Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction and conduct of inquiry

[1]        Journals of the Senate, no. 68, Wednesday, 13 May 2009, pp. 1942–1946.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 2.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 2–4.

[4]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Pacific Partnerships for Development with Solomon Islands and Kiribati', Media release, 27 January 2009; http://www.pm.gov.au/media/release/2009/media_release_0770.cfm  (accessed 13 February 2009; Prime Minister of Australia, Joint Press Conference with Prime Minister Helen Clark, Parliament House, Canberra, 27 February 2008 http://ww.pm.gov.au/media/interview/2008/interview_0101.cfm  (accessed 25 September 2008); Prime Minister of Australia, 'Port Moresby Declaration', Media release 6 March 2008, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/release/2008/_release_0118.cfm  (accessed 27 May 2008).

[5]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Port Moresby Declaration', Media release, 6 March 2008, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/release/2008/_release_0118.cfm  (accessed 27 May 2008); Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 3.

[6]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Port Moresby Declaration', Media release, 6 March 2008; 'Prime Minister Signs Partnership for Development with PNG and Samoa', Media release, 20 August 2008; 'Pacific Partnerships for Development with Solomon Islands and Kiribati', Media release, 27 January 2009; Submission 71, p. 3; Richard Rowe, Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 24.

[7]        Forum Communiqué 2000, Thirty–first Pacific Islands Forum, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati, 27–30 October 2000.

[8]        The Auckland Declaration, Pacific Islands Forum, Special Leaders' Retreat, 6 April 2004, Auckland. See also, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Working Draft, The Pacific Plan for strengthening regional cooperation and integration, p. 3 and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 'Pacific Islands Forum Special Leaders' Retreat', Auckland, 6 April 2004, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/spacific/regional_orgs/spf_leaders_decisions.html (accessed 29 September 2008).

[9]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan, revised version 2007.

[10]      Secretariat of the Pacific Community website, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=40 (accessed 12 June 2009).

Chapter 2 - Economic performance

[1]        See for example, Anis Chowdhury and Yogi Vidyattama, 'Macroeconomic Policies for Growth in Small Pacific Islands Economies', UN University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Research Paper no. 2007/24, May 2007, p. 1. See also, UN Development System, Fiji and Samoa, UN Development Assistance Framework for the Pacific Subregion 2008–2012, May 2007, p. 10; and Mr Satish Chand, Submission 2.

[2]        AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey connecting the region, 2008, p. xii.

[3]        UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, p. 112.

[4]        Fiji has experienced weak economic growth and faces some major obstacles to improve its economic performance. Its real GDP contracted sharply in 2006–07. See for example, World Bank, East Asia: Testing Times Ahead, East Asia and Pacific Update, April 2008, p. 44.

[5]        See table 2.1 on following page which was taken from Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, Addressing Triple Threats to Development, Table 1, p. 174, http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/survey2009/download/Survey2009.pdf.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 27.

[7]        AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey: connecting the region, 2008, p. xv.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 8 and 10.

[9]        Rob Stewart, 'An economic survey of developing countries in the Pacific region', Economic Roundup Spring 2006, the Australian Treasury, http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1190/PDF/08_pacific.pdf (accessed 20 October 2008). Anis Chowdhury, described the growth performance of most small island economies as 'dismal'. Anis Chowdhury, 'Growth Oriented Macroeconomic Policies for Small Islands Economies: Lessons from Singapore', UN University, Research Paper no. 2008/47, April 2008, p. 1. The Port Moresby Declaration stated that economic growth across the Pacific islands nations, 'generally lags behind other developing regions'. Prime Minister of Australia, 'Port Moresby Declaration', Media release, 6 March 2008.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 8.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 10.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 10.

[13]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 1.

[14]      AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey: connecting the region, 2008, p. 7. See also AusAID Submission 65, p. 3.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 8.

[16]      Submission 65, p. 3.

[17]      AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey: connecting the region, 2008, p. xiii. See also Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 248; DFAT website, country information, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tuvalu/index.html (accessed 15 October 2008); and Christopher Browne and Aiko Mineshima, Remittances in the Pacific Region, IMF Working Paper WP/07/35, February 2007, p. 3.

[18]      Asian Development Bank, 'Navigating the Global Storm: A policy brief on the Global Financial Crisis', Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. 18 (fn 13). See also Asian Development Bank, Outlook 2008, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/FIJ.asp (accessed 24 November 2008). Figures contained in AusAID's 09 Pacific Economic Survey: engaging with the world, Canberra, September 2009, p.8, show a rise in officially recorded remittance flows for Tonga, Samoa and Kiribati that are equivalent to 39 per cent, 23 per cent and nine per cent respectively.

[19]      IMF Country Report No. 08/261, Tonga: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion, July 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08261.pdf (accessed 9 October 20008).

[20]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, p. 118.

[21]      Media release, http://www.pmo.gov.to/index.php/President-pays-tribute-to-the-love-and-generosity-of-Tongans-abroad.html (accessed 31 July 2009).

[22]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 2.

[23]      GNI (gross national income) is gross domestic product (GDP) plus net receipts of primary income (employee compensation and investment income) from abroad. World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20399244~menuPK:1504474~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html (accessed 19 October 2009).

[24]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 2.

[25]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2008, Table 20.4, p. 145.

[26]      Asian Development Bank, Country Economic Report, Nauru, November 2007, executive summary.

[27]      Asian Development Bank, Navigating the Global Storm: A policy brief on the Global Financial Crisis, Pacific Studies Series, 2008, Foreword.  Mr Francis Yourn, Australia Papua New Guinea Business Council, informed the committee that 'those countries that have a significant domestic subsistence economy are, to some extent, cushioned from the worst effects of the global economic crisis'. Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 57.

[28]      Asian Development Bank, 'Navigating the Global Storm: A policy brief on the Global Financial Crisis', Pacific Studies Series, 2008, Foreword; and Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 29.

[29]      Asian Development Bank, 'Navigating the Global Storm: A policy brief on the Global Financial Crisis', Pacific Studies Series, 2008, Foreword; and UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, p. 15.

[30]      Asian Development Bank, 'Navigating the Global Storm: A policy brief on the Global Financial Crisis', Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. 20.

[31]      In Treasury's view, the banking system had a fair degree of protection because it was not fully engaged in the global system, but that Pacific island countries may suffer as the economies of countries with which they do business experience slower economic activity. For example, Mr Devlin noted that as the decline in global growth becomes more evident, 'it is the trade and tourism exposed economies of the Pacific that are potentially affected'. The fall in commodity and fuel price would also have some effect. Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 11.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 3.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 52.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 59.

[35]      Asian Development Bank, Outlook 2008, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/FIJ.asp (accessed 24 November 2008).

[36]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, p. 116; Asian Development Bank, Outlook 2008, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/FIJ.asp (accessed 24 November 2008).

[37]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, A Guide to the Australian National Accounts, ABS Catalogue No. 5235.0, 1994, p. 19.

[38]      IMF, Statement by the Hon. Natan Teewe, MP, Governor of the Fund and the Bank for Kiribati, on behalf of the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, at the Joint Annual Discussion, Press Release no. 31, 13 October 2008.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 8.

[40]      Submission 68, p. 4.

[41]      UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008, Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world, 2007, pp. 235–237, http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

[42]      UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008,Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world, 2007, pp. 235–237, http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

[43]      UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008,Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world, 2007, pp. 235–237.

[44]      These dimensions are measured by life expectancy at birth, adult literacy and combined gross enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary level education, and gross domestic product per capita in Purchasing Power Parity US dollars respectively.

[45]      UN Development Program, Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development, Table G, pp. 167–170. The Report advised that trend analysis should not be based on data from different editions of the report. Refer to Table G from the 2009 report for the most recent figures to date.

[46]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[47]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2009, p. 1.

[48]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 4. See also The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008-09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 26. See also Mr Bruce Davis, Director-General, AusAID, who said 'the trends in the region are not looking good—they are going the wrong way'. Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 7.

[49]      See for example, Richard Rowe, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 2. Mr Motteram stated: 'Papua New Guinea is one with a large amount of economic growth and poor Millennium Development Goal outcomes; there are a lot of capacity constraints within that economy to actually distribute the benefits of the growth'. Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 9. See also The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008-09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 26.

[50]      World Bank, Strategic Directions for Human Development in Papua New Guinea, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2007, p. 1.

[51]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 5.

Chapter 3 - Structural impediments to economic growth

[1]        See for example, Anis Chowdhury, 'Growth Oriented Macroeconomic Policies for Small Islands Economies: Lessons from Singapore', UN University, Research Paper no. 2008/47, April 2008, p. 1. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Second Committee (A/53/609/Add.3)], A/RES/53/189, 12 February 1999. See also David Carmet, Stewart Prest and Yiagadeesen Samy, 'Assessing Small Island Developing State fragility, a chapter prepared for the volume on Economic vulnerability and Resilience of Small States', Lino Briguglio and Eliawony J. Kisanga (eds), http://www.carleton.ca/cifp/app/serve.php/1020.pdf  (accessed 20 October 2008); Mark McGillivray, Wim Naudé and Amelia Santos-Paulino, World Institute for Development Economics Research, UN University, 'Achieving growth in the Pacific Islands: an introduction', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol 23, no. 2, 2008, p. 97.http://peb.anu.edu.au/pdf/PEB23-2-FOCUSMcGillivray,Naude,Santos-Paulino.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008); See for example, Anis Chowdhury and Yogi Vidyattama, 'Macroeconomic Policies for Growth in Small Pacific Islands Economies', World Institute for Development Economics Research, UN University, Research Paper no. 2007/24, May 2007, p. 1.

[2]        See for example, Patrick Imam, 'Rapid Current Account adjustments: Are Microstates Different?', IMF Working Paper, WP /08/233, September 2008, p. 1; Anis Chowdhury, 'Growth Oriented Macroeconomic Policies for Small Islands Economies: Lessons from Singapore', UN University, Research Paper no. 2008/47, April 2008, p. 1; Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 78, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008); and 'Conclusions of the international workshop on economic vulnerability and resilience of small states', Island of Gozo, Malta, 1–3 March 2004, http://www.crnm.org/documents/press_releases_2004/gozo%20declaration%20final.pdf (accessed 20 October 2008).

[3]        See for example, Neil Motteram, Treasury, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 5.

[4]        Statistics taken from UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2008 Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, p. 8, http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2008/index.asp

[5]        Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 78, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[6]        Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /World Bank, 2008, p. 8, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[7]        IMF Country Report No. 08/93, Papua New Guinea: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr0893.pdf (accessed 9 October 2008).

[8]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 42, p. 7.

[9]        Reserve Bank of Fiji, Keynote address at the National Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) Forum by Governor of Reserve Bank of Fiji, Mr Savenaca Narube, Raffles Tradewinds Convention Centre, Lami, Suva, Thursday, 22 May 2008, p. 4.

[10]      See UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Global conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States', Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April–6 May 1994, A/CONF.167/9, October 1994, p. 6, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf167/aconf167-9.htm  (accessed 20 October 2008). See also CSIRO, Submission 50, p. 5.

[11]      Statistics taken from Secretariat of the Pacific Community website, http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=28&Itemid=42 (accessed 14 October 2008); and CIA, The World Fact book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/bp.html (accessed 19 June 2008).

[12]      See Submission 42, p. 5.

[13]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 42, pp. 4–5 and Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, p. 4.

[14]      Nathan Associates Inc., Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Joint Baseline and Gap Analysis submitted to Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, December 2007, p. 11.

[15]      Professor Ron Duncan, 'Pacific Trade Issues', Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Trade Issues Series, 2008, p. 20.

[16]      International Monetary Fund, 'Tonga: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement'; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion, IMF Country Report No. 08/261, July 2008, p. 4.

[17]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 28.

[18]      CIA, The World Factbook, https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/tv.html  (accessed 19 June 2008).

[19]      Department of Foreign Affairs, website, country information, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kiribati/index.html (accessed 15 October 2008).

[20]      See for example, Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 8, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[21]      Asian Development Bank, Country Information, http://www.adb.org/nauru/country-info.asp?p=ctrynau (accessed 26 September 2008).

[22]      Asian Development Bank, Country Information, http://www.adb.org/nauru/country-info.asp?p=ctrynau (accessed 26 September 2008).

[23]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 56.

[24]      See for example, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: sustaining growth and sharing prosperity, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008), p. 73.

[25]      Submission 60, p. 2.

[26]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/PNG.asp  (accessed 20 April 2009).

[27]      Bob Warner and Eric Omuru, 'PNG commodity prices—an opportunity not to be missed', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 1, 2008, p. 2.

[28]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 255.

[29]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008 Update, p. 140.

[30]      See for example, Rob Stewart, 'An Economic survey of developing countries in the Pacific region', Economic Roundup Spring 2006, the Australian Treasury, p. 94. See also UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: sustaining growth and sharing prosperity, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008), p. 72. It reported that, 'imports of goods to Pacific countries often exceed exports because of their small and narrowly based economies'.

[31]      IMF Country Report No. 08/93, Papua New Guinea: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr0893.pdf (accessed 9 October 2008).

[32]      Asian Development Bank, Country Information, http://www.adb.org/Kiribati/country-info.asp (accessed 26 September 2008). See the Lowy Institute, Submission 14, p. 2; and Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 78, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[33]      UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraph 30.

[34]      Submission 43, p. 2.

[35]      Submission 41, p. 4.

[36]      Submission 43, p. 2.

[37]      See for example, Chakriya Bowman, 'The Pacific Island Nations: Towards shared Representation, Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: Case Study 33', World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/casestudies_e/case33_e.htm (accessed 25 September 2008).

[38]      Chakriya Bowman, 'The Pacific Island Nations: Towards shared Representation, Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: Case Study 33', World Trade Organisation, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/casestudies_e/case33_e.htm (accessed 25 September 2008). See also Submission 29, p. 5.

[39]      See for example, Anis Chowdhury and Yogi Vidyattama, 'Macroeconomic Policies for Growth in Small Pacific Islands Economies', UN University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Research Paper no. 2007/24, May 2007, p. 1; and Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 78, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[40]      See for example, Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan 31 August–5 September 2000.

[41]      World Bank, Not if but when, adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands Region, A policy note, 2006, p. 1.

[42]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. 3.

[43]      World Bank, Not if but when, adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands Region, A policy note, 2006, p. 1.

[44]      Asian Development Bank, Samoa, Country Information, http://www.adb.org/Samoa/country-info.asp (accessed 26 September 2008).

[45]      Contained in World Bank, Not if but when: Adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands region, a policy note, 2006, p. 2.

[46]      The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat noted that the reconstruction costs after this cyclone hit Niue were estimated at over NZ$20 million which was more than double its GDP in 2000. Submission 69, p. 16.

[47]      Queensland Government, Environment Protection Agency, 'Fact Sheet Solomon Islands tsunami', updated 16 May 2007; and AusAID, Solomon Islands, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/country.cfm?CountryID=16&Region=SouthPacific (accessed 6 January 2009).

[48]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 237. Also Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, p. 16.

[49]      UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 'Papua New Guinea: Tens of thousands displaced by coastal flooding', Humanitarian News, 12 December 2008.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 57.

[51]      UN News service, 'Over 3,000 Samoans left homeless by deadly Pacific tsunami', http:www.un.org/apps/news/printnews.asp?nid=32443 (accessed 8 October 2009).

[52]      See UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Global Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States', Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April–6 May 1994, A/CONF.167/9, October 1994, p. 9, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf167/aconf167-9.htm (accessed 20 October 2008).

[53]      Submission 1, p. 4.

[54]      Submission 50, p. 3.

[55]      Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan 31 August–5 September 2000. See also Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 248. See also Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, p. 3 which stated that the 'very existence of several atoll economies is threatened by higher sea levels'.

[56]      Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan 31 August–5 September 2000. See also, P.P. Wong, E. Marone, P. Lana, M. Fortes, D. Moro, J. Agard and L. Vicente, 'Island systems' in R. Hassan, R. Scholes and N. Ash, editors, 'Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends: Findings of the Condition and Trends Group' The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2005, p. 675.

[57]      Submission 1, p. 4.

[58]      Statement on climate change, delivered on behalf of the Pacific Islands Forum by His Excellency Mr Ludwig Scotty, MP, President of the Republic of Nauru, Post Forum Dialogue Plenary, Nuku'alofa, Tonga, 18 October 2007.

[59]      Submission 71, p. 2.

[60]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: sustaining growth and sharing prosperity, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf   (accessed 1 October 2008), p. 74.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 4–5.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 5.

[63]      Submission 65, p. 2.

[64]      Submission 69, p. 2.

[65]      IMF, Statement by the Hon. Natan Teewe, MP, Governor of the Fund and the Bank for Kiribati, on behalf of the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, at the Joint Annual Discussion, Press Release no. 31, 13 October 2008.

Chapter 4 - Food security—agriculture and fisheries

[1]        Treasury, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 10; Dr Patricia Ranald, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 7; DEEWR, Submission 64, pp. 6–7; Dr Simon Hearn, ACIAR, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 38. See also Foundation for Development Cooperation, Submission 53, p. 5 and Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, p. 8.

[2]        See for example, Australian Centre for Agricultural Research, ACIAR, Country Profiles 2008–09, Pacific Islands, p. 10. See also ACIAR, which stated in its submission that many small holders live in isolated rural communities dependent on household food production and intermittent crop, fish and small livestock sales. Submission 67, p. 8.

[3]        See for example, Dr Simon Hearn, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 38; and DAFF, Submission 42, pp. 4–5. DAFF informed the committee that agriculture, fisheries and forestry based industries support up to 85 per cent of the Pacific region’s population and provide an important contribution to Pacific island economic activity. See also Professor Clive Moore, Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 9.

[4]        See for example Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on behalf of Pacific Island Countries and Territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit 08, Rome, 4 June 2008, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009). See also the 2008 Solomon Islands people's survey, which found that the consumption of imported foods appeared to be quite widespread amongst the participants and their families though they did remark on its high cost. ANU Enterprise, People's survey 2008, Final report, p. 13.

[5]        Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Paper presented by the Secretariat, 'Agenda item 3.1: Food security in the Pacific', Thirty-eighth meeting of the committee of representatives of governments and administrations, Noumea, New Caledonia, 13–16 October 2008, paragraph 4.

[6]        Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Paper presented by the Secretariat, 'Agenda item 3.1: Food security in the Pacific', Thirty-eighth meeting of the committee of representatives of governments and administrations, Noumea, New Caledonia, 13–16 October 2008; Regional Policy Agenda. At the 2008 UN sponsored World Food Summit, the Secretariat noted the growing dependence of Pacific Islanders on imported staples which was 'especially true for atolls where limited land, water and poor soils make it difficult to grow much beyond breadfruit, taro and coconuts'. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community at the World Food Summit 08, Rome.

[7]        Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Paper presented by the Secretariat, 'Agenda item 3.1: Food security in the Pacific', Thirty-eighth meeting of the committee of representatives of governments and administrations, Noumea, New Caledonia, 13–16 October 2008, paragraph 37. The countries were Cook Islands, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. In 2007, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu had population growth rates of 2.4 per cent, PNG grew at 2.1 per cent and Kiribati at 1.6 per cent. The population growth rates for Fiji (0.6), Tonga (0.5) and Tuvalu (0.4) were below the Pacific and the World average which stood at 1.2 per cent for 2007.

[8]        Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on Behalf of Pacific Island Countries and territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009).

[9]        Commonwealth of Australia, 09 Pacific Economic Survey: engaging with the world, AusAID, Canberra, September 2009, p. 97.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, pp. 32–33.

[11]      Prime Minister of Australia, Interview, Joint Press Conference with the Right Honourable Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Parliament House, 28 April 2009, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/interview/2009/interview_0936.cfm or http://www.pm.gov.au/node/5207 (accessed 5 May 2009).

[12]      Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on Behalf of Pacific Island Countries and territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009).

[13]      Asian Development Bank, Tonga: Outer Islands Agriculture Development Project, Operations Evaluation Department, July 2006, Executive Summary and p. 3. Prime Minister's Statement at the UN Assembly, Friday, 26 September 2008, http://www.pmo.gov.to/media-mainmenu-82/speeches-mainmenu-84/english-mainmenu-95/275.html?task=view  (accessed 20 February 2009).

[14]      Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on Behalf of Pacific Island Countries and territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009).

[15]      Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on Behalf of Pacific Island Countries and territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=236&Itemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009).

[16]      See for example, UN Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, 'Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States', Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April–6 May 1994, A/CONF.167/9, October 1994, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf167/aconf167-9.htm (accessed 20 October 2008). UN Development System, Fiji and Samoa, United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Pacific Subregion 2008–2012, May 2007, p. 6.

[17]      UN Development System, Fiji and Samoa, UN Development Assistance Framework for the Pacific Subregion, 2008–12, May 2007, pp. 6 and 17. Pacific 2020 noted, 'The environments on which so many Pacific island people depend are arguably being degraded. They are certainly being managed in ways that cannot be sustained, creating significant negative impacts for present and future generations'. AusAID, Pacific 2020, Background Paper: Forestry, January 2006, p. 4, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/background_forestry.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[18]      Submission 50, p. 5.

[19]      Submission 50, p. 6.

[20]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008.

[21]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 26. This project is a joint effort of the SPC, Agricultural Development in the American Pacific (ADAP) and the University of the South Pacific (USP). A paravet is not a qualified veterinarian. He or she looks after sick animals and where appropriate either treats the animal or refers the animal to a veterinarian, provides advice to members of the community on animal production and health issues, visits farmers and advises members of the community on how to improve animal productivity, and carries out surveillance for the introduction of exotic diseases. Secretariat of the Pacific Community website: http://www.spc.int/rahs/Projects/paravet1E.htm#definition.

[22]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 26.

[23]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 26.

[24]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 27.

[25]      Fiji Government Online, J Cokanasiga, Minister for Primary Industry and Sugar, 'Remarks at the Fiji College of Agriculture', 10 December 2008, http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_13707.shtml (accessed 16 January 2009).

[26]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 41 and 44.

[27]      ANU Enterprise, People's survey 2008, Final report, p. 13.

[28]      The Development of Sustainable Agriculture in the Pacific project is an important part of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community Agriculture and Forestry Programme. The project has a strong focus on extension and is intended to improve the promotion and dissemination of information to the farming community. It uses a participatory approach with farmers and rural communities to identify and adopt technologies. See website, for example, http://www.spc.int/dsap/about_dsap.htm.

[29]      Second Regional Conference of Ministers of Agriculture and Forestry, 8–9 September 2008, Apia, Samoa, p. 11 and Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 24.

[30]      Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Paper prepared by the Secretariat in collaboration with FFA, 'Agenda item 4: The future of Pacific fisheries—planning & managing for economic growth, food security and sustainable livelihoods, Fifth Conference of the Pacific Community, Apia, Samoa, 12–13 November 2007, Executive summary, paragraphs 5 and 6.

[31]      UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraphs 37–38.

[32]      UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Global Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States', Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April–6 May 1994, A/CONF.167/9, October 1994, p. 17, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf167/aconf167-9.htm (accessed 20 October 2008).

[33]      UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraphs 37–38. An OECD Policy Brief noted that 'valuable fish stocks in many coastal areas of the developing world are severely threatened by over-fishing and weak regulatory environments', OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for Development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 2.

[34]      Submission 68, p. 10.

[35]      ACIAR Project FIS/2007/116, 'Improving resilience and adaptive capacity of fisheries-dependent communities in Solomon Islands', http://www.aciar.gov.au/project/FIS/2007/116 (accessed 30 April 2009).

[36]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 47.

[37]      ACIAR, 'Sustainable aquaculture development in Pacific Islands region and northern Australia' Project ID: FIS/2001/075 http://www.aciar.gov.au/project/FIS/2001/075  (accessed 1 July 2009).

[38]      Submission 42, p. 11.

[39]      Submission 42, p. 3.

[40]      See for example, OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 2.

[41]      Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Country Profiles 2008–09, Pacific Islands, p. 10.

[42]      Submission 68, p. 10.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 57.

[44]      For example, a recent study published by the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources Security stated clearly that overfishing and overcapacity threaten the sustainability of some of the region’s key fish stocks. It noted that such practices pose a direct threat to the economic viability and food security of the Pacific island countries that are heavily dependent on fisheries resources for both revenue and food security, Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 23.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 65.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 58.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 59.

[48]      Under the law of the sea, an EEZ is the area of sea over which a state exercises its sovereign rights covering the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of its natural resources. Generally this zone extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. Articles 55, 56 and 57, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 59.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 59.

[51]      OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 2.

[52]      Submission 68, pp. 10 and 15.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 66.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 67.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 86.

[56]      Submission 68, p. 10.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 46–47.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 61.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 59.

[60]      Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Fourth Regular Session, 2–7 December 2007, Opening Statement by FCC Chair to the Fourth Session of the WCPFC, WCPFC4–2007/DP28, 5 December 2007.

[61]      Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Fourth Regular Session, 2–7 December 2007, Opening Statement by FCC Chair to the Fourth Session of the WCPFC, WCPFC4–2007/DP28, 5 December 2007.

[62]      Edward Vrkic, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 8.

[63]      For example: a cut of 10 per cent in longline fishing in 2009; closure of the high seas and EEZ to fishing Aggregating Devices for 2 months in 2009 and 3 months in 2010 (July–September); and agreement to close 2 high seas pockets from January 2010. Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, 'Tuna Commission meeting makes significant progress says Pacific Islands', posted 12 December 2008, http://www.ffa.int/node/106 (accessed 22 December 2008).

[64]      Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, 'Tuna Commission meeting makes significant progress says Pacific Islands', 12 December 20-08, http://www.ffa.int/node/106 (accessed 22 December 2008). According to a report in the Dominion Post, in January 2008, an RNZAF Orion operating out of Tonga caught a Taiwanese tuna boat fishing illegally in Tongan waters. The report indicated that Taiwan had suspended the boat's licence for three months and called the captain back for training but that Tonga wanted $2.5 million for what it said was a violation of its sovereign rights, http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:tonga-and-taiwans-diplomatic-fight&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 (accessed 22 December 2008).

[65]      Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Opening Statement by the Chair of the Forum Fisheries Committee, WCPFC5-2008/DP17, 8 December 2008.

[66]      See also Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, pp. 26–27.

[67]      Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Fifth Regular Session, 8–12 December 2008, Tokelau, opening statement, WCPFC5–2008/DP18, 8 December 2008.

[68]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 25.

[69]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 23.

[70]      See also Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, pp. 26–27 and 28–34.

[71]      Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Papua New Guinea, Opening Statement, Fourth Regular Session, 3–7 December 2007, WCPFC4–2007/DP23, Guam, 3 December 2007.

[72]      DFAT stated that outside PNG's mineral wealth, fisheries 'was the most valuable resource' Submission 68, p. 9. See also, UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraphs 37–38 and Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, pp. 26–27.

Chapter 5

[1]        AusAID, Pacific 2020, Background Paper: Forestry, 2006, pp. 4 and 7, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/background_forestry.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008.

[2]        World Bank, Report No. 36503, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' (PE-4398/GE4345), 13 October 2006, p. 3.

[3]        AusAID, Pacific 2020, Background Paper: Forestry, 2006, p. 7, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/background_forestry.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[4]        Submission 42, p. 3. See also, Andreas Schloenhardt, 'The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region', Research and Public Policy Series, No. 89, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2008, p. 75.

[5]        See for example, Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/SOL.asp 24 November 2008.

[6]        World Bank, East Asia: Testing Times Ahead, East Asia and Pacific Update, April 2008, p. 48.

[7]        Submission 59, p. 4.

[8]        World Bank, Report No. 36503, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' (PE-4398/GE4345), 13 October 2006, p. 3.

[9]        Submission 42, p. 13.

[10]      World Bank, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' PE-4398/GE4345), report number 36503, 13 October 2006, pp. 4 and 17.

[11]      International Monetary Fund, 'Staff Report for the 2008 Article IV Consultation', 10 September 2008 in Solomon Islands: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion, IMF Country Report No. 08/358, November 2008, p. 17.

[12]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 28.

[13]      Investing in Forests and Trees for a Secure Future for our People, A regional Awareness Raising Tour of Local and Global Importance, organised by the Land Resources Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 3–6 October 2005, Fiji, p. 5.

[14]      World Bank, Report No. 36503, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' (PE-4398/GE4345), 13 October 2006, p. 4.

[15]      World Bank, Report No. 36503, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' (PE-4398/GE4345), 13 October 2006, p. 4.

[16]      Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea's Address to the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Sydney, 7 November 2008, http://lowyinstitute.richmedia-server.com/sound/Pacific_regional_challenges.pdf (accessed 12 January 2009).

[17]      Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Address to the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Sydney, 7 November 2008, http://lowyinstitute.richmedia-server.com/sound/Pacific_regional_challenges.pdf (accessed 12 January 2009).

[18]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 12.

[19]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, pp. 13 and 15.

[20]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 11.

[21]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, pp. 11–15.

[22]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 12.

[23]      Garry Tunstall, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 64.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 68.

[25]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 15.

[26]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, pp. 36, 45 and 51. See also, the 2007 Fiji Forest Policy Statement which supports the view that inadequate knowledge of forest resources and research effort is a limiting factor. Fiji Forest Policy Statement, November 2007, Summary, p. 2. Although Fiji has carried out a national forestry inventory, it understands that other things need to be done. See Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 25 and Fiji Government Online, Press Releases, no. 354, 'Department plans to retain forests', 11 February 2009, http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_14203.shtml (accessed 26 February 2009).

[27]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, pp. 25 and 27.

[28]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, p. 28.

[29]      A regional workshop found, 'As in most societies, landowners in the Pacific have the dominant say in how land is used. This can lead to conflicts between local preferences and regional or national goals. Participatory land use planning is the current way of tackling this problem but it is hugely costly, both in the resources and in the time needed to carry out planning. More efficient ways of addressing these trade-offs need to be found'. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Capacity Building on Restoration, Management and Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests and Deforested Land in the Pacific—A Regional Workshop for Improved Practices Enhancing Forest Functions', Workshop Report, Nadi, 28–31 October 2008.

[30]      Submission 63, p. 5.

[31]      Appendix to Submission 63, p. 24

[32]      Overseas Development Institute, 'What can be learnt from the past? A history of the forestry sector in Papua New Guinea', Papua New Guinea Forest Studies 1, January 2007, p. 14.

[33]      See for example, Andreas Schloenhardt, 'The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region', Research and Public Policy Series, No. 89, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2008, p. 75.

[34]      James Turner, Andres Katz and Joseph Buongiorno, Implications for the New Zealand Wood Products Sector of Trade Distortions due to Illegal Logging, A report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, SCION, July 2007, p. 21.

[35]      See Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 27 and Overseas Development Institute,' Issues and opportunities for the forest sector in Papua New Guinea', Papua New Guinea Forest Studies 3, January 2007, p. 31.

[36]      World Bank, Report No. 36503, 'Note on Cancelled Operation (NCO)' (PE-4398/GE4345), 13 October 2006, p. 8.

[37]      Overseas Development Institute, 'What can be learnt from the past? A history of the forestry sector in Papua New Guinea', Papua New Guinea Forest Studies 1, January 2007, p. 19. It should be noted that while the paper had been commissioned by the Government of Papua New Guinea and funded by the European Commission, the views expressed were not necessarily those of the Government of Papua New Guinea nor of the European Commission.

[38]      Overseas Development Institute, 'What can be learnt from the past? A history of the forestry sector in Papua New Guinea', Papua New Guinea Forest Studies 1, January 2007, p. 21.

[39]      Andreas Schloenhardt, 'The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region', Research and Public Policy Series, No. 89, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2008, p. 73.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 68.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 68.

[42]      James Turner, Andres Katz and Joseph Buongiorno, Implications for the New Zealand Wood Products Sector of Trade Distortions due to Illegal Logging, A report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, SCION, July 2007, p. 22.

[43]      IMF, Solomon Islands: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussions, IMF Report No. 08/358, November 2008, p. 11.

[44]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 13.

[45]      Andreas Schloenhardt, 'The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region', Research and Public Policy Series, No. 89, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2008, pp. 72–75.

[46]      UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraph 31.

[47]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Forum Outlines Key Challenges to Mining', Press Statement, 28 February 2007, http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2007/forum-outlines (accessed 21 January 2009).

[48]      Submission 6, p. 3.

[49]      Submission 6, p. 3.

[50]      See for example, UN Economic and Social Council Commission on Sustainable Development, 'Integrated review of the thematic cluster of agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification and Africa in Small Island Developing States', Report of the Secretary-General, E/CN.17/2008/9, 5–16 May 2008, paragraph 32.

[51]      Department of Economic Development and Environment, First National Report to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, Republic of Nauru, April 2003, p. 5.

[52]      Peter S. Adler, Janesse Brewer and Caelan McGee,  The Ok Tedi Negotiations, the Keystone Center, 24 August 2007, Executive Summary. See also Glenn Banks, Papua New Guinea Baseline Study, International Institute for Environment and Development, October 2001, p. 17.

[53]      Peter S. Adler, Janesse Brewer and Caelan McGee, The Ok Tedi Negotiations, the Keystone Center, 24 August 2007, Executive Summary. See for example, Glenn Banks, Papua New Guinea Baseline Study, International Institute for Environment and Development, October 2001, pp.16–17; George W. Pring, University of Denver College of Law, Mining, Environment and Development, published by UNCTAD, 2007, p. 23; Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, May 2008, p. 7.

[54]      AusAID, Pacific 2020, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth, May 2006, p. 13. Also see UNCTAD, Mining, Environment and Development, Papers prepared for UNCTAD, n.d., p. 16. It stated that 'with effective planning, modern technology and careful management, much of the degradation historically associated with mining can be avoided and mining can be pursued at an acceptable environmental cost'.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 38.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 46.

[57]      Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan, 31 August–5 September 2000.

[58]      UN Environment Programme, Environmental Management and Disaster Preparedness: Building a multi-stakeholder partnership, 2005, p. iii.

[59]      Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan, 31 August–5 September 2000. Pacific 2020 also noted that the 'environments on which so many Pacific island people depend are arguably being degraded. They are certainly being managed in ways that cannot be sustained, creating significant negative impacts for present and future generations. As well, many of the forest resources are particularly vulnerable to natural catastrophes, especially cyclones. Mangrove forests, for example, can help to mitigate the effect of natural disasters, particularly in small island states.' AusAID, Pacific 2020, Background Paper: Forestry, January 2006, p. 4, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/background_forestry.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[60]      See for example, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. 5; Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000, 'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan, 31 August–5 September 2000.

[61]      See for example, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008; Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000,  'Review of the state of the environment of the pacific islands', Kitakyushu, Japan, 31 August–5 September 2000.

[62]      Ross Garnaut, The Garnaut Climate Change Review, Final report, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 149–151.

[63]      Submissions 1, 10, 14 and 65.

[64]      AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey: connecting the region, 2008, p. 4.

[65]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 45.

[66]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 38.

[67]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. 14.

[68]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. vii.

[69]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. 13.

[70]      Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Climate change and food security in Pacific island countries, Rome, 2008, p. 16.

[71]      IMF, Statement by the Hon. Peceli Vocea, Governor of the Bank for Fiji at the Joint Annual Discussion, Boards of Governors Meeting, Press Release No. 49, 13 October 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/am/2008/speeches/pr49e.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008).

[72]      Statement by His Excellence Anote Tong, President of the Republic of Kiribati, General Debate of the 63^rd Session of the UN General Assembly, 25 September 2008.

[73]      Statement by His Excellence Anote Tong, President of the Republic of Kiribati, General Debate of the 63^rd Session of the UN General Assembly, 25 September 2008.

Chapter 6 - Australia's assistance—sustainable development

[1]        ANZ made the general observation that Australian expertise in resource management would be 'invaluable in assisting PNG (and other resource rich Pacific island states) move to more sustainable, transparent resource management practices'. Submission 51, pp. 6–7.

[2]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Communiqué, Thirty-ninth Pacific Islands Forum, Niue, 19–20 August 2008, Annex A, The Pacific Plan, p. 10.

[3]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Economic Ministers' Meeting, Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu, 27–29 October 2008, paragraph 8. Sustainable development is also one of the four main pillars of the Pacific Plan with a number of objectives including reducing poverty and improved natural resource and environmental management. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan, revised version 2007.

[4]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 6.

[5]        Submission 67, p. 3.

[6]        Submission 67, p. 3.

[7]        Submission 67, p. 24.

[8]        Submission 67, p. 7.

[9]        Submission 67, pp. 8–9.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 40.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 39.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 41.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 39.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 39 and 41.

[15]      Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, ACIAR Country Profiles 2008–09, Papua New Guinea, p. 9.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 44.

[17]      Submission 67, p. 4.

[18]      Submission 67, p. 4.

[19]      Submission 67, p. 4.

[20]      ACIAR, Submission 67, p. 7.

[21]      Submission 50, p. 5.

[22]      Submission 50, p. 6.

[23]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 20.

[24]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 20.

[25]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, pp. 20–21.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 51.

[27]      See for example, ACIAR, Dennis J. McHugh, The seaweed industry in the Pacific islands, A joint study undertaken by ACIAR and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Canberra 2006; ACIAR, Final Report, A sea cucumber fisheries management project in PNG: a project feasibility review the ACIAR, project number FIS/2002/110, August 2008; ACIAR, project number FIS/2001/075, Sustainable aquaculture development in Pacific Islands region and northern Australia.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 48.

[29]      The Vava'u Declaration on Pacific Fisheries Resources, 'Our fish, our future', Annex B to Forum Communiqué, Thirty-eighth Pacific Islands Forum, 16–17 October 2007.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 50.

[31]      Submission 68, p. 28.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 57.

[33]      Submission 65, Annex 1.

[34]      Dr Jane Lake, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 60.

[35]      For example, Kate Barclay with Ian Cartright, Capturing Wealth from Tuna: case studies from the Pacific, ANU, (Kate Barclay was an AusAID Postdoctoral Fellow with additional funds for research provided by AusAID and DAFF). In 2007 AusAID published Valuing Pacific fish, A framework for Fisheries-related Development Assistance in the Pacific, November 2007. AusAID also helped to fund the commissioning of Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, April 2008.

[36]      See paragraphs 4.35–4.36.

[37]      Submission 68, p. 27.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 22.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 23.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 87.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 22.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 22.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 87.

[44]      Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, Defence White Paper 2009, p. 99.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 20.

[46]      No data available for Fiji following the suspension of the program.

[47]      For example, it provided some funding for the short course on strengthening national Forestry policy held 26–30 November in Pohnpei and for a regional workshop on capacity building for the restoration, management and rehabilitation of degraded forests and deforested land in the Pacific, 28–31 October 2008 in Nadi, Fiji.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 67 and 70.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 67.

[50]      DAFF, http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0004/777964/table-of-projects.doc (accessed 13 January 2009).

[51]      Submission 42, p. 14.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 70.

[53]      ACIAR, Annual Operational Plan 2008–09, Research that Works, 2008, pp. 16–28, http://www.aciar.gov.au/publication/AOP_current (accessed 10 February 2009).

[54]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan for strengthening regional cooperation and integration, revised version 2007.

[55]      The Hon Stephen Smith, MP, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs and The Hon Joel Fitzgibbon, MP, Minister for Defence, 'Australian Relief Supplies for PNG Floods', Media release, AA0874, 12 December 2008, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=1893_7468_30_0_6445 (accessed 28 January 2009).

[56]      The Hon Stephen Smith, MP, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Further Australian Assistance for Fiji Floods', Media release, 16 January 2009, http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2009/fa-s185_09.html (accessed 28 January 2009).

[57]      Australian Government, Responding to the Australia 2020 Summit, 2009, p. 243, http://www.australia2020.gov.au/docs/government_response/2020_summit_response_10_world.pdf  (accessed 4 April 2009).

[58]      AusAID website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/hottopics/topic.cfm?ID=4340_2958_671_9343_142

[59]      World Bank, Not if but When Adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands Region, A policy note, 2006, p. viii.

[60]      ACIAR, Annual Operational Plan 2008–09: Research that works, pp. 19–20.

[61]      Pacific Islands Forum Statement on Climate Change delivered on behalf of Pacific Forum by His Excellency Mr Ludwig Scotty, MP, President of the Republic of Nauru, at Post Forum Dialogue, 18 October 2007.

[62]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Forum Leaders Endorse the Niue Declaration on Climate Change', Press statement (92/08), 26th August 2008, http://www.forumsec.org.fj/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2008/forum-leaders-endorse-niue-declaration-on-climate-change.html (accessed 12 January 2009).

[63]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Forum Leaders endorse the Niue Declaration on Climate Change', Press statement (92/08), 26 August 2008, http://www.forumsec.org.fj/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2008/forum-leaders-endorse-niue-declaration-on-climate-change.html (accessed 12 January 2009).

[64]      Forum Communiqué, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns, Australia, 5–6 August 2009, Annex A, 'Pacific Leaders' Call to Action on Climate Change'.

[65]      Ross Garnaut, The Garnaut Climate Change Review, Final report, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 149–151.

[66]      Submission 71, p. 4.

[67]      Submission 71, p. 5.

[68]      Submission 71, p. 5.

[69]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 40.

[70]      Submission 71, pp. 5–6.

[71]      AusAID website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/adaptation.cfm (accessed 28 January 2009).

[72]      AusAID website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/adaptation.cfm (accessed 28 January 2009).

[73]      Submission 50, p. 7.

[74]      Submission 50, p. 7.

[75]      See paragraph 1.12 and Submission 71, p. 3.

[76]      Prime Minister of Australia, Media Releases, 'Port Moresby Declaration', 6 March 2008; 'Prime Minister Signs Partnership for Development with PNG and Samoa', 20 August 2008; 'Pacific Partnerships for Development with Solomon Islands and Kiribati', 27 January 2009.

[77]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 12.

[78]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 13.

[79]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 95.

[80]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice following public hearing on 19 June 2009.

[81]      See paragraph 6.46.

[82]      AusAID website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/mitigation.cfm (accessed 28 January 2009).

[83]      AusAID website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/mitigation.cfm (accessed 28 January 2009).

[84]      Submission 62, paragraphs 3.3 and 3.4. According to the Asian Development Bank and CIA World Factbook, the Government of Tuvalu appealed to Australia and New Zealand in 2000 'to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation of the country necessary'. Asian Development Bank, Tuvalu, Country Information, http://www.adb.org/Tuvalu/country-info.asp (accessed 26 September 2008) and CIA, World Factbook, Tuvalu, http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~dasymond/mirror/factbook/print/tv.html (accessed 8 December 2008).

[85]      Ross Garnaut, The Garnaut Climate Change Review, Final Report, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 149–151. The report noted that 'The numbers of people exposed to small increases in sea level are much larger in Papua New Guinea, in coastal and low-lying river areas of West Papua, and in other island areas of eastern Indonesia'.

[86]      Submission 14, pp. 4–5.

[87]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 39.

[88]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, pp. 38–39.

[89]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 39.

[90]      Statement by His Excellency Anote Tong, President of the Republic of Kiribati, General Debate of the 63^rd session of the UN General Assembly, 25 September 2008. UN News Centre, 'Small island nations' survival threatened by climate change, UN hears'. 25 September 2008, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=28265 (accessed 29 April 2009).

[91]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 28.

[92]      UN News Centre, 'Small island nations' survival threatened by climate change, UN hears'. 25 September 2008, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=28265 (accessed 29 April 2009).

[93]      UN General Assembly, A/RES/63/281.

[94]      Statement by His Excellence Anote Tong, President of the Republic of Kiribati, General Debate of the 63^rd Session of the UN General Assembly, 25 September 2008.

Chapter 7 - Opportunities for commercial development

[1]        Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 68.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 68.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 6.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 32.

[5]        Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, p. 81.

[6]        Submission 58, p. 2.

[7]        Australia Fiji Business Council, Submission 58, p. 2. See also Statement by the Hon. Mahendra Pal Chaudhry, Governor of the Bank of Fiji at the Joint Annual Discussion, IMF, Press Release No. 44, 22 October 2007.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 46.

[9]        Asian Development Bank, Transforming Tonga, 2008, p. 6; and Office of the Prime Minister, Nuku'alofa, Economic Update, July 2008, http://www.pmo.gov.to/releases-mainmenu-29/231-economic-update-july-2008.html (accessed 20 February 2009).

[10]      The export of squash, which became a major foreign exchange earner for Tonga, peaked in the early 1990s but unfortunately has since declined. According to a 2008 country report, the near collapse of the squash sector was due to 'heavy competition in overseas markets and rising input costs, resulting in the government imposing levies to discourage new entrants.' Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 28.

[11]      Office of the Prime Minister, Nuku'alofa, Economic Update, July 2008, http://www.pmo.gov.to/releases-mainmenu-29/231-economic-update-july-2008.html (accessed 20 February 2009).

[12]      Mr Paul Ross, DAFF, Committee Hansard, 20 November, p. 54 and Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, p. 25.

[13]      This information is taken from a Paper prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Kingdom of Tonga, for the Regional Workshop on the Constraints, Challenges and Prospects for Commodity-based Development, Diversification, and Trade in the Pacific Islands Economies, Nadi, Fiji, 18–20 September 2001, p. 9.

[14]      Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, ACIAR Country Profiles 2008–09, Papua New Guinea, p. 9.

[15]      Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS),
3–5 September 2008, pp. 25 and 29. See also Mr McGregor who argued that improved market access offers Pacific island countries the prospect of being part of the revolution in the export of agricultural products. Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, p. 87.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 45.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 31.

[18]      See for example, Professor Ron Duncan, 'Pacific Trade Issues', Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. 24.

[19]      Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, pp. 87 and 97.

[20]      Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, pp. 85 and 87.

[21]      Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, p. 92.

[22]      Professor Ron Duncan, 'Pacific Trade Issues', Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 2008, pp. x–xi.

[23]      Professor Ron Duncan, 'Pacific Trade Issues', Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. xi.

[24]      Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, p. 92.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 54.

[26]      Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Statement by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community on behalf of Pacific island countries and Territories at the UN-sponsored World Food Summit 08, Rome, 4 June 2008, http://www.spc.int/corp/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=236andItemid=1 (accessed 16 January 2009).

[27]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 23.

[28]      Kate Barclay with Ian Cartright, Capturing Wealth from Tuna: case studies from the Pacific, Asia Pacific Press, ANU, Canberra 2007, p. 22.

[29]      Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, 'Pacific Islands push for action on Bigeye and Yellowfin Tuna at WCPFC this week', 8 December 2008, http://www.ffa.int/node/101 (accessed 22 December 2008).

[30]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 24.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 63.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 63.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 63.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 64.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 51.

[36]      Kate Barclay with Ian Cartwright, Capturing Wealth from Tuna: case studies from the Pacific, Asia Pacific Press, ANU, Canberra 2007, p. 57.

[37]      Andrew M. McGregor, 'The export of horticultural and high-value agricultural products from the Pacific Islands', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 22, no. 3, October 2007, p. 86.

[38]      See also Submission 1, p. 6; Submission 10, p. 8.

[39]      See for example, Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2008, p. 78, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008). See also P.P. Wong, E. Marone, P. Lana, M. Fortes, D. Moro, J. Agard and L. Vicente, 'Island systems' in R. Hassan, R. Scholes and N. Ash, editors, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends: Findings of the Condition and Trends Group (The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, vol. 1). Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2005, p. 675. See also Professor Ron Duncan, 'Pacific Trade Issues', Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. 24.

[40]      Submission 10, p. 8.

[41]      DAFF Submission, p. 11; OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for Development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 2 and Kiribati—Opening Statement, Fifth Regular Session,
8–12 December 2008, WCPFC5-2008/DP21, 8 December 2008.

[42]      OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for Development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 4. The Brief noted that countries in the Pacific region receive on average only between 3–6 per cent of the value of the catch. It suggested that fisheries access agreements 'may be inconsistent with efforts to promote the sustainable development of coastal states'. See also Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 25.

[43]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 24.

[44]      Submission 68, p. 10. See also OECD, 'Fisheries: Improving Policy Coherence for Development', Policy Brief, September 2008, p. 4. As noted previously the Brief stated that countries in the Pacific region receive only 3–6 per cent of the value of the catch. See also Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 25.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 49.

[46]      Quentin Hanich, Feleti Teo and Martin Tsamenyi, Closing the Gaps: Building Capacity in Pacific Fisheries Governance and Institutions, Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, April 2008, p. 25.

[47]      Submission 42, p. 11.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 66.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 42.

[50]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Forum Outlines Key Challenges to Mining', Press Statement, 28 February 2007, http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2007/forum-outlines (accessed 21 January 2009).

[51]      Submission 70, p. 6.

[52]      The University of Queensland's Consortium on Community Building and Responsible Resource Development, Submission 6, p. 3.

[53]      New Guinea Gold Corporation, http://www.newguineagold.ca/PNG/papua_new_guinea.html (accessed 24 June 2009).

[54]      Minerals for Life, Quarterly Bulletin, April–June 2008, p. 4.

[55]      See for example, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, p. 2.

[56]      Submission 31, p. 5.

[57]      DFAT website, country information, http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tonga/index.html (accessed 15 October 2008).

[58]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 60.

[59]      Submission 31, p. 2.

[60]      For example, Qantas noted that for many Pacific island countries 'the potential to increase receipts from tourism is seen as a better long-term prospect', Submission 41, p. 2.

[61]      Submission 41, p. 2.

[62]      ESCAP, Improving Employment opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 19.

Chapter 8 - Australia's assistance—expanding markets

[1]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 41.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 41.

[3]        Submission 67, p. 24.

[4]        Submission 67, p. 15.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 46.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 51.

[7]        Nathan Associates Inc., Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Joint Baseline and Gap Analysis, submitted to Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, December 2007, p. 10.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 31. The Asian Development Bank also made this observation, in Transforming Tonga, 2008, p. 37. It suggested that 'Quarantine regulations in Australia and New Zealand present a major barrier to Tongan exporters'.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 31.

[10]      Submission 60, p. 7.

[11]      Submission 60, p. 6.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 54.

[13]      Submission 42, p. 8 and Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 54.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 54–55.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 27.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 27.

[17]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 20.

[18]      Pacific Island Countries Secretariat website, 'Aid-for-trade and project proposal formulation', http://www.forumsec.org.fj/pages.cfm/speeches-2006/sg-foc-speech-.html

[19]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade Statement 2007, pp. 87–88.

[20]      The Hon Alexander Downer, MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Australia's Commitment to the Pacific', Speech for the Biennial Sir Arthur Tange Lecture on Australian Diplomacy, 8 August 2007.

[21]      The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister of Australia, 'Even Closer Economic Relations', Speech to Australian and New Zealand CEOs at a lunch hosted by the Auckland Chamber of Commerce, 19 August 2008, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/speech/2008/speech_0433.cfm (accessed 26 September 2008).

[22]      The Hon Simon Crean MP, Minister for Trade, 'Enhancing prosperity in the Pacific', Third Informal Meeting of Officials on PACER Plus, Adelaide, 16 February 2009, http://www.trademinister.gov.au/speeches/2009/090216_pacer.html (accessed 30 April 2009). See also Submission 42, p. 5.

[23]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Communiqué, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns, Australia, 5–6 August 2009, paragraph 22.

[24]      The University of Adelaide, Institute for International Trade, 'Capacity Building in Developing Countries', http://www.iit.adelaide.edu.au/educ/develop (accessed 13 July 2009).

[25]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 28.

[26]      The University of Adelaide, Institute for International Trade, 'Capacity Building in Developing Countries', http://www.iit.adelaide.edu.au/hot/ (accessed 13 July 2009).

[27]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Communiqué, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns, Australia, 5–6 August 2009, paragraph 22.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 39.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 39.

[30]      Australian High Commission Papua New Guinea, 'Joint Communiqué on the PNG–Australia Partnership for Development', Media release, 3 November 2008, http://www.png.embassy.gov.au/pmsb/MR081104.html (accessed 7 April 2009).

[31]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice no. 9 following public hearing on 19 June 2009.

[32]      Submission 52, p. 5.

[33]      Submission 52, p. 6.

[34]      Submission 52, p. 5.

[35]      Submission 52, p. 5.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 52.

[37]      Submission 31, p. 2.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 53.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, pp. 52 and 54.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 54.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 55.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 57.

[43]      Submission 31, pp. 5–7.

[44]      According to its website, the South Pacific Tourism Organisation (SPTO) is the mandated inter-governmental organisation for the tourism sector in the South Pacific. In the early 1980s an informal association of South Pacific national tourism organisations was formed, which subsequently became the SPTO. SPTO is an organisation with a membership that substantially represents both the public and private sectors.http://www.spto.org/spto/export/sites/spto/about/index.html (accessed 29 April 2009).

[45]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice no. 1 following public hearing on 19 June 2009.

[46]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Communiqué, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns, Australia, 5–6 August 2009, Annex C, 'Recommendations for Progressing the Pacific Plan', paragraph v.

[47]      Steven Noakes, Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 52.

[48]      Submission 61, p. 8.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 22–23.

[50]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade Statement 2007, pp. 87–88.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 24.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 21.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 25.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 25.

[55]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade Statement 2007, pp. 87–88.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 23.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 21 and 23.

[58]      Submission 61, p. 4 and Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 25.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 24.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 9 June 2009, p. 61.

Chapter 9 - Business environment—infrastructure

[1]        For example, the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government noted the geographic isolation, climatic extremes and 'massive infrastructure shortfalls that make transport a particularly challenging issue for the region'. Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 72.

[2]        See for example, World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 4, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/PacificReportFinal.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[3]        World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 4, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/PacificReportFinal.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[4]        World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 4, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/PacificReportFinal.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[5]        World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 5.

[6]        See for example, Mr John Millet, Submission 21, p. 6. A number of unions argued that many Island States have experienced 'a decrease in standards of infrastructure, often accompanied by a failure to keep pace with demand as populations increase and there is also a common drift to urban areas'. Submission 10, p. 6. See also Anis Chowdhury and Yogi Vidyattama, 'Macroeconomic Policies for Growth in Small Pacific Islands Economies', UN University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Research Paper no. 2007/24, May 2007, p. 1.

[7]        Submission 60, p. 8 and Submission 58, p. 10. ANZ noted that 'Critical utilities for economic growth, including potable water, electricity and telecommunications, are not widely available in PNG, especially in rural areas'. Submission 51, p. 5. The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat cited the failure to maintain water supply assets, except in Vanuatu and PNG, which 'accounted for approximately 20 to 30 [per cent] of loss through undetected leakages and illegal connections. Submission 69, p. 15.

[8]        OECD, the Development Assistance and Investment Committees and the OECD's Development Co-operation Directorate and the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. 'Mobilising Private Investment for Development: Policy Lessons on the Role of ODA', The DAC Journal , vol. 6, no. 2, 2005, pp. 14–15. AusAID, Pacific 2020 Challenges and Opportunities for Growth, May 2006, p. 57; IMF Executive Board Concludes 2007 Article IV Consultation with Papua New Guinea Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 08/32, 12 March 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2008/pn0832.htm (accessed 9 October 2008); Submission 68, pp. 4 and 10; Submission 69, p. 15.

[9]        Submission 60, p. 8 and Submission 58, p. 10.

[10]      See chapter 7, paragraphs 7.8–7.9 and also representations from Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu, Report of the 3^rd Regional Meeting of Heads of Agriculture and Forestry Services (HOAFS), 3–5 September 2008, pp. 25, 28 and 29. Fiji Government Online, J Cokanasiga, Minister for Primary Industry and Sugar, 'Remarks at the Fiji College of Agriculture', 10 December 2008, http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_13707.shtml

[11]      Presentation Memorandum to the Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, attachment to Submission 60.

[12]      Submission 51, p. 5.

[13]      See chapter 7, paragraphs 7.8–7.9 and Asian Development Bank, Tonga: Outer Islands Agriculture Development Project, Performance Evaluation Report, July 2006, p. 22.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 44–45.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 44–45.

[16]      OECD, The Development Assistance and Investment Committees and the OECD's Development Co-operation Directorate and the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. 'Mobilising Private Investment for Development: Policy Lessons on the Role of ODA', The DAC Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2005, p. 28.

[17]      See for example, Australia Fiji Business Council, Submission 58, p. 10; Submission 60, p. 8.

[18]      Asian Development Bank, Living with High Prices, policy brief, 2008, p. 26. The IMF Public Information Notice No. 08/139 stated that Solomon Islands 'remains beset with poor infrastructure, landownership issues, a shortage of skilled labour and unreliable and costly services'. IMF Executive Board Concludes 2008 Article IV Consultation with the Solomon Islands, Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 08/139, October 2008, p. 2; IMF Executive Board Concludes 2007 Article IV Consultation with Papua New Guinea Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 08/32, 12 March 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2008/pn0832.htm (accessed 9 October 2008).

[19]      Submission 69, p. 15.

[20]      World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 7, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/PacificReportFinal.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008).

[21]      See for example, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, p. 15; Australia Fiji Business Council, Submission 58, p. 10 and ANZ, Submission 51, p. 5.

[22]      See for example, World Bank, The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge: A review of obstacles and opportunities for improving performance in the Pacific islands, January 2006, p. 6, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/PacificReportFinal.pdf (accessed 2 December 2008); UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008), p. 73 and Philip C. Erquiaga, Director General, Pacific Department, Asian Development Bank, Speech Pacific 2020 Conference, Sydney, 11 May 2006.

[23]      Submission 69, p. 13.

[24]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008), p. 73.

[25]      Asian Development Bank, Technical Assistance Consultant's Report, REG: Improving the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in the Pacific, Project Number 38633, December 2007, vol I, Executive Summary, p. 10.

[26]      Asian Development Bank, Technical Assistance Consultant's Report, REG: Improving the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in the Pacific, Project Number 38633, December 2007, vol I, Executive Summary, p. 8.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 81.

[28]      Submission 69, p. 16. Mr Motteram, Treasury, referred to road construction in PNG as a key infrastructure need but noted the scarcity of skilled labour which may be going to the mining sector because of the mining boom. See Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 9–10.

[29]      Submission 69, p. 13.

[30]      United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Enhancing Pacific Connectivity, United Nations, 2008, p. 56, http://www.unescap.org/icstd/research/pacific-connectivity/Enhancing-Pacific-Connectivity.pdf (accessed 1 December 2008).

[31]      See Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration, Pacific Regional Digital Strategy, p. 1 and Mr Oliver's explanation about the mobile phone producing economic benefits in terms of better communications between suppliers and marketers, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 31.

[32]      Hon Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister, Government of Samoa, Keynote Statement, Pacific Telecommunications Conference, Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol 23, no. 3, 2008, p. 67, http://peb.anu.edu.au/pdf/PEB23_3%20-%20SAMOA%20PM%20ADDRESS_WEBl.pdf (accessed 1 December 2008).

[33]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 55.

[34]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Enhancing Pacific Connectivity, 2008, p. 2, http://www.unescap.org/icstd/research/pacific-connectivity/Enhancing-Pacific-Connectivity.pdf (accessed 1 December 2008).

[35]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Enhancing Pacific Connectivity, 2008, p. 2, http://www.unescap.org/icstd/research/pacific-connectivity/Enhancing-Pacific-Connectivity.pdf (accessed 1 December 2008).

[36]      Esther Batiri Williams, 'Pacific Island States', in Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007–2008, ORBICOM and the International Development Research Centre, pp. 252–262.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 31.

[38]      Submission 68, pp. 6–7. See also Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 254, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/SAM.asp (accessed 14 October 2008). It noted the 'liberalization of the mobile telephone market in 2006, when a new entrant slashed the costs of international mobile phone calls by about 50 per cent'.

[39]      Professor Ron Duncan, Pacific Trade Issues, Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 2008, p. 20.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 30.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 30.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 30.

[43]      Asian Development Bank, Technical Assistance Consultant's Report, REG: Improving the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in the Pacific, Project Number 38633, December 2007, Vol. II, Part 2f: National Strategy: Samoa, p. 29.

[44]      Asian Development Bank, Technical Assistance Consultant's Report, REG: Improving the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in the Pacific, Project Number 38633, December 2007, Vol. II, Part 2e: National Strategy: Papua New Guinea, p. 38.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 15.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 15.

[47]      UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Enhancing Pacific Connectivity, 2008, pp. 2–3, http://www.unescap.org/icstd/research/pacific-connectivity/Enhancing-Pacific-Connectivity.pdf (accessed 1 December 2008).

[48]      Submission 60, p. 8 and Submission 58, p. 10.

[49]      Submission 58, p. 10.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 33.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 36.

[52]      See for example, Leonard Waverman, Meloria Meschi and Melvyn Fuss, The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing Countries, p. 2, noted the substantial positive boost that mobile telephony has on economic growth.http://web.si.umich.edu/tprc/papers/2005/450/L%20Waverman-%20Telecoms%20Growth%20in%20Dev.%20Countries.pdf

[53]      Submission 43, p. 2.

[54]      Submission 41, p. 4.

[55]      Submission 41, p. 4.

[56]      Submission 41, p. 5.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 73.

[58]      Submission 41, p. 5.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 73.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 74.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 74.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 79.

[63]      Submission 43, p. 2.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 74. Mr Callaghan concluded that countries such as Australia and New Zealand find it difficult to operate in the Pacific without appropriate regulation and trained personnel to maintain the facilities in the region. Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 75.

[65]      Submission 41, p. 4.

[66]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 73.

[67]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 75.

[68]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 82.

[69]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 77.

[70]      Asian Development Bank, Technical Assistance Consultant's Report, REG: Improving the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in the Pacific, Project Number 38633, December 2007, Vol II, Part 2f: National Strategy: Samoa, p. 31.

[71]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 254, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2008/SAM.asp (accessed 14 October 2008).

[72]      IMF, 'IMF Executive Board Concludes 2007 Article IV Consultation with Samoa', Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 07/62, 1 June 2007.

[73]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 76.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 77.

[75]      Submission 43, p. 2.

[76]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 76.

[77]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 77.

[78]      Commonwealth of Australia, 09 Pacific Economic Survey: engaging with the world, AusAID, Canberra, September 2009, p. 103.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 60.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 80.

[81]      Submission 69, p. 15.

[82]      Submission 10, p. 6.

[83]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 28.

[84]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 45.

[85]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 64.

[86]      Submission 43, paragraph 13.

[87]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 28.

[88]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 28.

[89]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Communiqué, Thirty-ninth Pacific Islands Forum, Niue, 19–20 August 2008, paragraph 25.

[90]      Delegation of the European Commission to Australia and New Zealand, 'The EU at the Pacific Islands Forum: 4–7 August 2009', Media release, https://promo-manager.server-secure.com/em/message/email/view.php?id=113737andu=1002559 (accessed 17 July 2009).

[91]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice. See Table 18.1.

[92]      Partnerships for Developments between Australia and the relevant Governments, see AusAID's website, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/partnership.cfm (accessed 20 July 2009). See also, The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, pp. 45–47.

[93]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 82.

[94]      Submission 43, paragraph 6.

[95]      Submission 43, paragraph 10.

[96]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 82.

Chapter 10 - Education and training

[1]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs and The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 4.

[2]        United Nations, Millennium Development Goals, Goal 2, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=16, p. 14, (accessed 7 May 2009).

[3]        DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 9.

[4]        See for example ANZ Group, Submission 51, p. 5; ITS Global, Submission 63, pp. 25–26; Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 14.

[5]        Presentation Memorandum to the Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, attachment to Submission 60.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 61.

[7]        Submission 55, p. 4.

[8]        Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, pp. 47–48; also see Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, p. 6.

[9]        The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 1. The Forum Basic Education Action Plan Review found that the quality of education in the Pacific island region is alarming. The progress made in the 1990s had stalled by the year 2000. Pacific Island Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xv.

[10]      The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 1.

[11]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 1.

[12]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 7.

[13]      Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 9.

[14]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, pp. 10–21; AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2009, p. 15. According to the World Bank, five out of nine countries (with two-thirds of the region's primary school population) are likely to meet primary school enrolment targets but only two countries, Samoa and Tonga, are likely to meet the goal of grade 5 survival rates, meaning that many students 'have little chance of mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills'. The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 2.

[15]      ITS Global, Submission 63, p. 3 and Mr John Millett, Submission 21, p. 6.

[16]      Crawford School of Economics and Government, Submission 2, p. 6.

[17]      DFAT, Submission 68, p. 7.

[18]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, August 2009, p. 15.

[19]      The table is based on Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, August 2009, p. 15.

[20]      Mr Robert Tranter, Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 26.

[21]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, August 2009, p. 15.

[22]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, pp. 10–11.

[23]      World Vision drew attention to positive developments in this regard in one of its projects in the Solomon Islands which 'focuses on preparing children aged 3–5 to go to school' and is proving effective with girls enrolling in similar numbers to boys, Submission 47, p. 5.

[24]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xv.

[25]      CIA, World Fact Book—Fiji (accessed 11 May 2009); World Bank, World Development Indicators database, compilation of data from different years, http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?REPORT_ID=5550andREQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCEDandDIMENSION=YES (accessed 8 May 2009).

[26]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 25.

[27]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xv.

[28]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 7.

[29]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 7.

[30]      Submission 11, attachment, p. 9.

[31]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment p. 2; and 'Pacific Performance and Outlook, Background Paper' for Pacific Economic Survey 2008, pp. 28–29.

[32]      See findings of 'Pacific Performance and Outlook, Background Paper' for Pacific Economic Survey 2008, p. 29.

[33]      HE Mr Bruce Hunt, Committee Hansard, 25 September 2008, p. 5.

[34]      'Pacific Performance and Outlook, Background Paper' for Pacific Economic Survey 2008, pp. 28–29. It noted 'A particular concern is the decline in the enrolment rate in primary education for both girls and boys in PNG and the widening gap between girls and boys'.

[35]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, Attachment, p. 2.

[36]      United Nations, Millennium Development Goals, Goal 2, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=16, p. 14 (accessed 7 May 2009).

[37]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 7.

[38]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xv.

[39]      Table 13b, ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple threats to development, New York 2009, p. 187.

[40]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of Basic Education, Draft financing proposal, 9^th EDF, p. 1.

[41]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of Basic Education, Draft financing proposal, 9^th EDF, p. 5.

[42]      Asian Development Bank, Better Learning, Better Future: Education and Training Sector Strategy for the Pacific, July 2005, p. 18.

[43]      Submission 47, p. 5.

[44]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of Basic Education, Draft financing proposal, 9^th EDF, p. 5.

[45]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, pp. 7 and 13–14.

[46]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of Basic Education, Draft financing proposal, 9^th EDF, p. 5.

[47]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 12.

[48]      Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 104.

[49]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, pp. 11–12.

[50]      Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 33.

[51]      These figures contrast sharply with 2006 figures for Australia (72.7 per cent), Japan (57.3 per cent) and New Zealand (79.7 per cent). Table 13b, ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple threats to development, New York 2009, p. 187.

[52]      Submission 21, p. 6. Mr Millett worked in the region as a civil engineer from the early 1960s, then as managing director of a 'new statutory financial institution, director of the Institute of National Affairs and then a privately funded "think tank"'.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 13.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 25 September 2008, p. 5.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 25 September 2009, p. 5.

[56]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, p. 11.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 20.

[58]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xv.

[59]      Commonwealth of Australia, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, AusAID, Canberra, 2008, p. 7; and the World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 3.

[60]      HE Chris Moraitis, Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 6.

[61]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xvi.

[62]      Asian Development Bank, Better Learning, Better Future: Education and Training Sector Strategy for the Pacific, July 2005, p. 34.

[63]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, p. xxi.

[64]      Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 102.

[65]      The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 7.

[66]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2008, p. xiv.

[67]      The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 3.

[68]      Pacific Education Development Framework 2009–2015, March 2009, p. 10.

[69]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 14.

[70]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, pp. xvi and 6.

[71]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific ICT Capacity and Prospects, Working Paper, 2001, p. 12.

[72]      Robert Whelan, eLearning in the South Pacific: Current Status, Challenges and Trends Survey Findings from the Pacific eLearning Observatory, Draft, 21 September 2007, p. 20, http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/schools/dfl/pdsu/pdfs/pelo_survey_full.pdf (accessed 26 February 2009). Project internet address is http://www.usp.ac.fj/pelo/.

[73]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, paragraph 64.

[74]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific ICT Capacity and Prospects, Working Paper, 2001, pp. 6–7.

[75]      Robert Whelan, eLearning in the South Pacific: Current Status, Challenges and Trends Survey Findings from the Pacific eLearning Observatory, Draft, 21 September 2007, p. 25, http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/schools/dfl/pdsu/pdfs/pelo_survey_full.pdf (accessed 26 February 2009). Project internet address is http://www.usp.ac.fj/pelo/.

[76]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, pp. 12–13.

[77]      The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 5.

[78]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, paragraph 38.

[79]      The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 3.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 14.

[81]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, paragraph 52.

[82]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 12.

[83]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2008, p. xvi; PIFS, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, p. 14.

[84]      Pacific Education Development Framework, 2009–2015, agreed to by Pacific Islands Forum Education Ministers, March 2009, p. 8.

[85]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, p. 15 and AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 9–10.

[86]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Pacific, Executive Summary, 2008, p. 8.

[87]      See paragraph 4.9.

[88]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 9–10 and Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, p. 14.

[89]      Pacific Education Development Framework, 2009–2015, agreed to by Pacific Islands Forum Education Ministers, March 2009, p. 10.

[90]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Pacific, 2008, p. 127.

[91]      'In Samoa, most TVET providers use traditional time-based courses...In Vanuatu, rural training lasts 2 years without achievement of skill levels needed to be productive in the labour market', Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, 2008, p. 127; see also AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 9–10.

[92]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, United Nations, 2007, p. 18.

[93]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, United Nations, 2007, p. 18.

[94]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 14.

[95]      Australian National University Enterprise, People's survey 2008, p. 13.

[96]      Submission 60, p. 4.

[97]      Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 103.

[98]      Submission 58, p. 7.

[99]      Submission 28, pp. 15–17.

[100]    AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 14.

[101]    Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 13.

[102]    Asian Development Bank, Better Learning, Better Future: Education and Training Sector Strategy for the Pacific, July 2005, pp. 29–30.

[103]    HE Chris Moraitis, Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 6.

[104]    Asian Development Bank, Better Learning, Better Future: Education and Training Sector Strategy for the Pacific, July 2005, pp. 29–30.

[105]    Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, p. 31.

[106]    Asian Development Bank, Better Learning, Better Future: Education and Training Sector Strategy for the Pacific, July 2005, p. 33.

[107]    AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2008, p. 15.

[108]    The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 4.

[109]    University of South Pacific, PRIDE Draft Financing Proposal 9^th EDF, p. 2, http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/Institutes/ioe/pdf/PRIDE_DFP_9th_EDF.pdf (accessed 4 December 2008).

[110]    Mr John Millett, Submission 21, p. 6. See also Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 12.

[111]    The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 4.

[112]    Submission 14, p. 4.

[113]    Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 59.

[114]    Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 14.

[115]    Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. 23.

[116]    Submission 44, p. 3.

[117]    The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 4.

[118]    Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 59.

[119]    Asian Development Bank, Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asia and the Pacific, June 2008, p. 101.

[120]    The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, p. 4.

[121]    Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xvi.

[122]    The World Bank, Opportunities to Improve Education Sector Performance, Summary report, Working paper 38865, January 2007, pp. 5–6.

Chapter 11 - Australia's assistance—education and training

[1]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Six-monthly Pacific Plan Progress Report, 2008, p. 57; Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2008 Pacific Plan Annual Progress Report, pp. 84–85.

[2]        The Register is AusAID-funded and in the implementation stage, with 'agreement in principle' to fund further development of the register. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Review of Implementation of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan, Education Ministers' Meeting, Auckland, 26–28 November 2007, p. 7.

[3]        South Pacific Board for Educational Assessment, http://www.spbea.org.fj/index.html (accessed 24 February 2009).

[4]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Islands Regional Information and Communications Technologies Policy and Strategic Plan, April 2002, p. 5.

[5]        Robert Whelan, eLearning in the South Pacific: Current Status, Challenges and Trends Survey Findings from the Pacific eLearning Observatory, Draft, 21 September 2007, p. 6, http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/schools/dfl/pdsu/pdfs/pelo_survey_full.pdf (accessed 26 February 2009). Project internet address is http://www.usp.ac.fj/pelo/.

[6]        For more information on the One Laptop per Child initiative, see: http://laptop.org/en/vision/index.shtml (accessed 24 April 2009).

[7]        Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Six-monthly Pacific Plan Progress Report, 2008, p. 40.

[8]        Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Submission 43, p. 11. Cooperation with a number of organisations ensures that the curriculum is relevant to the industry and the courses are accredited by the International Maritime Organization. AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey 2008: Connecting the region, 2008, pp. 78–79.

[9]        AusAID, Answer to a written question on notice 1, 12 March 2009.

[10]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 4.

[11]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 18 and AusAID, Better Education: A Policy for Australian Development Assistance in Education, Summary, May 2007, p. 7; see also AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/education.cfm (accessed 28 April 2009). Ms Corinne Tomkinson, Director, Pacific Projects, DFAT, explained that the 'single most important thing' that Australia could do in the Pacific would be to assist in providing education and training. Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 22.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 26.

[13]      Mr Richard Rowe, Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, pp. 19 and 22.

[14]      Australia–Kiribati Partnership for Development, attachment A, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/hottopics/pdf/Australia_Kiribati_Partnership_for_Development.pdf (accessed 16 February 2009).

[15]      Samoa–Australia Partnership for Development, attachment A, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/hottopics/pdf/Australia_Samoa_Partnership_for_Development.pdf (accessed 16 February 2009).

[16]      Australia–Solomon Islands Partnership for Development, p. 3, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/hottopics/pdf/Australia_Solomon_Islands_Partnership_for_Development.pdf (accessed 11 May 2009).

[17]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 45.

[18]      Schedule to the Papua New Guinea–Australia Partnership for Development, Priority Outcome 2: Basic Education, 10 June 2009, p. 6.

[19]      Ms Margaret Callan, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 53.

[20]      Schedule to the Papua New Guinea–Australia Partnership for Development, Priority Outcome 2: Basic Education, 10 June 2009, p. 6.

[21]      Ms Margaret Callan, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 53.

[22]      Schedule to the Papua New Guinea–Australia Partnership for Development, Priority Outcome 2: Basic Education, 10 June 2009.

[23]      APTC, http://www.aptc.edu.au/support/index.html (accessed 26 November 2008).

[24]      DEEWR, Submission 42, p. 19, Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Inquiry into Effects of Climate Change on Training and Employment Needs.

[25]      Thirty-seventh Pacific Islands Forum, Forum Communiqué, 24–25 October 2006, Fiji, p. 3.

[26]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 11; DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 15.

[27]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 11.

[28]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 25.

[29]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, p. 15.

[30]      DFAT, Submission 68, p. 30. 'Options for a longer term arrangement will be considered' after 2011, DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 14, footnote 19.

[31]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 14.

[32]      APTC, http://www.aptc.edu.au/aboutus/assurance.html (accessed 26 November 2008). These two institutes have been appointed through a competitive public process; DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 14, footnote 21.

[33]      APTC, http://www.aptc.edu.au/aboutus/ (accessed 11 August 2009).

[34]      DEEWR, Submission 42, p. 19; Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Inquiry into Effects of Climate Change on Training and Employment Needs.

[35]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 15.

[36]      Dr Jane Lake, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 53.

[37]      DEEWR, Submission 64, pp. 14–15.

[38]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 15.

[39]      See paragraphs 10.57–10.60.

[40]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 15.

[41]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 14.

[42]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 14.

[43]      Submission 28, pp. 15–17.

[44]      Submission 24, p. 5.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 55.

[46]      Submission 31, p. 6. See also Mr Steven Noakes, Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 55.

[47]      Dr Jane Lake, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 55.

[48]      AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/cbrief.cfm?DCon=2926_3342_8174_197_5140andCountryID=20andRegion=SouthPacific (accessed 16 February 2009).

[49]      Griffith University, Vice Chancellor's Report to Council, 6 May 2008, p. 11, http://www.griffith.edu.au/office-vice-chancellor/pdf/report-to-council-may-08.pdf (accessed 16 February 2009).

[50]      Mr Ian Clarke, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 61.

[51]      Submission 52, pp. 4–5.

[52]      Submission 52, paragraphs 5.12 and 5.13.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, pp. 39–42.

[54]      Submission 47, p. 5.

[55]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 71.

[56]      AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/scholar/ (accessed 28 April 2009).

[57]      AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/studentstats.pdf (accessed 14 July 2009).

[58]      DEEWR, Submission 42, p. 19, Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Inquiry into Effects of Climate Change on Training and Employment Needs.

[59]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 11. The yearly cost of the scholarships is over $55 million.

[60]      Australian Government 2008 Endeavour Award Holders, http://www.endeavour.deewr.gov.au/endeavour_alumni/2008_award_holders.htm (accessed 30 August 2009).

[61]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 26.

[62]      The Lowy Institute, Submission 14, p. 4.

[63]      Submission 41, p. 11; see also Pacific Island Forum Secretariat, Submission 69, pp. 15–16.

[64]      Submission 14, p. 4.

[65]      Submission 28, p. 7.

[66]      Submission 28, pp. 16–17.

[67]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 70.

[68]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 110.

[69]      Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, p. 8.

[70]      Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 15, pp. 11–12, to the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee's inquiry on Australia's Relationship with Papua New Guinea and the Island States of the South-West Pacific, 12 August 2003.

[71]      Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 15, p. 12 to the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee's inquiry on Australia's Relationship with Papua New Guinea and the Island States of the South-West Pacific, 12 August 2003.

[72]      Australia Fiji Business Council, Submission 58, attachment, pp. 7–8.

[73]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2009, p. 80.

[74]      Mrs Margaret Callan, Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 31.

[75]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2008, p. 18.

[76]      Mr Edward Vrkic, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 12.

[77]      The United States provides funding mainly to its associate countries in the region. Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, pp. 38–39.

[78]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, pp. xxiii–xxiv.

[79]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, pp. 38–39.

[80]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Pacific Regional Initiatives for the Delivery of Basic Education, Draft Financing Proposal, 9^th EDF.

[81]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xxiii.

[82]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. 58.

[83]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Report on the Review of the Forum Basic Education Action Plan and Associated Regional Processes, Forum Education Ministers' Meeting, Tonga, 24–26 March 2009, p. xxiv.

[84]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 49.

[85]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 49.

[86]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 26.

Chapter 12 - Workforce

[1]        ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008, p. 76.

[2]        ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008, p. 77.

[3]        DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 6.

[4]        DEEWR, Submission 64, pp. 6–7; Dr Simon Hearn, FADT Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 38. See also Foundation for Development Cooperation, Submission 53, p. 5 and Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Executive Summary, 2008, p. 8.

[5]        Professor Satish Chand, Papua New Guinea Policy Forum, organised by the Crawford School, Australian National University, at the National Portrait Gallery, 23 June 2009.

[6]        ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008, p. 77.

[7]        Jenny Hayward-Jones, Beyond Good Governance: Shifting the Paradigm for Australian Aid to the Pacific Islands Region, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Policy brief, September 2008, p. 8.

[8]        AusAID, Submission 65, p. 10.

[9]        Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 15. The Asian Development Outlook 2009 noted that Kiribati's large public sector provides two-thirds of all paid employment, p. 281 and Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, pp. 96–97.

[10]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 10.

[11]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24 Number 1, 2009, pp. 96–97.

[12]      Professor Ron Duncan, Papua New Guinea Policy Forum, organised by the Crawford School, Australian National University, at the National Portrait Gallery, 23 June 2009. Also see Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, Crawford School of Economics and Government, Australian National University, p. 98.

[13]      An Institute for International Trade study noted that unemployment is 'possibly the greatest economic, social and development challenge' facing Pacific island countries. Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, p. 39.

[14]      Mr John Millett, Submission 21, pp. 5–6. Mr Millet lived and worked in PNG for some 30 years in various professional capacities.

[15]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 6.

[16]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 4.

[17]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 12.

[18]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, p. 1 and attachment, p. 16.

[19]      See for example AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey 2008: Connecting the region, 2008, p. 3; Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Employer Employee Survey Report, p. 19, http://www.forumsec.org.fj/UserFiles/File/Employer_Employee_Survey_Report.pdf (accessed 23 February 2009).

[20]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 6.

[21]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 4–5. Australia Pacific Islands Business Council noted that high population growth aggravates the situation, with more people entering the labour market every year without an equivalent increase in employment opportunities, Submission 60, p. 2.

[22]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 9.

[23]      Submission 48, p. 1.

[24]      Mr John Millett, Submission 21, p. 3.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 60.

[26]      Submission 58, p. 2.

[27]      ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 7.

[28]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 103.

[29]      Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, p. 2.

[30]      Submission 60, p. 2. ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009, p. 14, also made the connection between economic growth and youth unemployment . It stated 'In the Pacific, where economic growth has not kept pace with high rates of population growth, large youth populations combined with school dropouts make youth employment a major concern for this subregion'.

[31]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 10; also see AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 4–5.

[32]      Submission 47, p. 6; also see Oxfam, Submission 26, p. 3.

[33]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 10.

[34]      United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2008, p. 10, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=10 (accessed 12 May 2009).

[35]      United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2008, p. 8, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=10 (accessed 12 May 2009).

[36]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, A Vision for Private Sector Development in Forum Island Countries, May 2004, p. 10. According to an ESCAP study, women tend to be 'under-represented in formal employment categories except those regarded as "traditional" occupations for women'. ESCAP, Improving Employment Opportunities in Pacific Island Developing Countries, 2007, p. 18. AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 10.

[37]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, A Vision for Private Sector Development in Forum Island Countries, May 2004, p. 10.

[38]      Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, pp. 10–11.

[39]      Pacific Performance and Outlook, Background Paper for Pacific Economic Survey 2008, p. 29.

[40]      Submission 60, p. 2.

[41]      Submission 62, p. 3.

[42]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, pp. 12–13.

[43]      Submission 69, p. 19.

[44]      Submission 69, p. 6.

[45]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 96.

[46]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 106. Benedict Imbun is a senior lecturer in Management at the University of Western Sydney and studied PNG mining extensively from the perspective of employment relations and human resource management dimensions.

[47]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 10.

[48]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 15.

[49]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 12.

[50]      AusAID, Pacific 2020—Background Paper: Employment and labour markets, May 2006, p. 10.

[51]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 109.

[52]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 101.

[53]      ASU, CPSU and CEPU, Submission 10, pp. 8–9.

[54]      Asian Development Bank, Skilling the Pacific: Technical and Vocational Education and Training, 2008, p. 66.

[55]      OECD, Making Poverty Reduction Work: OECD's Role in Development Partnership, 2005, p. 47.

[56]      Submission 58, p. 5.

[57]      Submission 51, p. 7.

[58]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 97.

[59]      OECD, DAC Network on Poverty Reduction, Povnet task team on employment and labour markets—terms of reference, 2007–08, p. 2.

[60]      Pacific Asia Tourism Pty Ltd, Submission 31, pp. 3–4.

[61]      Esso Australia Pty Ltd, Submission 34, p. 2; Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 41.

[62]      Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, pp. 47–48.

[63]      Asian Development Bank Pacific Department, Background Paper: Small Pacific States, September 2007, p. 2.

[64]      See for example Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Submission 29, p. 7.

[65]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Markets in the Pacific Region, GTAP working paper no 31, revised 2009, p. 10.

[66]      National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Submission 29, p. 4, Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Inquiry into Effects of Climate Change on Training and Employment Needs.

[67]      Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, p. 40.

[68]      Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Submission 43, p. 4; AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey 2008: Connecting the region, p. 78.

[69]      AusAID, Pacific Economic Survey 2008: Connecting the region, p. 78. See also paragraphs 2.10–2.11.

[70]      Foundation for Development Cooperation, Submission 53, p. 7.

[71]      Submission 60, p. 4.

[72]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Markets in the Pacific Region, GTAP working paper no 31, revised 2009, p. 7.

[73]      Submission 28, p. 9.

[74]      Hughes and Sodhi, Submission 11, attachment, p. 3.

[75]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 7.

[76]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, pp. 102–103.

[77]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 105.

[78]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Markets in the Pacific Region, GTAP working paper no 31, revised 2009, pp. 4–5.

[79]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Markets in the Pacific Region, GTAP working paper no 31, revised 2009, p. 4.

[80]      Terrie Walmsley, S. Amer Ahmed and Christopher Parsons, The Impact of Liberalizing Labour Markets in the Pacific Region, GTAP working paper no 31, revised 2009, p. 5.

[81]      Devesh Kapur and Megan Crowley, Beyond the ABCs: Higher Education and Developing Countries, Working Paper 139, Center for Global Development, 2008, p. 48.

[82]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, p. 103.

[83]      Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, pp. 40–41.

[84]      OECD, Making Poverty Reduction Work: OECD's Role in Development Partnership, 2005, p. 40.

[85]      Government of Fiji, Submission 28, p. 8.

[86]      Devesh Kapur and Megan Crowley, Beyond the ABCs: Higher Education and Developing Countries, Working Paper 139, Center for Global Development, 2008, p. 48.

Chapter 13 - Australia's response to unemployment

[1]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, p. 13.

[2]        AusAID summarised some of these measures: Australia's aid program focuses on improving employment opportunities through skilling to increase workforce competitiveness. The objective is to 'create employment opportunities, supporting and maintaining reliable infrastructure, increasing opportunities for education and skills development including through the Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme'. Submission 65, p. 10.

[3]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme', Media release, 18 August 2008.

[4]        The Hon Duncan Kerr SC MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, 'Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme MOUs Signed', Media release, 25 November 2008.

[5]        Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme: About the Pilot, http://www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/Migrant/PacificSeasonalWorkerPilotScheme.htm (accessed 20 January 2009); see also Mr Graham Carters, FADT Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 90 and Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme, Memoranda of Understanding, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/BB0F5513-76E4-4A55-9C67-5C6BC262BBE2/0/PSWPSMOU_Vanuatu_textonly.pdf (accessed 20 April 2009).

[6]        The Hon Duncan Kerr MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, 'Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Memorandum of Understanding Signing Ceremony and Participant Briefing Session', Speech, 24 November 2008.

[7]        Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Questions and answers, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/59BA854A-F64F-4E33-8596-14857836B49A/0/PSWPSFactSheetsQandA_04.pdf (accessed 11 February 2009).

[8]        Mr Graham Carters, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 85. In February, 50 Tongan guest workers arrived in Robinvale, Victoria, and mid-April further six workers arrived from Vanuatu to work in the Griffith region. Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, http://www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/Migrant/LabourHireCompanies.htm (accessed 16 April 2009).

[9]        Ms Louise McSorley, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 88. This covers set up and monitoring of the scheme, airfares for Pacific government representatives to fly to Australia, evaluation, visa assessments and costs of the Workplace Ombudsman. See p. 90 of the same Hansard for the breakdown of the cost between government agencies. The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme', Media release, 18 August 2008.

[10]        Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme, Information for labour hire companies, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/E1D57FAA-2AD4-4355-A867-3B8E8C4DE401/0/PSWPSFactSheetsLabourHirecompanies_04.pdf (accessed 20 January 2009). Tonga and Vanuatu are eligible for 800 visas each; Kiribati for 250; and PNG for 650 for the duration of the scheme.

[11]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour, June 2008, p. 4. See also Sunraysia Mallee, Submission 19, p. 4.

[12]      Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme: Information for labour hire companies http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/E1D57FAA-2AD4-4355-A867-3B8E8C4DE401/0/PSWPSFactSheetsLabourHirecompanies_04.pdf (accessed 20 January 2009).

[13]      The Hon Duncan Kerr MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, 'Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Memorandum of Understanding Signing Ceremony and Participant Briefing Session', Speech, 24 November 2008. Further details on the scheme are available at http://www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/Migrant/PacificSeasonalWorkerPilotScheme.htm.

[14]      Submission 64, p. 15.

[15]      Foundation for Development Cooperation, Submission 53, p. 7.

[16]      National Farmers' Federation, Workforce from abroad employment scheme, April 2008, p. 14.

[17]      Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, pp. 43 and 50; see also The Lowy Institute, Submission 14, p. 3.

[18]      Submission 52, paragraphs 5.18 and 5.19.

[19]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 5.

[20]      Answer to question on notice 12, Supplementary Budget Estimates, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Portfolio, 23 October 2008.

[21]      AusAID, Submission 65, p. 11.

[22]     Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Managing money and remittances fact sheet, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/086A9549-CD98-4FFB-BA07-E1F09D3734AA/0/PSWPSFactSheets_money_01.pdf (accessed 11 February 2009).

[23]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 7.

[24]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2008 Pacific Plan Annual Progress Report, Annex A, p. 36.

[25]      See for example, Nic Maclellan, 'Seasonal Workers for Australia—Lessons from New Zealand', Farm Policy Journal, Vol 5, No 3, August Quarter 2008, pp. 50–51; The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour, June 2008, p. 6; the Hon Duncan Kerr MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, 'Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Memorandum of Understanding Signing Ceremony and Participant Briefing Session', Speech, 24 November 2008.

[26]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour, June 2008, p. 2.

[27]      Nic Maclellan, Workers for All Seasons? Issues form New Zealand's recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program, Swinburne Institute for Social Research, May 2008, p. 17.

[28]      Nic Maclellan, Workers for All Seasons? Issues form New Zealand's recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program, Swinburne Institute for Social Research, May 2008, p. 19.

[29]      Submission 9, p. 1.

[30]      Majula Luthria, 'Seasonal migration for development? Evaluating New Zealand's RSE program—Overview', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 23, Number 3, 2008, p. 166.

[31]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 10.

[32]      Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme, Memoranda of Understanding, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/BB0F5513-76E4-4A55-9C67-5C6BC262BBE2/0/PSWPSMOU_Vanuatu_textonly.pdf (accessed 20 April 2009).

[33]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour, June 2008, p. 2.

[34]      National Farmers' Federation, Workforce from abroad employment scheme, April 2008, p. 14.

[35]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 2.

[36]      Sunraysia Citrus Growers Inc, Submission 9, p. 1.

[37]      Submission 55, p. 7.

[38]      Parliament of Australia, 'A seasonal guest-worker program for Australia?', Parliamentary Library, Research Brief, 5 May 2006, no. 16, 2005–06, ISSN 1832-2883, p. 14. It suggested, 'As 'structural demand' for foreign workers grows in a particular sector, links may develop between guest-worker programs and the 'informal economy', as employers and 'illegals' collude to circumvent the rules of the program.'

[39]      The Institute for International Trade noted that 'It would be naïve not to expect problems with overstays and illegal immigration'. Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, p. 43. Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, p. 14. Peter Mares, Labour shortages in Murray Valley horticulture: A survey of growers' needs and attitudes, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, March 2006, pp. 3–4.

[40]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, pp. 6–7.

[41]      Dr Jane Lake, Supplementary Estimates Hansard, Foreign Affairs and Trade Portfolio, 23 October 2008, p. 93.

[42]      Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Overstaying the visa, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/14C8D5F0-CB0E-4FC1-9F06-76B1C5C6931F/0/PSWPSFactSheetsoverstayvisa_04.pdf (accessed 11 February 2009).

[43]      MADEC, Submission 5, p. 4.

[44]      Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, pp. 10–11. As Maclellan pointed out, while 'Workers may wish to stay as long as possible to maximise their earnings[,] this may not be in the best interests of family at home'. Nic Maclellan, 'Seasonal Workers for Australia—Lessons from New Zealand', Farm Policy Journal, Vol 5, No 3, August Quarter 2008, p. 49.

[45]      LHMU, Submission 17, p. 4.

[46]      Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, pp. 10–11.

[47]      Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, pp. 10–11.

[48]      Veena Verma, Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program as a Model of Best Practices in Migrant Worker Participation in the Benefits of Economic Globalization, The Mexican and Caribbean Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program: Regulatory and Policy Framework, Farm Industry Level Employment Practices, and the Future of the Program under Unionization, Executive Summary, paragraph 13, pp. 7–8; The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 10.

[49]      Submission 5, pp. 3–4.

[50]      Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme: Phase 1 information, PowerPoint presentation, http://www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/Migrant/LabourHireCompanies.htm (accessed 20 April 2009).

[51]      Submission 5, p. 3.

[52]      Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme: Phase 1 information, PowerPoint presentation, http://www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/Migrant/LabourHireCompanies.htm (accessed 20 April 2009).

[53]      AMWU, Submission 15, p. 3. It considered that 'the direct link between the employment relationship with a single employer and the right to stay in Australia to work' has the potential to make guest workers 'highly vulnerable to exploitation' and that employers would not see a 'need to pay the rates required to maintain the employment relationship'.

[54]      Submission 55, p. 8.

[55]      Submission 12, p. 11.

[56]      Nic Maclellan and Peter Mares, Labour mobility in the Pacific: creating seasonal work programs in Australia, Paper for conference on Globalisation, Governance and the Pacific Islands, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, Australian National University, 25–27 October 2005, p. 20. Their work drew on the 'Pacific Labour and Australian Horticulture' project, which was funded through the Australian Research Council Industry Linkage scheme (see http://www.sisr.net/cag/ projects/pacific.htm). As part of the research, Mr Mares  also travelled to Canada with funding from the Canadian government's Faculty Research Program. Nic Maclellan works as Senior Policy Adviser for the Pacific with Oxfam International.

[57]      The Hon Duncan Kerr MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, 'Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Memorandum of Understanding Signing Ceremony and Participant Briefing Session', Speech, 24 November 2008.

[58]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, p. 6.

[59]      See for example MADEC, Submission 5, p. 2.

[60]      MADEC, Submission 5, p. 3.

[61]      Nic Maclellan, Workers for All Seasons? Issues form New Zealand's recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program, Swinburne Institute for Social Research, May 2008, p. 22. The Lowy Institute, Submission 14, p. 3.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 87.

[63]      One employer had put in a pool, table tennis table and sky television connection for the guest workers; and a hostel owner had made improvements to the building to increase the comforts of the long-stay visitors. National Farmers' Federation, Industry Perspective: New Zealand's Recognised Seasonal Employer Policy, May 2008, pp. 13–14.

[64]      Nic Maclellan, 'Seasonal Workers for Australia—Lessons from New Zealand', Farm Policy Journal, Vol 5, No 3, August Quarter 2008, p. 50.

[65]      Submission 68, p. 18.

[66]      Submission 15, p. 4, paragraph 19.

[67]      Nic Maclellan, 'Seasonal Workers for Australia—Lessons from New Zealand', Farm Policy Journal, Vol 5, No 3, August Quarter 2008, p. 51.

[68]      Ms Amanda Rishworth MP, 'Remittance website to help Pacific Islanders', Media release, 27 March 2009, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=MediaandID=5409_6262_8387_3545_1745 (accessed 6 May 2009); www.sendmoneypacific.org.

[69]      Ms Amanda Rishworth MP, 'Remittance website to help Pacific Islanders', Media release, 27 March 2009, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=MediaandID=5409_6262_8387_3545_1745 (accessed 6 May 2009).

[70]      Ms Amanda Rishworth MP, 'Remittance website to help Pacific Islanders', Media release, 27 March 2009, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=MediaandID=5409_6262_8387_3545_1745 (accessed 6 May 2009).

[71]      Australian Government, Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme, Managing money and remittances fact sheet, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/086A9549-CD98-4FFB-BA07-E1F09D3734AA/0/PSWPSFactSheets_money_01.pdf (accessed 11 February 2009).

[72]      John Connell and Jeremy Hammond, 'Iso Iso: the first ni-Vanuatu guest workers in New Zealand', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, Crawford School of Economics and Government, Australian National University, p. 88.

[73]      Foundation for Development Cooperation, Submission 53, p. 8.

[74]      Parliament of Australia, 'A seasonal guest-worker program for Australia?', Parliamentary Library, Research Brief, 5 May 2006, no. 16, 2005–06, ISSN 1832-2883, p. 14. It suggested 'Immigrant sectors' with low wages and inferior conditions emerge and grow, leading to social exclusion and marginalisation and fuelling intolerance and anti-immigrant and anti-immigration sentiments among the broader population.

[75]      Federation of Ethnic Communities' Councils of Australia, The Australian Government's Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme: FECCA Policy 2008, p. 1, http://www.fecca.org.au/Policies/Pacific_Workers_Scheme.pdf (accessed 20 January 2009).

[76]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour, June 2008, p. 8.

[77]      Mr Anthony Melville, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 46; Mr James Redden, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 32.

[78]      Australian Industry Group, Submission 33, p. 1; National Farmers' Federation, Workforce from abroad employment scheme, April 2008, p. 9.

[79]      National Farmers' Federation, Pacific Island labour solution to roll out nationally, 3 August 2009, http://www.nff.org.au/read/2471619190.html (accessed 10 August 2009).

[80]      Submission 5, p. 3.

[81]      Submission 53, p. 7.

[82]      Parliament of Australia, 'A seasonal guest-worker program for Australia?', Parliamentary Library, Research Brief, 5 May 2006, no. 16, 2005–06, p. 14.

[83]      Pacific Asia Tourism Pty Ltd, Submission 31, p. 6. Also see Palms Australia, Submission 44, p. 7; and Australia Fiji Business Council, Submission 58, p. 6. Institute for International Trade, Research study on the benefits, challenges and ways forward for Pacer Plus, Final Report, June 2008, p. 79 (Appendix D).

[84]      Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, p. 5; Sunraysia Mallee, Submission 19, p. 3; Government of Fiji, Submission 28, p. 3.

[85]      DIAC, Submission 36, p. 13.

[86]      Nic Maclellan, Workers for All Seasons? Issues from New Zealand's recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program, Swinburne Institute for Social Research, May 2008, p. 6. According to John Connell and Jeremy Hammond, estimates of the first group of ni-Vanuatu seasonal workers to New Zealand returned with about NZ$3,000. John Connell and Jeremy Hammond, 'Iso Iso: the first ni-Vanuatu guest workers in New Zealand', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, pp. 86–87 and 91.

[87]      Nic Maclellan, Workers for All Seasons? Issues form New Zealand's recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program, Swinburne Institute for Social Research, May 2008, p. 19.

[88]      The Lowy Institute, Labour mobility: an Australian seasonal work visa scheme for Pacific Islands labour', June 2008, pages 2 and 5.

[89]      Majula Luthria, 'Seasonal migration for development? Evaluating New Zealand's RSE program—Overview', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 23, Number 3, 2008, p. 168.

[90]      Submission 53, p. 3.

[91]      Pacific Seasonal Labour Scheme, Memoranda of Understanding, Vanuatu, p. 5, http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/BB0F5513-76E4-4A55-9C67-5C6BC262BBE2/0/PSWPSMOU_Vanuatu_textonly.pdf  (accessed 3 July 2009).

[92]      DEEWR, Submission 64, p. 13.

[93]      Mr Graham Carters, Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 90; Senator the Hon Chris Evans, Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, 'Visa for Pacific Island seasonal worker scheme', Media release, 23 September 2008.

[94]      AusAID, answer to a question on notice 12, Supplementary Budget Estimates, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Portfolio, 23 October 2008.

[95]      Mr Scott Dawson, Supplementary Estimates Hansard, Foreign Affairs and Trade Portfolio, 23 October 2008, p. 94.

[96]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 90.

[97]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 90.

Chapter 14 - Economic management and state institutions

[1]        AusAID, Pacific 2020: Challenges and opportunities for growth, May 2006, p. 3. The World Bank defines governance as 'the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised. This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them', http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp.

[2]        Asian Development Bank–Commonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Toward a New Pacific Regionalism, Pacific Studies Series, 2005, p. xiv.

[3]        Statistics are taken from the World Bank data base, Aggregate Governance Indicators 1996–2007, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp (accessed 2 December 2008) http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/pdf/wgidataset.xls; (accessed 2 December 2008). The authors advised users of the limitations of these measures of governance, 'which are shared by virtually all efforts to measure governance across countries and over time'. They stated, 'aggregate indicators we construct are useful for broad cross-country and over time comparisons of governance, but all such comparisons should take appropriate account of the margins of error associated with the governance estimates'.

[4]        Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi, Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996—2006, World Bank Policy Research Paper 4280, July 2007, pp. 3–4.

[5]        See paragraphs 4.26–4.36; 5.14–5.27; 5.37. Also see, Andreas Schloenhardt, The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region, Research and Public Policy Series, No. 89, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2008, p. 75. An IMF mission to Solomon Islands found anecdotal evidence indicating that only 30–40 per cent of log shipments in Solomon Islands are inspected, resulting in foregone tax revenues of nearly 4 per cent of GDP in 2007. IMF, Solomon Islands: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussions, IMF Report No. 08/358, November 2008, p. 11.

[6]        Submission 70, p. 7.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 58.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 28.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 64.

[10]      See for example, Mr Ian Clarke, Australia Papua New Guinea Business Council, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 53 and 61; Professor Clive Moore, Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 10; AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2008, p. 18.

[11]      Submission 44, p. 3. There are skills shortages that reach across all sectors of the economy for example in border management. See DIAC, Submission 36, p. 5.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 19 March 2009, pp. 11–12.

[13]      World Vision Australia, Submission 47, p. 7. World Vision Australia noted that in the government sector, 'Insufficient numbers of well-educated and skilled people are available to run governments at all levels, resulting in failures of service delivery and accountability'. A recent Asian Development Bank evaluation report found that a lack of synergy between central and local agencies and improving management competencies remain a challenge in PNG. ADB, Performance Evaluation Report, PNG: Public Service Program, Operations Evaluation Department, December 2008, p. 17. Ms Hayward-Jones suggested that the governments of both PNG and Solomon Islands lack the capacity to deliver the services they promise, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 10.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 72.

[15]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2008, p. 14.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 71.

[17]      See also Mr Hodgson, Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 73.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 72. Mr Chris Gaskell, APRA, also mentioned computer problems. Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 49.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 11.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 11.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 72.

[22]      Presentation Memorandum to the Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, attachment to Submission 60.

[23]      Presentation Memorandum to the Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, attachment to Submission 60.

[24]      Submission 70, p. 6.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 39.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, pp. 39–42 and 46–48.

[27]      Submission 51, p. 3.

[28]      Submission 51, p. 4.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 6.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 39.

[31]      Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report, Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, 2008, pp. 8–9, http://cgd.s3.amazonaws.com/GrowthReportComplete.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008). Dutch disease refers to the adverse consequences that may follow large increases in a country's income. The term was coined after Holland’s poor performance in managing wealth generated from its natural gas reserves in the 1960s.

[32]      Submission 69, p. 5.

[33]      Submission 70, p. 2. See also Mr Clarke, Australia Papua New Guinea Business Council, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 65.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 38.

[35]      The ACIL Tasman report concluded 'Appropriately handled, PNG LNG will provide the government of PNG with an opportunity to maintain a responsible program of expenditure on social programs and productivity-enhancing infrastructure development yielding long-term improvements in quality of life and economic stability for the people of Papua New Guinea'. Submission 34, p. 2 and Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, pp. 38–39. See also statements by ANZ, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 53.

[36]      Submission 34, p. 2. An economic impact study by ACIL Tasman on the proposed PNG LNG Project suggested that: 'One effective approach to ensure that future generations of Papua New Guineans benefit from the LNG project would be to invest a substantial part of government revenues from the project into an offshore fund. The interest on this fund would provide a perpetual source of revenue...[and] help to smooth out the effects on revenue of commodity price cycles', ACIL Tasman, PNG LNG Economic Impact Study, 6 February 2008, p. viii.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 9.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 10.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 12.

[40]      Te’o I. J. Fairbairn, Review Essay: 'Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small Island States', Island Studies Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2007, pp. 133–140, http://www.islandstudies.ca/system/files/u2/ISJ-2-1-2007-Fairbairn-pp133-140.pdf (accessed 24 October 2008).

[41]      Benjamin Graham, Asian Development Bank, Trust Funds in the Pacific: Their role and future, 2005, p. 39; and Tuvalu Trust Fund Board, Tuvalu Trust Fund, 20th Anniversary Profile, 1987–2007, p. 3.

[42]      Tuvalu Trust Fund Board, Tuvalu Trust Fund, 20th Anniversary Profile, 1987–2007, p. 3.

[43]      Catriona Purfield, Managing Revenue Volatility in a Small Island Economy: The Case of Kiribati, IMF Working Paper, WP/05/154, p. 3.

[44]      Catriona Purfield, Managing Revenue Volatility in a Small Island Economy: The Case of Kiribati, IMF Working Paper, WP/05/154, p. 3.

[45]      Asian Development Bank, Country Strategy and Program Update, Kiribati (2006–2007), January 2006, p. 7.

[46]      ADB, Country Economic Report, Nauru, November 2007.

[47]      Benjamin Graham, Asian Development Bank, Trust Funds in the Pacific: Their role and future, 2005, p. 48.

[48]      ADB, 'Nauru Trust Fund: Republic of Nauru', TA No. 7183, approval 2 December 2008.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 6–7.

[50]      IMF, Statement by the Hon. Peceli Vocea, Governor of the Bank for Fiji, at the Joint Annual Discussion, Boards of Governors Meeting, Press Release No. 49, 13 October 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/am/2008/speeches/pr49e.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008).

[51]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2009, Rebalancing Asia's growth, 2009, p. 280.

Chapter 15 - Australia's assistance—strengthening governance

[1]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008-09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 31.

[2]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 31.

[3]        AusAID, answer to written question on notice no. 2, following 19 June 2009 hearing.

[4]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 32.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, pp. 6–7.

[6]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 29.

[7]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 30.

[8]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 30.

[9]        AusAID, Submission 65, pp. 13–14.

[10]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 26.

[11]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 32.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 2.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 2.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 2.

[15]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 43.

[16]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 43.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 2.

[18]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 38.

[19]      Submission 70, p. 6.

[20]      Submission 51, p. 4.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 40.

[22]      Submission 34, p. 3.

[23]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 38.

[24]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009–10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 48.

[25]      Partnership for Development, between the Government of Australia and the Government of Tuvalu, signed 6 August 2009.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, pp. 56–57.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 57.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 57.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 21 November 2008, p. 87 and paragraphs 6.25–6.30.

[30]      Kalibobo Roadmap on the Pacific Plan, Attachment C to Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration, November 2007. The Vava'u decision supported the strengthening of accountability and integrity institutions and, in particular, Auditors General and Ombudsman offices, Vava'u Decisions on the Pacific Plan, Attachment E(A) to Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration, November 2007.

[31]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Good Governance Work Program 2008–2010, pp. 3–4, http://www.asiapacificforum.net/services/capacity-building/nhri-development/pacific-island-states/downloads/background-papers/Pacific_Plan_Good_Governance_2008-10.pdf (accessed 4 May 2009). 

[32]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 31.

[33]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008–09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 31.

[34]      Peter Larmour and Manuhuia Barcham, National Integrity Systems: Pacific Islands, Overview Report 2004, Transparency International, Australian National University, 2004, p. 10.

[35]      Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions, Pacific Regional Audit Initiative: Summary Design, Information Document for the 2008 Forum Economic Ministers Meeting, Port Vila, Vanuatu, October 2008, pp. 42–43.

[36]      Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions, Pacific Regional Audit Initiative: Summary Design, Information Document for the 2008 Forum Economic Ministers Meeting, Port Vila, Vanuatu, October 2008, p. 26.

[37]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 38.

[38]      Submission 32, p. 1.

[39]      Submission 32, p. 1.

[40]      Submission 32, pp. 1–2.

[41]      Submission 4, p. 3.

[42]      Submission 4, p. 1.

[43]      Peter Larmour and Manuhuia Barcham, National Integrity Systems: Pacific Islands, Overview Report 2004, Transparency International, Australian National University, 2004, p. 10.

[44]      Submission 4, p. 1.

[45]      Submission 4, p. 2.

[46]      Submission 51, p. 4.

[47]      Submission 4, p. 1.

[48]      Submission 4, p. 1.

[49]      Foundation members include the Ombudsmen from the Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, New Zealand, and the Commonwealth and New South Wales Ombudsman from Australia. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Pacific Ombudsman Alliance launched', Press Statement 124/08, Friday, 14 November 2008.

[50]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Pacific Ombudsman Alliance launched', Press Statement 124/08, 14 November 2008.

[51]      Submission 4, p. 1.

[52]      Submission 4, p. 3.

[53]      AusAID, Annual Report 2007–08, p. 58.

[54]      Submission 27, p. 1.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 48.

[56]      Submission 27, p. 1.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, pp. 51–52.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 49.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 49.

[60]      Peter Larmour and Manuhuia Barcham, National Integrity Systems: Pacific Islands, Overview Report 2004, Transparency International, Australian National University, 2004, p. 10.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 24.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, pp. 24–25.

[63]      Information provided by the Secretariat, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Parliament House, Canberra.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 36.

[65]      Explanation contained in AusAID's call for research proposals, Pacific Leadership Program.

[66]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 20.

[67]      AusAID, Approaches to anti-corruption through the Australian aid program: Lessons from PNG, Indonesia and Solomon Island, 2007, p. 36.

[68]      AusAID, Governance annual thematic performance report 2007–08, November 2008, p. 31.

Chapter 16 - Private sector—driver of economic growth

[1]        See also Austrade, Submission 61, p. 9.

[2]        Submission 58, p. 5; Submission 60, p. 4; Submission 70, p. 2.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 26.

[4]        AusAID, Pacific 2020, Challenges and Opportunities for Growth, May 2006, p. 43.

[5]        Submission 29, attachment, p. 8.

[6]        ESCAP, Enhancing Pacific Connectivity, 2008, p. 73.

[7]        Kate Barclay with Ian Cartwright, Capturing Wealth from Tuna: case studies from the Pacific, Asia Pacific Press, Australian National University, 2007, pp. 22 and 38.

[8]        Information taken from Tables 1.3 in World Bank, Doing Business 2009 and Doing Business 2010.

[9]        The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009 East Asia and Pacific–Pacific Islands, Washington, 2008, p. 2.

[10]      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009 East Asia and Pacific–Pacific Islands, Washington, 2008, p. 3.

[11]      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009 East Asia and Pacific–Pacific Islands, Washington, 2008, p. 17. It cited a study that found, 'the presence of legal and regulatory protections for investors explains up to 73 per cent of the decision to invest'.

[12]      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009 East Asia and Pacific–Pacific Islands, Washington, 2008, p. 26.

[13]      Greg Urwin, Secretary General, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 'Regional cooperation and economic growth', Pacific 2020 Conference, Hilton Hotel, Sydney, 10–12 May 2006.

[14]      Submission 60, p. 6.

[15]      Submission 29, attachment, p. 8.

[16]      Submission 58, p. 6.

[17]      OECD, Promoting Private Investment for Development: the role of ODA, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, 2006, p. 7.

[18]      World Bank, Doing Business 2010, Table 1.3, p. 4.

[19]      Media Release, http://www.pmo.gov.to/releases-mainmenu-29/english-mainmenu-30/286-prime-minister-of-tonga-launch-private-sector-assessment.html.

[20]      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009, Country Profile for Tonga, 2008, p. 51.

[21]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 256.

[22]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 256.

[23]      Submission 58, p. 8.

[24]      IMF, IMF Executive Board Concludes 2007 Article IV Consultation with Samoa, Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 07/62, 1 June 2007, p. 4.

[25]      The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank, Doing Business 2009, Country Profile for Fiji, 2008, pp. 50–51.

[26]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 254.

[27]      IMF, IMF Samoa: 2007 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion for Samoa, Country Report no. 07/185, IMF Executive Board Concludes 2008 Article IV Consultation with Samoa, Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 07/62, 1 June 2007, p. 8.

[28]      IMF, Statement at the Conclusion of an IMF Staff Mission to Vanuatu, Press release No. 08/29, 22 February 2008.

[29]      Rod Duncan, Lecturer, School of Marketing and Management, Charles Sturt University, 'Solomon Islands and Vanuatu: an economic survey', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol 23, no. 3, 2008, p. 8, http://peb.anu.edu.au/pdf/PEB23_3_DUNCAN_WEB.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008).

[30]      IMF, Staff Report for the 2007 Article IV Consultation, prepared by the staff representatives for the 2007 Consultations with Papua New Guinea, 18 January 2008 and IMF Country Report No. 08/93, Papua New Guinea: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr0893.pdf (accessed 9 October 2008).

[31]      IMF, Staff Report for the 2007 Article IV Consultation, prepared by the staff representatives for the 2007 consultations with Papua New Guinea, 18 January 2008, Executive Summary, p. 4.

[32]      The World Bank, East Asia: Testing Times Ahead, East Asia and Pacific Update, April 2008, p. 49, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPHALFYEARLYUPDATE/Resources/550192-1207007015255/EAPUpdate_Apr08_fullreport.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008).

[33]      Aaron Batten, Jonathan Gouy and Ron Duncan, 'Papua New Guinea economic survey: from boom to gloom?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol. 24, no. 1, 2009, p. 21.

[34]      IMF, Solomon Islands: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussions, IMF Report No. 08/358, November 2008, p. 3.

[35]      IMF, Solomon Islands: 2008 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussions, IMF Report No. 08/358, November 2008, p. 11.

[36]      Rod Duncan, Lecturer, School of Marketing and Management, Charles Sturt University, 'Solomon Islands and Vanuatu: an economic survey', Pacific Economic Bulletin, vol 23, no. 3, 2008, p. 8.http://peb.anu.edu.au/pdf/PEB23_3_DUNCAN_WEB.pdf (accessed 14 October 2008).

[37]      Submission 69, p. 9.

[38]      The Development Assistance and Investment Committees and the OECD's Development Co-operation Directorate and the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. 'Mobilising Private Investment for Development: Policy Lessons on the Role of ODA', the DAC Journal 2005, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 14.

[39]      Definition based on United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives, Accelerating Human Development in Asia and the Pacific, 2008, p. 18.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/regionalreports/asiathepacific/RHDR_Full per cent20Report_Tackling_Corruption_Transforming_Lives.pdf (accessed 22 December 2008).

[40]      United Nations Development Programme, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives, Accelerating Human Development in Asia and the Pacific, 2008, p. 7.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/regionalreports/asiathepacific/RHDR_Full per cent20Report_Tackling_Corruption_Transforming_Lives.pdf (accessed 22 December 2008).

[41]      See definition of corruption used as a governance indicator in Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi, Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996—2006, the World Bank, Policy Research Paper 4280, July 2007, pp. 3–4.

[42]      AusAID, Tracking development and governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 13.

[43]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Approaches to anti-corruption through the Australian aid program: lessons from PNG, Indonesia, and Solomon Islands, 2007, p. 19.

[44]      Submission 51, p. 7.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 65. The ACCI also noted that excessive regulations promote corruption because businesses have an incentive to use any means to bypass the unnecessary red tape. Submission 29, attachment, p. 8.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 71.

[47]      Submission 69, p. 2.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 11.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 11.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 12.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 12.

[52]      Submission 29, Speech by Peter Anderson, Chief Executive, ACCI, attachment pp. 3–5.

[53]      Peter Larmour and Manuhuia Barcham, National Integrity Systems: Pacific Islands, Overview Report 2004, Transparency International, Australian National University, 2004, p. 7.

[54]      Government of Fiji, Sustainable Economic and Empowerment Development Strategy (SEDS) 2008–2010, November 2007, p. 40.

[55]      See for example, Address by Mr Bob Lyon, President of the Australia Fiji Business Council, at the launch of the AusAID 2020 Report, Sydney, 11 May 2006, 'Why good political governance is so essential for a dynamic private sector and investment' http://www.afbc.org.au/Speeches_20060511_Bob per cent20Lyon per cent20to per cent20AusAID per cent202020.htm (accessed 14 January 2009) and ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, p. 73, http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/download/01_Survey_2008.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008).

[56]      See for example, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Submission 36, p. 6.

[57]      Submission 29, attachment, pp. 3–5.

[58]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 255.

[59]      A number of sectors suffered a setback including commerce, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, financial and real estate services and manufacturing. According to the Asian Development Bank, tourism receipts dropped by 10.4 per cent in financial year 2007, Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 255. See also ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, p. 72.

[60]      Media Release, 'Economic Update: July 2008', http://www.pmo.gov.to/releases-mainmenu-29/231-economic-update-july-2008.html (access 14 February 2009).

[61]      Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2008, p. 235.

[62]      ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, p. 70.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 59. Mr Nimmo, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, used tourism, which he suggested was a very good barometer of attitudes toward countries, to indicate the damage being done to Fiji's economy. In his view, the countries surviving the global economic crisis best are those that are stable such as Vanuatu and Samoa. In contrast, he argued that the 'political instability in Fiji has significantly hurt its ability to deal with the global downturn in tourism numbers'. Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 14.

[64]      Submission 58, p. 2.

[65]      Keynote address at the National Micro, Small, Medium Enterprise (MSME) Forum by Governor of Reserve Bank of Fiji, Mr Savenaca Narube, Lami, Suva, 22 May 2008, p. 8, http://www.reservebank.gov.fj/docs/Keynote per cent20Address per cent20National per cent20MSME per cent20Forum.pdf (accessed 27 October 2008).

[66]      For background see Dr Michael Fullilove, Lowy Institute for International Policy, The Testament of the Solomons: RAMSI and International State-Building, 2006, p. 5; Dr Elsina Wainwright, ASPI, Our Failing Neighbour, Australia and the Future of the Solomon Islands, 2003, pp. 18–27.

[67]      Dr Michael Fullilove, Lowy Institute for International Policy, The Testament of the Solomons: RAMSI and International State-Building, 2006, p. 6.

[68]      IMF, IMF Executive Board Concludes 2008 Article IV Consultation with the Solomon Islands, Public Information Notice No. 08/139, 29 October 2008, p. 1.

[69]      Submission 51, p. 3.

[70]      Submission 51, p. 5. See also the IMF which noted that in PNG political risks stemming from corruption and ethnic tensions are still a disincentive to investment. It estimated the direct costs of security at 3 per cent of total business cost on average. It also noted that 'overall labour costs are increased to compensate employees for the added personal insecurity'. Security concerns also 'generally lead to reduced intensity of capital equipment' and they 'occupy management's time, thereby reducing overall productivity'. IMF, Papua New Guinea: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, Country Report No. 08/93, p. 44, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr0893.pdf (accessed 9 October 2008).

[71]      Submission 51, p. 5.

[72]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 59.

[73]      Submission 51, p. 5.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 54.

[75]      See for example, the Australian Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, p. 4; Submission 29, p. 5; the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Fiji noted that investment is the 'locomotive of growth' and without it the economy would 'lose steam'. Opening address by Governor of Reserve Bank of Fiji, Mr Savenaca Narube, at the opening of Westpac's MHCC Branch, 20 June 2008, p. 2.

[76]      It should be noted that numerous international organisations are assisting Pacific island countries to improve their business environment. The Foreign Investment Advisory Service (FIAS) and World Bank, in particular, conduct numerous projects designed to address regulatory constraints and to support reform changes in Pacific island countries The International Finance Corporation and the World Bank, 'East Asia and the Pacific', http://www.fias.net/ifcextJtias.nsf/ContentJFIAS_Projects_Asia_the_Pacific   (accessed 18 December 2008).For a list of projects see http://www.fias.net/ifcextJtias.nsf/ContentJFIAS_Projects_Asia_the_Pacific_Country  (accessed 18 December 2008).

[77]      Australian Government AusAID, Annual Report 2007-2008, p. 59.

[78]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 29.

[79]      Australian Government, AusAID, Annual Report 2007-2008, p. 59.

[80]      Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Opening Address by Mr Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Secretary General, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Forum Regional Security Committee Meeting,
4–5 June 2009.

Chapter 17 - Land tenure and access to finance

[1]        AusAID, Making Land Work: Reconciling customary land and development in the Pacific, vol 1, 2008, p. 3.

[2]        See for example, Ms Hayward-Jones, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21; Professor Hughes, Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, pp. 32–33; Dr Patricia Ranald, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2008, p. 12; Mr Clarke, Australia Papua New Guinea Business Council, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2008, pp. 53–54; Mr Anderson, Australia Fiji Business Council, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 68; Submission 11, p. 3.

[3]        Submission 51, p. 7. ANZ was of the view that the problems arising from current land ownership arrangements not only dampen the incentive to invest in long term agricultural projects but delay infrastructure projects and make financing decisions regarding major projects difficult.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 63. Mr Ian Clarke told the committee that if someone were going to build a major hotel, no-one would lend them the money to build it on customary land—'You do need a secure title'. Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 67.

[5]        Submission 11, p. 3.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21.

[8]        Committee Hansard 25 March 2009, p. 68.

[9]        See for example Mr Hodgson, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 69.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, pp. 58 and 63.

[11]      Submission 51, p. 7.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 50.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, pp. 54, 67 and 70.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 70.

[15]      Submission 58, p. 10.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 68.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 68.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 67.

[19]      AusAID, Making Land Work: Reconciling customary land and development in the Pacific, vol 1, 2008, p. 4.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 9.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21. Mr Noakes suggested that traditional society resource ownership issues, which are fundamental to island nations’ character and society, can be understood and worked through. He believed that some benefit was to be gained 'in foreign investors from countries such as Australia being given some assistance in developing an understanding of traditional practices and local authority structures and loyalties, land ownership and land use'. Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 55.

[22]      Submission 16, p. 1; Submission 60, p. 8; Submission 58, p. 10; Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 70.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 12.

[24]      Speech by the Outgoing Chair of the Pacific Islands Forum, Honourable Dr Feleti Vaka'uta Sevele, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tonga, at the opening of the 39^th Pacific Islands Forum, http://www.forumsec.org.fj/pages.cfm/newsroom/speeches/2008-1/speech-by-outgoing-forum-chair-opening-of-39th-pif-niue.html (accessed 30 September 2008).

[25]      AusAID, Making Land Work: Reconciling customary land and development in the Pacific, vol 1, 2008, pp. 48 and vii.

[26]      Submission 16, p. 1.

[27]      ABC, 'Foreign investors exploit cheap Vanuatu land', The 7:30 Report, transcript http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2547853.htm (accessed 1 July 2009).

[28]      Submission 16, p. 1; Submission 60, p. 8.

[29]      AusAID, Making Land Work: Reconciling customary land and development in the Pacific, vol 1, 2008, p. vii.

[30]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008-09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 27; and AusAID, Submission 65, p. 14.

[31]      The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, 'Launching of Making Land Work—Pacific Land Conference', Media release, 12 June 2008, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Speech&ID=2528_8235_2115_7707_4349 (accessed 21 April 2009).

[32]      The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, 'Launching of Making Land Work—Pacific Land Conference', Media release, 12 June 2008, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Speech&ID=2528_8235_2115_7707_4349 (accessed 21 April 2009).

[33]      The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, 'Launching of Making Land Work—Pacific Land Conference', Media release, 12 June 2008, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Speech&ID=2528_8235_2115_7707_4349 (accessed 21 April 2009).

[34]      The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, 'Launching of Making Land Work—Pacific Land Conference', Media release, 12 June 2008, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Speech&ID=2528_8235_2115_7707_4349 (accessed 21 April 2009).

[35]      The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2008-09: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 13 May 2008, p. 27.

[36]      Submission 16, p. 1.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 21.

[39]      Submission 58, p. 10.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 27.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 10.

[42]      Submission 11, p. 3.

[43]      Submission 51, p. 7.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 70.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 55.

[46]      Submission 41, p. 5.

[47]      Submission 69, p. 10.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 65.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 64.

[50]      Submission 53, p. 15.

[51]      Mark W. Flaming and Stuart Mathison, Financial Services Sector Assessment: Kiribati, Tuvalu, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Prepared for the United National Development Programme and the United Nations Capital Development Fund, May 2007, p. ii.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 61.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 62.

[54]      Mark W. Flaming and Stuart Mathison, Financial Services Sector Assessment: Kiribati, Tuvalu, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Prepared for the United National Development Programme and the United Nations Capital Development Fund, May 2007, p. v.

[55]      AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/business/other_opps/ecf.cfm (accessed 2 May 2009).

[56]      AusAID, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/business/other_opps/ecf.cfm (accessed 2 May 2009).

[57]      Submission 58, p. 6; Submission 60, p. 4; Submission 70, p. 4.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 58.

[59]      AusAID, Port Moresby Declaration, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/PortMorDec.cfm (accessed 2 May 2009).

[60]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice no. 7, following public hearing 19 June 2009.

[61]      Submission 51, p. 2.

[62]      Submission 51, p. 2.

[63]      Submission 51, p. 6.

[64]      Submission 51, p. 6.

[65]      A 2008 study published by the Asian Development Bank found that after 50 years of aid in the Pacific region, 'overall results in terms of sustainable improvements in capacity have been mixed, at best', Paulina Siop, 'Pacific Choice: from Dependency to Sustainability: A Case Study on the Economic Capacity Development of the Ok Tedi Mine-area Community', Capacity Development Series, Asian Development Bank, 2008, p. v.

[66]      United Nations Development System, United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Pacific Subregion, 2008–2012, May 2007, p. 9.

[67]      Forum Communiqué, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns, Australia, 5–6 August 2009, PIFS(09)12, Annex B, p. 14.

Chapter 18 - Effectiveness of Australian aid—policy framework

[1]        Statistics taken from OECD website, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/31/40040098.gif (accessed 13 October 2008).

[2]        The Australian Government allocated an estimated $3,818 million in ODA for 2009–10.

[3]        Based on figures taken from Table 18.1.

[4]        Australia's total ODA rose from 0.33 per cent to 0.34 per cent for 2009–10 and is anticipated to increase further to 0.4 of GNI by 2012–13 to 0.5 per cent by 2015–16. See also the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia's Overseas Aid Program 2007–08, 8 May 2007, p. 6.

[5]        Answers to question on notice no. 1 following public hearing 12 March 2009 and no. 2 following public hearing 19 June 2009.

[6]        The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, Budget Statement 2009-10: Australia's International Development Assistance Program, 12 May 2009, p. 17.

[7]        Mr Satish Chand argued that to date the focus had been on increasing inputs—funding teachers, school buildings, road, etc—with the assumption that this would lead to increased outputs and improved developmental outcomes, see Submission 2. Professor Helen Hughes and Mr Gaurav Sodhi formed the view that while the Pacific Islands had received high aid flows, the principal effect of aid had been to avoid the adoption of policies necessary for growth. Submission 11, attachment, p. 3.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 3.

[9]        Submission 3, p. 3.

[10]      Submission 3, p. 3.

[11]      Submission 3, p. 3.

[12]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 14.

[13]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 14.

[14]      Prime Minister of Australia, Interview, Joint Conference with the Right Honourable Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Parliament House, 28 April 2009.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 24.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 27.

[17]      Submission 11, pp. 2–3.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 15.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 9.

[20]      Submission 21, p. 6.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 26. Dr Quanchi informed the committee that his 'opinions and general observations...are based on teaching, research and being involved in Pacific Islands fieldwork, organisations and associations since 1973 in both Australia and the Pacific Islands'. See Submission 24, p. 9.

[22]      Submission 58, p. 6; and Submission 60, p. 4.

[23]      Submission 58, p. 6; and Submission 60, p. 4. The Councils were of the view that there was merit in the recommendation proposed in 2007 that Australian companies investing in Pacific island countries might qualify for Australian tax concessions provided certain specified criteria about the investment were met. Submission 58, p. 6; and Submission 60, p. 5.

[24]      Submission 14, p. 5.

[25]      Submission 14, pp. 5–6.

[26]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[27]      Submission 69, p. 10.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 14.

[29]      See for example, an evaluation by the ADB on one of its projects in Tonga that noted that although computers were used: they no longer operate due to out-of-date technology and exposure to salt in non-air-conditioned environments—'The trucks are still operating, but the motorbikes have disappeared and the outboard motor for the boat no longer works'. Asian Development Bank, Tonga: Outer Islands Agriculture Development Project Performance Evaluation Report, July 2006, p. 8.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 11.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 41.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 25.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 14.

[34]      Submission 69, p. 9.

[35]      Submission 3, p. 3.

[36]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 2008, p. 18.

[37]      Thomas Enters Tan and Associates Thailand, Independent assessment of the implementation of codes of logging practice in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, April 2007, p. 12.

[38]      Submission 43, paragraph 27. AUSTRAC, for example, rely on the Pacific Governance Support Program (PGSP) to deliver their 'FIU-in-a-box' training.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 12.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, pp. 11–12.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 11.

[42]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice no. 3 following public hearing 19 June 2009.

[43]      For example, both Professor Clive Moore and Mr Keith Jackson referred to anecdotal evidence suggesting that 'many Pacific Island public servants, although equipped with university degrees, find difficulty in operating efficiently because an ‘idealised’ or culturally inappropriate education in developed countries has not equipped them appropriately for the realities they face back home', Submission. The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat noted a problem with funding for infrastructure development from overseas donors in the sense that, in most cases, it 'is not tagged or aligned with national planning and town council development.' Submission 69, p. 15. See also Mr Hodgson, Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 73; Combined Unions, Submission 10, pp. 5–6. The trade unions noted that they are experienced in structures which engage across the tiers of decision and policy making and are well placed as communication channels.

[44]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. ix.

[45]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 12.

[46]      Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's involvement in peacekeeping, August 2008, pp. 239–240.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 3.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 72.

[49]      See for example, Mr Motteram who explained, 'There is a reason why we are focusing mainly on Papua New Guinea, because it is a comparable treasury. We do worry about the three decimal places in our institution. It is not necessarily comparable with what the island states might have. It may be that the state or municipal bodies might be a better way of learning about the issues that people deal with rather than coming to the Australian Treasury', Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 17.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, pp. 12–13.

[51]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Opportunities and challenges: Australia' relationship with China, November 2005, p. 155 and Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, pp. 86 and 110–113.

[52]      See for example, Edward Vrkic, Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 9.

[53]      The Hon Bob McMullan MP, Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance, The Role of Foreign Aid in Responding to the Economic Crisis in the Pacific Islands Region, Speech to the Lowy Institute at the launch of Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, 3 August 2009, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Speech&ID=1290_2635_928_9215_1890 (accessed 6 August 2009).

[54]      Submission 14, p. 2.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 6.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 5.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 31.

[58]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. 32.

[59]      AusAID, Tracking Development and Governance in the Pacific, August 2009, p. 3.

[60]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 12.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 25 March 2009, p. 31.

[62]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. ix.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 20.

[64]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[65]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[66]      Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, PALM 5: Islanders' Hokkaido Declaration, Hokkaido, Japan, 22–23 May 2009, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/palm/palm5/declaration.html  (accessed 3 October 2009). See also Ambassador of Japan, Canberra, Submission 7.

[67]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 5.

[68]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 6.

[69]      Submission 14, p. 6.

[70]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, pp. 16–17.

[71]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 17.

[72]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 17.

[73]      Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 18.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 45.

[75]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 46.

[76]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 46.

[77]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 46.

[78]      Fergus Hanson, China: Stumbling through the Pacific, Lowy Institute for International Policy, Policy Brief, July 2009, p. 8.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 25.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 25.

[81]      Submission 44, p. 9.

[82]      Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's involvement in peacekeeping operations, August 2008, paragraphs 14.42 and 14.43.

[83]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 18.

[84]      Benedict Y. Imbun, 'Is the potential of labour's contribution to development acknowledged in the Pacific island countries?', Pacific Economic Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 1, 2009, pp. 96–102.

[85]      Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Paper presented by the Secretariat, 'Agenda item 4.1: Pacific Plan Implementation—three years on', Thirty-eighth meeting of the committee of representatives of governments and administrations, Noumea, New Caledonia, 13–16 October 2008, Regional Policy Agenda.

[86]      Annex C, Forum Communiqué, Fortieth Pacific Islands Forum, 5–6 August 2009, p. 18.

[87]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. vii.

[88]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 56.

[89]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 17.

[90]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, p. 13.

Chapter 19 - Pacific Partnerships for Development

[1]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Port Moresby Declaration', Media release, 6 March 2008, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/release/2008/media_release_0118.cfm or http://www.pm.gov.au/node/5911 (accessed 13 February 2009).

[2]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Pacific Partnerships for Development with Solomon Islands and Kiribati', Media release, 27 January 2009, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/release/2009/media_release_0770.cfm (accessed 13 February 2009) or http://www.pm.gov.au/node/5344.

[3]        Prime Minister of Australia, 'Joint Press Conference with the Right Honourable Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Parliament House', 28 April 2009, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Interview/2009/interview_0936.cfm (accessed 30 April 2009).

[4]        Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 30.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 27.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 28.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, pp. 8–9.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 24 March 2009, p. 10.

[9]        Submission 14, p. 2.

[10]      OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2008 Peer Review of Australia, p. 14.

[11]       Schedule to the Papua New Guinea—Australia Partnership for Development, Priority Outcome 2 Basic Education, pp. 6 and 7.

[12]      Prime Minister of Australia, 'Joint Press Conference with the Right Honourable Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Parliament House', 28 April 2009, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Interview/2009/interview_0936.cfm (accessed 30 April 2009).

[13]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 26.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 12 March 2009, p. 27.

[15]      Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, attachment 'Comments on the report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade', p. 5.

[16]      Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, p. 179.

[17]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. 39.

[18]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. 39.

[19]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. 39.

[20]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. 42.

Chapter 20 - Australia's development assistance—on the ground

[1]        Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's involvement in peacekeeping operations, August 2008, p. 163.

[2]        Dr Max Quanchi, Submission 24, p. 3. See also Australia Pacific Islands Business Council, Submission 60, attachment, 'Comments on the report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade', p. 5; Professor Moore, Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 6; and Submission 10, pp. 5–6.

[3]        AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, pp. ix and 32.

[4]        AusAID, Economic governance, Annual thematic performance report 2006–07, 2008, p. 19.

[5]        See Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee, Australia's involvement in peacekeeping operations, August 2008, p. 236; and Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 7.

[6]        AusAID, Economic governance, Annual thematic performance report 2006–07, 2008, p. 20.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 5–6 and 17.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 6.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 8.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 15.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 13.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 15.

[13]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Approaches to anti-corruption through the Australian aid program: Lessons from PNG, Indonesia, and Solomon Islands, 2007, p. 36.

[14]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Approaches to anti-corruption through the Australian aid program: Lessons from PNG, Indonesia, and Solomon Islands, 2007, p. 37.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 3.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 6

[17]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 3–4.

[18]      AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2007, p. ix.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, pp. 3–4.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 4.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 20 November 2008, p. 4.

[22]      Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's involvement in peacekeeping operations, August 2008, p. 179.

[23]      Submission 3, p. 6.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 6.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 3.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 6

[27]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 7.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 26 March 2009, p. 7.

[29]      Asia Pacific Civil–Military Centre of Excellence, Strategic Plan, 2009–2011, April 2009, p. 3, http://www.civmilcoe.gov.au/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2009_V2.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

[30]      Asia Pacific Civil–Military Centre of Excellence, Strategic Plan, 2009–2011, April 2009, pp. 3–4, http://www.civmilcoe.gov.au/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2009_V2.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

[31]      UN Security Council, 'Security Council hears 60 speakers, asks Secretary-General to advise organisation within one year on best ways to support national peace building efforts', 20 May 2008. SC/933, http://www.un.org/News/Press/documents/2008/sc9333.doc.htm (accessed 2 July 2009) and UN Security Council, Annex to letter dated 2 May 2008 from the Permanent Representative of the UK to the UN addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2008/291.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 19 June 2009, pp. 40–41.

[33]      Department of Defence, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, Defence White Paper 2009, 2009, p. 42.

[34]      Prime Minister of Australia, Speech, '2009 Annual Burgmann College Lecture', Australian National University, 27 August 2009.

[35]      Prime Minister of Australia, Speech, '2009 Annual Burgmann College Lecture', Australian National University, 27 August 2009.