Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Reasons for the inquiry

[1]          Mr Alan McKenzie, National Spokesman, National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1040.

[2]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, May 1999, p xxiii.

[3]          Coles, Submission 168, Part 3, p 34.

[4]          Industrial Commission of New South Wales, Management, Control and Operations of General Chain Stores in New South Wales, 1939, p 4.

[5]          Industrial Commission of New South Wales, Management, Control and Operations of General Chain Stores in New South Wales, 1939, p 1.

[6]          Industrial Commission of New South Wales, Management, Control and Operations of General Chain Stores in New South Wales, 1939, pp 57-59.

[7]          Industrial Commission of New South Wales, Management, Control and Operations of General Chain Stores in New South Wales, 1939, p 73.

[8]          Industrial Commission of New South Wales, Management, Control and Operations of General Chain Stores in New South Wales, 1939, pp 61-63 and pp 73-74.

[9]          House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Finding a balance towards fair trading in Australia, May 1997. The Report’s recommendations are reprinted at Appendix 7.

Chapter 2 - The retailing sector

[1]          Mr Alan Williams, Managing Director, Coles Supermarkets, Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 30.

[2]          Coles, Submission 168, Part 2, pp 8-13.

[3]          Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.1.

[4]          Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.1.

[5]          Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.2.

[6]          Franklins, Submission 200, pp 3.2-3.3.

[7]          Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.3.

[8]          Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.3.

[9]          Coles, Submission 168, Part 3, p 15.

[10]        Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.4.

[11]        Franklins, Submission 200, p 3.4.

[12]        Coles, Submission 168, Part 3, p 19 and pp 41-42.

[13]        Coles, Submission 168, Part 3, p 42.

[14]        Woolworths, Submission 229A, p 4.

[15]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 7.

[16]        Coles, Submission 168, p 2.

[17]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 7.

[18]        Coles, Submission 168, p 2.

[19]        Franklins, Submission 200, pp ii - 1.9.

[20]        Franklins, Submission 200, p 1.9.

[21]        The three supermarket categories are IGA Supermarkets, IGA Everyday and IGA Express. IGA is supplied by wholesaler Davids.

[22]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 7.

[23]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 22.

[24]        Davids, Submission 166, pp 3-4.

[25]        Davids, Submission 166, pp 3-4.

[26]        Davids, Submission 166, p 3.

[27]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 18-19.

[28]        Business Review Weekly, Metro Buys a Warehouse of Trouble, Neil Shoebridge, 5 Oct 1998.

[29]        IGA Supermarkets, IGA Everyday and IGA Express make up the 3 banner groups.

[30]        Davids, Submission 166, pp 3-4.

[31]        ACCC Submission 191, p 20.

[32]        ACCC, Submission 191, p 7.

[33]        Business Review Weekly, A few supermarket casualties in the war of independents, Neil Shoebridge, 8 March 1999.

[34]      FAL website at http://www.fal.com.au.

[35]        ACCC, Submission 191, p 7.

[36]        Foodland Associated Limited, Submission 190, pp 7-8.

[37]        ACCC, Submission 191, pp 10-11.

[38]        Hansard, Sydney, 23 February 1999, p 280.

Chapter 3 - Main contentions

[1]          Mr Roger Corbett, Chief Executive Officer, Woolworths, Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1097.

[2]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 18. Also, see Chapter 4 of this report.

[3]          Mr Ray Veal, Proprietor, Stratford Licensed Grocery, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 100.

[4]          Mr Richard Dymond, Proprietor, Toodyay Supermarket, Additional Information (Sub 11A).

[5]          Mr Roger Corbett, Chief Executive Officer, Woolworths, Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 6.

[6]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 8.

[7]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 11.

[8]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 102.

[9]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, pp 87-89.

[10]        House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Finding a Balance Towards Fair Trading in Australia, May 1997.

[11]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 10.

[12]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 13.

[13]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, pp 89-90.

[14]        Small Retailers Association of South Australia, Submission 215, p 1.

[15]        Mr John Brownsea, Executive Director, Small Retailers Association, Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 176.

[16]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, pp 215-216.

[17]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Retail Trade Special Data Service, Joint Select Committee on the Retail Sector – Market Share Report, Table 4, Measure 1.

[18]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 446.

[19]        Hansard, Launceston, 5 July 1999, p 547.

[20]        Hansard, Dubbo, 7 July 1999, pp 754-755.

[21]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 247.

[22]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 247.

[23]        Woolworths, Submission 229A, p 2.

[24]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999 p 2.

[25]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 3.

[26]        Jebb Holland Dimasi, Submission 228, pp 26-27.

[27]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 3.

[28]        Woolworths, Submission 229A, p 3.

[29]        Woolworths, Submission 229, pp 156-158.

[30]        Coles, Submission 168, p 26.

[31]        Coles, Submission 168, p 4.

[32]        Coles, Submission 168, pp 4,5 and 9.

[33]        Coles, Submission 168, pp 4-26.

[34]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 30.

[35]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 30.

[36]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 31.

[37]        Franklins, Submission 200, p iv.

[38]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 367.

[39]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 367.

[40]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 367.

[41]        Mr Andrew Reitzer, Chief Executive Officer, Davids, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 116.

[42]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 116.

[43]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 117.

[44]        Mr Andrew Reitzer, Chief Executive Officer, Davids, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 117.

[45]        Davids, Submission 166, p 2.

[46]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 304.

[47]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, pp 304-305.

[48]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 305.

[49]        Mr Michael Keogh, Policy Director, NSW Farmers Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 342.

[50]        NSW Farmers Association, Submission 216, p 3.

[51]        Mr Michael Keogh, Policy Director, NSW Farmers Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 342.

[52]        Mr Michael Keogh, Policy Director, NSW Farmers Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 342.

[53]        Mr Alexander Cameron, Chief Executive Officer, South Australian Farmers Federation, Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 203.

[54]        Mr Alexander Cameron, Chief Executive Officer, South Australian Farmers Federation, Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 212.

[55]        Mr Alexander Cameron, Chief Executive Officer, South Australian Farmers Federation, Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 214.

[56]        Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, p 2.

[57]        Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, pp 12-13.

[58]        Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, p 13.

[59]        Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, pp 16-17.

[60]        Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia, Submission 140, p 2.

[61]        Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia, Submission 140, pp 6-7.

[62]        Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees’ Association, Submission 214, p 1.

[63]        Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees’ Association, Submission 214, p 1.

[64]        Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees’ Association, Submission 214, pp 1-2.

[65]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, pp 332-333.

[66]        Coalition Against Major Chain Dominance, Submission 294, p 4.

[67]        Coalition Against Major Chain Dominance, Submission 294, p 2.

[68]        Coalition Against Major Chain Dominance, Submission 294, p 5.

[69]        Coalition Against Major Chain Dominance, Submission 294, p 7.

[70]        Australian Consumers’ Association, Submission 245, p 2.

[71]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1119.

[72]        CHOICE Magazine, ‘Convenience – worth any price?’, April 1999, p 52.

[73]        The Consumer Food Network is part of the Consumers Federation of Australia.

[74]        Consumer Food Network, Submission 172.

[75]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 465-66.

[76]        Trade Practices Act 1974, section 2.

[77]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 8-9.

[78]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 8-9.

[79]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 256, p 3.

[80]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 5.

[81]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 12.

[82]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 4.

Chapter 4 - Market share

[1]          AC Nielsen, Submission 165, p 4.

[2]          AC Nielsen, Submission 165, pp 3-5.

[3]          Retail World Newsmagazine, AC Nielsen Annual Report 1998, 14 December 1998, pp 16-17.

[4]          Hansard,  Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 3.

[5]          Jebb Holland Dimasi, Submission 228, p 26.

[6]          Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 359.

[7]          Mr Anthony Dimasi, Joint Managing Director, Jebb Holland Dimasi, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, pp 380-81.

[8]          Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 359.

[9]          Franklins, Submission 200, p iii.

[10]        Mr Alan Williams, Managing Director, Coles Supermarkets, Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 31.

[11]        Coalition Against Major Chain Dominance, Submission 294, p 3.

[12]        Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, ABS Catalogue No 1292.0, 1993 edition, p 158.

[13]        Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, ABS Catalogue No 1292.0, 1993 edition, pp 158-159.

[14]        Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, ABS Catalogue No 1292.0, 1993 edition, pp 158-159.

[15]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 21.

[16]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 21.

[17]        See Appendix 5, Table 4.

Chapter 5 - Use of market power

[1]          Oliver Wendell Holmes, Vegelahn v Guntner, 167 Mass. 92, 44 N.E. 1077, 1080 (1896).

[2]          Kaysen and Turner, Antitrust policy (1959), quoted with approval by Justice Dawson in Queensland Wire Industries v BHP (1989) ATPR 40-925.

[3]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 26.

[4]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 28-29.

[5]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 26.

[6]          Law Council of Australia, Submission 283, p 3.

[7]          Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1031.

[8]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Additional Information 201B, pp 1-2.

[9]          Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1032.

[10]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1158.

[11]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 225.

[12]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1180.

[13]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1181.

[14]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1181.

[15]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1181.

[16]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1243.

[17]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1244.

[18]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, pp 1245-46.

[19]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1244.

[20]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1246.

[21]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1247.

[22]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1246.

[23]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1250.

[24]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1158.

[25]        Woolworths, Submission 229A, pp 139, 144.

[26]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April, p 135.

[27]        AC Neilsen, Additional Information 165A, p 7.

[28]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 18.

[29]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 23.

[30]        Information received by the Committee, from Mr Michael Kloeters, Managing Director, Aldi (Australia), August 1999.

[31]        Mr Joseph De Bruyn, National Secretary-Treasurer, Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 331.

[32]        Professor Allan Fels, Chairman, ACCC, Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1165.

[33]        For example, the Sherman Act or the Clayton Act.

[34]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1164.

[35]        Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Monopolies and Acquisitions: Adequacy of Existing Legislative Controls, December 1991, p 99.

[36]        Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Monopolies and Acquisitions: Adequacy of Existing Legislative Controls, December 1991, p 139.

[37]        Section 50 of the Trade Practices Act generally prohibits mergers or acquisitions which would have the effect or likely effect of substantially lessening competition in a substantial market for goods or services.

[38]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 32.

[39]        Mr Alan Mackenzie, Director/National Spokesman, National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Hansard, 6 April 1999, p 57.

[40]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, pp 87-88.

[41]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 176.

[42]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 104.

[43]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April, 1999, pp 304-305.

[44]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 453.

[45]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 15.

[46]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 42.

[47]        Mr Richard Dymond, Owner / Proprietor, Toodyay Supermarket, Hansard, 9 April 1999, p 245.

[48]        Law Council of Australia, Submission 283, p 10.

[49]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1151.

[50]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1171.

[51]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, pp 1169-70.

[52]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 31.

[53]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1169.

[54]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 11.

[55]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 11-12.

[56]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 126.

[57]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, pp 289-290.

[58]        Advantage Supermarkets (WA), Submission 10.

[59]        Advantage Supermarkets (WA), Submission 10, p 3.

[60]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 247.

[61]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 252.

[62]        Procter and Gamble, Submission 304, p 2.

[63]        Procter and Gamble, Submission 304, p 3.

[64]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1012.

[65]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1013.

[66]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1013.

[67]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1203.

[68]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1203.

[69]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, pp 1206-07.

[70]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1206.

[71]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1210.

[72]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, pp 1221 and 1225. Uncle Ben’s specific terms of trade are contained in Submission 332.

[73]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1233.

[74]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1235.

[75]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, pp 1239-40.

[76]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 976.

[77]        Coca-Cola Amatil, Submission 314, p 1.

[78]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 974.

[79]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 975.

[80]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, pp 974 - 975.

[81]        Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 692.

[82]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 977.

[83]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 238.

[84]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 33.

[85]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 33.

[86]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 306.

[87]        Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 306.

[88]        Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 135.

[89]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 7, and see paragraphs 2.31-2.33 of this report.

[90]        Mr Michael Keogh, Policy Director, NSW Farmers Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 348.

[91]        NSW Farmers Association, Submission 216, p 1.

[92]        The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, and the Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921.

[93]        Mr Michael Keogh, Policy Director, NSW Farmers Association, Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 342.

[94]        Mr John Pritchard, Deputy General Manager, Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 498.

[95]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 503.

[96]        Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, p 14.

[97]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, pp 208-209.

[98]        Mr Bill Bishop, SA Farmers Federation, Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 209.

[99]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 209.

[100]      NSW Farmers Association, Submission 216, p 1.

[101]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 201.

[102]      Mr Peter Scott, General Manager (Perishable Merchandise) Coles, Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 37.

[103]      Coles, Submission 168, p 18.

[104]      Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 32.

[105]      Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 32.

[106]      Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 24.

[107]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 503.

[108]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 345.

[109]      Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, p 14.

[110]      Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Submission 203, p 13.

[111]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 182.

[112]      Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 289.

[113]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 457.

[114]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 457-58.

[115]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 456.

[116]      House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Finding a Balance Towards Fair Trading in Australia, May 1997.

[117]      See, for example, Mr Charles Stewart, State President, Queensland Hotels Association, Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 414 -15.

[118]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 202.

[119]      Small Retailers Association of South Australia, Submission 215, p 3.

[120]      Hansard, Kingaroy, 8 July 1999, p 930.

[121]      Hansard, Kingaroy, 8 July 1999, p 930.

[122]      National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 202, p 88.

[123]      Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 646.

[124]      Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 652.

[125]      Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 650.

[126]      Mr Ray Veal, Owner/Manager, Stratford Licensed Grocery, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, pp 106-107.

[127]      Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 650.

[128]      Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999, p 651.

[129]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 157.

[130]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 158, Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 241.

[131]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 172.

[132]      Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 247.

[133]      Foodland Associated Limited, Submission 190, p 20.

[134]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 182.

[135]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 190.

[136]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 159.

[137]      Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 266.

[138]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 331.

[139]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 333.

[140]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 333.

[141]      Langwarrin is near Frankston, Victoria.

[142]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, pp 333-334.

[143]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 331.

[144]      Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 332.

[145]      Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia, Submission 140, p 8.

[146]      Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia, Submission 140, p 8.

[147]      Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia, Submission 140, p 8.

[148]      Coles, Submission 168, Part 4, Access Economics, pp 51-52.

[149]      Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, pp 57-58.

[150]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 158.

[151]      Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 164.

[152]      Mr Richard Dymond, Owner / Proprietor, Toodyay Supermarket, Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 238.

[153]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 450-51.

[154]      Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 463-64.

[155]      Hansard, Launceston, 5 July 1999, p 523.

[156]      Hansard, Bendigo, 6 July 1999, p 630.

[157]      Hansard, Kingaroy, 8 July 1999, p 943.

[158]      Mr Dennis Scott, Owner / Manager, Scotty and Spanas IGA Everyday, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, pp 97-98.

[159]      Mr Ray Veal, Owner/Manager,  Stratford Licensed Grocery, Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 100.

[160]      Mr Roger Corbett, Chief Executive Officer, Woolworths, Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, pp 11 and 18.

[161]      Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 61.

[162]      Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 265.

[163]      Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 265.

[164]      Hansard, Dubbo, 7 July 1999, pp 726-27.

[165]      Hansard, Dubbo, 7 July 1999, p 743.

[166]      Hansard, Kingaroy, 8 July 1999, p 953.           

[167]      Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 195.

[168]      Woolworths, Submission 229A, p 85.

[169]      The Committee received a letter from Mrs Margaret Smith, National President of the Country Women’s Association of Australia, dated 11 July 1999, stating how the majors were not meeting their corporate/community responsibility in terms of sponsorships in smaller, rural towns. As an example, she pointed out that Woolworths did not support the local town of Cootamundra when it conducted celebrations for Sir Donald Bradman’s 90^th birthday.

[170]      Woolworths, Additional Information 229C, p 13.

[171]      Coles, Additional Information 168B, pp 5-6.

[172]      Franklins, Additional Information 200A.

[173]      Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1090.

[174]      Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1103.

Chapter 6 - Misuse of Market Power

[1]          Clarence Darrow, 1857-1938, Arthur and Lila Weinberg, Verdicts Out of Court, 1963.

[2]          Section 46: Oligopoly and Predatory Pricing, Rhonda Smith and David Round, 6 (1998) Competition and Consumer Law Journal, p 112.

[3]          Wilcox, J Eastern Express Pty Ltd v General Newspapers Pty Ltd (1991) ATPR 41-128 at 52, 895.

[4]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 35-36.

[5]          Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 183.

[6]          Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 183.

[7]          Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 181.

[8]          Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, pp 106-107.

[9]          Hansard, Melbourne, 7 April 1999, p 107.

[10]        Mr Neville Gale, Managing Director, Advantage Supermarkets WA, Hansard, Perth, 9 April 1999, p 248.

[11]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 513.

[12]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 216.

[13]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, pp 10-11.

[14]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 22.

[15]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1082.

[16]        Woolworths, Additional Information, 229D, p 2.

[17]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, pp 40-41.

[18]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 221.

[19]        Hansard, Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 222.

[20]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 373.

[21]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 487.

[22]        Hansard, Canberra, 6 April 1999, p 87.

[23]        Hansard,  Adelaide, 8 April 1999, p 234.

[24]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1148.

[25]        Law Council of Australia, Submission 283, p 6. In addition, section 46(7) enables a court to look at all the surrounding circumstances in relation to the particular matter. If it is by inference drawn from those circumstances that misuse of market power (eg. predatory pricing) can be found, then that is enough to prove a case.

[26]        (1989) 167 CLR 177; [1989] ATPR 40-925.

[27]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1150.

[28]        The Australian Law Journal, Volume 72, January 1998, p 53, by Mr Peter J Shafron (LLM, General Counsel, James Hardie Industries Ltd).

[29]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, pp 1150-51.

[30]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1163.

[31]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1171.

[32]        Law Council of Australia, Trade Practices Committee, Submission 283, p 1.

[33]        Zoneff v Elcom Credit Union Ltd (1990) 94 ALR 445; ATPR 41-058.

[34]        Commonwealth v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394; 95 ALR 321.

[35]        Commercial Bank of Australia Lt v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447; 46 ALR 402; Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362.

[36]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Media Release, Fair Game or Fair Go?, 9 July 1999.

[37]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Media Release, Fair Game or Fair Go?, 9 July 1999.

[38]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1173.

[39]        National Farmers Federation, Submission 225, p 2.

[40]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1173.

[41]        House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Finding a balance: towards fair trading in Australia, May 1997, p xv.

[42]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Media Release, Fair Game or Fair Go?, 9 July 1999.

Chapter 7 - OECD Comparisons

[1]          Mr Peter Wilson, Proprietor, Adaminaby Store, Hansard, Cooma, 6 July 1999.

[2]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[3]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[4]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[5]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[6]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[7]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[8]          Office of Small Business, Submission 285, pp 13-14.

[9]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 48.

[10]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 48.

[11]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 47-48.

[12]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 47.

[13]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 47.

[14]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 47.

[15]        Office of Small Business, Submission 287, p 17.

[16]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 47.

[17]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 46.

[18]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 48.

[19]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[20]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, pp 43-44.

[21]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 49.

[22]        Professor Allan Fels, Chairman, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1164.

[23]        International Journal of the Economics of Business, Rewriting History: the Early Sherman Act Monopolization Cases, Scherer, F and Comanor, W, Vol 2, No 2 1995, p 263-86.

[24]        International Journal of the Economics of Business, Rewriting History: the Early Sherman Act Monopolization Cases, Scherer, F and Comanor, W, Vol 2, No 2 1995, p 285.

[25]        Posner, R, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective, pp 87-88.

[26]        Posner, R, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective, pp 92-93.

[27]        Woolworths, Submission 229A, pp 145-146.

[28]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 11.

[29]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 11.

[30]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 50.

[31]        Information provided at a Committee briefing by Professor Jacobs on 8 March 1999. See also Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 50.

[32]        Hansard, Canberra, 13 August 1999, p 1216.

[33]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 453.

[34]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 50.

[35]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 342.

[36]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 51.

[37]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 44.

[38]        Professor Tim Lang, Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, pp 472-473.

[39]        London Economics, Competition in Retailing (Prepared for the Office of Fair Trading), Research Paper 13, September 1997, Chapter 1.

[40]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 9.

[41]        UK Office of Fair Trading, Press Release 11/99, 8 April 1999.

[42]        Hansard, Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 471.

[43]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 10.

[44]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 10.

[45]        London Economics, Competition in Retailing (Prepared for the Office of Fair Trading), Research Paper 13, September 1997.

[46]        UK Office of Fair Trading, Press Release 11/99, 8 April 1999.

[47]        UK Office of Fair Trading, Press Release 11/99, 8 April 1999.

[48]        UK Office of Fair Trading, Press Release 11/99, 8 April 1999.

[49]        UK Office of Fair Trading, Press Release 11/99, 8 April 1999.

[50]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 44.

[51]        Office of Small Business, Submission 287, p 17.

[52]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 42.

[53]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 52.

[54]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 15.

[55]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 51.

[56]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 146.

[57]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 16.

[58]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 16.

[59]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 45.

[60]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 14.

[61]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[62]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[63]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 53.

[64]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, pp 52-53.

[65]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[66]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 15.

[67]        Office of Small Business, Submission 285, p 15.

[68]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[69]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 43.

[70]        National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, pp 149-50.

[71]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, pp 47-48.

[72]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, pp 47-48.

[73]        John Ragg & Co Chartered Accountants, Submission 295, p 31, and Franklins, Submission 200, pp 4.6-4.7.

[74]        Franklins, Submission 200, p 4.11.

[75]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 367.

[76]        Guide to the Commerce Act, on Commerce Commission of New Zealand web pages.

[77]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 44. Also OECD Working Papers, Vol.V, Economics Department Working Papers No 180, Regulation and Performance in the Distribution Sector, No 75, Paris 1997.

[78]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 44.

[79]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 45.

[80]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 45.

[81]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 45.

[82]        Hansard,  Brisbane, 16 April 1999, p 467.

[83]        OECD Working Papers, Vol. V, No. 180, Regulation and Performance in the Distribution Sector, No. 75, Paris 1997, p 52.

[84]        Coles, Submission 168, Part 4, Access Economics, p 43-46.

[85]        Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Submission 191, p 44.

[86]        Hansard, Sydney, 15 April 1999, p 373.

[87]        For instance, OECD Journal of Competition Law and Policy, Recent Developments in National Merger Laws and Policies, Clark, J and Chadzynska, H, Volume 1 No 1 1999, pp 137-47, discusses the increase in merger activity across the OECD, in which the retail sector is prominent.

[88]        Coles, Submission 168, pp 4-5.

[89]        Mr Roger Corbett, CEO, Woolworths, Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, pp 1078-79.

[90]        Hansard, Canberra, 12 July 1999, p 1079-80.

Chapter 8 - The Future of the Retailing Sector

[1]          Mr Matthew O’Neill, Senior Policy Officer, Australian Consumers Association, Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1119.

[2]          http://www.wal-mart.com/corporate/. The Wal-Mart Annual Report 1999 is also available at this site.

[3]          National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, Submission 201, p 127.

[4]          Wal-Mart Annual Report 1999, p 5.

[5]          ‘Wal-Mart Announces Recommended Cash Offer for ASDA’, Press Release, 14 June 1999.

[6]          http://www.aldi-stores.co.uk

[7]          The Australian, Pumping out profits, Michael McGuire, 12 February 1999.

[8]          Caltex Australia, Caltex announces service station supermarket chain, Media Release, 5 February 1999.

[9]          Caltex Australia, Caltex launches its first stand alone convenience store without petrol, Media Release, 13 May 1999.

[10]        Caltex Australia, Caltex launches its first stand alone convenience store without petrol, Media Release, 13 May 1999.

[11]        Australian Financial Review, Coles and Mobil get a fuel for the market, Bill Pheasant, 1 December 1998, p 21.

[12]        Commonwealth Bank web site at http://www.commbank.com.au/Today/ShareholderInfo/def-prism.htm

[13]        Foodweek (and Liquor Week), Banking just part of Coles’ improvement of services, Simone Zenoni, 26 July 1999.

[14]        OECD Working Papers, Vol V, Economics Dept Working Papers, No.180, Regulation and Performance in the Distribution Sector, No. 75, Paris 1997, p 14.

[15]        OECD Working Papers, Vol V, Economics Dept Working Papers, No.180, Regulation and Performance in the Distribution Sector, No. 75, Paris 1997, p 14.

[16]        Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Putting Australia on the New Silk Road, web site at http://www.dfat.gov.au/nsr/

[17]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 30.

[18]        Woolworths web site at http://www-ets.woolworths.com.au/ets/owa/entry

[19]        Coles web site at http://www.colesonline.com.au/new.htm

[20]        Australian Retailers Association, Submission 57, p 30.

Supplementary remarks to the report by Senator Andrew Murray: Australian Democrats

[1] Hansard, Canberra, 13 July 1999, p 1163.

[2] “The Economics of Antitrust”, article from The Economist, May 2^nd 1998, pp 66-68.

[3] Federal Trade Commission (US), “Promoting Competition, Protecting Consumers: A plain English Guide to Antitrust Laws”, web-site, http://www.ftc.gov/bc/compguide/index.htm

[4] The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Submission to the Joint Select Committee on the Retail Sector, Submission no. 191, p 26.

[5] “The Economics of Antitrust”, p 67.

[6] ibid, p 67.

[7] ACCC Submission 191, p 22.

[8] ibid.

[9] Everton, Ann R.  “Price Discrimination – A Comparative Study in Legal Control, Leeds University, 1976, p 1.

[10] ibid, p 2.

[11] “Antitrust Overview”, by Charles E. Mueller, Editor Antitrust Law and Economics Review, web-site, http://webpages.metrolink.net/~cmueller/I-overvw.html

[12] ACCC Submission, ibid, p.44; Australian Retailers Association (ARA), Submission to the Joint Select Committee on the Retailing Sector, Submission 57, Volume 2, p 43.

[13] ARA Submission, ibid, p 44.

[14] Trade Practices Act 1974, Section 46(1), Subsections a, b & c.

[15] Trade Practices Act 1974, Section 50(1).

[16] Trade Practices Act 1974, Section 50(3), Subsections b - i.

[17] ACCC Submission 191, p 27, footnote 44.

[18] London Economics, Competition in Retailing, research paper prepared for the Office of fair Trading (UK) by London Economics, September 1997, p 8.

[19] ibid, p 49.

[20] ACCC Submission, ibid, p 49.

[21] ACCC Submission, ibid, p 32.

[22] NARGA Submission, ibid, p 159.

[23] Federal Trade Commission (US), “Promoting Competition, Protecting Consumers: A plain English Guide to Antitrust Laws”, web-site, http://www.ftc.gov/bc/compguide/index.htm

Appendix 8 - Productivity Commission - Draft Report: Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, May 1999 - Comments relating to the retailing sector

[1]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, May 1999, p 282.

[2]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, May 1999, p 284.

[3]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, May 1999, pp 284-286.

[4]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, Canberra, May 1999, p 195.

[5]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, Canberra, May 1999, p 196.

[6]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, Canberra, May 1999, pp 196-197.

[7]          Productivity Commission, Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report, May 1999, p 286.

Appendix 12 - Small Business and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

[1]          Australian Bureau of Statistics, Small Business in Australia 1997, ABS Catalogue No 1321.0, May 1998, p 1.

[2]          Australian Bureau of Statistics, Small Business in Australia 1997, ABS Catalogue No 1321.0, May 1998, p 1.

[3]          Australian Bureau of Statistics, Small Business in Australia 1997, ABS Catalogue No 1321.0, May 1998, p 1.

[4]          Australian Bureau of Statistics, Small Business in Australia 1997, ABS Catalogue No 1321.0, May 1998, p 1.

[5]          Department of Workplace Relations and Small Business web page at http://www.dewrsb.gov.au/group_osb/smallbus/research.htm

[6]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, ‘ACCC is listening to small business’ ACCC Update, Issue 3, March 1999, p 7.

[7]          Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, ACCC Update, Issue 3, March 1999, pp 8-9.