Chapter 5 Audit Report No. 15 2009-10 AusAID’s Management of the Expanding
Australian Aid Program
Introduction[1]
5.1
The objective of Australia’s aid program (the aid program) is ‘to assist
developing countries to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development, in
line with Australia’s national interest’.[2] In 2008-09 the Australian
Government provided an estimated $3.8 billion in overseas aid.
5.2
The aid program has increased in size by 42 per cent since 2004-05.[3]
Strong growth will continue to be required in order to meet the Australian
Government’s commitment to increase official development assistance (ODA) from
0.33 per cent of gross national income (GNI) in 2008-09, to 0.50 per cent in 2015-16.
5.3
The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) is the main
Australian Government agency responsible for managing the aid program. In
2008-09 AusAID was accountable for $3.2 billion, or 83 per cent of ODA. Other
government agencies are responsible for smaller amounts of aid in areas such as
defence, policing and trade.
5.4
Since 2000-01, the main source of growth in ODA has been bilateral
programs of assistance (known as country program aid) planned and coordinated
by AusAID. The agency is expected to remain predominant in the design and
implementation of increased aid investments in the coming years.
5.5
AusAID provides advice and support to the Minister for Foreign Affairs
and the Parliamentary Secretary for International Development Assistance on
development policy. Australian aid policy aims to accelerate progress towards
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),[4] and places emphasis on
supporting the Asia-Pacific region. Australian Government strategies to improve
aid effectiveness include a focus on partnerships with recipient country
governments,[5] and publication of
comprehensive information about the aid program.
5.6
The Australia Government is a signatory to the international aid
effectiveness agenda, as articulated in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid
Effectiveness and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action. Under these
agreements, Australia has made commitments to strengthen and use partner
country institutions and systems (including financial systems) to deliver aid;
to reduce aid fragmentation and proliferation[6] – which have imposed high
transaction costs on partner governments and made aid difficult to manage; and
to increase the predictability of aid flows, thereby supporting budget planning
of partner governments.
5.7
In early 2007, in response to an aid program White Paper,[7]
AusAID instigated internal reforms to deliver a considerably expanded and more
effective aid program. These reforms included increasing program management
responsibilities of country offices (known as devolution), adoption of new
arrangements for the design and delivery of aid – in line with the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, and implementation of more rigorous
performance assessment practices. AusAID also embarked on a program to upgrade
country strategies to improve the focus (or selectivity) of Australia’s support
to particular countries.
The Audit
Audit objective[8]
5.8
The objective of this audit was to assess whether AusAID’s management of
the expanding aid program supports delivery of effective aid. The audit focused
on progress of AusAID’s internal reforms to achieve this objective.
5.9
The audit considered critical aspects of AusAID’s management of the aid
program. These include: management arrangements and staff capacity; how aid
investments are selected; major forms of aid or modes of delivery (being
technical assistance and use of partner government systems); coordination of
whole of government engagement; monitoring and evaluating aid performance; and
external reporting.
5.10
The audit fieldwork was undertaken at AusAID in Canberra and three
countries to which Australia is providing increasing levels of aid – Papua New Guinea,
the Philippines and Vietnam. The audit methodology included a survey of AusAID
staff, and analysis on the changing make-up of the aid program.
5.11
The audit did not examine AusAID’s management of global programs,[9]
Australian development scholarships, and AusAID’s contracts with suppliers.
Overall audit conclusion
5.12
The ANAO made the following overall audit conclusion:
Management of Australia’s aid program is a complex
undertaking – it requires engagement in multiple countries and sectors to help
address difficult development challenges. The effective management of the aid
program requires that AusAID develop sound aid initiatives and astutely manage
their implementation, by working closely with Australian Government partners,
recipient country governments, and other development stakeholders. Scaling up
of Australian aid and the impetus to change how aid is delivered amplify these
challenges.
The ANAO concluded that, since 2005, AusAID has managed the
expansion of the aid program in a way that supports delivery of effective aid.
This period has seen AusAID increase the management responsibilities of country
offices, recruit additional staff and build in-house technical expertise, and
strengthen monitoring and evaluation of aid – supporting delivery of more aid
and improved aid effectiveness. Consistent with the international aid
effectiveness agenda, AusAID has also made progress in changing the way
Australian aid is delivered, by commencing to increase use of partner
government systems, and working more collaboratively with other donors.
Notwithstanding this progress, the aid program is likely to
double in size between 2008-09 and 2015-16, and AusAID faces considerable
management challenges amidst ongoing program growth. AusAID staff are concerned
about workloads and stress levels at many overseas posts and there is a
shortfall of expertise in some areas; many country programs have operated
without an agreed development assistance strategy; the number of aid activities
under management has grown strongly – contributing to aid proliferation; and
reducing reliance on traditional forms of aid is proving difficult. Resolving
these issues requires a particular focus on AusAID’s internal capacity and the
composition of Australian assistance – to make the delivery of aid more
manageable and effective.
The ANAO has made six recommendations aimed at improving
AusAID’s management of the aid program, and strengthening accountability for
aid funding and its results. In particular, AusAID can improve management of
human resources by addressing its long-standing problems with regards to the
level of staff turnover, further increasing management responsibilities of
locally engaged staff, and continuing to progress workforce planning and
development – thereby building internal capacity to deliver aid. Completion of
country program strategies that are central to, and record, aid allocation
decisions would help make Australia’s increasing level of aid more focused and
predictable. Further, the development of a comprehensive policy on using
partner government systems to deliver assistance would facilitate increased use
of these systems, thereby helping to strengthen them and providing a scalable
means of delivering aid. Finally, clarification of AusAID’s approach to
classifying administered and departmental expenses, and improved external
reporting, would help make aid program running costs more transparent to
external stakeholders.
Importantly, implementation of strengthened performance
assessment for aid programs and activities, and the work of the Office of
Development Effectiveness (ODE),[10] are focusing the
attention of AusAID’s management and staff on the factors that lead to better
aid outcomes. Continued improvement in monitoring and evaluation of aid is
required if AusAID is to remain in a good position to meet the challenges of
the coming years.[11]
ANAO recommendations
Table 5.1 ANAO recommendations, Audit Report No. 15
2009-10
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1.
|
The ANAO recommends that, in order to better support
program management, AusAID refine its approaches to human resource
management, including by:
·
regularly monitoring, and analysing the key drivers behind
staff turnover and developing strategies to increase the length of time staff
spend in roles; and
·
increasing management responsibilities of locally engaged
staff, where appropriate, including in relation to management of APS
personnel.
AusAID response: Agreed
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2.
|
The ANAO recommends that, in order to make country and
regional strategies more central to aid allocation decisions, and thereby
improve selectivity of aid investments, AusAID:
·
completes strategies for all major country and regional
programs and keeps them up-to-date; and
·
builds on the framework provided by Pacific Partnerships for
Development, by including indicative multi-year resource allocations in all
country and regional strategies.
AusAID response: Agreed with qualification
|
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3.
|
The ANAO recommends that, in order to facilitate increased
use of partner government systems in delivering aid, and improve the
effectiveness of the approaches adopted, AusAID develops policies that
address:
·
the benefits of using partner government systems and the
lessons learned to date:
·
how decisions to use partner government systems are reached,
including thorough assessment of potential development benefits and
associated risks; and
·
how the more significant risks of using partner government
systems are managed by AusAID.
AusAID response: Agreed
|
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4.
|
The ANAO recommends that, in order to strengthen
monitoring, evaluation and management of the aid program, AusAID:
·
reports on the quality of monitored aid activities against the
country program objectives to which they relate;
·
improves the quality of data captured on how aid is delivered;
·
publishes management responses for all major Office of
Development Effectiveness reviews; and
·
publishes a proposed Office of Development Effectiveness annual
program of evaluations.
AusAID response: Agreed
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5.
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The ANAO recommends that, in order to strengthen external
reporting and help steer agency direction, AusAID develop additional PBS
performance indicators to provide a more balanced set of measures that
address a broader range of critical aspects of agency performance.
AusAID response: Agreed
Finance response: Supported
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6.
|
The ANAO recommends that, to improve transparency and
accountability for aid program expenditure, AusAID:
·
obtain clarification from the Department of Finance and
Deregulation on its use of administered expenses for departmental purposes;
and
·
if the current approach to classifying administered expenses is
to be continued, disclose, in its annual report, details of the program, role
and cost of APS and locally engaged staff funded from the administered
appropriation, as well as travel, accommodation, information technology and
other administration costs paid for from this source.
AusAID response: Agreed
Finance response: Supported
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The Committee’s review
5.13
The Committee held a public hearing on Wednesday 17 March 2010, with the
following witnesses:
- Australian National
Audit Office (ANAO); and
- The Australian Agency
for International Development (AusAID).
5.14
The Committee took evidence on the following issues:
- local staff;
- staff turnover;
- country strategies;
- non-monitored
activities;
- multi-year
programming framework;
- publication of
reports;
- departmental and
administered expenditure; and
- microfinance.
Local staff
5.15
The ANAO commended AusAID on the employment of increasing numbers of
local staff. However, the ANAO found that very few local staff are in
management positions. The ANAO recommended management responsibilities for
local staff, including in relation to management of APS personnel be increased.[12]
The Committee asked AusAID what steps are being taken to implement this
recommendation.
5.16
AusAID confirmed that local staff are being employed in broader and more
senior roles and quoted the example of the Philippines where ‘more than half of
the staff at the portfolio manager level – the equivalent in the Public Service
to an EL1 – are locally engaged staff’.[13] Numbers of local staff
in management roles, including managing APS staff, are also increasing in
Jakarta and Port Moresby.[14]
5.17
AusAID cautioned that, unlike other multilateral agencies such as the
United Nations, the agency operates under the Financial Management
Accountability Act and the Public Service Act and must observe the
delegations and limits of the delegations of those Acts. AusAID are still
examining:
... how we can most effectively put senior level staff from
other countries into the program in-country and give them meaningful senior management
roles rather than ones that do not really operate because of limitations on
their ability to approve financial spending or to make decisions and take
actions under the Public Service Act delegations.[15]
5.18
The Committee asked if AusAID had encountered any problems with regard
to the recruitment and retention of local staff. AusAID explained that the
local labour market varies considerably across the Pacific and Asian region
with large Asian cities providing a deeper and broader market and a better educated
workforce.[16] AusAID added that the
agency must be mindful of depleting the local labour force:
If too many of the donors take the good staff that actually
deprives the local government of capacity. In fact a lot of the local staff I
have talked to about what they want to do when they finish with AusAID – to go
into their government and take with them the skills they have developed with
us. We think that is a good path for them to take.[17]
Staff turnover
5.19
The ANAO found staff turnover within AusAID remains high and highlighted
that this problem has continued for over two decades and that over 2008 ‘only
one in two APS staff remained in their position’.[18]
The ANAO expressed concern that the doubling of the aid program between 2008-09
and 2015-16 will exacerbate the problem and increase already high staff
workloads and stress levels.[19]
5.20
The Committee asked AusAID what the drivers behind the staff turnover
are and what plans are in place to remedy the problem. AusAID emphasised that
the agency’s performance was equal to the Australian Public Service generally
with regard to staff separation rates[20] and wished to clarify
that the problem identified by the audit report related to staff churn, or
internal movement. AusAID explained that a reconfigured HR system is allowing
the agency to monitor and analyse internal staff movement more effectively.[21]
5.21
AusAID identified internal transfer at level as the most significant
driver, accounting for approximately two thirds of internal staff churn.[22]
The doubling of overseas postings in the last four years has also contributed
to the problem as has internal promotions.[23] AusAID told the
Committee that to alleviate staff churn a draft workforce plan has been
developed and implemented that encourages staff to stay in their positions for
at least two years.[24]
5.22
The Committee queried the lack of a contractual provision requiring
staff to remain at a post for a set time. With regard to overseas postings,
AusAID clarified that staff are expected to serve for two years with a possible
extension for a third year.[25] However, for Canberra
positions AusAID would prefer to encourage change through a clearly defined
corporate policy and maintained that implementation of the policy late last
year is already showing results:
We started to put some messages out around this during the
later part of last year, and from quarter one to quarter two we had a drop of
over 35 per cent in internal transfers at level.[26]
5.23
The Committee acknowledges that AusAID is taking positive steps to
combat the effects of staff churn on the agency but is concerned at the
persistence of the problem. The Committee therefore recommends that AusAID
report back to the JCPAA within twelve months of the tabling of this report on
the effectiveness of the draft workplace plan in alleviating staff churn,
quantifying any changes.
Recommendation 2 |
|
The Committee recommends that the Australian Agency for
International Development (AusAID) report back to the Joint Committee of
Public Accounts and Audit within twelve months of the tabling of this report on
the effectiveness of the draft workforce plan in alleviating staff churn,
quantifying any changes. |
Country strategies
5.24
The ANAO identified a number of weaknesses in the selection of country
aid programs and recommended that country and regional strategies be improved
to assist allocation decision making.[27] The Committee noted
that, in its response to this recommendation, AusAID said that the report
over-emphasised the role of country strategies in aid selectivity and asked if
this indicated a substantial difference in strategy perspective between AusAID
and the Audit Office.
5.25
To the contrary, AusAID maintained that it did not disagree with the
recommendation and that it has put in place processes to ensure that, by the
end of 2010, all country programs will have completed country strategies in
place.[28] AusAID explained that
the qualification in the response to the recommendation was intended to clarify
the point that, while the audit focused on country strategy delivery, there are
parts of the aid program that fall outside the country programs and concentrate
on multilateral or global issues:
... it was to make the point that, yes, country strategies do
play the central role in the delivery of the country program, if it is a
program, for example, on a thematic or issues basis or through multilaterals.
That was not brought into the ambit of the audit. It was also, I think, to make
the point that, while the country strategy is central to the delivery of a
country program, there still needs to be flexibility in terms of changes over
time, events in partner countries. It was also to make the point around not the
limitations but the boundaries around multi-year commitments that we could make
in terms of country programs, that in fact there was still the annual
appropriation process and that, while it was possible to give indicative
allocations, it needed to be kept in mind.[29]
5.26
The ANAO noted that annual performance reporting is a useful tool for
country program managers to monitor the relationship between country level
objectives and aid activities.[30] The ANAO maintain that,
over time this information could:
... lead to establishment of more realistic objectives for
Australian aid, and support stronger linkages between country strategies, aid
investments and performance assessment.’[31]M
5.27
However, the ANAO found that annual performance reporting is not being
used to develop scaling up proposals or identify where additional resources are
needed. The ANAO suggested that AusAID could make better use of annual
performance audits to achieve aid objectives and drive country program
coherence.[32] The Committee asked
AusAID if any steps had been taken to implement this suggestion.
5.28
AusAID informed the Committee that new guidelines and procedures had
been put in place to ensure greater use is made of the information from annual
performance audits:
New guidance has been prepared to ensure that management
consequences identified in the annual program performance reports are more
clearly directed towards improved program planning. The Operation Policy and
Support Branch of AusAID has a performance auditing role by analysing the
annual program performance reports, making operational recommendations that
include scaling up options, and providing these to programs and the AusAID
executive for review.[33]
Non-monitored activities
5.29
In 2001-02 the ANAO recommended that AusAID collect performance
information on non-monitored activities.[34] These are activities
that are valued at less than $3 million and account for approximately 15 per
cent of the total of aid program funds.[35] The ANAO suggested that
performance information on these programs would help to alleviate the problem
of activity proliferation[36] by understanding the
underlying drivers of this problem.[37]
5.30
The Committee asked AusAID why this recommendation had not been
implemented and whether or not performance information on these smaller
activities is being collected and analysed. AusAID informed the Committee that
the agency has been concentrating on redesigning the performance and monitoring
systems for activities over $3 million.[38] However, AusAID
recognises the value of collecting such information and is currently implementing
a process to collect and assess the information from a selection of projects:
... work is starting on a sample of non-monitored and
monitored programs looking specifically at how they perform and why they
continue to be delivered in their current form. This work will look at all
aspects of the program and examine the process for decision making about
activity selection and design, how the program is managed, where operational
decisions are made, and what development impact they are having. This analysis
is expected to be completed by September 2010.[39]
Multi-year programming framework
5.31
The ANAO found that, until recently, Australia did not have a multi-year
programming framework in place that would provide certainty for its partner
countries regarding aid flow and assist with forward planning.[40]
The Committee sort assurance that the increase in the aid budget will enable
AusAID to undertake long-term planning and guarantee financial and resource
commitments.
5.32
AusAID confirmed the improvements to multi-year programming and cited
the implementation of the Pacific Partnerships for Development model which is
‘about increasing the coordination and cohesiveness of the aid effort within a
country in partnership with that country, including greater certainty around
resourcing’.[41]
Publication of reports
5.33
The ANAO noted the importance of publishing evaluations and reports for
improving transparency and accountability and found that AusAID had fallen
behind in this regard.[42] The Committee reiterated
the importance of regular public reporting particularly as a means of
monitoring performance and asked AusAID what measures it has put in place to
address this issue.
5.34
AusAID assured the Committee that it has taken a number of steps to
improve its publication record and bring the process up to date:
We are certainly up to date in terms of the annual program
performance reports. The Office of Development Effectiveness will be publishing
a list of forthcoming evaluations. We are looking at bringing forward the timing
of our annual program performance reports to make sure that they are available
publicly earlier than they have been to date.[43]
Departmental and administered expenditure
5.35
The ANAO found that in recent years there has been some blurring of the
classification of departmental and administered expenditure by AusAID resulting
in an increase in the number of agency staff funded from administered funds.[44]
The ANAO noted that this can result in a lack of transparency and
accountability and recommended that AusAID seek clarification from the
Department of Finance and Deregulation on its use of administered expenses for
departmental purposes.
5.36
The Committee expressed concern over this development and asked AusAID
if the recommendation has been implemented. AusAID told the Committee that it
had sought clarification from the Department of Finance and Deregulation and
that the two Departments have recently ‘agreed a framework for new draft
guidelines specifically for AusAID on the classification of administered and
departmental expenses’.[45] It is expected that
these guidelines will be finalised and implemented in the 2010-11 financial
year.[46]
5.37
The ANAO also recommended that, if AusAID is going to continue with its
current approach to classifying administered expenses, the agency should take
steps to provide greater details of these expenses in its annual report. In
light of the delay of implementation of the new guidelines until the 2010-11
financial year, the Committee asked AusAID if the agency would supply greater
detail of its administered expenses in the 2009-10 annual report.
5.38
AusAID assured the Committee that the agency:
... plans to provide information in its annual report for
2009-10 on the use of the aid budget for staff and associated costs who are
directly involved in delivering the aid program to ensure transparency in the
use of the aid budget.[47]
5.39
In the interests of transparency and accountability the Committee feels
that it is important that AusAID clarify the classification of administered and
departmental expenses and that this is accurately reflected in its annual
report. The Committee therefore recommends that AusAID report back to the JCPAA
within twelve months of the tabling of this report on the development and
implementation of guidelines on the classification of administered and
departmental expenses.
Recommendation 3 |
|
The Committee recommends that the Australian Agency for
International Development (AusAID) report back to the Joint Committee of
Public Accounts and Audit within twelve months of the tabling of this report
on the development and implementation of guidelines on the classification of
administered and departmental expenses. |
Microfinance
5.40
Committee members are particularly interested in Australia’s
participation in microfinance programs and asked AusAID what percentage of the
aid program goes to microfinance programs and which countries are targeted.
AusAID replied that 0.34 per cent of official development assistance (ODA), or
$13 million, of the AusAID budget is spent on microfinance activities.[48]
This figure has increased from $9.4 million in 2007-08 and is expected to
increase further.[49] AusAID told the
Committee that countries targeted ‘broadly mirror the focus of the Australian
aid program’:
AusAID supports regional and country specific programs. There
are regional microfinance programs in the Pacific, and programming is underway
to support a regional African microfinance program. In addition, specific countries
targeted for microfinance include: East Timor, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu,
Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Peru, Iraq, Afghanistan and Columbia.[50]
5.41
The Committee further asked what the repayment rate was like for these
microfinance programs and what criteria is used to make microfinance grants.
AusAID told the Committee that the ‘Australian government is not a
microfinance lender and does not provide loans and therefore does not have a
repayment rate’.[51] The agency went on to
explain how the Australian government facilitates microfinance programs:
However, it does support changes needed in finance sectors to
increase access to financial services such as savings and loans. Assistance is
provided based on country and regional needs, AusAID’s country and regional
strategies and the Financial Services for the Poor Strategy.[52]
Conclusion
5.42
The Committee is concerned that the increase in staff workload and
stress caused by the recent increase in the Australian aid program is going to
be exacerbated by the proposed doubling of the aid program by 2015-16. The
Committee acknowledges that AusAID has developed a draft workforce plan that
should alleviate some of these difficulties including workplace churn. The
Committee urges AusAID to implement this plan as soon as possible and ensure
that it achieves positive results for staff.
5.43
The Committee stresses the importance of regular public reporting on
performance to build public and parliamentary confidence in AusAID and the
delivery of Australia’s aid program and encourages the agency to continue to
improve its publication record.
5.44
The Committee is disturbed by the possible blurring of the
classification of departmental and administered expenditure and wants to see
clarification of this practice.