Footnotes


Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Submission 62, p. 5.

[2]        IFAW, Submission 62, p. 5.

[3]        ‘China's ban on ivory trade comes into force’, BBC News, 1 January 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42532017 (accessed 13 September 2018).

[4]        US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Administration Takes Bold Step for African Elephant Conservation: Completes Near-Total Elephant Ivory Ban to Cut Off Opportunities for Traffickers', Press release, 2 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=administration-takes-bold-step-for-african-elephant-conservation%3A-&_ID=35686#.V1BhTjFIG2Q.twitter (accessed 16 May 2018).

[5]        For the Love of Wildlife (FLOW), Submission 54, Attachment C, p. [9].

[6]        FLOW, Submission 54, Attachment C, p. [9].

[7]        IFAW, Under the Hammer, September 2016, p. 19. 

[8]        The definition of commercial activities is drawn from the UK government's definition provided in its submission. See UK government, Submission 47, p. 23.

Chapter 2 - Background

[1]        United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Submission 71, p. 2.

[2]        See for example International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Submission 65, p. 5; Dr Lynn Johnson, Nature Needs More, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018. p. 14; Mr Luke Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 23; and Ms Clair Overy, The Thin Green Line Foundation, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 30.

[3]        Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018. p. 23

[4]        IFAW, Submission 62, p. 5.

[5]        Ms Zara Bending, The Jane Goodall Society, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 31.

[6]        UNODC, Submission 71, p. 2.

[7]        UNODC, Submission 71, p. 2.

[8]        UNODC, World Wildlife Crime Report, 2016, p. 14.

[9]        Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. [3].

[10]      Ms Grace Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 2.

[11]      Ms Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 3.

[12]      Ms Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 2.

[13]      Dr Giovanni Broussard, UNODC, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 51.

[14]      Dr Broussard, UNODC, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 51.

[15]      Mr Gabriel Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 26.

[16]      Mr Paul Murphy, Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE), Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 15; Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 38.

[17]      UNODC, World Wildlife Crime Report, 2016, p. 41.

[18]      UNODC, World Wildlife Crime Report, 2016, p. 41.

[19]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 17.

[20]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. [1].

[21]      Further details outlining the Great Elephant Census can be found at The Great Elephant Census, Fact Sheet, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5304f39be4b0c1e749b456be/t/57c71ec12994ca8ea022a952/1472667344389/GEC+Results+Summary+Fact+Sheet+FINAL_8+26+2016.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018).

[22]      The Great Elephant Census, Final Results, http://www.greatelephantcensus.com/final-report/ (accessed 30 July 2018).

[23]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. [1].

[24]      The Great Elephant Census, Final Results.

[25]      Red landscapes declining >5%/year, orange declining 2-5%/year, yellow declining or increasing <2%/year, pale green increasing 2-5%/year, dark green increasing >5%/year. See The Great Elephant Census, Final Results.

[26]      International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Loxodonta Africana, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12392/0 (accessed 30 July 2018).

[27]      Mr Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 28.

[28]      CITES noted that current estimates are not based on sound data and are largely founded on historical report. See CITES, Illegal Trade in Live Asian Elephants: A review of current legislative, regulatory, enforcement, and other measures across range States, CoP17, Doc.57, 2016, p. [9].

[29]      CITES, Illegal Trade in Live Asian Elephants: A review of current legislative, regulatory, enforcement, and other measures across range States, CoP17, Doc.57, 2016, p. [9].

[30]      IUCN, Elephas maximus.

[31]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 4.

[32]      Dr Broussard, UNODC, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 53.

[33]      Save the Rhino International, Poaching for rhino horn, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/threats/poaching-rhino-horn/ (accessed 23 August 2018).

[34]      Ms Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 3.

[35]      Ms Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 3.

[36]      IFAW, Submission 49, Attachment 4, p. [4].

[37]      IFAW, Submission 49, Attachment 4, pp. [1]–[11].

[38]      Save the Rhino International, White Rhino, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/white-rhinos/ (accessed 31 July 2018).

[39]      BBC, 'Northern white rhino: Last male Sudan dies in Kenya', BBC News, 20 March 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43468066 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[40]      IUCN, Ceratotherium simum, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/4185/0 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[41]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 1.

[42]      Save the Rhino International, Black Rhino, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/black-rhinos/ (accessed 31 July 2018).

[43]      IUCN, Diceros bicornis, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6557/0 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[44]      Save the Rhino International, Black Rhino.

[45]      Save the Rhino International, Greater One-Horned Rhino, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/greater-one-horned-rhino/ (accessed 31 July 2018).

[46]      IUCN, Rhinoceros unicornis, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19496/0 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[47]      Save the Rhino International, Sumatran rhino, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/sumatran-rhino/ (accessed 31 July 2018).

[48]      IUCN, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6553/0 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[49]      Save the Rhino International, Javan rhino, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/javan-rhino/ (accessed 31 July 2018).

[50]      IUCN, Rhinoceros sondaicus, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19495/0 (accessed 31 July 2018).

[51]      Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (CITES), What is CITES?, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php (accessed 14 May 2018).

[52]      CITES, What is CITES?

[53]      CITES, What is CITES?

[54]      In addition to a management authority, parties are required to delegate a scientific authority that monitors the export permits granted by the State for CITES specimens, and the actual exports of such specimens. If a scientific authority determines that the export of that species should be limited, then it should inform the management authority to establish suitable measures to 'limit the grant of export permits for specimens of that species'. See CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article IV. 

[55]      CITES, What is CITES?

[56]      DoEE, How CITES works, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/cites/how-cites-works (accessed 11 April 2018).  

[57]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29

[58]      CITES, What is CITES?

[59]      CITES, What is CITES?

[60]      CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php (accessed 14 May 2018). 

[61]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article IV.  

[62]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article II.  

[63]      Special rules are in place for the elephant populations in these countries that govern hunting trophies   and the trade in elephant products including ivory. For example, the trade in raw ivory is permitted for registered government-owned stores. See CITES, Appendices, https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php (accessed 17 May 2018). 

[64]      CITES, What is CITES?

[65]      CITES, What is CITES?

[66]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article II.  

[67]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[68]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[69]      Different exemptions apply depending on the level of protection granted to a species (appendix I or II). For example, if an Appendix I item was acquired outside of the owner's country of usual residence and is being imported into that country. See CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[70]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[71]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[72]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[73]      CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article VII. 

[74]      Ivory derived from walrus is permitted because it is an Appendix III listed species. See CITES, Washington, 3 March 1973, entry into force 27 October 1976, [1976] ATS 29, Article II. 

[75]      Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), Part 13A

[76]      DoEE, Internationally endangered plants and animals (CITES), http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/cites (accessed 6 June 2018).

[77]      DoEE, Pre-CITES certificates, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/permits/pre-cites-certificates (accessed 11 April 2018).  

[78]      DoEE, Pre-CITES certificates. 

[79]      The Minister may enact stricter domestic measures. See EPBC Act, s. 303CB.  

[80]      DoEE, Australia's stricter domestic measures, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/cites/stricter-measures (accessed 11 April 2018).  

[81]      Commonwealth of Australia, Listing of CITES Species: Declaration of Stricter Domestic Measures, December 2002.

[82]      DoEE, Trade in Rhinoceros Specimens, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/cites/stricter-measures/rhino (accessed 11 April 2018).  

[83]      DoEE, Pre-CITES certificates. 

[84]      DoEE, Pre-CITES certificates. 

[85]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 10.

[86]      The DoEE defines ivory to include: carvings, ivory carvings, ivory pieces, jewellery – ivory, piano keys, tusks, teeth, and items that are not identified (blank). Trade terms not included: bone pieces, derivatives, feet, garments, hair, leather products (small), leather products (large), skin, skin pieces, specimens, tails. See DoEE, Submission 30, p. 11.

[87]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 12.

[88]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 12.

[89]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 13.

[90]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 13.

[91]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 14.

[92]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 14.

[93]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 15.

[94]      According to the Department of Home Affairs, the Australian Federal Police 'contributes to Australia's role in addressing wildlife crime, through sharing information with the DoEE and other law enforcement partners in relation to illegal trade in protected wildlife'. See Department of Home Affairs (Home Affairs), Submission 35, p. 3.

[95]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 9.

[96]      Julia Larsen Maher, 'CITES CoP17 Delegates Adopt Resolution Recommending Closure of Domestic Elephant Ivory Markets Globally', National Geographic, 2 October 2016, https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/10/02/cites-cop17-delegates-adopt-resolution-recommending-closure-of-domestic-elephant-ivory-markets-globally/ (accessed 10 May 2018).  

[97]      Maher, 'CITES CoP17 Delegates Adopt Resolution Recommending Closure of Domestic Elephant Ivory Markets Globally', National Geographic, 2 October 2016.  

[98]      Maher, 'CITES CoP17 Delegates Adopt Resolution Recommending Closure of Domestic Elephant Ivory Markets Globally', National Geographic, 2 October 2016.  

[99]      US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Administration Takes Bold Step for African Elephant Conservation: Completes Near-Total Elephant Ivory Ban to Cut Off Opportunities for Traffickers', Press release, 2 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=administration-takes-bold-step-for-african-elephant-conservation%3A-&_ID=35686#.V1BhTjFIG2Q.twitter (accessed 16 May 2018).  

[100]    Author undisclosed, 'SAR to phase out ivory trade, increase penalties for illicit endangered species trade from May', The Standard, 23 April 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=106217&sid=4 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[101]    Author undisclosed, 'Taiwan to revise laws for 2020 ban on ivory trade', The Standard, 4 April 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=105203&story_id=105203&d_str=20180404&sid=3 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[102]    Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ (accessed 30 May 2018).

[103]    Stefan Gabrynowicz, Submission 22, p. 12.

[104]    Georgina Lee, 'Is the UK lagging behind on stopping the ivory trade?', Channel 4 News, https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-is-the-uk-lagging-behind-on-stopping-the-ivory-trade (accessed 6 June 2018).

[105]    UNODC, Submission 71, p. 12.

[106]    EPBC Act, s.303GN(6)(a) 

[107]    IFAW, Under the Hammer: Are Auction Houses in Australia and New Zealand Contributing to the Demise of Elephants and Rhinos? (Under the Hammer), September 2016, p. 19. 

[108]    IFAW, Under the Hammer, September 2016, p. 19. 

[109]    IFAW, Under the Hammer, September 2016, p. 19. 

[110]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16.

[111]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16.

[112]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 14–15.

Chapter 3 - International trade control framework

[1]        US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Administration Takes Bold Step for African Elephant Conservation: Completes Near-Total Elephant Ivory Ban to Cut Off Opportunities for Traffickers', Press release, 2 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=administration-takes-bold-step-for-african-elephant-conservation%3A-&_ID=35686#.V1BhTjFIG2Q.twitter (accessed 16 May 2018).

[2]        The White House, 'Executive Order ­– Combating Wildlife Trafficking', Executive Order, 1 July 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/01/executive-order-combating-wildlife-trafficking (accessed 16 May 2018).

[3]        US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Revisions to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) Special Rule for the African Elephant', Questions and Answers, 6 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/questions-and-answers-african-elephant-4d-final-rule.pdf (accessed 16 May 2018).

[4]        US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Administration Takes Bold Step for African Elephant Conservation: Completes Near-Total Elephant Ivory Ban to Cut Off Opportunities for Traffickers', Press release, 2 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=administration-takes-bold-step-for-african-elephant-conservation%3A-&_ID=35686#.V1BhTjFIG2Q.twitter (accessed 16 May 2018).

[5]        US Fish and Wildlife Service, 'Revisions to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) Special Rule for the African Elephant', Questions and Answers, 6 June 2016, https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/questions-and-answers-african-elephant-4d-final-rule.pdf (accessed 16 May 2018).

[6]        UK government, Submission 47, p. 28.

[7]        International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Submission 65, p. 17.

[8]        Mr David Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 64.

[9]        Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 64.

[10]      Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Submission 33, p. 6.

[11]      EIA, Submission 33, p. 7.

[12]      Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE), Submission 30, p. 19.

[13]      Agence France-Presse, 'All ivory dealing now illegal in mainland', The Standard, 2 January 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=191245&story_id=50003534&d_str=20180102&sid=3 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[14]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 28.

[15]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 28.

[16]      Lisa Movius, 'Antique ivory not affected by China's complete trade ban', The Art Newspaper, 6 February 2018, https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/complete-ban-on-ivory-trading-comes-into-force-in-china (accessed 3 May 2018).

[17]      Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 62.

[18]      Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 62.

[19]      Agence France-Presse, 'All ivory dealing now illegal in mainland', The Standard, 2 January 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=191245&story_id=50003534&d_str=20180102&sid=3 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[20]      Author undisclosed, 'SAR to phase out ivory trade, increase penalties for illicit endangered species trade from May', The Standard, 23 April 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=106217&sid=4 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[21]      Author undisclosed, 'SAR to phase out ivory trade, increase penalties for illicit endangered species trade from May', The Standard, 23 April 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=106217&sid=4 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[22]      Author undisclosed, 'SAR to phase out ivory trade, increase penalties for illicit endangered species trade from May', The Standard, 23 April 2018, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=106217&sid=4 (accessed 3 May 2018).

[23]      The Jane Goodall Institute Australia, Submission 38, p. [11].

[24]      The Jane Goodall Institute Australia, Submission 38, p. [11].

[25]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. [5].

[26]      Mr Paul Murphy, DoEE, response to Question on Notice, pp. 1–2, (received 3 August 2018).

[27]      United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Submission 71, p. 13.

[28]      UK government, 'Government confirms UK ban on ivory sales', Press release, 3 April 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-confirms-uk-ban-on-ivory-sales (accessed 17 September 2018).

[29]      UK government, Government sets out plans for ivory ban, 6 October 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-sets-out-plans-for-ivory-ban (accessed 7 May 2018).

[30]      UK government, Government sets out plans for ivory ban, 6 October 2017, (accessed 7 May 2018).

[31]      UK government, Government sets out plans for ivory ban, 6 October 2017, (accessed 7 May 2018).

[32]      Her Excellence Menna Rawlings CMG, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 16.

[33]      Commercial activities is defined as: buying, selling or hiring ivory; offering or arranging to buy, sell or hire ivory; keeping ivory for sale or hire; exporting ivory from the UK for sale or hire; and importing ivory into UK for sale or hire. See Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 23, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/696474/banning-ivory-consult-sum-resp.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

[34]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 23.

[35]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 23.

[36]      The UK government stated that it had opted for a later date (1975) than that applied to de minimis (1947) is in recognition that many instruments, in particular pianos and violin bows, continued to be made using ivory into the late 20th century, and in use by professional musicians. See DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 24.

[37]      Portrait miniatures contain a small amount of ivory, often painted, and are not valued for their ivory content. Portrait miniatures were primarily created between the 17th and 19th centuries. The UK government supported stakeholders' view that the sale of portrait miniatures would not 'fuel, directly or indirectly, the continued poaching of elephants'. See DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 24.

[38]      The UK government advised that a 'limited amount of institutions, such as selected museums' would be required to provide advice to a governing body 'on whether an item should be exempted under this category'. The UK government will also 'provide statutory guidance to participating advisory institutions on the criteria that items falling under this exemption must meet'. Eligibility for exemption is only available for items produced at least 100 years prior to the ivory ban coming into force. See DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, pp. 24–25.

[39]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, pp. 24–25.

[40]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, pp. 24–25.

[41]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 26.

[42]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 26.

[43]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 26.

[44]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 26.

[45]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 27.

[46]      Civil sanction will consist of: stop notices, monetary penalties, enforcement undertakings and enforcement cost recovery notices. Non-compliance with  a civil sanction could result in a criminal prosecution. See DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 27.

[47]      Criminal sanctions will align with existing offences concerning for ivory under the UK Control of Trade in Endangered Species Regulations. See DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 27.

[48]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 27.

[49]      DEFRA, Banning UK sales of ivory: Summary of responses and government response, April 2018, p. 27.

[50]      Her Excellency Rawlings CMG, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 17.

[51]      Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansards, 9 July 2018, p. 64.

[52]      Mr Scott Dempsey, Animal Defenders Office (ADO), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 3.

[53]      Mr Erin Dale, Australian Border Force (ABF), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 45.

[54]      Dr Lynn Johnson, Nature Needs More, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 11.

[55]      Ms Clair Overy, The Thin Green Line Foundation, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 33

[56]      Professor Grant Pink, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 5.

[57]      EIA, Submission 33, p. 8.

[58]      Gordon Consulting, Submission 48, p. [4].

[59]      Dr Rebecca Johnson, Australia Museum, Museums and Galleries Australia, and the Council of Heads of Australian Faunal Collections, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 26.

[60]      Her Excellency Rawlings CMG, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 17.

[61]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 23.

[62]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 24.

[63]      UK Ivory Bill, section 6, p. 5. 

[64]      For example see: Mr Gabriel Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 26.

[65]      Ms Rebecca Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 5.

[66]      Mr Cowdery, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 65.

[67]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. 6.

[68]      Dawn Davis, Australian Antique & Arts Dealers Association (AAADA), Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 38.

[69]      Ms Therese Howard, Bloomsbury Antiques, Proof Hansard, 5 July 2018, p. 10.

[70]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, Attachment 1, p. 11.

[71]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, Attachment 1, p. 5.

[72]      Jane Raffan, Auctioneers and Valuers Association of Australia (AVAA), Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 35.

[73]      Mr Cameron Slatyer, Australian Museum, Museums and Galleries Australia, and the Council of Heads of Australian Faunal Collections (Australia Museum), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 32.

[74]      Mr Cameron Slatyer, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 31.

[75]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 24.

[76]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 24.

[77]      UK Ivory Bill, section 8, p. 5.

[78]      Mr Robert Walker, Australian Music Association (AMA), Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 1.

[79]      Mr Brent Ottley; Mr Alex Grant, Alex W Grant Violins; Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, pp. 3–4.

[80]      Mr Walker, AMA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 3.

[81]      AMA, Submission 32, p. [3].

[82]      Celtic Piping Club, Submission 83, p. 1.

[83]      Celtic Piping Club, Submission 83, p. 3.

[84]      Mr Ottley, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 4.

[85]      Pianos Recycled, Submission 81, p. [3].

[86]      Pianos Recycled, Submission 81, p. [1].

[87]      AMA, Submission 32, p. [2].

[88]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 19.

[89]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 20.

[90]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 24.

[91]      UK Ivory Bill, Section 6, p. 5.

[92]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 38.

[93]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[94]      Her Excellence Rawlings CMG, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 18.

[95]      UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[96]      EIA, Submission 33, p. 8.

[97]      Mr Brown, EIA, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 59.

[98]      Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 59.

[99]      Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 59.

[100]    Gordon Consulting, Submission 48, p. 1.

[101]    The Australia Institute (TAI), Submission 78, p. 8.

[102]    Mr Roderick Campbell, The Australia Institute (TAI), Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 4.

[103]    See Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 41;

[104]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[105]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[106]    Dr Johnson, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 26.

[107]    Mr Slatyer, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[108]    Mr Slatyer, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 33.

[109]    Mr Slatyer, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 33.

[110]    Mr Slatyer, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[111]    John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 45.

[112]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 36.

[113]    Dr Johnson, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 26.

[114]    Dr Johnson, Australia Museum, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 30.

[115]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[116]    Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Ivory Bill Factsheet, Compliance, 29 June 2018, p. 3,  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721456/ivory-bill-factsheet-compliance.pdf (accessed 21 August 2018).

[117]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 25.

[118]    UK government, Submission 47, pp. 26–27.

[119]    AVAA, Submission 49, Attachment 2, pp. 8–15.

[120]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 27.

[121]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 27.

[122]    UK government, Submission 47, p. 27.

[123]    Mr Cowdrey, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 59.

[124]    IFAW, Submission 62, Attachment 2, p. [1].

[125]    Mr Scott Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 6.

[126]    IFAW, Submission 62, Attachment 2, p. [1].

[127]    IFAW, Submission 62, Attachment 2, p. [1].

[128]    IFAW, Submission 62, Attachment 2, p. [1].

[129]    IFAW, Submission 62, Attachment 2, p. [2].

[130]    Mr Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 7.

[131]    Mr Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 7.

[132]    Mr Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 7.

[133]    Mr Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 8.

[134]    Professor Pink, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 7.

Chapter 4 - Domestic trade control framework

[1]        International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Submission 65, p. 10.

[2]        IFAW, Submission 65, p. 10.

[3]        IFAW, Submission 65, p. 2.

[4]        CITES, 'Closure of domestic ivory markets that are contributing to poaching or illegal trade',  Notification to the Parties, No.2017/077, 19 December 2017, https://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/notif/E-Notif-2017-077.pdf (accessed 27 August 2018).

[5]        Mr Paul Murphy, Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE), Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p.16.

[6]        For the Love of Wildlife (FLOW), Submission 54, Attachment C, p. [9].

[7]        FLOW, Submission 54, Attachment C, p. [9].

[8]        DoEE, Submission 30, p. 19.

[9]        Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p.16.

[10]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 48.

[11]      The issue of data is considered further in Chapter 5 of this report. See Chapter 5, paragraph 5.39–5.59.

[12]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 48.

[13]      Ms Rebecca Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 2.

[14]      Ms Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 2.

[15]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 12–13.

[16]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 12–13.

[17]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 14–15.

[18]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 2.

[19]      Mr Scott Dempsey, Animal Defenders Office (ADO), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 1.

[20]      Mr Dempsey, ADO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 1.

[21]      Mr Gabriel Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 29.

[22]      Ms Zara Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 18.

[23]      Mr Andrew Brown, Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 56.

[24]      Her Excellency Menna Rawlings, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 23

[25]      Dr Sylvia Loh, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 26.

[26]      Mr Luke Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 26.

[27]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 26.

[28]      Professor Grant Pink, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 9.

[29]      Ms Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 18.

[30]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 2.

[31]      Ms Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 1.

[32]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 2.

[33]      Dr Cameron Murray, SAVE African Rhino Foundation, Proof Hansard, 5 July 2018, p. 6.

[34]      Her Excellency Rawlings, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 16.

[35]      United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), World Wildlife Crime Report, 2016, p. 11.

[36]      Ms Grace Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 7.

[37]      Ms Ge Gabriel, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 7.

[38]      Mr Matt Young, 'An Australian man has faced a US court and admitted he was the mastermind behind a massive smuggling operation', News.com.au, 31 October 2017.

[39]      UNODC, Submission 41, p. 13.

[40]      UNODC, Submission 41, p. 13.

[41]      UNODC, Submission 41, p. 14.

[42]      UNODC, Submission 41, p. 14.

[43]      Mr Jeremy Johnson, Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 46.

[44]      Mr Johnson, ACIC, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 47.

[45]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, pp. 20–21.

[46]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 22.

[47]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 21.

[48]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 25.

[49]      Mr Bond, Submission 2, p. 2.

[50]      IFAW, Click to Delete: Australian websites selling endangered wildlife (Click to Delete), 2013, p. 4.

[51]      This includes second-hand and pawn shop enterprises.

[52]      See John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44; and Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 35.

[53]      Facebook, Submission 73, p. [2].

[54]      The committee was advised that IFAW had provided the DoEE with a copy of the report. At the time, the DoEE had not concluded whether criminal offences had been made under the EPBC Act. See Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 43.

[55]      Ms Josey Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 4.

[56]      Ms Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 4.

[57]      Ms Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 4.

[58]      Ms Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 5.

[59]      Ms Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 5.

[60]      The Australian Antique & Arts Dealers Association (AAADA), Submission 60, p, [2].

[61]      The AAADA has 103 members from across Australia. See AAADA, Submission 60, p, [2].

[62]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, pp. 37–38.

[63]      Mrs Keren Lewis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 39.

[64]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 39.

[65]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, pp. 39–40.

[66]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 40.

[67]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 43.

[68]      Mrs Lewis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 43.

[69]      Mrs Lewis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 43.

[70]      AAADA, Submission 60, p. [2].

[71]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 37.

[72]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 37.

[73]      AAADA, Submission 60, p. [4].

[74]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 40.

[75]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 35–36.

[76]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, pp. 35–36.

[77]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 36.

[78]      Dawn Davis, AAADA, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 45.      

[79]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 35.

[80]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 35.

[81]      Mr Michael Cohen, 'On the battle for antique ivory: an appeal from BADA's chairman', Antiques Trade Gazette, 2 July 2018, https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/2018/on-the-battle-for-antique-ivory-an-appeal-from-bada-s-chairman/ (accessed 10 August 2018).

[82]      IFAW, Under the hammer, September 2016, p. 2.

[83]      IFAW, Under the hammer, September 2016, p. 2.

[84]      IFAW, Under the hammer, September 2016, p. 3.

[85]      IFAW, Under the hammer, September 2016, p. 3.

[86]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, pp. [2]–[3].

[87]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, pp. [2]–[3].

[88]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, p. [3].

[89]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[90]      Leonard Joel, Submission 51, p. [1].

[91]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 45.

[92]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[93]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[94]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 49.

[95]      The Auctioneers and Valuers Association of Australia (AVAA) represents 180 members from across the auction house and antique industry. See Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 37.

[96]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 35.

[97]      Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 40.

[98]      Mr David Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[99]      Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[100]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[101]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[102]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 44.

[103]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 45.

[104]    John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 46.

[105]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 49.

[106]    IFAW, Submission 65, p. 8.

[107]    IFAW, Submission 65, p. 8.

[108]    IFAW, Click to Delete, 2013, p. 4.

[109]    IFAW, Click to Delete, 2013, p. 4.

[110]    Ms Tania McCrea-Steele, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 63.

[111]    eBay, Submission 70, p. [1].

[112]    eBay, Submission 70, p. [2].

[113]    eBay, Submission 70, p. [2].

[114]    Ms McCrea-Steele, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 63.

[115]    Facebook, Submission 73, p. [2].

[116]    Mr Max Slackman, Facebook, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 7.

[117]    Mr Slackman, Facebook, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 8.

[118]    Mrs Mia Garlick, Facebook, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 10.

[119]    Facebook, Submission 73, p. [2].

[120]    Mr Slackman, Facebook, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 9.

[121]    Ms Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 6.

[122]    Ms McCrea-Steele, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 63.

[123]    Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Submission 33, pp. 8–9.

[124]    Dr Lynn Johnson, Nature Needs More, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 19.

[125]    Mr Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 27.

[126]    Ms Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 20.

[127]    Ms Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 6.

[128]    See Collettee Dinnigan, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 14.

[129]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 36.

[130]    Ms Dinnigan AO, Submission 5, Attachment 1, p. 1.

[131]    Ms Dinnigan AO, Submission 5, Attachment 1, p. 1.

[132]    Ms Keeble, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 4.

[133]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 43.

[134]    John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 49.

[135]    John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 49.

[136]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 43.

[137]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 37.

[138]    Ms Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 20.

Chapter 5 - Other related matters

[1]        Mrs Monica Collins, Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE), Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 12.

[2]        DoEE, Submission 30, p. 9.

[3]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 15.

[4]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 15.

[5]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 14.

[6]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 16.

[7]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 15.

[8]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 18.

[9]        Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 13.

[10]      Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 14.

[11]      Department of Home Affairs (Home Affairs), Submission 35, p. 4.

[12]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[13]      Ms Erin Dale, Australian Border Force (ABF), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 45.

[14]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[15]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 9.

[16]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[17]      Included skin, tooth, bone, feet, hair and ivory.

[18]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 5.

[19]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 5.

[20]      Mr Paul Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 15.

[21]      Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 13.

[22]      Mrs Collins, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 13.

[23]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16; Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 37.

[24]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 5.

[25]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 15

[26]      Dr Lynn Johnson, Nature Needs More, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 8.

[27]      Ms Donalea Patman, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 10.

[28]      Ms Rebecca Keeble, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 6.

[29]      The Jane Goodall Society, Submission 38, p. [4].

[30]      Mr Luke Bond, Submission 2, p. 3.

[31]      Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 41.

[32]      Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 40.

[33]      Mr John Gibbon, Home Affairs, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 40.

[34]      See Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 13; Mr Gibbon, Home Affairs, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 36.

[35]      Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 42.

[36]      Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 42.

[37]      Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 39.

[38]      Mr Bond, Submission 2, p. 3.

[39]      Ms Patman, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 10.

[40]      Mr Gabriel Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 25.

[41]      Ms Lisa Rauter, Australian National Audit Office (ANAO), Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 11.

[42]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 12.

[43]      IFAW, Submission 62, p. 4.

[44]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16.

[45]      Dr Shireen Draft, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 20.

[46]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16.

[47]      Ms Zara Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 20.

[48]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 12.

[49]      Mr Bond, Submission 2, p, 2.

[50]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 25.

[51]      Mr Bond, EcoEnforce, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 25.

[52]      Ms Hayley Vella, For the Love of Wildlife (FLOW), Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 9.

[53]      Mr Bending, Centre for Environmental Law, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 22.

[54]      United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Submission 71, p. 10.

[55]      ANAO, Submission 58, p. [2].

[56]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 11.

[57]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 12.

[58]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 14.

[59]      Senator Lisa Singh, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 14.

[60]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 14.

[61]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 14.

[62]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 15.

[63]      Ms Rauter, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 15.

[64]      ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 60.

[65]      ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 61.

[66]      ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 61.

[67]      CITES, CITES Trade Database–Users guide, Version 8, October 2013, pp. 2–3.

[68]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. 2.

[69]      FLOW submitted that the CITES trade data system does not provide information about what a particular unit (or quantity) is. For example, a carving could comprise of a small trinket or a whole elephant tusk. Other issues were raised, including the 'lack of clarity about whether data represents the number of specimens that were actually traded or whether it represents permits/certificates issued'. See FLOW, Submission 53, pp. 2–3.

[70]      Ms Vella, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 15.

[71]      Ms Vella, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 15.

[72]      Dr Johnson, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 8.

[73]      Ms Patman, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 15.

[74]      Ms Patman, FLOW, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 15.

[75]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, p. 2.

[76]      Mr Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 32.

[77]      Born Free Foundation, Submission 62, pp. 2–3.

[78]      Mr Fava, Born Free Foundation, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 32.

[79]      Her Excellency Menna Rawlings, British High Commissioner to Australia, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 21.

[80]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 13.

[81]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 14.

[82]      DoEE, Submission 30, p. 10.

[83]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 38.

[84]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 38.

[85]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[86]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[87]      Home Affairs, Submission 35, p. 4.

[88]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 14.

[89]      Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 14.

[90]      ABF, answers to questions on notice, 9 July 2018 (received 8 August 2018).

[91]      John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 48.

[92]      DoEE, answers to questions on notice, 9 July 2018 (received 3 August 2018).

[93]      AVAA, Submission 49, Attachment 2, p. 2.

[94]      Ms Josey Sharrad, IFAW, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 5.

[95]      Australian Valuers and Auctioneers Association (AVAA), Submission 49, Attachment 2, p. 2.

[96]      AVAA, Submission 49, Attachment 2, p. 3.

[97]      AVAA, Submission 49, Attachment 2, p. 3.

[98]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 7.

[99]      IFAW, Submission 65, p. 8.

[100]    DoEE, answers to questions on notice, 9 July 2018 (3 August 2018).

[101]    IFAW, Submission 65, p. 12.

[102]    IFAW, Submission 65, Attachment 1, p. 1.

[103]    Jane Raffan, AVAA, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 43.

[104]    John Albrecht, Leonard Joel, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 48.

[105]    Mr David Barsby, Barby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 49.

[106]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 16.

[107]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 12.

[108]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 48.

[109]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 48.

[110]    The term bomb curved is used because carbon 14 is a consequence of nuclear weapon testing from the 1950s doubling the amount of carbon 14 in the atmosphere. See Dr Stewart Fallon, Australian National University's (ANU) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[111]    Dr Stewart Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[112]    Dr Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[113]    Dr Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[114]    Dr Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 33.

[115]    Dr Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 34.

[116]    Dr Fallon, ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 27.

[117]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 43.

[118]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 43.

[119]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 43.

[120]    Mr Benjamin Siddans, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 14.

[121]    Mr Siddans, ANAO, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 15.

[122]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 11.

[123]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 11.

[124]    ANAO, ANAO Report No. 7 2015–16, p. 12.

[125]    DoEE, answers to questions on notice, 9 July 2018 (received 3 August 2018).

[126]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 13.

[127]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 13.

[128]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 13.

[129]    Australian Antiques and Art Dealers Association (AAADA), Submission 60, p. [2].

[130]    AAADA, Submission 60, p. [2].

[131]    Department of Home Affairs, Importing Antiques, June 2012, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/Factsheets/Documents/importingantiquesfactsheet.pdf (accessed 27 August 2018).

[132]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[133]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[134]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[135]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[136]    Mr Gibbon, Home Affairs, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[137]    Ms Erin Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[138]    Mr Gibbon, Home Affairs, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[139]    Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[140]    Ms Dale, ABF, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[141]    Mr Gibbon, Home Affairs, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 44.

[142]    ABF, answer to question on notice, 9 July 2018 (received 8 August 2018).

[143]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 47.

[144]    Mr Barsby, Barsby Auctions, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 47.

[145]    Ms Collette Dinnigan, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 18.

[146]    Ms Dinnigan, Proof Hansard, 4 July 2018, p. 19.

[147]    Professor Grant Pink, Proof Hansard, 9 July 2018, p. 5.

[148]    Mr Murphy, DoEE, Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 14.

[149]    Mr Peter Dunphy, New South Wales Fair Trading (NSW Fair Trading), Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 20.

[150]    Mr Dunphy, NSW Fair Trading, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 20.

[151]    Consumer Affairs Victoria (CAV), Submission 85, p. 1.

[152]    Mr Dunphy, NSW Fair Trading, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 20.

[153]    Mr Dunphy, NSW Fair Trading, Proof Hansard, 16 August 2018, p. 21.

[154]    CAV, Submission 85, p. 1.

[155]    CAV, Submission 85, p. 2.

[156]    CAV, Submission 85, p. 2.

[157]    CAV, Submission 85, p. 2.

Chapter 6 - Committee views and recommendations

[1]        Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), What is CITES?, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php (accessed 3 September 2018).

[2]        CITES, What is CITES?, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php (accessed 3 September 2018).

[3]        Alastair Leithead, 'Dozens of elephants killed near Botswana wildlife sanctuary', BBC News, 3 September 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45396394 (accessed 6 September 2018).

[4]        Julia Larsen Maher, 'CITES CoP17 Delegates Adopt Resolution Recommending Closure of Domestic Elephant Ivory Markets Globally', National Geographic, 2 October 2016, https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/10/02/cites-cop17-delegates-adopt-resolution-recommending-closure-of-domestic-elephant-ivory-markets-globally/ (accessed 10 May 2018).  

[5]        UNODC, World Wildlife Crime Report, 2016, p. 11.

[6]        Australian Antique & Art Dealers Association (AAADA), Submission 60, p. [4].

[7]        Jane Raffan, Auctioneers and Valuers Association of Australia (AVAA), Proof Hansard, 3 July 2018, p. 40.