February 2001, p.1.
[640] Bargen J, 'Diverting ATSI young offenders from
court and custody in New South Wales – practices, perspectives and
possibilities under the Young Offenders
Act 1997', Paper presented at the best practice interventions in
corrections for indigenous people conference, convened by the AIC, Sydney, 8-9
October 2001, pp.4-5.
[641] Korn 1997, pp.3-4.
[642] ALRC 1997, pp.477-478.
[643] Bargen 2001, p.11.
[644] ALRC 1997, pp.484-485, citing National inquiry
into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from
their families (Bringing them home),
HREOC, Sydney, 1997, pp.521 & 525.
[645] Bargen 2001, pp.9-11.
[646] Sherman LW, Strang H & Woods DJ, Recidivism patterns in the Canberra
reintegrative shaming experiments (RISE), Centre for Restorative Justice,
Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, November
2000, pp.3-4.
[647] Sherman, Strang & Woods 2000, pp.5-7.
[648] Sherman, Strang & Woods 2000, pp. 15, 18-19.
[649] Norden 2003.
[650] Carcah C and Leverett S, 'Juvenile offending:
specialisation or versatility', Trends
and Issues, No. 108, AIC, April 1999.
[651] Stewart A, Dennison S and Waterson E, 'Pathways
from child maltreatment to juvenile offending', Trends and Issues, No 241, AIC, October 2002, p.6.
[652] Bargen 2001, p.11.
[653] Submissions
29, p.2 (ChilOut); 35, pp.25-26 (NSW Commissioner for Children and Young
People); 74, pp.3-4,31-36 (Western Young People's Independent Network and
Catholic Commission for Justice Development and Peace); 165, pp.19-21 (People
with Disability Australia Inc); 396, pp.5-6 (A Van Boeyen).
[654] Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
A last resort? National Inquiry into
Children in Detention Centres, April 2004. The report may be accessed at: http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/children_detention_report/index.html
[655] Submission
175, pp.6-8 (Families Australia).
[656] Australian Medical Association, 'More must be
done to protect our children from abuse and bullying – AMA', Media Release, 17 September 2004.
[657] Submission
35, pp.27-28 (NSW Commission for Children and Young People).
[658] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, pp.30-31 (Positive Justice Centre).
[659] Submission
122A, p.21 (Positive Justice Centre).
[660] Committee
Hansard 4.2.04, p.31 (Positive Justice Centre).
[661] Committee
Hansard 9.12.03, pp.44-45 (CBERSS).
[662] Submission
49, p.9 (CBERSS).
[663] Forgotten
Australians 2004, p.322.
[664] Cashmore J and Ainsworth F, Audit of Australian out-of-home care research, Child and Family
Welfare Association with support from the Ian Potter Foundation, 2004, p.9.
[665] Submission
122A, (Positive Justice Centre).
[666] Submission
70, p.6 (National Children's and Youth Law Centre).
[667] Submission
67, p.16 (Australian Institute of Family Studies) – citing Tomison &
Stanley 2001.
[668] AIHW 2005, p.12.
[669] AMA, Media
Release, 17 September 2004.
[670] Taken from a media conference transcript on the
AMA Summit on Child Abuse, Canberra, 19 February 2004, p.1.
[671] Submission
49, pp.11-12 (CBERSS).
[672] Stanley AC Prof Fiona, The real brain drain – why putting children first is so important for
Australia, National Press Club Address, 6 August 2003.
[673] Stanley AC Prof Fiona 2003.
[674] Submission
49, p.11 (CBERSS).
[675] AMA, Media
Release, Attachment, 17 September 2004.
[676] Submission
277, p.9 (Office of the Commissioner for Children Tasmania).
[677] Department of Family and Community Services,
Additional information, 23.2.05.
[678] Submission
175, p.19 (Families Australia).
[679] Submission
511, p.4.
[680] Submission
175, p.21 (Families Australia).