Footnotes

Footnotes

Chapter 2 - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: from idea to 2020 vision

[1]           P. Drysdale and H. Patrick, ‘An Asian-Pacific Regional Economic Organisation’, extract from paper prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, reprinted in Pacific Economic Cooperation, J.Crawford, ed., Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981, pp. 63–82.

[2]           H. Soesastro, ‘Institutional Aspects of Pacific Economic Cooperation’, Pacific Economic Cooperation: the Next Phase, H. Soesastro and Han Sung-joo (eds), Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, 1983, p. 19.

[3]           Pacific Basin Economic Council, Business Issues for APEC, October 1995. PBEC has a membership of more than 1,200 corporate members in 20 economies throughout the Pacific region. G.L.Tooker, opening speech, 30th Annual IGM, 19 May 1997, http://www.pbec.org/opening.htm (5 August 1997).

[4]           Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Report on Japan, Parliamentary Paper No. 2, 1973.

[5]           J. Crawford and Saburo Okita, Australia, Japan and the Western Pacific Economic Relations, A Report to the Governments of Australia and Japan, AGPS, Canberra, 1976, p. 5.

[6]           P. Drysdale and H. Patrick, 1981, op.cit., pp. 64–65, 71.

[7]           Preface, Pacific Economic Co-operation, J. Crawford, ed., Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981.

[8]           Dr Snoh Unakul, Pacific Economic Co-operation, J. Crawford, ed., Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Petaling Jaya, 1981, p. 18.

[9]           Background Paper by Australia, ‘Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Global Trade Liberalisation’, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting, Canberra 6–7 November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, 1989.

[10]         The Hon R. J. Hawke, MP, Debates, House of Representatives, 2 March 1989, p. 340.

[11]         ibid.

[12]         The Hon R. J. Hawke, MP, Speech, Luncheon of Korean Business Associates, 31 January 1989.

[13]         Debates, House of Representatives, 2 March 1989, p. 346.

[14]         Summary by Chairman, Senator the Hon Gareth Evans, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting, Canberra, 6–7 November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, 1989.

[15]         Summary by Chairman, Senator the Hon Gareth Evans, APEC Ministerial-level Meeting, Canberra, 6–7 November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, 1989.

[16]         APEC, Selected Documents, 1989–1994, p. 65.

[17]         APEC, Seoul APEC Declaration, Selected Documents, 1989–1994, pp. 62–3.

[18]         R. Woolcott, Address to the Sydney Institute, 29 November 1991, Backgrounder, vol. 2, no. 21, 6 December 1991, pp. 2–7.

[19]         The Hon R. J. Hawke MP, ‘APEC or regional agreements—the real implication’, Australian Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 4, Summer 1992, pp. 339–49.

[20]         According to Ambassador Timothy Hannah, Executive Director of APEC Secretariat (1999), the Secretariat is the core support mechanism for the APEC process. It has grown and now in 1999 has a staff of 23 seconded from Foreign and Trade ministries from 18 member economies and the same number of Singaporean staff. It provides coordination, technical, advisory support to the Chair and the 250 or so meetings of different APEC working groups and other fora held annually; it maintains a large database of information on APEC activities, assists member economies in formulating APEC’s economic and technical cooperation projects (currently about 258) and their finances. See Ambassador Timothy Hannah, ‘The Role of APEC in the Asia-Pacific Region’, lecture at Foreign Affairs College, 21 June 1999, Beijing, http:///www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/speeches/speech11.html (30 July 1999)

[21]         Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, Sixth Report to the Australian Government, 1992.

[22]         See para 1.10 for more information on the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council.

[23]         W. Bodde Jr., View from the 19th Floor, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore, p. 37.

[24]         APEC, Selected Documents, pp. 87, 93.

[25]         The Hon P. J. Keating MP, House of Representatives Debates, 7 May 1992, p. 2631.

[26]         The Hon P. J. Keating MP, Address to the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Perth, 15 February 1995.

[27]         The Hon P. J. Keating MP, Lecture ‘Australia, Asia and the new regionalism’, Singapore, 17 January 1996.

[28]         The Hon P. J. Keating MP, House of Representatives Debates, 13 October 1992, p. 2002.

[29]         APEC, Pacific Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994.

[30]         Senate Debates, 23 June 1994, p. 1955.

[31]         Members of the Pacific Business Forum to President Soeharto, Chairman, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, 15 October 1994, APEC, Report of the Pacific Business Forum, A Blueprint for APEC, October 1994. The Australian representatives were: Philip Brass, Managing Director, Pacific Dunlop Ltd. and Imelda Roche, Managing Director/President, International, Nutri-Metics International Holdings Pty Ltd. Group.

[32]         Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, Sixth Report to the Australian Government, 1992.

[33]         Article by Eric Ellis,  Australian Financial Review, 19 November 1993.

[34]         Quote taken from Tan Kong Yam, Toh Mun Heng and Linda Low, ‘ASEAN and Pacific Economic Co-operation’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3, March 1992, p. 326.

[35]         For more information on Dr Mahathir’s proposal and EAEC see Chapter 9, ‘Subregional Groupings—stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks?’, paras 8.77–84.

[36]         Quoted in Hadi Soesastro, ‘ASEAN and APEC: do concentric circles work?’, The Pacific Review, vol. 8, no. 3, 1995, pp. 483.

[37]         Mahathir Bin Mohamad, excerpts from keynote address at the 27th International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council, Kuala Lumpur, 1994, http://www.moshix2.net/APER/countries/malaysia/mohamad.htm (5 August 1997).

[38]         APEC, Pacific Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994, pp. i–ii.

[39]         APEC, Pacific Business Forum Report, 15 October 1994.

[40]         APEC Secretariat, Selected APEC Documents 1989–1994, January–February 1995, pp. 107–8. The final act of the Uruguay Round and the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trading Organization were signed at the Marrakesh Ministerial Meeting in April 1994.

[41]         APEC Secretariat, Selected APEC Documents 1989–1994, January–February 1995, p. 117. For more information on the Non-Binding Investment Principles see Chapter 5, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation—the Costs of Doing Business’, paras 5.68–75.

[42]         See Warren Christopher, US Statement at the Seventh APEC Ministerial, 16 November 1995.

[43]         Selected APEC Documents, 1989–1994.

[44]         For example see, Article ‘Leaders dodge the details in APEC trade declaration, Australian, 21 November 1994; Article by Malcolm Booker, Canberra Times, 22 November 1994.

[45]         Article by Lindsay Murdoch, Age, 10 November 1994.

[46]         Australia’s APEC ambition: background paper, Senator Bob McMullan, Press Release, 27 June 1995.

[47]         APEC, Pacific Business Forum Report, 1995.

[48]         The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, APEC 1995 Osaka, Official Information, Japan’s Views on APEC, 15 November 1995.

[49]         Senator the Hon R. F. McMullan, Senate Debates, 28 August 1995, p. 428.

[50]         Florence Chong, article, Australian, 15 November 1995; Robert Garron and Cameron Stewart, article, Australian, 15 November 1995; Michael Richardson, article, Australian, 16 November 1995.

[51]         The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, APEC 1995 Osaka Official Information, ‘Japan’s Views on APEC, 15 November 1995.

[52]         ibid.

[53]         Senator the Hon R. F. McMullan, Senate Debates, 25 October 1995, p. 2498.

[54]         APEC, Seventh Ministerial Meeting, 16–17 November 1995, Osaka, Japan.

[55]         APEC, Selected Documents, 1995, pp. 3, 125.

[56]         Based on the Osaka Action Agenda, APEC, Selected Documents 1995, pp. 5–6.

[57]         APEC, Annex One, APEC Collective Actions, Action Report for 1996, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/02anxone.html (3 July 1997).

[58]         APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Osaka, Japan, 19 November 1995.

[59]         Australian representatives were Michael J. Crouch, AM, Chairman and CEO, Zip Industries (Aust) Pty Ltd; Malcolm Kinnaird, AO, Executive Chairman, Kinhill Engineers Pty Ltd; and Imelda Roche, Co-Chairman, Nutri-Metrics International Holdings, Pty Ltd.

[60]         The Hon P. J. Keating MP, Debates, House of Representatives, 22 November 1995, p. 3497; APEC: Statement by the Prime Minister, House of Representatives, 22 November 1995, Press Release, 22 November 1995.

[61]         The Hon J. W. Howard MP, House of Representatives Debates, 22 November 1995, p. 3500.

[62]         The Hon Tim Fischer MP, Press Release, 9 May 1996. The final version of the Australian Individual Action Plan incorporated the existing tariff reduction programs to the year 2000 in the textiles, clothing and footwear and passenger motor vehicles sectors. It also included a commitment to review zero to five per cent tariffs by 2000 or earlier subject to an assessment of progress in the liberalisation commitments by others in APEC and the WTO. It addressed reform in the micro-economic services sectors such as the introduction of full and open competition from 1 July 1997 in the telecommunications sector and the progressive liberalisation of access to the Australian aviation market.

[63]         Chair’s Summary Record of Discussion, APEC Committee on Trade and Investment, First Meeting for 1998, Penang 19–20 February 1998.

[64]         Financial Review, 1 November 1996, p. 25; see also Financial Review, 12 November 1996, p. 15.

[65]         APEC Business Advisory Council, APEC Means Business: Building Prosperity for our Community, Report to the APEC Economic Leaders, 25 October 1996.

[66]         Paul N. Villegas, Business World Online Edition, APEC Special Report, November 1996, http://bworld.com.ph/APEC/Latest/report/specialaction.html (12 August 1997).

[67]         APEC Economic Leaders Declaration, Subic, the Philippines, 25 November 1996.

[68]         ibid.

[69]         ibid.

[70]         Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Speech at the closing of the APEC Business Forum Manila, the Philippines, 23 November 1996, http://bworld.com.ph/APEC/Latest/speeches/mahathirl.html (12 August 1997); Age (Melbourne), 25 November 1996, p. A6.

[71]         Australian, 25 November 1996, p. 5.

[72]         The Hon J. W. Howard MP, House of Representatives Debates, 3 December 1996, p. 7513.

[73]         Fidel V. Ramos, Keynote Address, “Pacific in Transition’, 30th annual IGM, 19 May 1997, http://www.pbec.org/his.htm (5 August 1997).

[74]         Taken from Asian Business, vol. 32, no. 1, January 1996, p. 25.

[75]         C. Fred Bergsten, APEC in 1996 and Beyond: The Subic Summit, Institute for International Economics, Working Paper 96–12, 1996.

[76]        APEC Secretariat, ‘Manila Action Plan for APEC: Introduction’, Selected Documents, March, 1997, p.11.

[77]         ABAC, 1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to Action, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/abacrpt97/abac97.html (November 1997).

[78]         USIA, Charlene Barshefsky, ‘APEC Charts New Course in Opening Global Markets, Statement issued by the Office of the US Trade Representative, 10 May 1997, http://www.usia.gov/regional/East Asia/apec/ustr597.htm (21 November 1997).

[79]         Ninth APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement, 21–22 November 1997.

[80]         APEC 1997 Leaders’ declaration, 25 November 1997.

[81]         ‘1997 trade playing field flatter, but more levelling work needed’, Tim Fischer, Minister for Trade and Deputy Prime Minister, press release, 28 December 1997.

[82]         P. Dee, A. Hardin and M. Schuele, APEC Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation, 1998, Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, AusInfo, Canberra.

[83]         See Senator the Hon P. Cook, APEC: Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium, Policy Discussion Paper, June 1999. See also three papers presented to the APEC Study Centre Consortium Conference, held in Auckland from 31 May–2 June 1999; P. Lloyd, ‘EVSL and Sector-Based Negotiations’; A. Rae, S. Chatterjee, and S. Shakur, ‘The Sectoral Approach to Trade Liberalisation: Should we try to do better?’; Y. Woo ‘APEC After 10 Years: What’s Left of Open Regionalism?’.

[84]         ABAC, 1997 APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to Action, ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, 1997.

[85]         Ambassador Timothy Hannah, Executive Director of APEC Secretariat, Lecture at Foreign Affairs College, Beijing, 21 June 1999.

[86]         USIA, transcript, Ambassador John Wolf ,Worldnet on Vancouver APEC Results, 10 December 1997.

[87]         Ambassador Dato’ Noor Adlan, Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat, Editorial, Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 May 1998, reprinted http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/announce/feer3.html (6 August 1998); See also The Road to Kuala Lumpur, The Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada, 1998, which asserts that APEC is not ‘a crisis management organisation’.

[88]         APEC, Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade, Kuching, Sarawak, 22–23 June 1998.

[89]         APEC, Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade, Kuching, Sarawak, 22–23 June 1998.

[90]         Summary conclusions of the Third Officials Meeting (SOM) for the Tenth Ministerial Meeting, 13–15 September 1998, Kuantan, Malaysia.

[91]         APEC Secretariat Press Release 36/98, 6 November 1998, APEC Business Advisory Council, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel103698.html (1 June 1999).

[92]         John S. Wolfe, ‘Meeting the Crisis: What should Governments Do?’, Presentation to PBEC Conference, Los Angeles, 19 October 1998, http://www.usia.gov/regional/East Asia/apec/wolf1019.htm (12 April 1998).

[93]         Ambassador Wolf, Worldnet on Upcoming APEC meeting, 4 November 1998 and Richard Fisher, US Trade Representative, 12 November, Press Conference in Bangkok.

[94]         On–the-Record Briefing, 15 November 1998, Ms Mikie Kiyoi, Spokesperson for Minister for Foreign Affairs, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/1998/brief15.html (1 December 1999).

[95]         Asia Week, 27 November 1998.

[96]         Helmut Sohmen, PBEC Chairman, PBEC’s Role in APEC, 30 November 1998, http://www.pbec.org/speeches/1998/helmutapec.htm (15 December 1999).

[97]         See remarks made by Roberto R. Romulo, Chair, PECC, Opening speech at PECC Meeting, 6–8 September 1998, Taipei and APEC Press Release on the 1988 APEC Economic Outlook, 15 November 1998.

[98]         See remarks made by Roberto R. Romulo, Chair, PECC, Opening speech at PECC Meeting, 6–8 September 1998, Taipei.

[99]         Press Releases, ‘PECC calls for an APEC-led Asia Pacific community to the Asian economic crisis.’; A Coherent Response to the Economic Crisis, PECC Statement to the APEC Trade Ministerial Meeting, 22–23 June 1998, Kuching, http://www.PECC.net/pr980623-2.html (5 November 1998).

[100]       Press Releases, ‘Immediate APEC action on crisis urged’, PECC News, 9 September 1998.

[101]       Tenth APEC Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Kuala Lumpur, 14–15 November 1998.

[102]       The Australian Government had commissioned an economic governance survey that covered Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. It was tabled at the November APEC meetings and according to the Prime Minister, would serve as a valuable reference tool to be used to develop responses to the financial crisis and to improve coordination and targeting of these responses’, Australian Economic and Financial Management Initiative, Background, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/background.html.

[103]       Australian Economic and Financial Management Initiative, Background, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/background.html.

[104]       Helmut Sohmen, PBEC Chairman, ‘PBEC’s Role in APEC’, 30 November 1998, http://www.pbec.org/speeches/1998/helmutapec.htm (15 December 1999).

[105]       Right Hon Jenny Shipley, Address ‘Post APEC Auckland Business Lunch’, 27 November 1998, http://www.executive.govt.nz/minister/shipley/jss271198.htm.

[106]       Organisations such as PECC showed very early in 1999 their intention to encourage APEC to look to the more effective functioning of markets in the region with an emphasis on improving transparency and disclosure and with upgrading the financial regulatory structures and harmonising accounting standards and supervision practices. ABAC was one organisation calling for the strengthening of legal, regulatory and accounting framework within which the local markets operated. See Dean O’Hare, Chairman and CEO, The Chubb Corporation, ‘International Economy in Crisis: Options for Sustaining and Stimulating Recovery, PBEC Speeches, 11 February 1999, http://pbec.org/passportent/ptls/speeches.wpi?pageID=992303114848EN; Chairman’s Statement at the Close of the PECC Standing Committee Meeting, 15–16 April 1999, Canberra; Joint Ministerial Statement, Sixth APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, Langkawi, Malaysia, 15–16 May 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel26_99.html (6 March 1999).

[107]       Statement of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the meeting of APEC Ministers responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999; USIA transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher, Worldnet Program on APEC, 16 June 1999; USIA Washington File—Fisher very pleased with APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting, 30 June 1999; USIA Washington File—12 July 1999, Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Howard, Confer on trade, APEC, 12 July 1999.

[108]       Senator the Hon P. Cook, APEC: Meeting the Challenge of the New Millennium, Policy Discussion Paper, June 1999.

[109]       APEC, Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999, p. 3 http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html (20 September 1999).

[110]       Press conference by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi, 13 September 1999, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/1999/pm_press.html (27 September 1999).

[111]       ‘The Auckland Challenge: Comments on the Leaders Declaration’, Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister of New Zealand and Chair of APEC New Zealand 99, 13 September 1999, http://www.apec.govt.nz/fmedia/decmedia.htm (27 September 1999).

Chapter 3 - Structure and membership of APEC

[1]           DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 3.

[2]           DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 3.

[3]           APEC Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28 February 2000).

[4]           DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.

[5]           APEC Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28 February 2000).

[6]           DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.

[7]           APEC Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28 February 2000).

[8]           APEC Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28 February 2000).

[9]           DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 4.

[10]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.

[11]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.

[12]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 11.

[13]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 12.

[14]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 12.

[15]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 13.

[16]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 13.

[17]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.

[18]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.

[19]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.

[20]         DFAT, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Briefing Notes, September 1975, p. 14.

[21]         APEC Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html (28 February 2000).

[22]         DFAT, submission, p. 3.

[23]         DFAT, submission, p. 12.

[24]         APEC Ministerial Meeting, Bangkok, 10-11 September 1992, Joint Statement, para. 14.

[25]         DFAT, submission, p. 6.

[26]         Seoul APEC Declaration, Seoul, 14 November 1991.

[27]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 752.

[28]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 578.

[29]         Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 824.

[30]         C. Fred Bergsten, ‘APEC in 1997: Prospects and Possible Strategies’ in Whither APEC? The Progress to Date and Agenda for the Future, Institute for International Economics.

[31]         Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 81.

[32]         Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 823.

[33]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 768.

Chapter 4 - Trade and investment liberalisation

[1]           Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Singapore, 29–31 July 1990 Joint Statement.

[2]           Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seoul, 12–14 November 1991 Joint Statement.

[3]           Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Bangkok, 10–11 September 1992, Joint Statement.

[4]           Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seattle, 17–19 November 1993, Joint Statement.

[5]           Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting, Seattle, 17–19 November 1993, Joint Statement.

[6]           APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November 1994.

[7]           APEC, 'The Osaka Action Agenda: Implementation of the Bogor Declaration', Selected APEC Documents, December, 1995, p. 6, (now referred to as the 'Osaka Action Agenda').

[8]           APEC, 'Osaka Action Agenda', p. 6.

[9]           Professor Peter Drysdale, submission, p. 6.

[10]         APEC, 'Osaka Action Agenda', p. 6.

[11]         The Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs commenced in 1986 and was completed in 1994.

[12]         See Table 4.1 above.

[13]         DFAT, An Introduction to APEC, August 1996, p. 3.

[14]         APEC Joint Statement, Eighth Ministerial Meeting, Manila, November 22–23, 1996, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/minismtg/mtgmin96.html (29 July, 1997).

[15]         APEC, ‘Osaka Action Agenda’, p. 7.

[16]         APEC Joint Statement, Manila, 1996, p. 2.

[17]         Tenth APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/vitualib/minismtg/mtgmin98.html (6 June 2000).

[18]         P.J. Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999, http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.

[19]         ibid.

[20]         1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.

[21]         PECC, media release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10 September 1999.

[22]         PECC, media release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10 September 1999.

[23]         PECC, media release, ‘Progress Towards Bogor Goals Not Reflected in IAPs’, 10 September 1999.

[24]         Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting Joint Statement,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/vitualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html (6 June 2000).

[25]         Leaders’ Declaration–New Zealand, 13 September 1999,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (6 June 2000).

[26]         Manila Action Plan (MAPA 1996) Vol. 111, Overview–Collective Action Plans, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/vol3over.html (23 September, 1997).

[27]         Manila Action Plan, Overview–Collective Action Plans, p. 2.

[28]         PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Opening Measures, 1995, p. 2.

[29]         DFAT, ‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997. DRAFT ONLY.

[30]         PECC, Philippine Institute for Development Studies and The Asia Foundation, Perspectives on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, 2nd Edition, 1996, preface.

[31]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 12.

[32]         PECC, Perspectives, 1966, p. 11.

[33]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 12.

[34]         DFAT, 'Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements', August 1997. DRAFT ONLY.

[35]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996. The 1996 data is taken from IAPs and the review notes that comparability, availability and coverage of data compose constraints on the assessment of progress., p. 8.

[36]         DFAT submission, p. 13. Australia's IAP was tabled in Parliament on 19 November, 1996.

[37]         ABAC, ABAC's Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 15. EMBARGO COPY.

[38]         DFAT submission, p. 15.

[39]         1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.

[40]         PECC, Survey of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.

[41]         The Australian Financial Review, 8 September, 1997. p. 4.

[42]         DFAT submission, p. 27.

[43]         PECC, Perspectives, 1996, p. 18.

[44]         Research done for DFAT by the Centre for International Economics quoted in DFAT submission, p. 23.

[45]         DFAT submission, p. 25.

[46]         P.J. Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999, http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.

[47]         P.J. Lloyd, EVSL and Sector-Based negotiations, paper presented to the APEC Study Centre Consortium 1999 Conference, 31 May–02 June 1999, http://www.auckland.ac.nz/apec/papers/Lloyd.html.

[48]         DFAT, An Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 13.

[49]         Centre for International Economics (CIE), Economic Benefits from an AFTA-CER free trade area, Vol. 1, Canberra and Sydney, 22 August 1997, p. 7.

[50]         Centre for International Economics (CIE), Economic Benefits from an AFTA-CER free trade area, Vol. 2, Canberra and Sydney, 22 August 1997, p. 21.

[51]         PECC, Survey of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.

[52]         Frank Frost, ‘APEC’s Seattle meetings: Issues for Australia’, Current Issues Briefs (Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group), Department of the Parliamentary Library, 16 November, 1993, p. 6.

[53]         ‘SOM [Senior Officials Meeting] Chair’s Report on State of Play in the Submissions of IAPs as of November 1996’, p. 1, www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/state.html (23 August, 1997).

[54]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.

[55]         APEC, Australia's Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 22.

[56]         DFAT submission, p. 22.

[57]         APEC, Australia's Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 22.

[58]         APEC, Australia's Individual Action Plan, MAPA, Annex B, p. 23.

[59]         PECC et al, Perspectives on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, 1996, p. 9.

[60]         PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 3.

[61]         DFAT, ‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997.

[62]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.

[63]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 17.

[64]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 18.

[65]         DFAT, ‘Summary of Reports on IAP Improvements’, August 1997.

[66]         ABAC, ABAC's Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 16.

[67]         1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.

[68]         PECC, Survey of Impediments, 1995, p. 14.

[69]             European Commission, ‘GATS: The General Agreement on Trade in Services: A Guide for Business’, p. 1, www.psi -japan.com/gats.htm, (23 September, 1997).

[70]         DFAT, An Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 13.

[71]         OECD, ‘Council Decision on National Treatment’, www.oecd.org/daf/cmis/codes/ntiart.htm (30 October, 1997).

[72]         APEC, Committee on Trade and Investment 1996 Annual Report to Ministers, p. 30, www.apecsec.org.sg/olanurpt.html (13 October, 1997).

[73]         Manila Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.

[74]         Manila Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.

[75]         Manila Action Plan, Overview - Collective Action Plans, p. 2.

[76]         PECC et al, Perspectives, p. 22.

[77]         CTI, 1996 Annual Report, p. 32.

[78]         CTI, 1996 Annual Report, p. 36.

[79]         Department of Transport and Regional Development (DoTRD) submission, p. 2.

[80]         DoTRD submission, 'Ministers Responsible for Transportation Joint Ministerial Statement', June 1997, p. 2.

[81]         Australian Shipowners Association submission, p. 1.

[82]         Australian Shipowners Association submission, p. 3.

[83]         ASA submission, p. 1.

[84]         Qantas Airways Ltd submission, p. 5.

[85]         Qantas Airways Ltd, submission, p. 8.

[86]         Qantas Airways Ltd, submission, p. 9.

[87]         Qantas Airways Ltd, submission, p. 10.

[88]         Qantas Airways Ltd, submission, p. 10.

[89]         Australia’s 1999 APEC Individual Action Plan, pp. 6-7.

[90]         PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 82.

[91]         PECC, Survey of Impediments, p. 14.

[92]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 21.

[93]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 21.

[94]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.

[95]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.

[96]         PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 24.

[97]         ABAC, ABAC's Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 16. EMBARGO COPY.

[98]         1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.

[99]         PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation, 1995, p. 86.

[100]       DFAT, An Introduction to APEC, 1996, p. 10.

[101]       PECC, Survey of Impediments in Trade and Investment in the APEC Region, 1995, p. 11.

[102]       PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 30.

[103]       SOM Chair's Report, 1996, p. 2.

[104]       PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 26–7.

[105]       PECC Press release, 'PECC studies for APEC review progress in trade and investment liberalisation', April, 1996, p. 1, www.pecc.net/9604rev.html (23 September, 1997).

[106]       PECC, Perspectives, p. 29.

[107]       Eminent Persons Group (EPG) Report, A Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia Pacific Economic Community, November 1993, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/epg93.html (8 September, 1997).

[108]       Eminent Persons Group (EPG) Report, Achieving the APEC Vision: Free and Open Trade in the Asia Pacific, August 1994, p. 2, www.apecsec.org.sg/epg94.html (8 September, 1997).

[109]       PBF, A Business Blueprint for Asia, October, 1994, p. 7.

[110]       EPG, ‘Achieving the APEC Vision’, 1994, p.

[111]       ABAC, ABAC’s Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 17. EMBARGO COPY.

[112]       Asia Pacific Labour Network of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 'Trade Union Perspective on Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum (APEC)', ACTU submission, Attachment 2, p. 14.

[113]       CFMEU submission, p. 5.

[114]       The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy.

[115]       ACTU submission, Attachment 2, p. 14.

[116]       PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Opening Measures, 1995, p. 5, p. 10.

[117]       PECC et al, Perspectives, 1996, p. 27.

[118]       ABAC, ABAC's Call to Action, Report to the Economic Leaders 1997, p. 17. EMBARGO COPY.

[119]       1999 ABAC Report to APEC Economic Leaders,

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/reports/rtael99-apmc.html.

[120]       UN Human Development Report 1997, p. 86.

[121]       ACFOA Submission no. 37, p. 3.

[122]       United Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997, quoted in ACFOA Submission no. 37, p. 4.

[123]       With the caveats that ‘Member economies who maintain subsidies above a certain level should be denied access to agricultural markets opened up as a result of the agreement, until those subsidies are reduced’; and, ‘Food-importing countries who would have to pay more for their food imports as a result of this agreement should be compensated via some appropriate mechanism such as debt relief or the provision of more concessional finance. See Jeff Atkinson, ‘APEC—Winners and Losers’, Community Aid Abroad Background Report No. 7, Australian Council for Overseas Aid Development Dossier 34, October 1995, p. 87.

[124]       Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 574.

[125]       Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 339.

[126]       Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 339–40.

[127]       Leader’s Declaration –New Zealand, the Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic, Declaration, Auckland, New Zealand, 13 September 1999.

[128]       Garnaut, Open Regionalism and Trade Liberalization, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 17.

[129]       DFAT submission, vol 3, p. 24.

[130]       Drysdale and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific, University of Washington APEC Study Center [Internet]

[131]       DFAT submission, vol 3, p. 24.

[132]       Committee Hansard, p. 493.

[133]       Committee Hansard, pp. 494–5.

[134]       Drysdale and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific, University of Washington APEC Study Center, footnoted to Drysdale 1988 [Internet]

[135]       Drysdale and Elek, APEC: Community-building in East Asia and the Pacific, University of Washington APEC Study Center [Internet]

[136]       Committee Hansard, p. 597.

[137]       Committee Hansard, p. 755.

[138]       Committee Hansard, p. 760.

Chapter 5 - Trade liberalisation—the winners and losers

[1]           J.D. Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, pp. 35–36.

[2]           J.D. Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, pp. 41–42.

[3]           J.D. Sachs & A. Warner, ‘Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995:1, p. 52.

[4]           F. Rodriguez & D. Rodrik, ‘Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-national Evidence, Revised December 1999, Abstract.

[5]           Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 68.

[6]           Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 370–71.

[7]           As described by Emeritas Professor Helen Hughes in her paper ‘Wither Development Assistance?’ Development Bulletin, October 1997, p. 43.

[8]           UN Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) reports as quoted in ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 5.

[9]           In 1965, the average per capita income of the G7 countries was 20 times that of the world’s poorest seven countries. By 1995 it was 39 times as much. UN Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) UN Conference on Trade and Development Report 1997 (UNCTAD) reports as quoted in ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 3.

[10]         A joint ACFOA and Community Aid Abroad, Jeff Atkinson, Winners and Losers, attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.

[11]         UN Human Development Report 1996, quoted in ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.

[12]         UNCTAD Report, ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. 6.

[13]         UN Human Development Report 1997, p. 7.

[14]         Alan Mitchell, ‘Retro Economics: Brakes on the Future’, Australian Financial Review, 29 July 1998, p. 14.

[15]         Quoted in Hugh Mackay, ‘Prosperity, Honesty, Sanity—Viva la République’, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 August 1999.

[16]         Reported in Dr McKinley, submission no. 44, p. 12.

[17]         Submission no. 44, pp. 12–13. Dr McKinley reported that between 1979 and 1992 a more automated US manufacturing sector became more globally competitive, boosting productivity by 35 per cent. At the same, the workforce was simultaneously reduced by 15 per cent. In the decade to 1991, 1.8 million manufacturing jobs were shed.

[18]         Committee Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 776–77.

[19]         UN Human Development Report 1997, ‘Overview’, p. 7.

[20]         ‘APEC: Crisis which Crisis?’, October 1998, p. 24, attachment to Amnesty submission.

[21]         Committee Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 842.

[22]         See Ms Louis Filling, MTIA, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 159; and Mr Brent Davis, ACCI, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1998, p. 37.

[23]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 37.

[24]         See for example, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1998, p. 85; Environment Australia, submission no. 43, pp. 8–9.

[25]         See Paul Eckert ‘China to Shut Polluting Plants Despite Job Fears”, Reuters Beijing 12 February 1998, p. [1].

[26]         ‘Foreign Correspondent’, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 28 July 1998.

[27]         ‘Canada and APEC: Perspectives from a Civil Society. A Discussion Paper’, p. [9].

[28]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society. Discussion Paper. Prepared by the Policy Working Group for the Canadian Organising Network for the 1997 Peoples Summit on APEC, Canada, 30 July 1997, p. 3, attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.

[29]         See Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society. Discussion Paper, p. [3]

[30]         Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 550.

[31]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [3].

[32]         Dr P. Ranald, submission no. 8, p. 24

[33]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [3].

[34]         Dr P. Ranald, submission no. 8, pp. 24–25

[35]         Dr P. Ranald, submission no. 8, pp. 24–25; ACTU, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 550.

[36]         ‘Country Paper for Manila NGO Forum on APEC: Australia’, attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37, p. [2], attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.

[37]         ‘Country Paper for Manila NGO Forum on APEC, p. [2], attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.

[38]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, pp. [6–7], attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.

[39]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [6].

[40]         Canada and APEC: Perspectives from Civil Society, p. [7].

[41]         ACTU, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 550.

[42]         APEC Canada 1997, Homepage http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm (Access, 4 March 1998).

[43]         See APEC Canada 1997, Home Page, APEC and Sustainable Development, Internet site: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm (4 March 1998).

[44]         Foundation for Development Cooperation, Supplementary Submission no. 14A, p. 6.

[45]         Mr Matt Ngui, Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 440.

[46]         See Address to APEC Small and Medium Enterprises Ministers’ Meeting, Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister, 26 April 1999, APEC Internet site (7 July 1999) and Russel Norman ‘APEC: the Landlords Come to Town’, Green Left Weekly, Internet site:

 http://jinx.sistm.unsw.edu.au/~greenlft/1999/377/377p21.htm (20 October 1999).

[47]         Norman, ‘APEC: the Landlords Come to Town’, Green Left Weekly, (20 October 1999).

[48]         Committee Hansard, 18 February 1998, p. 845.

[49]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 268.

[50]         Quoted in ‘Engagement with Civil Society Organizations by Multilateral Organizations’, APEC SOM Chair Office 18 August 1997 (prepared by Canadian Government), p. [4]; attachment to ACFOA, submission no. 37.

[51]         Submission no. 58, p. 20.

[52]         Submission no. 58, pp. 8–14.

[53]         Committee Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 855.

[54]         Committee Hansard, 18 February 1999, p. 855.

[55]         Duffy Report, pp.72–73, quoted in submission no. 5, p. 9.

[56]         Submission no. 5, pp. 9, 15.

[57]         Mr Tim Harcourt, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 556.

Chapter 6 - Trade and investment facilitation—the costs of doing business

[1]           PECC, Perspectives on the Manila Action Plan for APEC, Second Edition, 1996, p. 31.

[2]           APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, 15 November 1994.

[3]           MAPA Highlights, Reducing the Cost of Doing Business, APEC, 1996: See also Philippa Dee et al, The Impact of APEC’s Free Trade Commitment, Staff Information Paper, Industry Commission, February 1996, p. 10.

[4]           Christopher Butler, ‘APEC: Pathway to Prosperity, APEC, Press release 4, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/re10a497.html (5 October 1999).

[5]           APEC, Report by the Economic Committee, The Impact of Trade Liberalization in APEC, November 1997, p. iii.

[6]           APEC, Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, p. 33.

[7]           Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.

[8]           Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 734.

[9]           Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, pp. 92–93, 98. See also comments by the South Australian Government, Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, pp. 635–6, DPIE; Submission no. 36, p. 3; and Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 559. The South Australian Government singled out harmonising customs procedures, regional-wide tariff database and mutual recognition arrangements as important measures to facilitate trade. From DPIE’s experience, industries associated with primary production and energy were looking for greater transparency of regulations and procedures in areas such as quarantine, food inspection and customs clearance as well as greater alignment of standards with internationally accepted standards.

[10]         Attachment 4 to MTIA’s submission to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, included in submission no. 28 to the APEC Inquiry.

[11]         APEC, ‘Joint Statement’, Small and Medium Enterprise (SME), Sixth Ministerial Meeting, Christchurch, 26–28 April 1999.

[12]         Christopher Butler, ‘APEC: Pathway to Prosperity, APEC, Press release 4, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel0a497.html (5 October 1999).

[13]         ABAC, Action Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999.

[14]         Mr Brent Davis, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 38.

[15]         Action Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg.ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html (26 August 1999).

[16]         Mr Peter Grey, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 53.

[17]         APEC 97 Leaders Declaration, para. 7.

[18]         Ninth APEC Ministerial Meeting Statement, Vancouver, 21–22 November 1997, para 5.

[19]         APEC, Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, pp. iii, 1 and 10.

[20]         APEC, Leaders’ Declaration, ‘The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration, 13 September 1999, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (20 September 1999).

[21]         APEC, The Impact of Trade Liberalization in APEC, Report by the Economic Committee, November 1997, p. 6.

[22]         APEC Economic Committee, 1996 APEC Economic Outlook, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1996, p. 108.

[23]         Mr Peter Grey, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1999, p. 83.

[24]         ACCI, What Australian Business Wants From the Osaka’s Meeting, ACCI, September 1995, in ACCI, submission no. 25, p. 44.

[25]         Information taken from APEC, Activities by groups, Standards and Conformance, 25 June 1999,

http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/committee/standards.html (30 June 1999).

[26]         Dr Barry Inglis, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 323.

[27]         Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, pp. 82–3.

[28]         Committee Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 216.

[29]         ibid., pp. 217–18.

[30]         ibid., p. 218.

[31]         ibid.

[32]         Submission no. 36, p. 6.

[33]         Letter to Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC 1999, p. 5, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtae199_letter.html (28 August 1999).

[34]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 42.

[35]         APEC, Standards and Conformance, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/scsc/scsc-toy.html (5 October 1999).

[36]         Committee Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 218.

[37]         CTI, Annual Report, 1998, http://www1.apec.org.sg/cti/cti98/rpt2mins98_2a1.html (8 January 1999); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 42.

[38]         Annex B, Trade facilitation issues in Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel37_99.html (32 July 1999).

[39]         Action Plan Monitoring Committee 1999 Report in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html (26 August 1999).

[40]         Submission no. 25, p. 44.

[41]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, pp. 118–19.

[42]         ibid., p. 116: See also Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 10.

[43]         Submission no. 25, p. 45.

[44]         Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, pp. 1–2. For background information on CTI, see chapter I, paras, 1.44 and 1.86.

[45]         Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 2.

[46]         Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 5; see also APEC, 1997 Collective Active Plans (CAPs), http://www.apecec.org/cti/ipart1.html (27 November 1997).

[47]         Mr Reinhard Thieme, DPIE, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 194.

[48]         The achievements noted are only a sample taken from APEC CTI 1998 Report, Convenor Summary Reports and Collective Action Plans and APEC, CTI 1999 Annual Report to Ministers, 1999. for information on UN-EDIFACT see Mr Stephen Holloway, Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 127. The 1998 CTI Report also listed work being done by SCCP including the development of a comprehensive work program for the three new CAPs on common data elements, risk management, and express consignment clearance.

[49]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 126.

[50]         APEC, Activities by Groups, Customs Procedures, updated 25 June 1999; APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 49.

[51]         Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.

[52]         Letter to Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister of New Zealand, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC 1999, http:www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_letter.html (26 August 1999).

[53]         AWB, submission no. 46, p. 5.

[54]         Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 194.

[55]         ABAC, 1996 Report, APEC Means Business, ‘Facilitating Cross-Border Flows: the True Measure of Liberalization’, 1999.

[56]         APEC, Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA), 25 November 1996, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/mapa/vol1/australi.html (4 July 1998).

[57]         APEC 1998–Malaysia, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation’, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://orpheus.dfat.gov.Australia/apec/98/981109_ti_facilitation.html (3 August 1999).

[58]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 81.

[59]         ABAC, 1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to Action, November 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/abacrpt97/abac97.html (27 November 1997).

[60]         Submission no. 25, p. 46.

[61]         Submission no. 21, p. 23.

[62]         ibid., p. 24.

[63]         1998 CTI Report, p. 3; APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 95.

[64]         Submission no. 21, p. 25.

[65]         Commonwealth Department of Transport and Regional Development, submission no. 26, pp. 2–4; APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 98.

[66]         Submission no 26, pp. 2–3.

[67]         Queensland Government, submission no. 47, p.11. See Congestion Points Study Phrase III: Best Practices Manual and Technical Report, vols. 1 and 2, APEC Transportation Working Group, 1997.

[68]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 135.

[69]         USIA, Worldnet Dialogue, Ambassador John S. Wolf, 22 October 1997.

[70]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 729.

[71]         APEC 1998–Malaysia, ‘Trade and Investment Facilitation’, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://orpheus.dfat.gov.Australia/apec/98/981109_ti_facilitation.html (3 August 1999).

[72]         Mr Mitchell Hooke, Australian Food Council, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 729.

[73]         The Eminent Persons Group, Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, August, 1995, p. 15.

[74]         ibid., p. 16.

[75]         ibid., p. 18.

[76]         Submission to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, November 1996, in submission no. 28, p. 16.

[77]         ibid.

[78]         APEC, CTI 1997 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html (27 November 1997); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 61.

[79]         APEC, ABAC Report 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html (27 November 1997).

[80]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, pp. 62–63.

[81]         ibid. See Attachment to Leaders’ Declaration, the Auckland Challenge’,APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration, 13 September 1999.

[82]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 61.

[83]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 19.

[84]         APEC, Osaka Action Agenda, http://www.apecsec,org.sg/osaka/agenda.html.

[85]         ABAC, 1997 Report, 3 November 1999: APEC.

[86]         CTI 1997 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html (27 November 1997); APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, pp. 70, 75–76, 87–88, 212.

[87]         DIST, submission no. 41, p. 5.

[88]         ibid.

[89]         ABAC, 1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders ‘APEC Means Business: ABAC’s Call to Action’, APEC, 1997, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html.

[90]         APEC, CTI 1997 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), Report submitted to ministers, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/cti/ipart1.html (27 November 1997).

[91]         Convenor’s Summary Report on Services, CTI Annual Report to Ministers, 1998.

[92]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 212.

[93]         APEC Eminent Persons Group, Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC, August 1995, p. 23.

[94]         ibid., pp. 23–24.

[95]         PBEC, Business Issues for APEC, October 1995, p. 2. See Appendix 3 for the APEC Non-Binding Investment Principles.

[96]         ABAC, 1997 ABAC Report, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt97/abac97-recomm.html.

[97]         USIA, transcript, Ambassador Wolf, Worldnet on Vancouver APEC results, 10 December 1997.

[98]         ABAC, 1997 ABAC Report to Economic Leaders, APEC Means Business: ABC’s Call to Action.

[99]         A long-term goal is to assess the merits of developing an APEC-wide discipline on investment in the light of APEC’s own progress through the medium-term as well as developments in other international fora. Letter from the APEC Business Advisory Council to the Economic Leaders. The 1998 ABAC Report to the Economic Leaders.

[100]       Known as ‘Options for Investment Liberalization and Business Facilitation to Strengthen the APEC Economies—for Voluntary Inclusion in Individual Action Plans’. See: From the Desk of Chairman APEC-IEG, 9 April 1999, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg.ABAC/reports/rtael99_invst.html (26 August 1999); Action Plan Monitoring Committee, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html (26 August 1999).

[101]       Action Plan Monitoring Committee, in ABAC, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC, 1999, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_apmc.html (26 August 1999).

[102]       Centre for International Economics, APEC economic governance capacity building survey: An Australian initiative as part of APEC’s response to the East Asian financial crisis, a report prepared for the Australian Government, Canberra, 30 October 1998.

[103]       Press Release, Prime Minister John Howard, ‘Economic and Financial Management Initiative, 16 November 1998, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/apec/media.html.

[104]       Australian APEC Study Centre, Corporate Governance in APEC: Rebuilding Asian Growth, Symposium Report, December 1998.

[105]       Jesus P. Estanislao, Statement to APEC Finance Ministers on behalf of PECC FMD, Langkawi, Malaysia, 15 May 1999; Jesus P. Estanislao, ‘New Cooperation in East Asia: Peer Assistance and Review, Issues—PECC, 15 May 1999.

[106]       APEC Business Advisory Council Strategy for September Meeting with Economic Leaders, APEC Secretariat Press Release 30/99.

[107]       Joint Ministerial Statement, Sixth APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, Langkawi, Malaysia, 15–16 May 1999, APEC Secretariat Press Release 29/99, http://.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel26_99.html.

[108]       Dr Jesus Estanislao, ‘New Cooperation in East Asia: Peer Assistance and Review, Issues—PECC, 15 May 1999.

[109]       See Appendix 4, The SOM I meeting in February 1999 formally established the APEC Electronic Commerce Steering Group which is to coordinate the APEC E-Commerce activities. Summary Conclusions of the First APEC Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) for the Eleventh Ministerial Meeting, Wellington, 8–9 February 1999.

[110]       Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.

[111]       ibid.

[112]       ABAC, ABAC Capacity Building Task Force, Recommendations, 1999 Report to APEC Economic Leaders, APEC 1999, http://www.apecsecoorg.sg/ABAC/reports/rtael99_cbtf.html (26 August 1999).

[113]       Leaders’ Declaration—New Zealand, ‘The Auckland Challenge’, APEC, APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration, Auckland, New Zealand, 13 September 1999; Joint Statement, APEC, Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999.

Chapter 7 - Trade and investment facilitation—challenges ahead for Australia and APEC

[1]           Submission no. 51, p. 3.

[2]           Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 578.

[3]           Mr Brent Davis, Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.

[4]           ibid.

[5]           Committee Hansard, 24 November 1997, p. 201.

[6]           Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 191.

[7]           See statement made in Summary Conclusions of the First APEC Senior Officials’ Meeting for the Tenth Ministerial Meeting, 16–17 February 1998, Penang, para 27.

[8]           Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 192.

[9]           ACCI, ‘Challenges Ahead for APEC’ ACCI Review, February 1997, in ACCI, submission no. 25.

[10]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.

[11]         APEC, Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999. p. 3, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html (20 September 1999).

[12]         See for example, Mark Beeson, APEC: nice theory shame about the practice; Australian Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 2, Winter, 1996, p. 35.

[13]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 293.

[14]         Submission no. 52, p. 1.

[15]         Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 498.

[16]         Mr Roberto R. Romulo, Chairman PECC, Statement at the Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999.

[17]         See Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.

[18]         APEC Economic Committee, Assessing APEC Trade Liberalization and Facilitation—1999 Update, September 1999, p. 1.

[19]         APEC, Eleventh APEC Ministerial Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand, 9–10 September 1999. p. 3, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/minismtg/mtgmin99.html (20 September 1999).

[20]         APEC, Leaders’ Declaration, ‘The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Leaders’ Declaration, 13 September 1999, http://www1.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/nz.html (20 September 1999).

[21]         Submission no. 52, p. 5.

[22]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 31.

[23]         Alan Oxley, APEC—the next 10 years, Australian APEC Study Centre Paper 16, Australian APEC Study Centre, 1999, http://www.arts.monash.edu.Australia/ausapec/iss16.htm (5 August 1999).

[24]         APEC, 1999 CTI Annual Reports to Ministers, 1999, p. 212.

[25]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 143.

[26]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 117.

[27]         USIA, ‘Three C’s Key to Successful APEC Action Agenda’, US Statement at the Seventh APEC Ministerial, 16 November 1995.

[28]         ABAC, APEC Means Business: Building Prosperity for our Community, ABAC Report to APEC Leaders, 1996, http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abacrpt/ExecSummary.html (12 June 1998).

[29]         APEC, APEC Leaders Declaration, 25 November 1997, Vancouver, http://www.apec97.gc.ca/news/1125b.html (7 October 1999).

[30]         See Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999.

[31]         Committee Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 782–3.

[32]         Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 155.

[33]         ibid., p. 161.

[34]         ACCI, ‘Business and the APEC Process’ presented by ACCI to DFAT, Seminar Series on ‘Business and APEC’, Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, June 1995, p. 7 in ACCI, submission no. 25, p. 3.

[35]         ibid., pp. 7–8.

[36]         ibid., p. 8.

[37]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, pp. 36–37. See also comments by Mr McAllen from the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 560.

[38]         Submission no. 21, p. 25. See also statement by the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association which told the Committee ‘We want the government to understand our industry, to know what the ramifications are for employment, current account deficit and all the rest of it. We want a government that is pro-active in supporting us...’, Committee Hansard, 4 February, 1998, p. 465.

[39]         Submission no. 21, p. 26.

[40]         Mr Peter Grey, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, pp. 82–3.

[41]         ibid., p. 65.

[42]         Australian Customs Service, submission no. 39, p. 5.

[43]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 120.

[44]         ibid.

[45]         For information on the APEC business forum see DFAT, Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 832.

[46]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.

[47]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 398–9 and 403.

[48]         ibid., p. 405

[49]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 705.

[50]         Submission no. 51, pp. 6 and 9.

[51]         Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 155.

[52]         This statement was made by the Chair of PECC in relation to APEC as a whole but equally applies to Australia. Statement of the Chair, Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, 29–30 June 1999. See para 1.14.

[53]         Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 100.

[54]         ibid., pp. 103–4.

[55]         ibid., pp. 104–5.

[56]         Mr Timothy Chapman, Australian Customs Service, ibid., p. 121.

[57]         Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 82.

[58]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 326–7.

[59]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 430.

[60]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 319.

[61]         ibid., p. 326.

[62]         See appendix 6 for more information on the work of both these organisations.

[63]         Submission no. 23, p. 8.

[64]         ibid.

[65]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 416.

[66]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1997, p. 282.

[67]         ibid., pp. 289–290.

[68]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 576.

Chapter 8 - Development cooperation: side track or central to APEC’s future?

[1]           DFAT, submission, pp. 6–7.

[2]           These Working Groups are listed in Chapter 3.

[3]           APEC Organisation and Process, Internet site:

http://www.Apecsec.org.sg/97brochure/97organize.html, (18 August 1999).

[4]           See Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s comments, submission no. 19, pp. 6–7.

[5]           See for example, Dr Andrew Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 589; and ‘Forward’, p. iii, and Chapters in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, 1997.

[6]           See ‘Development Cooperation in the 21st Century’ in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, Canberra: The Foundation for Development Cooperation, 1997, p. 24.

[7]           Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, pp. 583–84.

[8]           Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 652.

[9]           Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 264.

[10]         Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 808.

[11]         See for example Dr Hadi Soesastro’s comments on trade liberalisation and open regionalism, submission no. 50, p. 9, Mr Alan Oxley, Australian APEC Study Centre, submission no. 12, p. 3; and the Australian Council for Overseas Aid, submission no. 37, p. 1. The last also emphasised the importance of ensuring that mechanisms to address the needs of developing nations were in place, passim.

[12]         The Ecotech Agenda—APEC’s Other Side. Will Infrastructure be APEC’s New Orientation, Issues Paper No. 10, May 1997, p. 3, Appendix C, APEC Study Centre, submission no. 12.

[13]         GATT set out a general principle that developing countries were entitled to ‘special and differential treatment’. Oxley discerned, however, that this was ‘a political statement’ as there were only a few areas where they were given specific legal rights. Oxley, The Ecotech Agenda, note 4.

[14]         A. Oxley, The Ecotech Agenda, p. 3.

[15]         A. Oxley, The Ecotech Agenda, p. 4.

[16]         A. Oxley, The Ecotech Agenda, p. 1.

[17]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 282.

[18]         Hadi Soesastro, ‘APEC After the Bogor Declaration’, The Sydney Papers, Spring 1995, pp. 78–85.

[19]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 291.

[20]         Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 283.

[21]         Eminent Persons Group (EPG) Report, Manilla 1996 quoted in Forward, Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community, p. iii.

[22]         Dr Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 282–83.

[23]         AusAID, submission no. 57, pp. 3–4.

[24]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 739.

[25]         In ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation: Evolution and Tasks Ahead’ in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, Canberra: The Foundation for Development Cooperation, 1997, p. 42, as part of submission no. 14.

[26]         A. Elek, ‘An Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation: Promoting Economic and Technical Cooperation through APEC’, Building an Asia-Pacific Community, p. 5.

[27]         Appendix F, ‘Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation 1997’, received with Australian APEC Study Centre, submission no. 12

[28]         APEC Economic Leaders Declaration of Common Resolve, Osaka, Japan, November 19, 1995 in Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade submission no. 19.

[29]         Professor Ippei Yamazawa, ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation: Evolution and Tasks Ahead’ in Andrew Elek, ed., Building an Asia–Pacific Community, 1997, p. 42.

[30]         Yamazawa, ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 42.

[31]         Yamazawa, ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 41.

[32]         Yamazawa, ‘APEC’s Economic and Technical Cooperation’, p. 41.

[33]         Tas Luttrell, ‘APEC after Subic—the Road to Free Trade, Current Issues Brief (Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group), no. 25, 1996–97.

[34]         In Forward to Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community: Development Cooperation within APEC, Received from the Foundation of Development Cooperation as part of submission no. 14.

[35]         In the EPG’s last report to the Leaders. Disbandment was recommended at Osaka in 1995. See Forward to Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community, p. iii.

[36]         See Andrew Elek, ‘An Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation: Promoting Economic and Technical Cooperation through APEC’, in Elek, ed., Building an Asia-Pacific Community, 1997, p. 1.

[37]         Elek, ‘An Asia–Pacific Model of Development Cooperation’, p. 1.

[38]         APEC Leaders Declaration: From Vision to Action, Subic, November 1996.

[39]         APEC Economic Leaders Declaration: From Vision to Action, Subic, 25 November 1996.

[40]         Declaration on an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Framework for Strengthening Economic Cooperation and Development, Section III. Character of APEC Economic and Technical Cooperation, no. 3, Manila, November 1996.

[41]         APEC Economic Leaders Declaration: Connecting the APEC Community, Vancouver, 25 November 1997 (para. 3).

[42]         Declaration, para. 3.

[43]         APEC Canada 1997, Internet site: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~apec/english/sustai-e.htm, (Access, 4 March 1998).

[44]         Foundation for Development Cooperation, supplementary submission no. 14A, p. 6.

[45]         Review of the Manila Action Plan for APEC: Enhancing MAPA’s Relevance to Business, ABAC Report 1997, Internet site: http://www.apecsec.org.sg/abac/abacrpt 97/abac97-review.html, (Access, 27 February 1998, p. 6).

[46]         Review of the Manila Action Plan for APEC, ABAC Report 1997, p. 6.

[47]         Review of the Manila Action Plan for APEC, ABAC Report 1997, p. 6.

[48]         Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Ninth Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Internet site: http://usiahq.usis.usemb.se/regional/ea/apec/vanmindc.htm, (Access, 11 May 1998).

[49]         In the case of the Action Plan for Sustainable Cities, for example, no overarching mechanism was set up to monitor outcomes, and under FEEEP, APEC Ministers were unable to agree beyond being ‘actively engaged’ in addressing the issues. See Environment Australia, submission no. 43, p. 5.

[50]         Address of Ambassador Dato’ Noor Adlan at the Sir Herman Black Lecture, Tuesday 5 May 1998, Sydney, Australia, APEC Homepage (4 August 1999).

[51]         Nigel Haworth, ‘The HRD Dimension of the Asian Financial Crisis: Towards the Definition of an APEC Response’, A paper based on the APEC HRD Working Group Task Force on the Human Resource and the Social Impacts of the Financial Crisis Experts Meeting, Jakarta, April 1998, prepared for the APEC HRD Working Group Task Force on the Financial and Economic Crisis Symposium, Chinese Taipei, June 1998, p. 17.

[52]         Communique to HRD Working Group Members and Other APEC Fora: APEC HRD Task Force on the Human Resource and Social Impacts of the Financial Crisis, 7 May 1998.

[53]         Eight priority areas with key emphases in developing education systems, training provision, skill mobility, with the role of SMEs, sustainable development and trade liberalisation conditioning these. See Haworth, ‘The HRD Dimension’, p. 19.

[54]         Haworth, ‘The HRD Dimension’, p. 6.

[55]         Professor Haworth notes that the Labour and Management element of HRD had been growing in strength since Subic, p. 19.

[56]         ibid., p. 22.

[57]         Box 1. 7 in ‘The Financial Crisis in Asia’, excerpt from the Asian Development Outlook, (12 July 1999).

 

[58]         See Summary Conclusions: 18 APEC HRD Working Group Meeting, Chinese Taipei, 16–19 June 1998.

[59]         See Peter Hartcher, ‘A Solution not Asia–Pacific, nor Co-Operative’, Australian Financial Review, 17 November 1998, p. 5.

[60]         Statement to APEC Finance Ministers in behalf of PECC FMD at Langkawi, Malaysia, 15 May 1999, para. 7.

[61]         Statement to APEC Finance Ministers in behalf of PECC FMD, para. 6.

[62]         Address to APEC Small and Medium Enterprises Ministers’ Meeting, Rt Hon Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister, 26 April 1999, (7 July 1999).

[63]         APEC Womens Meeting Brings Leaders to New Zealand, 17 June 1999, APEC New Zealand 99: Newsroom, APEC Internet site, (7 July 1999).

[64]         Committee’s italics. APEC Human Resources Development Joint Ministerial Statement. Third APEC Human Resources Development Meeting, Washington DC, USIA Washington File, 29 July 1999, p. 7.

[65]         ‘Remarks by President Clinton and President Hashimoto of Japan’, Photo opportunity, Waterfront Centre Hotel, Vancouver, Columbia, 24 November 1997, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Vancouver, British Columbia, The White House Homepage

Internet site: http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/New/APEC/19971124-3293.html (10 August 1999).

[66]         See One Clear Objective: Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Development, Report of the Committee of Review 1997, Australian Overseas Aid Program, April 1997, p. 223.

[67]         Leader’s Declaration—New Zealand, The Auckland Challenge, APEC Economic Declaration, Auckland New Zealand, 13 September 1999, APEC Homepage, (28 September 1999).

[68]         Prime Minister, Transcript of the Prime Minister the Hon John Howard MP, Press Conference, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Auckland, New Zealand.

[69]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.

[70]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 417.

[71]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, pp. 603–04.

[72]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 622.

[73]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 623.

[74]         See remarks by US Secretary of Commerce William M. Daley, APEC Human Resources Ministerial Dinner, 28 July 1999, Washington DC, USIA Washington File, p. 3.

[75]         Orientations for Development Co-operation in Support of Private Sector Development, (Note by the Secretariat), OECD, DAC: Development Co-operation Secretariat, June 1994, p. 24.

[76]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 414.

[77]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.

[78]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, pp. 415–16.

[79]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 415.

[80]         Committee Hansard, 23 March 1998, p. 794.

[81]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 584.

[82]         See Transcript of the Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP Address to the APEC Business Summit, Putra World Trade Centre Kuala Lumpur, 16 November 1998, PM’s Homepage Internet site: http://www.pm.gov.au/media/pressrel/speech/1998/apecbusi.htm (4 August 1999).

[83]         Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 87.

[84]         Committee Hansard, 23 March 1998, pp. 776–77.

[85]         Better Aid for Better Future, November 1997, Government response to One Clear Objective: Poverty Reduction through Sustainable Development, Report of the Committee of Review 1997, Australian Overseas Aid Program, April 1997, p. 223.

[86]         Submission no. 57, p. 7.

[87]         Submission no. 57, p. 8; and see Appendix 3.

[88]         Committee Hansard, 23 March 1998, p. 778.

[89]         Submission no. 57, p. 9.

[90]         Aid Budget Summary 1999–2000, Australian Agency for International Development, AusAID Internet site: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/general/budget99/Budget99_Summary.html (9 August 1999).

[91]         See ‘ADB to Establish An Asia Recovery Information Centre Web Site’, ADB News Releases Online, Internet site: http://www.adb.org/news/1999/nr063-99.asp (12 July 1999).

[92]         Sue Mitchell, ‘Asian Reforms Under Threat’, Australian Financial Review, 2 July 1999, p. 52.

Chapter 9 - Subregional groupings—stepping stones or stumbing blocks?

[1]           Renato Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Regional Initiatives, Global Impact: Cooperation and the Multilateral System’, 7 November 1997, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/rome2.htm (8 October 1999). For more recent figures see WTO, ‘Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trading System’, http://www.WTO.org/WTO/develop/regional.htm (8 October 1999).

[2]           WTO, ‘Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trading System’, Internet site: http://www.WTO.org/WTO/develop/regional.htm (8 October 1999).

[3]           See R.J.L. Hawke, ‘APEC or regional agreements—the real implications, Australian Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 4 Summer 1992, pp. 339–49; see also statement by P.J. Keating, House of Representatives Debates, 23 November 1993, p. 3380.

[4]           A Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia Pacific Community, Report of the Eminent Persons Group to APEC Ministers, APEC, October, 1993, pp. 16–17; see also comments Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, 6th Report to the Australian Government, 1992, p. 2.

[5]           WTO, Regionalism and the World Trading System, WTO, Geneva, April 1995, p. 1.

[6]           OECD, Regional Integration and the Multilateral Trading System: Synergy and Divergence, OECD, Paris, 1995, pp. 14, 62–5.

[7]           C. Fred Bergsten, ‘Competitive Liberalization and Global Free Trade: A Vision for the Early 21st Century’, APEC Working Paper 96–15, Institute for International Economics, http:/www.iie.com/9615.htm (12 September 1997).

[8]           ibid.

[9]           Professor John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, APEC Inquiry, 2 February 1998, p. 298.

[10]         MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 138.

[11]         Robert D. Hormans, vice chairman of Goldmans Sach International, ‘Making regionalism safe’, Global issues in transition, No. 10, September 1994.

[12]         ibid.

[13]         Renato Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Regional Initiatives, Global Impact: Cooperation and the Multilateral System’, 7 November 1997, http://www.WTO.org/WTO/speeches.rome2.htm.

[14]         ibid.

[15]         OECD, Regionalism and its Place in the Multilateral Trading System, OECD, Paris, 1996, p. 19.

[16]         ibid.,  p. 3.

[17]         ibid., p. 34.

[18]         World Trade Organization, Annual Report 1996, p. 141.

[19]         ibid.

[20]         Tan Kong Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no. 2. 19096, p. 74.

[21]         Ministerial-Level Meeting Joint Statement, November 1989, Documentation, Department of Foreign Affairs and trade, Canberra, 1989, p. 14.

[22]         Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Third Ministerial Meeting, Seoul, 12–14 November 1991.

[23]         APEC, Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November 1994.

[24]         Renato Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration in 1997 and beyond’, Address to APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, 10 May 1997, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/apec2.htm.

[25]         ABAC, Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 413.

[26]         Hadi Soesastro, submission no. 50, p. 7. See also Professor John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 303; Statement of the Chair, APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, Canada, 8–10 May 1997; USIA: The United States and APEC, Transcript: Deputy USTR Fisher, 16 June, Worldnet Program on APEC, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fishr616.htm (23 July 1999); Professor Snape, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 495; MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 9; Renato Ruggiero, Director-General of the WTO, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration in 1997 and beyond’ Address to APEC Trade Ministers, Montreal, 10 May 1997, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/apec2.htm and also Chapter 1, para 1.96.

[27]         Address to APEC Trade Ministers, ‘Implementing the WTO Singapore Declaration in 1997 and beyond’, Montreal, Canada, 10 May 1997.

[28]         Alan Oxley, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 514.

[29]         See Statement of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999, http://www.PECC.net/st990630.htm (8 October 1999).

[30]         USIA Washington File, EPF406, 1 July 1999, Transcript: ‘Fisher very pleased with APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting’.

[31]         USIA: The United States and APEC, Transcript of Press Conference, Ambassador Richard W. Fisher and Ambassador Susan G. Esserman, Herald Theater, Aotea Center, Auckland, APEC Trade Ministers’ Meeting, 28 June 1999, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fishessr.htm (23 July 1999).

[32]         Statement of PECC Chairman Roberto R. Romulo at the Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade, Auckland, June 1999.

[33]         USIA: The United States and APEC, ‘The Public Consensus for Trade in the Pacific’, Ambassador Richard Fisher, Deputy US Trade Representative, APEC Panel, Auckland, New Zealand, 28 June 1999, http://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/apec/fisher28.htm (23 July 1999).

[34]         Six APEC economies are not members of a STRA—Japan, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea.

[35]         Achieving the APEC Vision: free and open trade in the Asia Pacific, Second Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, August, 1994, p. 30.

[36]         ibid.

[37]         APEC, Economic Leaders’ Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia, 15 November 1994.

[38]         Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, August, 1995, p. 26.

[39]         ibid., pp. 26–7.

[40]         APEC Economic Committee, The Impact of Subregionalism on APEC, APEC, November 1997, p. iii.

[41]         Submission no. 12, p. 6.

[42]         S. Okuda, ‘Can a Sub-Regional Group Enhance the Tie?’, in The Deepening Economic Interdependence in the APEC Region, K. Omura, ed., APEC Study Centre, Institute of Developing Economics, Tokyo, March 1998, pp. 67–68.

[43]         Implementing the APEC Vision, Third Report of the Eminent Persons Group, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, August 1995, p. 28.

[44]         ibid., p. 29.

[45]         Organisation of American States, ‘Free Trade Agreements’, http://www.oas.org/EN/PROG/TRADE/free43e.htm (8 November 1997)

[46]         Canada-Mexico-United States: North America Free Trade Agreement, Chapter One, Article 102: Objectives. Three other objectives are defined in this Article.

[47]         Richard Snape, ‘Which Regional Trade Agreement?’, Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 55–56.

[48]         Bijit Bora, ‘North American Free Trade Agreement, Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 175.

[49]         Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[50]         Preamble to Canada–Mexico–United States: North America Free Trade Agreement.

[51]         Chapter One, Article 102: Objectives, Canada-Mexico-United States: North America Free Trade Agreement.

[52]         East Asia Analytical Unit, DFAT, ASEAN Free Trade Area: Trading Bloc or Building Bloc?, AGPS, Canberra, 1994, p. 8.

[53]         Submission no. 19, p. 26.

[54]         East Asia Analytical Unit, DFAT, ASEAN Free Trade Area: Trading Bloc or Building Bloc?, AGPS, Canberra, 1994, p. 8.

[55]         PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1995, p. 119.

[56]         Bijit Bora, ‘North American Free Trade Agreement, Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific, Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, eds., Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 174–5.

[57]         ibid., pp. 179–80.

[58]         WTO, Regionalism and the World Trading System, WTO, Geneva, April 1995, pp. 48–9.

[59]         Richard Snape, NAFTA, the Americas, AFTA and CER: reinforcement or competition for APEC?, Pacific Economic Paper No. 254, Australia-Japan Research Centre, April 1996, p. 11.

[60]         ibid.

[61]         Professor David Robertson, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 740.

[62]         Antigua and Barbuda, Agentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, the United States of America, and Venezuela. Canada, Chile, Mexico and the US are members of APEC, Peru was admitted to APEC in 1998.

[63]         Ambassador Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade’, USIA Washington File, 11 March 1998.

[64]         Organization of American States, Trade Unit, Summit of the Americas, Part II, ‘Promoting Prosperity Through Economic Integration and Free Trade’, Section 9.1, Plan of Action, http://www.sice.oas.org/root/ftaa/miami/sapoae.stm (18 August 1997).

[65]         Ambassador Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade, USIA Washington File, 11 March 1998.

[66]         Miguel Rodriguez, ‘Trade Liberalisation in the Americas: Challenges and Opportunities’, in USIS Washington File, 11 March 1998.

[67]         ibid.

[68]         Miguel Rodriguez, ‘Trade Liberalisation in the Americas: Challenges and Opportunities’, in USIS Washington File, 11 March 1998.

[69]         Ambassador Richard Fisher, ‘The FTAA; a Commitment to Fair and Open Trade’, USIA Washington File, 11 March 1998.

[70]         Cesar Gaviria, Secretary General, Organization of American States, ‘The FTAA and the Summit of the Americas Process’, 18 March 1998, http://www.oas.org/EN/PINFO/SG/318cre.htm (10 October 1999).

[71]         Second Summit of the Americas, Santiago Declaration, 19 April 1998, http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa/santiago/sapoa_el.stm (11 October 1999); Renato Ruggiero, Director-General, WTO, address to the Second Summit of the Americas, Santiago de Chile, http://www.wto.org/wto/speeches/santiago.htm (8 October 1999).

[72]         Andrew Elek, Hadi Soesastro, ASEAN, APEC and ASEM: Concentric circles and ‘open clubs’, Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Kuala Lumpur, 1997, p. 3.

[73]         Singapore Declaration of 1992, Fourth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, 28 January 1992. See also AFTA Reader, vol. 1, Questions and Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN Secretariat, November 1993, http://www.asean.or.id/reader/vol1/afv1q.htm.

[74]         Singapore Declaration of 1992, Fourth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, 27–28 January 1992.

[75]         Joint Press Statement, the Fifth AFTA Council Meeting, Thailand, 21 September 1994.

[76]         See Protocol to Amend the Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area and the Protocol to Amend the Framework Agreement on Enhancing ASEAN Economic Cooperation both signed 15 December 1995 in Bangkok.

[77]         AFTA Reader, vol 1, Questions and Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN Secretariat, November 1993; see also OECD, Apiradi Tantraporn, ‘ASEAN and Regional Economic Cooperation’, in Regionalism and its place in the multilateral trade system, OECD, Paris, 1996, pp. 49–52.

[78]         See answers to questions nos 15 and 16, AFTA Reader, vol 1, Questions and Answers on the CEPT for AFTA, ASEAN Secretariat, November 1993.

[79]         William E James, ‘APEC and Preferential Rules of Origin: Stumbling Blocks for Liberalization of Trade?’, Journal of World Trade, vol. 31, no. 3, June 1997, p. 126.

[80]         Submission no. 47, pp. 12–13.

[81]         Professor David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be published in volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin, Singapore, in correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.

[82]         Australian Food Council, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 730.

[83]         ibid., p. 737.

[84]         Dr Hadi Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 289.

[85]         Professor John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 300.

[86]         Professor Snape, Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 500. This view was expressed by writers such as Kunio Igusa and Hiromitsu Shimada, ‘AFTA and Japan’ in AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 161.

[87]         Ross Garnuat, Open Regionalism and Trade Liberalisation, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore, 1996, p. 117. The Australian Telecommunications Industry Association also indicated that a number of ASEAN countries had significantly reduced their tariffs. See Committee Hansard, 27 October 1997, p. 108.

[88]         Submission no. 19, p. 26.

[89]         DFAT, Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 828.

[90]         MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 10.

[91]         Joint Communique of the Twenty-third ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Jakarta, 24–25 July 1990, http://www.asean.or.id/politics/pramm23htm (23 March 1998).

[92]         Michael G. Plummer and Pearl Imada-Iboshi, ‘AFTA, NAFTA and US Interests’ in Mohamed Ariff et al., AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of South East Asian Studies, 1996, pp. 120–121.

[93]         Transcript of press conference by Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Osaka, 19 November 1995, http://mitinetra.miti.gov.my/apeck/yabpm.html.

[94]         Quote taken from Noordin Sophiee, ‘Misunderstanding and the East Asian Economic Group, the New Straits Times, 19 January 1991, reproduced in Tan Kong Yam et al., ‘ASEAN and Pacific Economic Co-operation’ in ASEAN Economic Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 326.

[95]         Tan Kong Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no. 2, 1996, p. 81.

[96]         Mahathir Bin Mohamad, ‘The Pacific Era—A Vision for the Future’, address 27th International General Meeting of the Pacific Basin Economic Council, Kuala Lumpur, 1994.

[97]         Transcript of press conference by Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Osaka, 19 November 1995, http://mitinetra.miti.gov.my/apeck/yabpm.html. See chapter 2, ‘Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: from Idea to 2020 Vision, paras, 2.50–2.52.

[98]         Joint Communique, the Thirtieth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, 24–25 July 1997, http://www.asean.or.id/politics/pramm30htm (27 March 1998); Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 830.

[99]         Mari Pangestu, ‘The ASEAN: Economies; Economic and Trade Prospects in the 1990s, the Sydney Papers Conference, 1993, pp. 64–5; Yuichiro Nagatomi, ‘Economic Regionalism and the EAEC’, Japan Review of International Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3, Summer, 1995, pp. 208–9.

[100]       Hadi Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 290.

[101]       Richard Snape, Jan Adams and David Morgan, Regional Trade Agreements: Implications and Options for Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1993.

[102]       Professor John Ravenhill, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, pp. 307–8.

[103]       ibid., p. 308.

[104]       ibid.

[105]       Richard H. Snape, NAFTA, the Americas, AFTA and CER: reinforcement or competition for APEC?, Australia–Japan Research Centre, Pacific Economic Paper no. 254, April 1996, p. 9.

[106]       Submission no. 29, p. 9.

[107]       Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 752.

[108]       Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 317.

[109]       Professor Joseph Camilleri, submission no. 48, p. 3.

[110]       Mari Pangestu, ‘The ASEAN: Economies; Economic and Trade Prospects in the 1990s’, the Sydney Papers Conference, 1993, pp. 64–5.

[111]       Michael G. Plummer and Pearl Imada-Iboshi, ‘AFTA, NAFTA and US Interests’ in Mohamed Ariff et al., AFTA in the Changing International Economy, Institute of South East Asian Studies, 1996, pp. 120–121.

[112]       Article 1, Objectives, Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations—Trade Agreement, AGPS, Canberra, 1983.

[113]       Preamble, Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations—Trade Agreement, AGPS, Canberra, 1983, pp. 5–6.

[114]       Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Ministerial Meeting, Canberra, 15–16 August 1985; Joint Communique in CER Future Progress, Papers relating to the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Ministerial Meeting, Canberra, 15–16 August, Office of New Zealand Relations, Australian Department of Trade, p. 3.

[115]       P.J. Lloyd, Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre Round-table on the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information Paper No. 52, CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, p. 1. Alan Oxley noted that free movement of labour had been achieved in CER but not in the areas of the free movement of capital and services. Submission no. 12, pp. 6–7.

[116]       ibid., p. 2.

[117]       William E. James, ‘APEC and Preferential Rules of Origin: Stumbling Blocks for Liberalization of Trade?’, Journal of World Trade, vol. 3, no. 3, June 1997, p. 126. PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1995, p. 107 stated: ‘...goods partly manufactured in either Australia or New Zealand are exempt from import duties if the last process of manufacture is performed in one of the two members and the expenditure on materials, labour and overhead is not less than 50 per cent of the factory or works cost of goods in their final stage. The definition of expenditures and costs are clearly specified’.

[118]       P.J. Lloyd, Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre Round-table on the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information Paper No. 52, CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, pp. 2–3. See also PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1995, p. 110; Australia/New Zealand Communique on the CER Task Force, New Zealand Executive Government News Release Archive, 4 August 1999; and, Trade Minister Welcomes Constructive Approach to CER Extension, New Zealand Executive Government News Release Archive, 4 August 1999, http://www.executive.govt.nz/ (24 September 1999).

[119]       PECC, Milestones in APEC Liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, a Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, APEC Secretariat, Singapore, 1995, p. 110.

[120]       Andrew Elek, ‘APEC: An Open Economic Association in the Asia-Pacific Region’, in Bijit Bora and Christopher Findlay, Regional Integration and the Asia-Pacific, Oxford, 1996, p. 233.

[121]       Informal Consultation between AEM and the Ministers from the CER Countries, 9 September 1995, Brunei, Darussalam, http://www.asean.or.id/CER/cer1,htm (23 March 1998); and, P.J. Keating, Address to the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, ‘Australia and Asia: the next steps’, Perth, 15 February 1995. Mr Keating states that early discussions were undertaken on the suggestion of the Thai Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Supachai, in April 1994.

[122]       Joint Press Release, the Second Informal AEM-CER Consultations, 13 September 1996, Jakarta, http://www.asean.or,id.CER/cer2.htm (23 March 1998). See also Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, The New ASEANs: Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, Canberra, 1997, p. 352; and Australian Telecommunications Industry Association, submission no. 21.

[123]       Joint Press Release, the Second Informal AEM-CER Consultations, 13 September 1996, Jakarta, http://www.asean.or.id/cer/cer2.htm; Professor David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be published in volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin, Singapore, in Correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.

[124]       P.J. Lloyd, Completing CER, Report of a CEDA/Australian APEC Study Centre Round-table on the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, CEDA Information Paper No. 52, CEDA, Melbourne, August 1997, p. 4.

[125]       Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 426.

[126]       Submission no. 28, pp. 11–12.

[127]       ibid., p. 13.

[128]       Professor David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: a Beginning’ to be published in volume AFTA-CER, A Way Forward, Allen & Unwin, Singapore, in Correspondence to the Committee, 10 February 1998.

[129]       DFAT, Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 829.

[130]       Joint Press Statement, the Fourth Informal Consultation between the ASEAN Economic Ministers and the Ministers from the CER Countries, 1 October 1999, Singapore, http://www.asean.or.id/economic/aem/31/jpscer04.htm (14 October 1999); AFTA & CER to Investigate free Trade Area, New Zealand Executive News Release Archive, 1 October 1999, http://www.executive.govt.nz/ (14 October 1999); and, Trade Minister Announces AFTA-CER Free Trade Taskforce, Media Release, Australian Minister for Trade, Mark Vaile, 5 October 1999, http://www.dfat.gov.Australia/media/releases/vaile/mvt029_99.html (14 October 1999).

[131]       Chairman’s Statement of the Asia-Europe Meeting, Bangkok, 2 March 1996.

[132]       ibid.

[133]       ibid.

[134]       Executive Summary, Commission of the European Communities, Commission Working Document, ‘Perspectives and Priorities for the ASEM Process’, Brussels, 26 June 1997.

[135]       Chairman’s Statement, Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Economic Ministers’ Meeting, Makuhari, Japan, 27–28 September 1997, http://www.asean.or.id/world/asemem1.htm (21 November 1997).

[136]       Chairman’s Statement, ASEM 2, The Second Asia-Europe Meeting, London, 4 April 1998.

[137]       ibid., p. 4.

[138]       Dr Andrew Elek, submission no. 55, p. 8.

[139]       Dr Andrew Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 585.

[140]       Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 290.

[141]       Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[142]       Dr Andrew Elek, submission no. 55, p. 7.

[143]       Ms Vivienne Filling, Committee Hansard, 17 November 1997, p. 148.

[144]       Department of Industry, Science and Tourism, submission no. 41, p. 8.

[145]       DFAT, Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, pp. 828–829.

[146]       Dr Hadi Soesastro, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998 p. 289.

[147]       ibid., pp. 289–90.

[148]       ibid., p. 290.

[149]       Submission no. 41, p. 9.

[150]       MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 10.

[151]       MTIA, submission to the White Paper on Foreign and Trade Policy, November 1996 in submission no. 28, p. 23.

[152]       MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 13.

[153]       ibid., p. 14.

[154]       Professor David Robertson, A post script to ‘An APEC Postscript in East Asian Trade after the Uruguay Round, Cambridge University Press, 1997; Correspondence to Committee, 10 February 1998, p. 5.

[155]       Professor David Robertson, Chapter 1, ‘AFTA-CER Linkages: A Beginning’ to be published for volume ‘A Way Forward, ISEAS’, Allen & Unwin, Singapore in correspondence to Committee, 10 February 1998, p. 12.

[156]       Queensland Government, submission no. 47, p. 14.

[157]       Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 399.

[158]       Andrew Elek, Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 587.

[159]       DFAT, Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 831.

[160]       Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee, Consideration of Estimates, 10 June 1998, p. 128.

Chapter 10 - Australia and APEC

[1]           Submission no. 17, p. 3.

[2]           MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 6.

[3]           Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 473.

[4]           Government of Victoria, submission no. 13, p. 1.

[5]           John Watson, National Farmers Federation, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 330.

[6]           Tan Kong Yam, ‘Regionalism in the Pacific Basin: ASEAN, APEC and Global Free Trade’, The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, vol. 2, no. 2 1996, p. 82.

[7]           Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 483.

[8]           Submission no. 12, p. 4.

[9]           Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 508.

[10]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 583.

[11]         ibid., p. 589.

[12]         Peter Drysdale ‘APEC and the WTO: Complementary or Competing? Paper presented to ISEAS APEC Round-table 1997, 6 August 1997, in submission no. 29, p. 236.

[13]         Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 482.

[14]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 605.

[15]         Rodney Maddock, ‘Trade and Trade Blocs: NAFTA, APEC and the rest’, Arena journal, no. 4, 1994/5, pp. 31–9.

[16]         Department of Industry, Science and Tourism, submission No. 41, p. 11. See also comments by the Government of Victoria which argued: that ‘APEC can be viewed as an important mechanism to promote regional integration of markets, given its wide and diverse membership and is potentially a significant counterweight to any resurgent protectionism in other parts of the world. Together APEC countries account for approximately 55% of total world income and 46% of global trade.’ Government of Victoria, submission no. 13, p. 1.

[17]         Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 505.

[18]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998,  p. 412.

[19]         ibid., p. 414.

[20]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 741.

[21]         ibid., p. 742.

[22]         Professor Robertson, ‘Can the Mystery Last?’, 2 February 1998, pp. 5–6. Paper received by the Committee.

[23]         Peter Drysdale, submission no. 29 and Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, pp. 762–3.

[24]         MTIA, submission no. 28, p. 5.

[25]         Professor Drysdale, Committee Hansard¸6 March 1998, p, 763.

[26]         ibid.

[27]         Professor Garnaut, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 762. See also Professor David Robertson, Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 738.

[28]         Department of Communications and the Arts, submission no. 42, p. 6.

[29]         Australian APEC Study Centre, submission no. 12, p. 3.

[30]         Committee Hansard, 6 March 1998, p. 704.

[31]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, pp. 34–5.

[32]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 399.

[33]         ibid.

[34]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 422.

[35]         ibid., p. 423.

[36]         ibid., p. 403.

[37]         Mr John Watson, Committee Hansard, 2 February 1998, p. 331.

[38]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 582.

[39]         ibid., p. 589.

[40]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 632.

[41]         Pacific Basin Economic Council, Policy Statement, ‘APEC: Sharpening the Focus, Sustaining the Momentum’, 1997, http://www.pbec.org/policy/1997/endorse2.htm (15 October 1999).

[42]         PECC, Bookstore I, II and III for list of publications, http://www.PECC.net/bookstore_i.htm (15 October 1999); PECC, Milestones in APEC liberalisation: A Map of Market Opening Measures by APEC Economies, A Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, Singapore, 1995; PECC, Survey of Impediments to Trade and Investment in the APEC Region, A Report by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council for APEC, Singapore, 1995.

[43]         APEC, Fifth APEC Finance Ministers Meeting, 23–24 May 1998, Kananaskis, Canada.

[44]         See Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, PECC Statement to the APEC SOM II, 6–7 May 1999, Christchurch, New Zealand.

[45]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 600.

[46]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 607.

[47]         ibid., p. 608.

[48]         Committee Hansard, 30 March 1998, p. 835.

[49]         Committee Hansard, 5 February 1998, p. 600.

[50]         Executive Director’s Report, Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, 10th Annual Report, 1997 Annual Report, p. 3.

[51]         Committee Hansard, 6 February 1998, p. 608.

[52]         In addition to the witnesses referred to directly in this report also see comments by the following submitters indicating that APEC is poorly understood in Australia: Mr A. T. Kenos, Managing Director, Australia House Consultancy Training, submission no. 1, p. 3; Ms M. J. Doble, submission no. 10, p. 4.

[53]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 407.

[54]         ibid., p. 357

[55]         ibid., p. 422.

[56]         Ms Pamela Fayle, Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 66.

[57]         Committee Hansard, 20 October 1997, p. 65.

[58]         The Australian APEC Study Centre is funded by the Australian Government, through the Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, and Monash University. APEC Leaders, at their first Meeting in 1993, adopted the Leaders’ Education Initiative which aimed to create links between government, academic, private sector and broader community activity to promote awareness of the significance of APEC. APEC study centres have been established in most APEC economies.

[59]         Committee Hansard, 4 February 1998, p. 515.

[60]         ibid., p. 517.

[61]         ibid., p. 518.

[62]         Committee Hansard, 29 September 1997, p. 46.

[63]         Submission no. 12, pp. 8–9.

[64]         Committee Hansard, 3 February 1998, p. 370.

[65]         Submission no.12, p. 12.

[66]         Alexander Downer, ‘Australia’s Asia Pacific endeavour: speech to the Asia Society, New York, 1 October 1997.

Appendix 6 - The Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum, and The Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation

[1]           National Standards Commission, submission no. 9, p. 2.

[2]           NATA, submission no. 23, p. 4.

[3]           ibid., p. 8.

[4]           ibid.