Footnotes
Chapter 2 - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: from idea to 2020 vision
[1] P.
Drysdale and H. Patrick, ‘An Asian-Pacific Regional Economic Organisation’,
extract from paper prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, United
States Senate, reprinted in Pacific Economic Cooperation, J.Crawford,
ed., Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981, pp. 63–82.
[2] H.
Soesastro, ‘Institutional Aspects of Pacific Economic Cooperation’, Pacific
Economic Cooperation: the Next Phase, H. Soesastro and Han Sung-joo (eds),
Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, 1983, p. 19.
[3] Pacific
Basin Economic Council, Business Issues for APEC, October 1995. PBEC has
a membership of more than 1,200 corporate members in 20 economies throughout
the Pacific region. G.L.Tooker, opening speech, 30th Annual IGM, 19 May 1997,
http://www.pbec.org/opening.htm (5 August 1997).
[4] Senate
Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Report on Japan,
Parliamentary Paper No. 2, 1973.
[5] J.
Crawford and Saburo Okita, Australia, Japan and the Western Pacific Economic
Relations, A Report to the Governments of Australia and Japan, AGPS,
Canberra, 1976, p. 5.
[6] P.
Drysdale and H. Patrick, 1981, op.cit., pp. 64–65, 71.
[7] Preface,
Pacific Economic Co-operation, J. Crawford, ed., Heinemann Educational
Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981.
[8] Dr Snoh
Unakul, Pacific Economic Co-operation, J. Crawford, ed., Heinemann
Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981, p. 18.
[9] Background
Paper by Australia, ‘Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Global Trade
Liberalisation’, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting, Canberra 6–7 November 1989,
Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, 1989.
[10] The Hon
R. J. Hawke, MP, Debates, House of Representatives, 2 March 1989, p. 340.
[11] ibid.
[12] The Hon
R. J. Hawke, MP, Speech, Luncheon of Korean Business Associates, 31 January
1989.
[13] Debates,
House of Representatives, 2 March 1989, p. 346.
[14] Summary
by Chairman, Senator the Hon Gareth Evans, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting,
Canberra, 6–7 November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade, Canberra, 1989.
[15] Summary
by Chairman, Senator the Hon Gareth Evans, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting,
Canberra, 6–7 November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade, Canberra, 1989.
[16] APEC, Selected
Documents, 1989–1994, p. 65.
[17] APEC,
Seoul APEC Declaration, Selected Documents, 1989–1994, pp. 62–3.
[18] R.
Woolcott, Address to the Sydney Institute, 29 November 1991, Backgrounder,
vol. 2, no. 21, 6 December 1991, pp. 2–7.
[19] The Hon
R. J. Hawke MP, ‘APEC or regional agreements—the real implication’, Australian
Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 4, Summer 1992, pp. 339–49.
[20] According
to Ambassador Timothy Hannah, Executive Director of APEC Secretariat (1999),
the Secretariat is the core support mechanism for the APEC process. It has
grown and now in 1999 has a staff of 23 seconded from Foreign and Trade
ministries from 18 member economies and the same number of Singaporean staff.
It provides coordination, technical, advisory support to the Chair and the 250
or so meetings of different APEC working groups and other fora held annually;
it maintains a large database of information on APEC activities, assists member
economies in formulating APEC’s economic and technical cooperation projects
(currently about 258) and their finances. See Ambassador Timothy Hannah, ‘The
Role of APEC in the Asia-Pacific Region’, lecture at Foreign Affairs College, 21
June 1999, Beijing, http:///www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/speeches/speech11.html
(30 July 1999)
[21] Australian
Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, Sixth Report to the Australian
Government, 1992.
[22] See para
1.10 for more information on the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council.
[23] W. Bodde
Jr., View from the 19th Floor, Institute of South East Asian Studies,
Singapore, p. 37.
[24] APEC, Selected
Documents, pp. 87, 93.
[25] The Hon
P. J. Keating MP, House of Representatives Debates, 7 May 1992, p. 2631.
[26] The Hon
P. J. Keating MP, Address to the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Perth, 15
February 1995.
[27] The Hon
P. J. Keating MP, Lecture ‘Australia, Asia and the new regionalism’, Singapore,
17 January 1996.
[28] The Hon
P. J. Keating MP, House of Representatives Debates, 13 October 1992, p. 2002.
[29] APEC, Pacific
Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994.
[30] Senate
Debates, 23 June 1994, p. 1955.
[31] Members
of the Pacific Business Forum to President Soeharto, Chairman, Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation, 15 October 1994, APEC, Report of the Pacific Business
Forum, A Blueprint for APEC, October 1994. The Australian
representatives were: Philip Brass, Managing Director, Pacific Dunlop Ltd. and
Imelda Roche, Managing Director/President, International, Nutri-Metics
International Holdings Pty Ltd. Group.
[32] Australian
Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, Sixth Report to the Australian
Government, 1992.
[33] Article
by Eric Ellis, Australian Financial Review, 19 November 1993.
[34] Quote
taken from Tan Kong Yam, Toh Mun Heng and Linda Low, ‘ASEAN and Pacific
Economic Co-operation’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3, March
1992, p. 326.
[35] For more
information on Dr Mahathir’s proposal and EAEC see Chapter 9, ‘Subregional
Groupings—stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks?’, paras 8.77–84.
[36] Quoted in
Hadi Soesastro, ‘ASEAN and APEC: do concentric circles work?’, The Pacific
Review, vol. 8, no. 3, 1995, pp. 483.
[37]
Mahathir Bin Mohamad, excerpts from keynote address at the 27th
International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council, Kuala
Lumpur, 1994, http://www.moshix2.net/APER/countries/malaysia/mohamad.htm
(5 August 1997).
[38] APEC, Pacific
Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994, pp. i–ii.
[39] APEC, Pacific
Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994.
[40] APEC
Secretariat, Selected APEC Documents 1989–1994, January–February 1995,
pp. 107–8. The final act of the Uruguay Round and the Marrakesh Agreement
Establishing the World Trading Organization were signed at the Marrakesh
Ministerial Meeting in April 1994.
[41] APEC
Secretariat, Selected APEC Documents 1989–1994, January–February 1995,
p. 117. For more information on the Non-Binding Investment Principles see
Chapter 5, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation—the Costs of Doing Business’,
paras 5.68–75.
[42] See
Warren Christopher, US Statement at the Seventh APEC Ministerial, 16 November
1995.
[43] Selected
APEC Documents, 1989–1994.
[44] For
example see, Article ‘Leaders dodge the details in APEC trade declaration, Australian,
21 November 1994; Article by Malcolm Booker, Canberra Times, 22
November 1994.
[45] Article
by Lindsay Murdoch, Age, 10 November 1994.
[46] Australia’s
APEC ambition: background paper, Senator Bob McMullan, Press Release, 27 June
1995.
[47] APEC,
Pacific Business Forum Report, 1995.
[48] The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, APEC 1995 Osaka, Official Information, Japan’s
Views on APEC, 15 November 1995.
[49] Senator
the Hon R. F. McMullan, Senate Debates, 28 August 1995, p. 428.
[50] Florence
Chong, article, Australian, 15 November 1995; Robert Garron and Cameron
Stewart, article, Australian, 15 November 1995; Michael Richardson,
article, Australian, 16 November 1995.
[51] The Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, Japan, APEC 1995 Osaka Official Information, ‘Japan’s Views
on APEC, 15 November 1995.
[52] ibid.
[53] Senator
the Hon R. F. McMullan, Senate Debates, 25 October 1995, p. 2498.
[54] APEC,
Seventh Ministerial Meeting, 16–17 November 1995, Osaka, Japan.
[55] APEC, Selected
Documents, 1995, pp. 3, 125.
[56] Based on
the Osaka Action Agenda, APEC, Selected Documents 1995, pp. 5–6.
[57] APEC, Annex One, APEC Collective Actions, Action Report for 1996,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/02anxone.html
(3 July 1997).
[58] APEC
Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Osaka, Japan, 19 November
1995.
[59] Australian
representatives were Michael J. Crouch, AM, Chairman and CEO, Zip Industries
(Aust) Pty Ltd; Malcolm Kinnaird, AO, Executive Chairman, Kinhill Engineers Pty
Ltd; and Imelda Roche, Co-Chairman, Nutri-Metrics International Holdings, Pty
Ltd.
[60] The Hon
P. J. Keating MP, Debates, House of Representatives, 22 November 1995, p. 3497;
APEC: Statement by the Prime Minister, House of Representatives, 22 November
1995, Press Release, 22 November 1995.
[61] The Hon
J. W. Howard MP, House of Representatives Debates, 22 November 1995, p. 3500.
[62] The Hon
Tim Fischer MP, Press Release, 9 May 1996. The final version of the Australian
Individual Action Plan incorporated the existing tariff reduction programs to
the year 2000 in the textiles, clothing and footwear and passenger motor
vehicles sectors. It also included a commitment to review zero to five per cent
tariffs by 2000 or earlier subject to an assessment of progress in the
liberalisation commitments by others in APEC and the WTO. It addressed reform
in the micro-economic services sectors such as the introduction of full and
open competition from 1 July 1997 in the telecommunications sector and the
progressive liberalisation of access to the Australian aviation market.
[63] Chair’s
Summary Record of Discussion, APEC Committee on Trade and Investment, First
Meeting for 1998, Penang 19–20 February 1998.
[64] Financial
Review, 1 November 1996, p. 25; see also Financial Review, 12
November 1996, p. 15.
[65] APEC
Business Advisory Council, APEC Means Business: Building Prosperity for our
Community, Report to the APEC Economic Leaders, 25 October 1996.
[66] Paul N.
Villegas, Business World Online Edition, APEC Special Report, November 1996,
http://bworld.com.ph/APEC/Latest/report/specialaction.html (12 August 1997).
[67] APEC
Economic Leaders Declaration, Subic, the Philippines, 25 November 1996.
[68] ibid.
[69] ibid.
[70] Mahathir
Bin Mohamad, Speech at the closing of the APEC Business Forum Manila, the
Philippines, 23 November 1996, http://bworld.com.ph/APEC/Latest/speeches/mahathirl.html
(12 August 1997); Age (Melbourne), 25 November 1996, p. A6.
[71] Australian,
25 November 1996, p. 5.
[72] The Hon
J. W. Howard MP, House of Representatives Debates, 3 December 1996, p. 7513.
[73] Fidel V.
Ramos, Keynote Address, “Pacific in Transition’, 30th annual IGM, 19 May 1997, http://www.pbec.org/his.htm (5 August
1997).
[74] Taken
from Asian Business, vol. 32, no. 1, January 1996, p. 25.
[75] C. Fred
Bergsten, APEC in 1996 and Beyond: The Subic Summit, Institute for
International Economics, Working Paper 96–12, 1996.
[76] APEC Secretariat, ‘Manila Action Plan
for APEC: Introduction’, Selected Documents, March, 1997, p.11.
[77] ABAC,
1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to
Action, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/abacrpt97/abac97.html (November
1997).
[78] USIA,
Charlene Barshefsky, ‘APEC Charts New Course in Opening Global Markets,
Statement issued by the Office of the US Trade Representative, 10 May 1997,
http://www.usia.gov/regional/East Asia/apec/ustr597.htm (21 November 1997).
[79] Ninth
APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement, 21–22 November 1997.
[80] APEC 1997
Leaders’ declaration, 25 November 1997.
[81] ‘1997
trade playing field flatter, but more levelling work needed’, Tim Fischer,
Minister for Trade and Deputy Prime Minister, press release, 28 December 1997.
[82] P. Dee,
A. Hardin and M. Schuele, APEC Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation,
1998, Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, AusInfo, Canberra.
[83] See
Senator the Hon P. Cook, APEC: Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium,
Policy Discussion Paper, June 1999. See also three papers presented to the APEC
Study Centre Consortium Conference, held in Auckland from 31 May–2 June 1999;
P. Lloyd, ‘EVSL and Sector-Based Negotiations’; A. Rae, S. Chatterjee, and S.
Shakur, ‘The Sectoral Approach to Trade Liberalisation: Should we try to do
better?’; Y. Woo ‘APEC After 10 Years: What’s Left of Open Regionalism?’.
[84] ABAC, 1997
APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to Action, ABAC Report to Economic
Leaders, 1997.
[85] Ambassador
Timothy Hannah, Executive Director of APEC Secretariat, Lecture at Foreign
Affairs College, Beijing, 21 June 1999.
[86] USIA,
transcript, Ambassador John Wolf ,Worldnet on Vancouver APEC Results, 10
December 1997.
[87]
Ambassador Dato’ Noor Adlan, Executive Director of the APEC
Secretariat, Editorial, Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 May 1998,
reprinted http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/announce/feer3.html
(6 August 1998); See also The Road to Kuala Lumpur, The
Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada, 1998, which asserts that APEC is not ‘a
crisis management organisation’.
[88] APEC,
Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade, Kuching, Sarawak, 22–23 June 1998.
[89] APEC,
Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade, Kuching, Sarawak, 22–23 June 1998.
[90] Summary
conclusions of the Third Officials Meeting (SOM) for the Tenth Ministerial
Meeting, 13–15 September 1998, Kuantan, Malaysia.
[91] APEC
Secretariat Press Release 36/98, 6 November 1998, APEC Business Advisory
Council, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel103698.html
(1 June 1999).
[92] John S.
Wolfe, ‘Meeting the Crisis: What should Governments Do?’, Presentation to PBEC
Conference, Los Angeles, 19 October 1998, http://www.usia.gov/regional/East
Asia/apec/wolf1019.htm (12 April 1998).
[93] Ambassador
Wolf, Worldnet on Upcoming APEC meeting, 4 November 1998 and Richard
Fisher, US Trade Representative, 12 November, Press Conference in Bangkok.
[94] On–the-Record
Briefing, 15 November 1998, Ms Mikie Kiyoi, Spokesperson for Minister for
Foreign Affairs, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/1998/brief15.html
(1 December 1999).
[95] Asia
Week, 27 November 1998.
[96] Helmut Sohmen, PBEC Chairman, PBEC’s Role in APEC, 30 November 1998,
http://www.pbec.org/speeches/1998/helmutapec.htm
(15 December 1999).
[97] See
remarks made by Roberto R. Romulo, Chair, PECC, Opening speech at PECC Meeting,
6–8 September 1998, Taipei and APEC Press Release on the 1988 APEC Economic
Outlook, 15 November 1998.
[98] See
remarks made by Roberto R. Romulo, Chair, PECC, Opening speech at PECC Meeting,
6–8 September 1998, Taipei.
[99] Press
Releases, ‘PECC calls for an APEC-led Asia Pacific community to the Asian
economic crisis.’; A Coherent Response to the Economic Crisis, PECC Statement
to the APEC Trade Ministerial Meeting, 22–23 June 1998, Kuching, http://www.PECC.net/pr980623-2.html
(5 November 1998).
[100] Press
Releases, ‘Immediate APEC action on crisis urged’, PECC News, 9 September 1998.
[101] Tenth APEC
Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Kuala Lumpur, 14–15 November 1998.
[102] The
Australian Government had commissioned an economic governance survey that
covered Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam. It was tabled at the November APEC meetings and according to the Prime
Minister, would serve as a valuable reference tool to be used to develop
responses to the financial crisis and to improve coordination and targeting of
these responses’, Australian Economic and Financial Management Initiative, Background,
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/background.html.
[103] Australian Economic and Financial Management Initiative, Background,
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/background.html.
[104] Helmut
Sohmen, PBEC Chairman, ‘PBEC’s Role in APEC’, 30 November 1998, http://www.pbec.org/speeches/1998/helmutapec.htm
(15 December 1999).
[105] Right Hon
Jenny Shipley, Address ‘Post APEC Auckland Business Lunch’, 27 November 1998, http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/shipley/jss271198.htm.
[106]
Organisations such as PECC showed very early in 1999 their intention to
encourage APEC to look to the more effective functioning of markets in the
region with an emphasis on improving transparency and disclosure and with
upgrading the financial regulatory structures and harmonising accounting
standards and supervision practices. ABAC was one organisation calling for the
strengthening of legal, regulatory and accounting framework within which the
local markets operated. See Dean O’Hare, Chairman and CEO, The Chubb Corporation,
‘International Economy in Crisis: Options for Sustaining and Stimulating
Recovery, PBEC Speeches, 11 February 1999,
http://pbec.org/passportent/ptls/speeches.wpi?pageID=992303114848EN; Chairman’s
Statement at the Close of the PECC Standing Committee Meeting, 15–16 April
1999, Canberra; Joint Ministerial Statement, Sixth APEC Finance Ministers
Meeting, Langkawi, Malaysia, 15–16 May 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel26_99.html
(6 March 1999).
[107] Statement
of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the meeting of APEC Ministers responsible
for Trade, Auckland, June 1999; USIA transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher, Worldnet
Program on APEC, 16 June 1999; USIA Washington File—Fisher very pleased
with APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting, 30 June 1999; USIA Washington File—12
July 1999, Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Howard, Confer on trade, APEC, 12
July 1999.
[108] Senator
the Hon P. Cook, APEC: Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium, Policy
Discussion Paper, June 1999.
[109] APEC,
Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999,
p. 3 http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html
(20 September 1999).
[110] Press conference by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi, 13 September 1999,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/1999/pm_press.html
(27 September 1999).
[111] ‘The
Auckland Challenge: Comments on the Leaders Declaration’, Rt Hon Jenny Shipley,
Prime Minister of New Zealand and Chair of APEC New Zealand 99, 13 September
1999, http://www.apec.govt.nz/fmedia/decmedia.htm
(27 September 1999).
Chapter 3 - Structure and membership of APEC
[1] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 3.
[2] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 3.
[3] APEC
Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28
February 2000).
[4] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.
[5] APEC
Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28
February 2000).
[6] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.
[7] APEC
Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28
February 2000).
[8] APEC
Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28
February 2000).
[9] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.
[10] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.
[11] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.
[12] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.
[13] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 12.
[14] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 12.
[15] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 13.
[16] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 13.
[17] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.
[18] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.
[19] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.
[20] DFAT, Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.
[21] APEC
Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28
February 2000).
[22] DFAT,
submission, p. 3.
[23] DFAT,
submission, p. 12.
[24] APEC
Ministerial Meeting, Bangkok, 10-11 September 1992, Joint Statement, para. 14.
[25] DFAT,
submission, p. 6.
[26] Seoul
APEC Declaration, Seoul, 14 November 1991.
[27] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 752.
[28] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 578.
[29] Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 824.
[30] C. Fred
Bergsten, ‘APEC in 1997: Prospects and Possible Strategies’ in Whither APEC?
The Progress to Date and Agenda for the Future, Institute for International
Economics.
[31] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 81.
[32] Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 823.
[33] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 768.
Chapter 4 - Trade and investment liberalisation
[1] Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Singapore, 29–31 July 1990 Joint
Statement.
[2] Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seoul, 12–14 November 1991 Joint
Statement.
[3] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Bangkok, 10–11 September 1992, Joint
Statement.
[4] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seattle, 17–19 November 1993, Joint
Statement.
[5] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seattle, 17–19 November 1993, Joint
Statement.
[6] APEC
Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November
1994.
[7] APEC,
'The Osaka Action Agenda: Implementation of the Bogor Declaration', Selected
APEC Documents, December, 1995, p. 6, (now referred to as the 'Osaka
Action Agenda').
[8] APEC,
'Osaka Action Agenda', p. 6.
[9] Professor
Peter Drysdale, submission, p. 6.
[10] APEC,
'Osaka Action Agenda', p. 6.
[11] The
Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs commenced in 1986
and was completed in 1994.
[12] See Table
4.1 above.
[13] DFAT, An
Introduction to APEC, August 1996, p. 3.
[14] APEC Joint Statement, Eighth Ministerial Meeting, Manila, November 22–23, 1996, p. 2,
www.apecsec.org.sg/minismtg/mtgmin96.html (29 July, 1997).
[15] APEC,
‘Osaka Action Agenda’, p. 7.
[16] APEC
Joint Statement, Manila, 1996, p. 2.
[17]
Tenth APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/vitualib/minismtg/mtgmin98.html
(6 June 2000).
[18] P.J.
Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC
Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999, http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.
[19] ibid.
[20]
1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.
[21] PECC,
media release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10
September 1999.
[22] PECC, media
release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10 September
1999.
[23] PECC,
media release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10
September 1999.
[24]
Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/vitualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html
(6 June 2000).
[25]
Leaders’ Declaration–New Zealand, 13 September 1999,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (6 June
2000).
[26] Manila Action Plan (MAPA 1996) Vol. 111, Overview–Collective Action Plans, p. 2,
www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/vol3over.html (23 September, 1997).
[27] Manila
Action Plan, Overview–Collective Action Plans, p. 2.
[28] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Opening Measures, 1995, p. 2.
[29] DFAT,
‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997. DRAFT ONLY.
[30] PECC,
Philippine Institute for Development Studies and The Asia Foundation, Perspectives
on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, 2nd Edition, 1996, preface.
[31] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 12.
[32] PECC, Perspectives,
1966, p. 11.
[33] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 12.
[34] DFAT,
'Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements', August 1997. DRAFT ONLY.
[35] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996. The 1996 data is taken from IAPs and the review
notes that comparability, availability and coverage of data compose constraints
on the assessment of progress., p. 8.
[36] DFAT
submission, p. 13. Australia's IAP was tabled in Parliament on 19 November,
1996.
[37] ABAC, ABAC's
Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 15. EMBARGO COPY.
[38] DFAT
submission, p. 15.
[39]
1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.
[40] PECC, Survey
of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.
[41] The
Australian Financial Review, 8 September, 1997. p. 4.
[42] DFAT
submission, p. 27.
[43] PECC, Perspectives,
1996, p. 18.
[44] Research
done for DFAT by the Centre for International Economics quoted in DFAT
submission, p. 23.
[45] DFAT
submission, p. 25.
[46] P.J.
Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC
Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999,
http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.
[47] P.J.
Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC
Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999, http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.
[48] DFAT, An
Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 13.
[49] Centre
for International Economics (CIE), Economic Benefits from an AFTA-CER free
trade area, Vol. 1, Canberra and Sydney, 22 August 1997, p. 7.
[50] Centre
for International Economics (CIE), Economic Benefits from an AFTA-CER free
trade area, Vol. 2, Canberra and Sydney, 22 August 1997, p. 21.
[51] PECC, Survey
of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.
[52] Frank
Frost, ‘APEC’s Seattle meetings: Issues for Australia’, Current Issues
Briefs (Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group), Department of the
Parliamentary Library, 16 November, 1993, p. 6.
[53] ‘SOM
[Senior Officials Meeting] Chair’s Report on State of Play in the Submissions
of IAPs as of November 1996’, p. 1, www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/state.html (23
August, 1997).
[54] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.
[55] APEC, Australia's
Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 22.
[56] DFAT
submission, p. 22.
[57] APEC, Australia's
Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 22.
[58] APEC, Australia's
Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 23.
[59] PECC et
al, Perspectives on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, 1996, p. 9.
[60] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 3.
[61] DFAT,
‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997.
[62] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.
[63] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.
[64] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 18.
[65] DFAT,
‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997.
[66] ABAC, ABAC's
Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 16.
[67]
1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.
[68] PECC, Survey
of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.
[69] European
Commission, ‘GATS: The General Agreement on Trade in Services: A Guide for
Business’, p. 1, www.psi -japan.com/gats.htm, (23 September, 1997).
[70] DFAT,
An Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 13.
[71] OECD, ‘Council Decision on National Treatment’, www.oecd.org/daf/cmis/codes/ntiart.htm
(30 October, 1997).
[72] APEC, Committee on Trade and Investment 1996 Annual Report to Ministers, p. 30,
www.apecsec.org.sg/olanurpt.html (13 October, 1997).
[73] Manila
Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.
[74] Manila
Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.
[75] Manila
Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.
[76] PECC et
al, Perspectives, p. 22.
[77] CTI, 1996
Annual Report, p. 32.
[78] CTI, 1996
Annual Report, p. 36.
[79] Department
of Transport and Regional Development (DoTRD) submission, p. 2.
[80] DoTRD
submission, 'Ministers Responsible for Transportation Joint Ministerial
Statement', June 1997, p. 2.
[81] Australian
Shipowners Association submission, p. 1.
[82] Australian
Shipowners Association submission, p. 3.
[83] ASA
submission, p. 1.
[84] Qantas
Airways Ltd submission, p. 5.
[85] Qantas
Airways Ltd, submission, p. 8.
[86] Qantas
Airways Ltd, submission, p. 9.
[87] Qantas
Airways Ltd, submission, p. 10.
[88] Qantas
Airways Ltd, submission, p. 10.
[89] Australia’s
1999 APEC Individual Action Plan, pp. 6-7.
[90] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 82.
[91] PECC,
Survey of Impediments, p. 14.
[92] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 21.
[93] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 21.
[94] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.
[95] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.
[96] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.
[97] ABAC, ABAC's
Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 16. EMBARGO COPY.
[98]
1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.
[99] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 86.
[100] DFAT, An
Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 10.
[101] PECC, Survey
of Impediments in Trade and Investment in the APEC Region, 1995, p. 11.
[102] PECC et
al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 30.
[103] SOM
Chair's Report, 1996, p. 2.
[104] PECC et al,
Perspectives, 1996, p. 26–7.
[105] PECC Press
release, 'PECC studies for APEC review progress in trade and investment
liberalisation', April, 1996, p. 1, www.pecc.net/9604rev.html (23 September,
1997).
[106] PECC, Perspectives,
p. 29.
[107] Eminent
Persons Group (EPG) Report, A Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia Pacific
Economic Community, November 1993, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/epg93.html (8
September, 1997).
[108] Eminent
Persons Group (EPG) Report, Achieving the APEC Vision: Free and Open Trade
in the Asia Pacific, August 1994, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/epg94.html (8
September, 1997).
[109] PBF, A
Business Blueprint for Asia, October, 1994, p. 7.
[110] EPG,
‘Achieving the APEC Vision’, 1994, p.
[111] ABAC, ABAC’s
Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 17. EMBARGO COPY.
[112] Asia
Pacific Labour Network of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions,
'Trade Union Perspective on Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum (APEC)',
ACTU submission, Attachment 2, p. 14.
[113] CFMEU
submission, p. 5.
[114] The OECD
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the ILO Tripartite Declaration of
Principles on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy.
[115] ACTU
submission, Attachment 2, p. 14.
[116] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Opening Measures, 1995, p. 5, p. 10.
[117] PECC et al,
Perspectives, 1996, p. 27.
[118] ABAC, ABAC's
Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 17. EMBARGO COPY.
[119]
1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.
[120] UN Human
Development Report 1997, p. 86.
[121] ACFOA
Submission no. 37, p. 3.
[122] United
Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997, quoted in ACFOA
Submission no. 37, p. 4.
[123] With the
caveats that ‘Member economies who maintain subsidies above a certain level
should be denied access to agricultural markets opened up as a result of the
agreement, until those subsidies are reduced’; and, ‘Food-importing countries
who would have to pay more for their food imports as a result of this agreement
should be compensated via some appropriate mechanism such as debt relief or the
provision of more concessional finance. See Jeff Atkinson, ‘APEC—Winners and
Losers’, Community Aid Abroad Background Report No. 7, Australian Council for
Overseas Aid Development Dossier 34, October 1995, p. 87.
[124] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 574.
[125] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 339.
[126] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 339–40.
[127] Leader’s
Declaration –New Zealand, the Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic, Declaration,
Auckland, New Zealand, 13 September 1999.
[128] Garnaut, Open
Regionalism and Trade Liberalization, Institute of South East Asian
Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 17.
[129] DFAT
submission, vol 3, p. 24.
[130] Drysdale
and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific,
University of Washington APEC Study Center [Internet]
[131] DFAT
submission, vol 3, p. 24.
[132] Committee
Hansard, p. 493.
[133] Committee
Hansard, pp. 494–5.
[134] Drysdale
and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific,
University of Washington APEC Study Center, footnoted to Drysdale 1988
[Internet]
[135] Drysdale
and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific,
University of Washington APEC Study Center [Internet]
[136] Committee
Hansard, p. 597.
[137] Committee
Hansard, p. 755.
[138] Committee
Hansard, p. 760.
Chapter 5 - Trade liberalisation—the winners and losers
[1] J.D.
Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’,
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, pp. 35–36.
[2] J.D.
Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’,
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, pp. 41–42.
[3] J.D.
Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’,
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, p. 52.
[4] F.
Rodriguez & D. Rodrik, ‘Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide
to the Cross-national Evidence, Revised December 1999, Abstract.
[5] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 68.
[6] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp.
370–71.
[7] As
described by Emeritas Professor Helen Hughes in her paper ‘Wither Development
Assistance?’ Development Bulletin, October 1997, p. 43.
[8] UN
Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) reports as quoted
in ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 5.
[9] In 1965,
the average per capita income of the G7 countries was 20 times that of the
world’s poorest seven countries. By 1995 it was 39 times as much. UN
Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) UN Conference
on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) reports as quoted in ACFOA,
submission no. 37, p. 3.
[10] A joint
ACFOA and Community Aid Abroad, Jeff Atkinson, Winners and Losers,
attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.
[11] UN Human
Development Report 1996, quoted in ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.
[12] UNCTAD
Report, ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.
[13] UN Human
Development Report 1997, p. 7.
[14] Alan
Mitchell, ‘Retro Economics: Brakes on the Future’, Australian Financial
Review, 29 July 1998, p. 14.
[15] Quoted in
Hugh Mackay, ‘Prosperity, Honesty, Sanity—Viva la République’, Sydney
Morning Herald, 14 August 1999.
[16] Reported
in Dr McKinley, submission no. 44, p. 12.
[17] Submission
no. 44, pp. 12–13. Dr McKinley reported that between 1979 and 1992 a more
automated US manufacturing sector became more globally competitive, boosting
productivity by 35 per cent. At the same, the workforce was simultaneously
reduced by 15 per cent. In the decade to 1991, 1.8 million manufacturing jobs
were shed.
[18] Committee
Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 776–77.
[19] UN Human
Development Report 1997, ‘Overview’, p. 7.
[20] ‘APEC:
Crisis which Crisis?’, October 1998, p. 24, attachment to Amnesty submission.
[21] Committee
Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 842.
[22] See Ms
Louis Filling, MTIA, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 159; and Mr
Brent Davis, ACCI, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1998, p. 37.
[23] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 37.
[24] See for
example, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1998, p. 85; Environment
Australia, submission no. 43, pp. 8–9.
[25] See Paul
Eckert ‘China to Shut Polluting Plants Despite Job Fears”, Reuters
Beijing 12 February 1998, p. [1].
[26] ‘Foreign
Correspondent’, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 28 July 1998.
[27] ‘Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from a Civil Society. A Discussion Paper’, p. [9].
[28] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society. Discussion Paper. Prepared by
the Policy Working Group for the Canadian Organising Network for the 1997
Peoples Summit on APEC, Canada, 30 July 1997, p. 3, attachment to ACFOA,
submission no. 37.
[29] See Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society. Discussion Paper, p. [3]
[30] Australian
Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p.
550.
[31] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [3].
[32] Dr P.
Ranald, submission no. 8, p. 24
[33] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [3].
[34] Dr P.
Ranald, submission no. 8, pp. 24–25
[35] Dr P.
Ranald, submission no. 8, pp. 24–25; ACTU, Committee Hansard, 5 February
1998, p. 550.
[36] ‘Country
Paper for Manila NGO Forum on APEC: Australia’, attachment to ACFOA, submission
no. 37, p. [2], attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.
[37] ‘Country Paper
for Manila NGO Forum on APEC, p. [2], attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.
[38] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, pp. [6–7], attachment to ACFOA,
submission no. 37.
[39] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [6].
[40] Canada
and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [7].
[41] ACTU, Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 550.
[42] APEC
Canada 1997, Homepage
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm (Access, 4 March
1998).
[43] See APEC
Canada 1997, Home Page, APEC and Sustainable Development, Internet site: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm
(4 March 1998).
[44] Foundation
for Development Cooperation, Supplementary Submission no. 14A, p. 6.
[45] Mr Matt
Ngui, Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 440.
[46]
See Address to APEC Small and Medium Enterprises Ministers’ Meeting, Rt
Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister, 26 April 1999, APEC Internet site (7
July 1999) and Russel Norman ‘APEC: the Landlords Come to Town’, Green Left
Weekly, Internet site:
http://jinx.sistm.unsw.edu.au/~greenlft/1999/377/377p21.htm
(20 October 1999).
[47] Norman,
‘APEC: the Landlords Come to Town’, Green Left Weekly, (20 October
1999).
[48] Committee
Hansard, 18 February 1998, p. 845.
[49] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 268.
[50] Quoted in
‘Engagement with Civil Society Organizations by Multilateral Organizations’,
APEC SOM Chair Office 18 August 1997 (prepared by Canadian Government), p. [4];
attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.
[51] Submission
no. 58, p. 20.
[52] Submission
no. 58, pp. 8–14.
[53] Committee
Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 855.
[54] Committee
Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 855.
[55] Duffy
Report, pp.72–73, quoted in submission no. 5, p. 9.
[56] Submission
no. 5, pp. 9, 15.
[57] Mr Tim
Harcourt, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 556.
Chapter 6 - Trade and investment facilitation—the costs of doing business
[1] PECC, Perspectives
on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, Second Edition, 1996, p. 31.
[2] APEC
Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, 15 November
1994.
[3] MAPA
Highlights, Reducing the Cost of Doing Business, APEC, 1996: See also
Philippa Dee et al, The Impact of APEC’s Free Trade Commitment, Staff
Information Paper, Industry Commission, February 1996, p. 10.
[4] Christopher Butler, ‘APEC: Pathway to Prosperity, APEC, Press release 4,
http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/re10a497.html (5 October 1999).
[5] APEC,
Report by the Economic Committee, The Impact of Trade Liberalization in
APEC, November 1997, p. iii.
[6] APEC,
Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and
Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, p. 33.
[7] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.
[8] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 734.
[9] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, pp. 92–93, 98. See also comments by the
South Australian Government, Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998,
pp. 635–6, DPIE; Submission no. 36, p. 3; and Plastics and Chemicals Industries
Association, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 559. The
South Australian Government singled out harmonising customs procedures,
regional-wide tariff database and mutual recognition arrangements as important
measures to facilitate trade. From DPIE’s experience, industries associated
with primary production and energy were looking for greater transparency of
regulations and procedures in areas such as quarantine, food inspection and
customs clearance as well as greater alignment of standards with
internationally accepted standards.
[10] Attachment
4 to MTIA’s submission to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, included
in submission no. 28 to the APEC Inquiry.
[11] APEC,
‘Joint Statement’, Small and Medium Enterprise (SME), Sixth Ministerial
Meeting, Christchurch, 26–28 April 1999.
[12] Christopher Butler, ‘APEC: Pathway to Prosperity, APEC, Press release 4,
http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel0a497.html
(5 October 1999).
[13] ABAC,
Action Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC
Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999.
[14] Mr Brent
Davis, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 38.
[15] Action
Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic
Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg.ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html
(26 August 1999).
[16] Mr Peter
Grey, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 53.
[17] APEC 97
Leaders Declaration, para. 7.
[18] Ninth
APEC Ministerial Meeting Statement, Vancouver, 21–22 November 1997, para 5.
[19] APEC,
Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and
Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, pp. iii, 1 and 10.
[20] APEC,
Leaders’ Declaration, ‘The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Leaders’
Declaration, 13 September 1999,
http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (20 September 1999).
[21] APEC, The
Impact of Trade Liberalization in APEC, Report by the Economic Committee,
November 1997, p. 6.
[22] APEC
Economic Committee, 1996 APEC Economic Outlook, APEC Secretariat,
Singapore, 1996, p. 108.
[23] Mr Peter
Grey, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1999, p. 83.
[24] ACCI, What
Australian Business Wants From the Osaka’s Meeting, ACCI, September 1995,
in ACCI, submission no. 25, p. 44.
[25]
Information taken from APEC, Activities by groups, Standards and
Conformance, 25 June 1999,
http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/committee/standards.html
(30 June 1999).
[26] Dr Barry
Inglis, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 323.
[27] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, pp. 82–3.
[28] Committee
Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 216.
[29] ibid.,
pp. 217–18.
[30] ibid., p.
218.
[31] ibid.
[32] Submission
no. 36, p. 6.
[33] Letter to
Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC 1999,
p. 5, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtae199_letter.html
(28 August 1999).
[34] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 42.
[35] APEC,
Standards and Conformance, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/scsc/scsc-toy.html (5 October 1999).
[36] Committee
Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 218.
[37] CTI,
Annual Report, 1998, http://www1.apec.org.sg/cti/cti98/rpt2mins98_2a1.html
(8 January 1999); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 42.
[38] Annex B,
Trade facilitation issues in Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers
Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel37_99.html
(32 July 1999).
[39] Action
Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic
Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html
(26 August 1999).
[40] Submission
no. 25, p. 44.
[41] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, pp. 118–19.
[42] ibid., p.
116: See also Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 10.
[43] Submission
no. 25, p. 45.
[44] Australian
Customs Service, submission no. 39, pp. 1–2. For background information on CTI,
see chapter I, paras, 1.44 and 1.86.
[45] Australian
Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 2.
[46] Australian
Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 5; see also APEC, 1997 Collective Active
Plans (CAPs), http://www.apecec.org/cti/ipart1.html
(27 November 1997).
[47] Mr
Reinhard Thieme, DPIE, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 194.
[48] The
achievements noted are only a sample taken from APEC CTI 1998 Report, Convenor
Summary Reports and Collective Action Plans and APEC, CTI 1999 Annual Report to
Ministers, 1999. for information on UN-EDIFACT see Mr Stephen Holloway, Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 127. The 1998 CTI Report also listed work
being done by SCCP including the development of a comprehensive work program
for the three new CAPs on common data elements, risk management, and express
consignment clearance.
[49] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 126.
[50] APEC,
Activities by Groups, Customs Procedures, updated 25 June 1999; APEC, 1999 CTI
Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 49.
[51] Statement
of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30
June 1999.
[52] Letter to
Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister of New Zealand, in ABAC, 1999 Report to
APEC Economic Leaders, APEC 1999,
http:www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_letter.html (26 August 1999).
[53] AWB,
submission no. 46, p. 5.
[54] Committee
Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 194.
[55] ABAC,
1996 Report, APEC Means Business, ‘Facilitating Cross-Border Flows: the
True Measure of Liberalization’, 1999.
[56] APEC, Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA), 25 November 1996,
http://www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/australi.html
(4 July 1998).
[57] APEC
1998–Malaysia, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation’, Australian Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://orpheus.dfat.gov.Australia/apec/98/981109_ti_facilitation.html
(3 August 1999).
[58] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 81.
[59] ABAC,
1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to
Action, November 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/abacrpt97/abac97.html
(27 November 1997).
[60] Submission
no. 25, p. 46.
[61] Submission
no. 21, p. 23.
[62] ibid., p.
24.
[63] 1998 CTI
Report, p. 3; APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 95.
[64] Submission
no. 21, p. 25.
[65] Commonwealth
Department of Transport and Regional Development, submission no. 26, pp. 2–4;
APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 98.
[66] Submission
no 26, pp. 2–3.
[67] Queensland
Government, submission no. 47, p.11. See Congestion Points Study Phrase III:
Best Practices Manual and Technical Report, vols. 1 and 2, APEC
Transportation Working Group, 1997.
[68] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 135.
[69] USIA,
Worldnet Dialogue, Ambassador John S. Wolf, 22 October 1997.
[70] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 729.
[71] APEC
1998–Malaysia, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation’, Australian Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://orpheus.dfat.gov.Australia/apec/98/981109_ti_facilitation.html
(3 August 1999).
[72] Mr
Mitchell Hooke, Australian Food Council, Committee Hansard, 6 March
1998, p. 729.
[73] The
Eminent Persons Group, Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the
Eminent Persons Group, August, 1995, p. 15.
[74] ibid., p.
16.
[75] ibid., p.
18.
[76] Submission
to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, November 1996, in submission
no. 28, p. 16.
[77] ibid.
[78] APEC, CTI
1997 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html
(27 November 1997); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 61.
[79] APEC,
ABAC Report 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html
(27 November 1997).
[80] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, pp. 62–63.
[81] ibid. See
Attachment to Leaders’ Declaration, the Auckland Challenge’,APEC
Economic Leaders’ Declaration, 13 September 1999.
[82] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 61.
[83] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 19.
[84] APEC,
Osaka Action Agenda, http://www.apecsec,org.sg/osaka/agenda.html.
[85] ABAC,
1997 Report, 3 November 1999: APEC.
[86] CTI 1997
Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html
(27 November 1997); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, pp. 70,
75–76, 87–88, 212.
[87] DIST,
submission no. 41, p. 5.
[88] ibid.
[89] ABAC,
1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders ‘APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to
Action’, APEC, 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html.
[90] APEC, CTI
1997 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html
(27 November 1997).
[91] Convenor’s
Summary Report on Services, CTI Annual Report to Ministers, 1998.
[92] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 212.
[93] APEC
Eminent Persons Group, Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the
Eminent Persons Group, APEC, August 1995, p. 23.
[94] ibid.,
pp. 23–24.
[95] PBEC, Business
Issues for APEC, October 1995, p. 2. See Appendix 3 for the APEC
Non-Binding Investment Principles.
[96] ABAC,
1997 ABAC Report, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html.
[97] USIA,
transcript, Ambassador Wolf, Worldnet on Vancouver APEC results, 10 December
1997.
[98] ABAC,
1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABC’s Call to
Action.
[99] A
long-term goal is to assess the merits of developing an APEC-wide discipline on
investment in the light of APEC’s own progress through the medium-term as well
as developments in other international fora. Letter from the APEC Business
Advisory Council to the Economic Leaders. The 1998 ABAC Report to the Economic
Leaders.
[100] Known as
‘Options for Investment Liberalization and Business Facilitation to Strengthen
the APEC Economies—for Voluntary Inclusion in Individual Action Plans’. See:
From the Desk of Chairman APEC-IEG, 9 April 1999, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC
Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg.ABAC/reports/rtael99_invst.html
(26 August 1999); Action Plan Monitoring Committee, in ABAC, 1999 Report to
APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html
(26 August 1999).
[101] Action Plan
Monitoring Committee, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC,
1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html
(26 August 1999).
[102] Centre for
International Economics, APEC economic governance capacity building survey:
An Australian initiative as part of APEC’s response to the East Asian financial
crisis, a report prepared for the Australian Government, Canberra, 30
October 1998.
[103] Press
Release, Prime Minister John Howard, ‘Economic and Financial Management
Initiative, 16 November 1998, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/media.html.
[104] Australian
APEC Study Centre, Corporate Governance in APEC: Rebuilding Asian Growth, Symposium
Report, December 1998.
[105] Jesus P.
Estanislao, Statement to APEC Finance Ministers on behalf of PECC FMD,
Langkawi, Malaysia, 15 May 1999; Jesus P. Estanislao, ‘New Cooperation in East
Asia: Peer Assistance and Review, Issues—PECC, 15 May 1999.
[106] APEC
Business Advisory Council Strategy for September Meeting with Economic Leaders,
APEC Secretariat Press Release 30/99.
[107] Joint
Ministerial Statement, Sixth APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, Langkawi,
Malaysia, 15–16 May 1999, APEC Secretariat Press Release 29/99, http://.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel26_99.html.
[108] Dr Jesus
Estanislao, ‘New Cooperation in East Asia: Peer Assistance and Review, Issues—PECC,
15 May 1999.
[109] See
Appendix 4, The SOM I meeting in February 1999 formally established the APEC
Electronic Commerce Steering Group which is to coordinate the APEC E-Commerce
activities. Summary Conclusions of the First APEC Senior Officials Meeting
(SOM) for the Eleventh Ministerial Meeting, Wellington, 8–9 February 1999.
[110] Statement
of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30
June 1999.
[111] ibid.
[112] ABAC, ABAC
Capacity Building Task Force, Recommendations, 1999 Report to APEC Economic
Leaders, APEC 1999, http://www.apecsecoorg.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_cbtf.html (26 August 1999).
[113] Leaders’
Declaration—New Zealand, ‘The Auckland Challenge’, APEC, APEC Economic Leaders’
Declaration, Auckland, New Zealand, 13 September 1999; Joint Statement, APEC,
Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999.
Chapter 7 - Trade and investment facilitation—challenges ahead for Australia and APEC
[1] Submission
no. 51, p. 3.
[2] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 578.
[3] Mr Brent
Davis, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.
[4] ibid.
[5] Committee
Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 201.
[6] Committee
Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 191.
[7] See
statement made in Summary Conclusions of the First APEC Senior Officials’
Meeting for the Tenth Ministerial Meeting, 16–17 February 1998, Penang, para
27.
[8] Committee
Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 192.
[9] ACCI,
‘Challenges Ahead for APEC’ ACCI Review, February 1997, in ACCI,
submission no. 25.
[10] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.
[11] APEC,
Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999.
p. 3, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html
(20 September 1999).
[12] See for
example, Mark Beeson, APEC: nice theory shame about the practice; Australian
Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 2, Winter, 1996, p. 35.
[13] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 293.
[14] Submission
no. 52, p. 1.
[15] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 498.
[16] Mr
Roberto R. Romulo, Chairman PECC, Statement at the Meeting of APEC Ministers
Responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999.
[17] See
Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade,
Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.
[18] APEC
Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and
Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, p. 1.
[19] APEC,
Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999.
p. 3, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html
(20 September 1999).
[20] APEC,
Leaders’ Declaration, ‘The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Leaders’
Declaration, 13 September 1999,
http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (20 September 1999).
[21] Submission
no. 52, p. 5.
[22] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.
[23] Alan
Oxley, APEC—the next 10 years, Australian APEC Study Centre Paper 16,
Australian APEC Study Centre, 1999, http://www.arts.monash.edu.Australia/ausapec/iss16.htm (5 August 1999).
[24] APEC,
1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 212.
[25] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 143.
[26] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 117.
[27] USIA,
‘Three C’s Key to Successful APEC Action Agenda’, US Statement at the Seventh
APEC Ministerial, 16 November 1995.
[28] ABAC, APEC
Means Business: Building Prosperity for our Community, ABAC Report to APEC
Leaders, 1996, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt/ExecSummary.html (12 June 1998).
[29] APEC, APEC Leaders Declaration, 25 November 1997, Vancouver,
http://www.apec97.gc.ca/news/1125b.html
(7 October 1999).
[30] See
Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade,
Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.
[31] Committee
Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 782–3.
[32] Committee
Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 155.
[33] ibid., p.
161.
[34] ACCI,
‘Business and the APEC Process’ presented by ACCI to DFAT, Seminar Series on
‘Business and APEC’, Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, June 1995, p. 7 in ACCI,
submission no. 25, p. 3.
[35] ibid.,
pp. 7–8.
[36] ibid., p.
8.
[37] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, pp. 36–37. See also comments by Mr McAllen
from the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Committee Hansard,
5 February 1998, p. 560.
[38] Submission
no. 21, p. 25. See also statement by the Plastics and Chemicals Industries
Association which told the Committee ‘We want the government to understand our
industry, to know what the ramifications are for employment, current account
deficit and all the rest of it. We want a government that is pro-active in
supporting us...’, Committee Hansard, 4 February, 1998, p. 465.
[39] Submission
no. 21, p. 26.
[40] Mr Peter
Grey, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, pp. 82–3.
[41] ibid., p.
65.
[42] Australian
Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 5.
[43] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 120.
[44] ibid.
[45] For
information on the APEC business forum see DFAT, Committee Hansard,
30 March 1998, p. 832.
[46] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.
[47] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 398–9 and 403.
[48] ibid., p.
405
[49] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 705.
[50] Submission
no. 51, pp. 6 and 9.
[51] Committee
Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 155.
[52] This
statement was made by the Chair of PECC in relation to APEC as a whole but
equally applies to Australia. Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers
Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999. See para 1.14.
[53] Committee
Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 100.
[54] ibid.,
pp. 103–4.
[55] ibid.,
pp. 104–5.
[56] Mr
Timothy Chapman, Australian Customs Service, ibid., p. 121.
[57] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 82.
[58] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 326–7.
[59] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 430.
[60] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 319.
[61] ibid., p.
326.
[62] See
appendix 6 for more information on the work of both these organisations.
[63] Submission
no. 23, p. 8.
[64] ibid.
[65] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 416.
[66] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1997, p. 282.
[67] ibid.,
pp. 289–290.
[68] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 576.
Chapter 8 - Development cooperation: side track or central to APEC’s future?
[1] DFAT,
submission, pp. 6–7.
[2] These
Working Groups are listed in Chapter 3.
[3]
APEC Organisation and Process, Internet site:
http://www.Apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html,
(18 August 1999).
[4] See
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s comments, submission no. 19, pp. 6–7.
[5] See for
example, Dr Andrew Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 589; and
‘Forward’, p. iii, and Chapters in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an
Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, 1997.
[6] See
‘Development Cooperation in the 21st Century’ in Andrew Elek, ed., Building
an Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, Canberra:
The Foundation for Development Cooperation, 1997, p. 24.
[7] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, pp. 583–84.
[8] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 652.
[9] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 264.
[10] Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 808.
[11] See for
example Dr Hadi Soesastro’s comments on trade liberalisation and open
regionalism, submission no. 50, p. 9, Mr Alan Oxley, Australian APEC Study
Centre, submission no. 12, p. 3; and the Australian Council for Overseas Aid,
submission no. 37, p. 1. The last also emphasised the importance of ensuring
that mechanisms to address the needs of developing nations were in place,
passim.
[12] The
Ecotech Agenda—APEC’s Other Side. Will Infrastructure be APEC’s New
Orientation, Issues Paper No. 10, May 1997, p. 3, Appendix C, APEC Study
Centre, submission no. 12.
[13] GATT set
out a general principle that developing countries were entitled to ‘special and
differential treatment’. Oxley discerned, however, that this was ‘a political
statement’ as there were only a few areas where they were given specific legal
rights. Oxley, The Ecotech Agenda, note 4.
[14] A. Oxley,
The Ecotech Agenda, p. 3.
[15] A. Oxley,
The Ecotech Agenda, p. 4.
[16] A. Oxley,
The Ecotech Agenda, p. 1.
[17] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 282.
[18] Hadi
Soesastro, ‘APEC After the Bogor Declaration’, The Sydney Papers, Spring
1995, pp. 78–85.
[19] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 291.
[20] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 283.
[21] Eminent Persons
Group (EPG) Report, Manilla 1996 quoted in Forward, Elek, ed., Building an
Asia-Pacific Community, p. iii.
[22] Dr
Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 282–83.
[23] AusAID,
submission no. 57, pp. 3–4.
[24] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 739.
[25] In
‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation: Evolution and Tasks Ahead’ in
Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development
Cooperation within APEC, Canberra: The Foundation for Development
Cooperation, 1997, p. 42, as part of submission no. 14.
[26] A. Elek,
‘An Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation: Promoting Economic and
Technical Cooperation through APEC’, Building an Asia-Pacific Community,
p. 5.
[27] Appendix
F, ‘Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation 1997’, received with Australian APEC
Study Centre, submission no. 12
[28] APEC
Economic Leaders Declaration of Common Resolve, Osaka, Japan, November 19,
1995 in Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade submission no. 19.
[29] Professor
Ippei Yamazawa, ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation: Evolution and Tasks
Ahead’ in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia–Pacific Community, 1997, p.
42.
[30] Yamazawa,
‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 42.
[31] Yamazawa,
‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 41.
[32] Yamazawa,
‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 41.
[33] Tas
Luttrell, ‘APEC after Subic—the Road to Free Trade, Current Issues Brief (Foreign
Affairs, Defence and Trade Group), no. 25, 1996–97.
[34] In
Forward to Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development
Cooperation within APEC, Received from the Foundation of Development
Cooperation as part of submission no. 14.
[35] In the
EPG’s last report to the Leaders. Disbandment was recommended at Osaka in 1995.
See Forward to Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community, p. iii.
[36] See
Andrew Elek, ‘An Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation: Promoting
Economic and Technical Cooperation through APEC’, in Elek, ed., Building an
Asia-Pacific Community, 1997, p. 1.
[37] Elek, ‘An
Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation’, p. 1.
[38] APEC
Leaders Declaration: From Vision to Action, Subic, November 1996.
[39] APEC
Economic Leaders Declaration: From Vision to Action, Subic, 25 November 1996.
[40] Declaration
on an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Framework for Strengthening Economic
Cooperation and Development, Section III. Character of APEC Economic and
Technical Cooperation, no. 3, Manila, November 1996.
[41] APEC
Economic Leaders Declaration: Connecting the APEC Community, Vancouver, 25
November 1997 (para. 3).
[42] Declaration,
para. 3.
[43] APEC
Canada 1997, Internet site:
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm, (Access, 4 March
1998).
[44] Foundation
for Development Cooperation, supplementary submission no. 14A, p. 6.
[45] Review
of the Manila Action Plan for APEC: Enhancing MAPA’s Relevance to Business,
ABAC Report 1997, Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/abacrpt
97/abac97-review.html, (Access, 27 February 1998, p. 6).
[46] Review
of the Manila Action Plan for APEC, ABAC Report 1997, p. 6.
[47] Review
of the Manila Action Plan for APEC, ABAC Report 1997, p. 6.
[48] Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Ninth Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement,
Internet site: http://usiahq.usis.usemb.se/regional/ea/apec/vanmindc.htm,
(Access, 11 May 1998).
[49] In the
case of the Action Plan for Sustainable Cities, for example, no overarching
mechanism was set up to monitor outcomes, and under FEEEP, APEC Ministers were
unable to agree beyond being ‘actively engaged’ in addressing the issues. See
Environment Australia, submission no. 43, p. 5.
[50] Address
of Ambassador Dato’ Noor Adlan at the Sir Herman Black Lecture, Tuesday 5 May
1998, Sydney, Australia, APEC Homepage (4 August 1999).
[51] Nigel
Haworth, ‘The HRD Dimension of the Asian Financial Crisis: Towards the
Definition of an APEC Response’, A paper based on the APEC HRD Working Group
Task Force on the Human Resource and the Social Impacts of the Financial Crisis
Experts Meeting, Jakarta, April 1998, prepared for the APEC HRD Working Group
Task Force on the Financial and Economic Crisis Symposium, Chinese Taipei, June
1998, p. 17.
[52] Communique
to HRD Working Group Members and Other APEC Fora: APEC HRD Task Force on the
Human Resource and Social Impacts of the Financial Crisis, 7 May 1998.
[53] Eight
priority areas with key emphases in developing education systems, training
provision, skill mobility, with the role of SMEs, sustainable development and
trade liberalisation conditioning these. See Haworth, ‘The HRD Dimension’, p.
19.
[54] Haworth,
‘The HRD Dimension’, p. 6.
[55] Professor
Haworth notes that the Labour and Management element of HRD had been growing in
strength since Subic, p. 19.
[56] ibid., p.
22.
[57] Box 1. 7
in ‘The Financial Crisis in Asia’, excerpt from the Asian Development
Outlook, (12 July 1999).
[58] See
Summary Conclusions: 18 APEC HRD Working Group Meeting, Chinese Taipei, 16–19
June 1998.
[59] See Peter
Hartcher, ‘A Solution not Asia–Pacific, nor Co-Operative’, Australian
Financial Review, 17 November 1998, p. 5.
[60] Statement
to APEC Finance Ministers in behalf of PECC FMD at Langkawi, Malaysia, 15 May
1999, para. 7.
[61] Statement
to APEC Finance Ministers in behalf of PECC FMD, para. 6.
[62] Address
to APEC Small and Medium Enterprises Ministers’ Meeting, Rt Hon Jenny Shipley,
Prime Minister, 26 April 1999, (7 July 1999).
[63] APEC
Womens Meeting Brings Leaders to New Zealand, 17 June 1999, APEC New Zealand
99: Newsroom, APEC Internet site, (7 July 1999).
[64] Committee’s
italics. APEC Human Resources Development Joint Ministerial Statement. Third
APEC Human Resources Development Meeting, Washington DC, USIA Washington
File, 29 July 1999, p. 7.
[65]
‘Remarks by President Clinton and President Hashimoto of Japan’, Photo
opportunity, Waterfront Centre Hotel, Vancouver, Columbia, 24 November 1997,
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Vancouver, British Columbia, The
White House Homepage
Internet site: http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/New/APEC/19971124-3293.html
(10 August 1999).
[66] See One
Clear Objective: Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Development, Report of
the Committee of Review 1997, Australian Overseas Aid Program, April 1997,
p. 223.
[67] Leader’s
Declaration—New Zealand, The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Declaration,
Auckland New Zealand, 13 September 1999, APEC Homepage, (28 September
1999).
[68] Prime
Minister, Transcript of the Prime Minister the Hon John Howard MP, Press
Conference, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Auckland, New Zealand.
[69] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.
[70] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.
[71] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, pp. 603–04.
[72] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 622.
[73] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 623.
[74] See
remarks by US Secretary of Commerce William M. Daley, APEC Human Resources
Ministerial Dinner, 28 July 1999, Washington DC, USIA Washington File,
p. 3.
[75] Orientations
for Development Co-operation in Support of Private Sector Development,
(Note by the Secretariat), OECD, DAC: Development Co-operation Secretariat,
June 1994, p. 24.
[76] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 414.
[77] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.
[78] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 415–16.
[79] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.
[80] Committee
Hansard, 23 March 1998, p. 794.
[81] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 584.
[82] See
Transcript of the Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP Address to the APEC
Business Summit, Putra World Trade Centre Kuala Lumpur, 16 November 1998, PM’s
Homepage Internet site: http://www.pm.gov.au/media/pressrel/speech/1998/apecbusi.htm
(4 August 1999).
[83] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 87.
[84] Committee
Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 776–77.
[85] Better
Aid for Better Future, November 1997, Government response to One Clear
Objective: Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Development, Report of the
Committee of Review 1997, Australian Overseas Aid Program, April 1997, p.
223.
[86] Submission
no. 57, p. 7.
[87] Submission
no. 57, p. 8; and see Appendix 3.
[88] Committee
Hansard, 23 March 1998, p. 778.
[89] Submission
no. 57, p. 9.
[90]
Aid Budget Summary 1999–2000, Australian Agency for International
Development, AusAID Internet site: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/general/budget99/Budget99_Summary.html (9 August
1999).
[91] See ‘ADB
to Establish An Asia Recovery Information Centre Web Site’, ADB News
Releases Online, Internet site: http://www.adb.org/news/1999/nr063-99.asp (12 July 1999).
[92] Sue
Mitchell, ‘Asian Reforms Under Threat’, Australian Financial Review, 2
July 1999, p. 52.
Chapter 9 - Subregional groupings—stepping stones or stumbing blocks?
[1] Renato
Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Regional Initiatives, Global Impact:
Cooperation and the Multilateral System’, 7 November 1997, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/rome2.htm (8 October 1999). For more recent figures see WTO,
‘Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trading System’, http://www.WTO.org/WTO/develop/regional.htm (8 October 1999).
[2] WTO, ‘Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trading System’, Internet site:
http://www.WTO.org/WTO/develop/regional.htm
(8 October 1999).
[3] See
R.J.L. Hawke, ‘APEC or regional agreements—the real implications, Australian
Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 4 Summer 1992, pp. 339–49; see also statement by
P.J. Keating, House of Representatives Debates, 23 November 1993, p. 3380.
[4] A
Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia Pacific Community, Report of the Eminent
Persons Group to APEC Ministers, APEC, October, 1993, pp. 16–17; see also
comments Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, 6th
Report to the Australian Government, 1992, p. 2.
[5] WTO, Regionalism
and the World Trading System, WTO, Geneva, April 1995, p. 1.
[6] OECD, Regional
Integration and the Multilateral Trading System: Synergy and Divergence, OECD,
Paris, 1995, pp. 14, 62–5.
[7] C. Fred
Bergsten, ‘Competitive Liberalization and Global Free Trade: A Vision for the
Early 21st Century’, APEC Working Paper 96–15, Institute for
International Economics, http:/www.iie.com/9615.htm (12 September 1997).
[8] ibid.
[9] Professor
John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, APEC Inquiry, 2 February 1998, p.
298.
[10] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 138.
[11] Robert D.
Hormans, vice chairman of Goldmans Sach International, ‘Making regionalism
safe’, Global issues in transition, No. 10, September 1994.
[12] ibid.
[13] Renato
Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Regional Initiatives, Global Impact:
Cooperation and the Multilateral System’, 7 November 1997, http://www.WTO.org/WTO/speeches.rome2.htm.
[14] ibid.
[15] OECD, Regionalism
and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, OECD, Paris, 1996, p. 19.
[16] ibid.,
p. 3.
[17] ibid., p.
34.
[18] World
Trade Organization, Annual Report 1996, p. 141.
[19] ibid.
[20] Tan Kong
Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no.
2. 19096, p. 74.
[21] Ministerial-Level
Meeting Joint Statement, November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign
Affairs and trade, Canberra, 1989, p. 14.
[22] Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation, Third Ministerial Meeting, Seoul, 12–14 November 1991.
[23] APEC,
Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November
1994.
[24] Renato
Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration
in 1997
and beyond’, Address to APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, 10 May 1997,
http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/apec2.htm.
[25] ABAC,
Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 413.
[26] Hadi
Soesastro, submission no. 50, p. 7. See also Professor John
Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 303;
Statement of the Chair, APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, Canada, 8–10 May 1997;
USIA: The United States and APEC, Transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher, 16 June,
Worldnet Program on APEC, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fishr616.htm
(23 July 1999); Professor Snape, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998,
p. 495; MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 9; Renato Ruggiero,
Director-General of the WTO, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration in
1997 and beyond’
Address to APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, 10 May 1997,
http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/apec2.htm
and also Chapter 1, para 1.96.
[27] Address
to APEC Trade Ministers, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration in 1997
and beyond’, Montreal, Canada, 10 May 1997.
[28] Alan
Oxley, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 514.
[29] See
Statement of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the Meeting of APEC Ministers
Responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999, http://www.PECC.net/st990630.htm (8
October 1999).
[30] USIA
Washington File, EPF406, 1 July 1999, Transcript: ‘Fisher very pleased with
APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting’.
[31] USIA: The
United States and APEC, Transcript of Press Conference, Ambassador Richard W.
Fisher and Ambassador Susan G. Esserman, Herald Theater, Aotea Center,
Auckland, APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting, 28 June 1999,
http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fishessr.htm (23 July 1999).
[32] Statement
of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible
for Trade, Auckland, June 1999.
[33] USIA: The
United States and APEC, ‘The Public Consensus for Trade in the Pacific’,
Ambassador Richard Fisher, Deputy US Trade Representative, APEC Panel,
Auckland, New Zealand, 28 June 1999, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fisher28.htm
(23 July 1999).
[34] Six APEC
economies are not members of a STRA—Japan, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Papua New
Guinea.
[35] Achieving
the APEC Vision: free and open trade in the Asia Pacific, Second Report of
the Eminent Persons Group, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, August, 1994, p. 30.
[36] ibid.
[37] APEC,
Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November
1994.
[38] Implementing
the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC
Secretariat, Singapore, August, 1995, p. 26.
[39] ibid.,
pp. 26–7.
[40] APEC
Economic Committee, The Impact of Subregionalism on APEC, APEC, November
1997, p. iii.
[41] Submission
no. 12, p. 6.
[42] S. Okuda,
‘Can a Sub-Regional Group Enhance the Tie?’, in The Deepening Economic
Interdependence in the APEC Region, K. Omura, ed., APEC Study Centre,
Institute of Developing Economics, Tokyo, March 1998, pp. 67–68.
[43] Implementing
the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC
Secretariat, Singapore, August 1995, p. 28.
[44] ibid.,
p. 29.
[45] Organisation of American States, ‘Free Trade Agreements’,
http://www.oas.org/EN/PROG/TRADE/free43e.htm
(8 November 1997)
[46] Canada-Mexico-United
States: North America Free Trade Agreement, Chapter One, Article 102:
Objectives. Three other objectives are defined in this Article.
[47] Richard
Snape, ‘Which Regional Trade Agreement?’, Regional Integration and the
Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University
Press, 1996, pp. 55–56.
[48] Bijit
Bora, ‘North American Free Trade Agreement, Regional Integration and the
Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University
Press, 1996, p. 175.
[49] Submission
no. 10, p. 4.
[50] Preamble
to Canada–Mexico–United States: North America Free Trade Agreement.
[51] Chapter
One, Article 102: Objectives, Canada-Mexico-United States: North America Free
Trade Agreement.
[52] East Asia
Analytical Unit, DFAT, ASEAN Free Trade Area: Trading Bloc or Building
Bloc?, AGPS, Canberra, 1994, p. 8.
[53] Submission
no. 19, p. 26.
[54] East Asia
Analytical Unit, DFAT, ASEAN Free Trade Area: Trading Bloc or Building
Bloc?, AGPS, Canberra, 1994, p. 8.
[55] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a
Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat,
Singapore, 1995, p. 119.
[56] Bijit
Bora, ‘North American Free Trade Agreement, Regional Integration and the
Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University
Press, 1996, pp. 174–5.
[57] ibid.,
pp. 179–80.
[58] WTO, Regionalism
and the World Trading System, WTO, Geneva, April 1995, pp. 48–9.
[59] Richard
Snape, NAFTA, the Americas, AFTA and CER: reinforcement or competition for
APEC?, Pacific Economic Paper No. 254, Australia-Japan Research Centre,
April 1996, p. 11.
[60] ibid.
[61] Professor
David Robertson, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 740.
[62] Antigua
and Barbuda, Agentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay,
the United States of America, and Venezuela. Canada, Chile, Mexico and the US
are members of APEC, Peru was admitted to APEC in 1998.
[63] Ambassador
Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade’, USIA
Washington File, 11 March 1998.
[64] Organization
of American States, Trade Unit, Summit of the Americas, Part II, ‘Promoting
Prosperity
Through Economic Integration and Free Trade’, Section 9.1, Plan of Action,
http://www.sice.oas.org/root/ftaa/miami/sapoae.stm
(18 August 1997).
[65] Ambassador
Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade, USIA Washington
File, 11 March 1998.
[66] Miguel
Rodriguez, ‘Trade Liberalisation in the Americas: Challenges and
Opportunities’, in USIS Washington File, 11 March 1998.
[67] ibid.
[68] Miguel
Rodriguez, ‘Trade Liberalisation in the Americas: Challenges and
Opportunities’, in USIS Washington File, 11 March 1998.
[69] Ambassador
Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade’, USIA Washington
File, 11 March 1998.
[70] Cesar
Gaviria, Secretary General, Organization of American States, ‘The FTAA and the
Summit of the Americas Process’, 18 March 1998, http://www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/SG/318cre.htm
(10 October 1999).
[71] Second Summit of the Americas, Santiago Declaration, 19 April 1998,
http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa/santiago/sapoa_el.stm (11 October 1999); Renato
Ruggiero, Director-General, WTO, address to the Second Summit of the Americas,
Santiago de Chile, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/santiago.htm
(8 October 1999).
[72] Andrew
Elek, Hadi Soesastro, ASEAN, APEC and ASEM: Concentric circles and ‘open
clubs’, Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Kuala Lumpur,
1997, p. 3.
[73] Singapore
Declaration of 1992, Fourth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, 28 January 1992. See also
AFTA Reader, vol. 1, Questions and Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN
Secretariat, November 1993, http://www.asean.or.id/reader/vol1/afv1q.htm.
[74] Singapore
Declaration of 1992, Fourth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, 27–28 January 1992.
[75] Joint
Press Statement, the Fifth AFTA Council Meeting, Thailand, 21 September 1994.
[76] See
Protocol to Amend the Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff
Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area and the Protocol to Amend the Framework
Agreement on Enhancing ASEAN Economic Cooperation both signed 15 December 1995
in Bangkok.
[77] AFTA
Reader, vol 1, Questions and Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN
Secretariat, November 1993; see also OECD, Apiradi Tantraporn, ‘ASEAN and
Regional Economic Cooperation’, in Regionalism and its place in the
multilateral trade system, OECD, Paris, 1996, pp. 49–52.
[78] See
answers to questions nos 15 and 16, AFTA Reader, vol 1, Questions and
Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN Secretariat, November 1993.
[79] William E
James, ‘APEC and Preferential Rules of Origin: Stumbling Blocks for
Liberalization of Trade?’, Journal of World Trade, vol. 31, no. 3, June
1997, p. 126.
[80] Submission
no. 47, pp. 12–13.
[81] Professor
David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be published in
volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin, Singapore, in
correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.
[82] Australian
Food Council, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 730.
[83] ibid., p.
737.
[84] Dr Hadi
Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 289.
[85] Professor
John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 300.
[86] Professor
Snape, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 500. This view was
expressed by writers such as Kunio Igusa and Hiromitsu Shimada, ‘AFTA and
Japan’ in AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of South
East Asian Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 161.
[87] Ross
Garnuat, Open Regionalism and Trade Liberalisation, Institute of South
East Asian Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 117. The Australian Telecommunications
Industry Association also indicated that a number of ASEAN countries had
significantly reduced their tariffs. See Committee Hansard, 27
October 1997, p. 108.
[88] Submission
no. 19, p. 26.
[89] DFAT, Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 828.
[90] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 10.
[91] Joint
Communique of the Twenty-third ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Jakarta, 24–25 July
1990, http://www.asean.or.id/politics/pramm23htm
(23 March 1998).
[92] Michael
G. Plummer and Pearl Imada-Iboshi, ‘AFTA, NAFTA and US Interests’ in Mohamed
Ariff et al., AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of
South East Asian Studies, 1996, pp. 120–121.
[93]
Transcript of press conference by Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Osaka, 19
November 1995, http://mitinetra.miti.gov.my/apeck/yabpm.html.
[94] Quote
taken from Noordin Sophiee, ‘Misunderstanding and the East Asian Economic
Group, the New Straits Times, 19 January 1991, reproduced in Tan Kong
Yam et al., ‘ASEAN and Pacific Economic Co-operation’ in ASEAN Economic Bulletin,
vol. 8, no. 3, p. 326.
[95] Tan Kong
Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no. 2,
1996, p. 81.
[96] Mahathir
Bin Mohamad, ‘The Pacific Era—A Vision for the Future’, address 27th
International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council, Kuala
Lumpur, 1994.
[97]
Transcript of press conference by Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Osaka, 19
November 1995, http://mitinetra.miti.gov.my/apeck/yabpm.html.
See chapter 2, ‘Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: from Idea to 2020 Vision,
paras, 2.50–2.52.
[98] Joint Communique, the Thirtieth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, 24–25 July 1997,
http://www.asean.or.id/politics/pramm30htm (27 March 1998); Committee Hansard, 30
March 1998, p. 830.
[99] Mari
Pangestu, ‘The ASEAN: Economies; Economic and Trade Prospects in the 1990s, the
Sydney Papers Conference, 1993, pp. 64–5; Yuichiro Nagatomi, ‘Economic
Regionalism and the EAEC’, Japan Review of International Affairs, vol.
9, no. 3, Summer, 1995, pp. 208–9.
[100] Hadi
Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 290.
[101] Richard
Snape, Jan Adams and David Morgan, Regional Trade Agreements: Implications
and Options for Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1993.
[102] Professor
John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 307–8.
[103] ibid., p.
308.
[104] ibid.
[105] Richard H.
Snape, NAFTA, the Americas, AFTA and CER: reinforcement or competition for
APEC?, Australia–Japan Research Centre, Pacific Economic Paper no. 254,
April 1996, p. 9.
[106] Submission
no. 29, p. 9.
[107] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 752.
[108] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 317.
[109] Professor
Joseph Camilleri, submission no. 48, p. 3.
[110] Mari
Pangestu, ‘The ASEAN: Economies; Economic and Trade Prospects in the 1990s’,
the Sydney Papers Conference, 1993, pp. 64–5.
[111] Michael G.
Plummer and Pearl Imada-Iboshi, ‘AFTA, NAFTA and US Interests’ in Mohamed Ariff
et al., AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of South
East Asian Studies, 1996, pp. 120–121.
[112] Article 1,
Objectives, Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations—Trade
Agreement, AGPS, Canberra, 1983.
[113] Preamble,
Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations—Trade Agreement, AGPS,
Canberra, 1983, pp. 5–6.
[114] Australia
New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Ministerial Meeting, Canberra, 15–16
August 1985; Joint Communique in CER Future Progress, Papers relating to
the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Ministerial Meeting,
Canberra, 15–16 August, Office of New Zealand Relations, Australian Department
of Trade, p. 3.
[115] P.J. Lloyd,
Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre
Round-table on the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information
Paper No. 52, CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, p. 1. Alan Oxley noted that
free movement of labour had been achieved in CER but not in the areas of the
free movement of capital and services. Submission no. 12, pp. 6–7.
[116] ibid., p.
2.
[117] William E.
James, ‘APEC and Preferential Rules of Origin: Stumbling Blocks for
Liberalization of Trade?’, Journal of World Trade, vol. 3, no. 3, June
1997, p. 126. PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market
Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a Report by the Pacific Economic
Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1995, p. 107 stated:
‘...goods partly manufactured in either Australia or New Zealand are exempt from
import duties if the last process of manufacture is performed in one of the two
members and the expenditure on materials, labour and overhead is not less than
50 per cent of the factory or works cost of goods in their final stage. The
definition of expenditures and costs are clearly specified’.
[118] P.J. Lloyd,
Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre
Round-table on the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information
Paper No. 52, CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, pp. 2–3. See also PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a
Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat,
Singapore, 1995, p. 110; Australia/New Zealand Communique on the CER Task Force,
New Zealand Executive Government News Release Archive, 4 August 1999; and,
Trade Minister Welcomes Constructive Approach to CER Extension, New Zealand
Executive Government News Release Archive, 4 August 1999, http://www.executive.govt.nz/ (24
September 1999).
[119] PECC, Milestones
in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a
Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat,
Singapore, 1995, p. 110.
[120] Andrew
Elek, ‘APEC: An Open Economic Association in the Asia-Pacific Region’, in Bijit
Bora and Christopher Findlay, Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific, Oxford,
1996, p. 233.
[121] Informal
Consultation between AEM and the Ministers from the CER Countries, 9 September
1995, Brunei, Darussalam, http://www.asean.or.id/CER/cer1,htm
(23 March 1998); and, P.J. Keating, Address to the Chinese Chamber of
Commerce, ‘Australia and Asia: the next steps’, Perth, 15 February 1995. Mr
Keating states that early discussions were undertaken on the suggestion of the
Thai Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Supachai, in April 1994.
[122] Joint
Press Release, the Second Informal AEM-CER Consultations, 13 September 1996,
Jakarta, http://www.asean.or,id.CER/cer2.htm
(23 March 1998). See also Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, The New
ASEANs: Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, Canberra, 1997, p. 352; and
Australian Telecommunications Industry Association, submission no. 21.
[123] Joint
Press Release, the Second Informal AEM-CER Consultations, 13 September 1996,
Jakarta, http://www.asean.or.id/cer/cer2.htm;
Professor David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be
published in volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin,
Singapore, in Correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.
[124] P.J. Lloyd,
Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre Round-table on
the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information Paper No. 52,
CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, p. 4.
[125] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 426.
[126] Submission
no. 28, pp. 11–12.
[127] ibid., p.
13.
[128] Professor
David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be published in
volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin, Singapore, in
Correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.
[129] DFAT, Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 829.
[130] Joint
Press Statement, the Fourth Informal Consultation between the ASEAN Economic
Ministers and
the Ministers from the CER Countries, 1 October 1999, Singapore,
http://www.asean.or.id/economic/aem/31/jpscer04.htm
(14 October 1999); AFTA & CER to Investigate
free Trade Area, New Zealand Executive News Release Archive, 1 October 1999,
http://www.executive.govt.nz/ (14 October 1999); and, Trade Minister Announces
AFTA-CER Free Trade Taskforce, Media Release, Australian Minister for Trade,
Mark Vaile, 5 October 1999, http://www.dfat.gov.Australia/media/releases/vaile/mvt029_99.html
(14 October 1999).
[131] Chairman’s
Statement of the Asia-Europe Meeting, Bangkok, 2 March 1996.
[132] ibid.
[133] ibid.
[134] Executive
Summary, Commission of the European Communities, Commission Working Document,
‘Perspectives and Priorities for the ASEM Process’, Brussels, 26 June 1997.
[135] Chairman’s
Statement, Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Economic Ministers’ Meeting, Makuhari,
Japan, 27–28 September 1997, http://www.asean.or.id/world/asemem1.htm (21 November
1997).
[136] Chairman’s
Statement, ASEM 2, The Second Asia-Europe Meeting, London, 4 April 1998.
[137] ibid., p.
4.
[138] Dr Andrew
Elek, submission no. 55, p. 8.
[139] Dr Andrew
Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 585.
[140] Committee
Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 290.
[141] Submission
no. 17, p. 4.
[142] Dr Andrew
Elek, submission no. 55, p. 7.
[143] Ms
Vivienne Filling, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 148.
[144] Department
of Industry, Science and Tourism, submission no. 41, p. 8.
[145] DFAT, Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, pp. 828–829.
[146] Dr Hadi
Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998 p. 289.
[147] ibid., pp.
289–90.
[148] ibid., p.
290.
[149] Submission
no. 41, p. 9.
[150] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 10.
[151] MTIA,
submission to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, November 1996 in
submission no. 28, p. 23.
[152] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 13.
[153] ibid., p.
14.
[154] Professor
David Robertson, A post script to ‘An APEC Postscript in East Asian Trade
after the Uruguay Round, Cambridge University Press, 1997; Correspondence
to Committee, 10 February 1998, p. 5.
[155] Professor
David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: A Beginning’ to be published
for volume ‘A Way Forward, ISEAS’, Allen & Unwin, Singapore in
correspondence to Committee, 10 February 1998, p. 12.
[156] Queensland
Government, submission no. 47, p. 14.
[157] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 399.
[158] Andrew
Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 587.
[159] DFAT, Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 831.
[160] Senate
Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Consideration of
Estimates, 10 June 1998, p. 128.
Chapter 10 - Australia and APEC
[1] Submission
no. 17, p. 3.
[2] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 6.
[3] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 473.
[4] Government
of Victoria, submission no. 13, p. 1.
[5] John
Watson, National Farmers Federation, Committee Hansard, 2
February 1998, p. 330.
[6] Tan Kong
Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no. 2
1996, p. 82.
[7] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 483.
[8] Submission
no. 12, p. 4.
[9] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 508.
[10] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 583.
[11] ibid., p.
589.
[12] Peter
Drysdale ‘APEC and the WTO: Complementary or Competing? Paper presented to
ISEAS APEC Round-table 1997, 6 August 1997, in submission no. 29, p. 236.
[13] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 482.
[14] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 605.
[15] Rodney
Maddock, ‘Trade and Trade Blocs: NAFTA, APEC and the rest’, Arena
journal, no. 4, 1994/5, pp. 31–9.
[16] Department
of Industry, Science and Tourism, submission No. 41, p. 11. See also comments
by the Government of Victoria which argued: that ‘APEC can be viewed as an
important mechanism to promote regional integration of markets, given its wide
and diverse membership and is potentially a significant counterweight to any
resurgent protectionism in other parts of the world. Together APEC countries
account for approximately 55% of total world income and 46% of global trade.’
Government of Victoria, submission no. 13, p. 1.
[17] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 505.
[18] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 412.
[19] ibid., p.
414.
[20] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 741.
[21] ibid., p.
742.
[22] Professor
Robertson, ‘Can the Mystery Last?’, 2 February 1998, pp. 5–6. Paper received by
the Committee.
[23] Peter
Drysdale, submission no. 29 and Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, pp.
762–3.
[24] MTIA,
submission no. 28, p. 5.
[25] Professor
Drysdale, Committee Hansard¸6 March 1998, p, 763.
[26] ibid.
[27] Professor
Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 762. See also
Professor David Robertson, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p.
738.
[28] Department
of Communications and the Arts, submission no. 42, p. 6.
[29] Australian
APEC Study Centre, submission no. 12, p. 3.
[30] Committee
Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 704.
[31] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, pp. 34–5.
[32] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 399.
[33] ibid.
[34] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 422.
[35] ibid., p.
423.
[36] ibid., p.
403.
[37] Mr John
Watson, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 331.
[38] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 582.
[39] ibid., p.
589.
[40] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 632.
[41] Pacific
Basin Economic Council, Policy Statement, ‘APEC: Sharpening the Focus,
Sustaining the Momentum’, 1997, http://www.pbec.org/policy/1997/endorse2.htm
(15 October 1999).
[42] PECC,
Bookstore I, II and III for list of publications, http://www.PECC.net/bookstore_i.htm
(15 October 1999); PECC, Milestones in APEC liberalisation: A Map of Market
Opening Measures by APEC Economies, A Report by the Pacific Economic
Cooperation Council for APEC, Singapore, 1995; PECC, Survey of Impediments
to Trade and Investment in the APEC Region, A Report by the Pacific
Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, Singapore, 1995.
[43] APEC,
Fifth APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, 23–24 May 1998, Kananaskis, Canada.
[44] See
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, PECC Statement to the APEC SOM II, 6–7
May 1999, Christchurch, New Zealand.
[45] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 600.
[46] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 607.
[47] ibid., p.
608.
[48] Committee
Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 835.
[49] Committee
Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 600.
[50] Executive
Director’s Report, Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, 10th
Annual Report, 1997 Annual Report, p. 3.
[51] Committee
Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 608.
[52] In
addition to the witnesses referred to directly in this report also see comments
by the following submitters indicating that APEC is poorly understood in
Australia: Mr A. T. Kenos, Managing Director, Australia House Consultancy
Training, submission no. 1, p. 3; Ms M. J. Doble, submission no. 10, p. 4.
[53] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 407.
[54] ibid., p.
357
[55] ibid., p.
422.
[56] Ms Pamela
Fayle, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 66.
[57] Committee
Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 65.
[58] The
Australian APEC Study Centre is funded by the Australian Government, through
the Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, and Monash
University. APEC Leaders, at their first Meeting in 1993, adopted the Leaders’
Education Initiative which aimed to create links between government, academic,
private sector and broader community activity to promote awareness of the
significance of APEC. APEC study centres have been established in most APEC
economies.
[59] Committee
Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 515.
[60] ibid., p.
517.
[61] ibid., p.
518.
[62] Committee
Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 46.
[63] Submission
no. 12, pp. 8–9.
[64] Committee
Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 370.
[65] Submission
no.12, p. 12.
[66] Alexander
Downer, ‘Australia’s Asia Pacific endeavour: speech to the Asia Society, New
York, 1 October 1997.
Appendix 6 - The Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum, and The Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
[1] National
Standards Commission, submission no. 9, p. 2.
[2] NATA,
submission no. 23, p. 4.
[3] ibid.,
p. 8.
[4] ibid.