4 October 2018
PDF version [343KB]
Cathy
Madden, Deirdre McKeown, Politics and Public
Administration Section
Sue Johnson, Statistics and Mapping Section
Contents
Introduction
Constitutional and legislative basis
for payment
Remuneration Tribunal
Parliamentary base salary—a brief
history
1901–1973
Remuneration Tribunal
Reference Salary—under the PEO
Classification
2011–2016
2016–
Percentage increases in the base
salary from 1996
Increases in the parliamentary base
salary compared with average wages from 1968
Introduction
Senators and members receive an annual
allowance by way of basic salary—$207,100 from 1 July 2018.[1]
This research paper explains the legislative basis, fixing and linking
mechanisms for the allowance. Adjustments to the base salary since 1968 are
provided in Table 1 and Graph 1.
Constitutional and legislative basis for payment
Section 48 of the Constitution
provides for the payment of Members of Parliament:
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, each senator and
each member of the House of Representatives shall receive an allowance of four
hundred pounds a year, to be reckoned from the day on which he takes his seat.
Since 1901, the Parliament has enacted legislation to define
the parliamentary base salary for the purposes of Section 48 of the Constitution.
Subsection 14(2) of the Parliamentary
Business Resources Act 2017 (PBR Act) provides that remuneration
must include a determination of an annual allowance payable for the purposes of
section 48 of the Constitution known as base salary.[2]
Section 59 provides that salaries and allowances are to be paid out of the
Consolidated Revenue Fund.
Section 61 of the PBR Act allows the
Governor-General to make regulations necessary to give effect to the Act. The Parliamentary Business
Resources Regulations are now in force.
Remuneration Tribunal
The Remuneration
Tribunal is an independent statutory body established by the Remuneration
Tribunal Act 1973. The PBR Act allows the Tribunal to inquire
into and determine remuneration and allowances paid out of consolidated revenue
to senators and members.[3]
In 1974 Parliament disapproved the Tribunal’s determination increasing the base
salary to $20,000 per annum. Since that time the Parliament has also modified
determinations, postponed increases and enacted reduced allowances previously
determined by the Tribunal as an example of wage restraint.[4]
The commencement of the Remuneration and Other
Legislation Amendment Act 2011 restored the power of the Remuneration
Tribunal to determine parliamentary remuneration. The legislation also removed
the power of the Parliament to disallow parliamentary remuneration
determinations made by the Tribunal.
Parliamentary
base salary—a brief history
1901–1973
At the Constitutional Convention at Sydney in 1891, Sir
Samuel Griffith said:
One of the first things to be done by the parliament of the
commonwealth in its first session would be to settle the salaries of ministers,
and a great number of other matters of that kind. We have, therefore, given
them power to deal with this subject. We did not think it necessary to make
this in any sense a payment of members bill. We lay down, however, the
principle that they, are to receive an annual allowance for their services, and
we thought that it should start in the first instance at £500.[5]
At the Adelaide Convention, however, the draft constitution
bill debated specified an amount of £400 and this was the annual allowance
subsequently enacted in the Constitution.[6]
In 1907 parliamentarians made themselves liable to the
payment of State income taxes.[7]
Tax concessions for electorate expenses were allowed from 1925.[8]
In 1907 the Parliament also enacted the Parliamentary Allowances Act 1907,
raising the base salary from £400 to £600.
Between 1901 and the establishment of the Remuneration
Tribunal in 1973, Parliament adjusted allowances following decisions of
executive government or as the result of recommendations from committees of
inquiry.[9]
In 1971 Justice Kerr noted that during this time there was ‘no fixed pattern of
approach’ to the timing and method of reviewing base salaries—a process that
invariably attracted criticism.[10]
The Kerr Inquiry suggested the establishment of a ‘Salaries Tribunal ...
authorised by legislation to review salaries and report at regular stated
intervals.’
Kerr also wrote:
Nothing ... should prevent the Parliament or the Government
from rejecting recommendations or from taking action not in accordance with
what is recommended.[11]
Remuneration Tribunal
From its establishment in 1973, the Remuneration Tribunal,
using a range of evidence and indicators, determined the base salary with
reference to second division officers of the Commonwealth Public Service.[12]
Adjustments were then made by applying National Wage Case decisions. In 1979
the Government legislated to remove the Tribunal’s determination that these
adjustments be automatic.[13]
In 1987 the Tribunal convened a conference for interested
parties to examine parliamentarians’ base salary.[14]
An independent review was consequently conducted for the Tribunal in 1988. The
resulting report recommended increases based on work value and community pay
standards. The review strongly recommended that there be no linkage between the
base salary and Australian Public Service (APS) salaries.[15]
Increases determined by the Tribunal at that time were deferred.
With the Remuneration and
Allowances Act 1990, the Government removed the Tribunal’s power to
determine base salaries and allowed a phased increase to the allowance over
three years. The legislation also provided a link with Senior Executive Service
(SES) Band 1 salaries in the APS—in contrast to the recommendation in the 1988
review. Adjustments to the base salary were made by means of national wage case
decisions and, from 1992, agreements between the Government and public sector
unions.
Legislation enacted in 1994 ensured that the base salary was
equivalent to the minimum APS SES Band 2 salary level. The then Workplace Relations
Act 1996 enabled SES salaries to be set through individual Australian
Workplace Agreements (AWAs), thereby removing the standard against which the base
salary was determined. With the expiry of the final APS Enterprise Agreement at
the end of 1996, the mechanism by which adjustments were made to the base
salary ceased.
Legislative changes to the APS in 1999, among other matters,
amended the Remuneration and Allowances Act 1990 and the Remuneration
Tribunal Act 1973.
Reference salary—under the PEO Classification
In Report 1999/01 the Tribunal recommended that the base
salary be linked to a reference salary under the Principal Executive Office
(PEO) Classification Structure.[16]
The Government accepted this recommendation and introduced the Remuneration
and Allowances Regulations 2005 to create the link. The Regulations provided
for the reference salary to be 100 per cent of the rate determined by the
Remuneration Tribunal for Band A of the PEO Classification.
The Remuneration Tribunal’s amending Determination
2008/10 increased Reference Salary A in the PEO Classification by 4.3 per
cent to $132,530 from 1 July 2008. Consequently, for the purposes of the base
salary in 2008–09, the Remuneration and Allowances Regulations reduced
Reference Salary A by 4.3 per cent.
On 26 May 2008, the Rudd Government introduced the Remuneration
and Allowances Amendment Regulations 2008 (No. 1) amending the Remuneration
and Allowances Regulations 2005 to freeze the base salary at $127,060 per
annum. Rather than 100 per cent of Reference Salary A, Regulation 5 described
the percentage as:
Regulation
5 Remuneration and allowances of Senators and Members of the House of
Representatives
(2) For the financial year commencing on 1 July 2008, and for
each subsequent financial year:
(a) the percentage is the percentage of the reference salary
which, when applied to the reference salary, reduces the reference salary by
the amount (in whole dollars) by which the reference salary was increased by
the Remuneration Tribunal for the financial year commencing on 1 July 2008
For the purpose of calculating the base salary, Regulation 5
had the effect of reducing Reference Salary A in the PEO Classification by the
percentage necessary to arrive at the rate payable at 30 June 2008, that is,
$127,060.
On 20 June 2011 the Remuneration Tribunal released Determination 2011/11
Principal Executive Office (PEO) Classification Structure and Terms and
Conditions which set Reference Salary A at $146, 380. On the basis described
above, that is Reference Salary A less $5470, the parliamentary base salary
increased to $140,910 with effect from 1 July 2011.
Under the Remuneration
Tribunal Act 1973, the Tribunal had wide scope to consider factors when
reviewing the PEO Classification. The Tribunal indicated that these factors
included: key economic indicators; other specific indicators such as the Wage
Price Index; salary outcomes in the public (and to a lesser degree) private
sector; the principles of wage determination and decisions of the Australian
Industrial Relations Commission.[17]
2009–2016
In 2009 an Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) report, Administration
of parliamentarians’ entitlements by the Department of Finance and Deregulation,
highlighted shortcomings in the management of Members of Parliaments’ (MPs)
entitlements.[18]
In September 2009, in response to the ANAO report, the Government set up a
committee to review parliamentary entitlements, chaired by former senior public
servant, Barbara Belcher.
In 2011 the Government accepted the recommendation of the Report
of the committee for the review of parliamentary entitlements to
restore the power of the Remuneration Tribunal to determine parliamentary base
salary.[19]
The legislation, the Remuneration and other
Legislation Amendment Bill 2011, also removed the
power of the Parliament to disallow parliamentary remuneration determinations
made by the Tribunal. The Bill passed both Houses on 23 June 2011 and received
assent on 25 July 2011, commencing on 8 August 2011.
On 15 December 2011 the Remuneration Tribunal issued its
initial report on the work value assessment of parliamentary remuneration.[20] The Tribunal
also issued a Statement outlining its recommendations and next steps.[21] The main
recommendations included:
on the basis of a work assessment of parliamentarians, that
parliamentary base salary should be set at $185,000
On 13 March 2012 the Tribunal issued a Determination setting
the base salary of $185,000 for MPs to take effect from 15 March 2012.[22]
On 19 June 2012 the Tribunal issued Determination 2012/15:
Members of Parliament – Base salary, entitlements and related matters which
increased MPs’ base salary by 3 per cent to $190,550 from 1 July 2012.[23]
On 18 June 2013, the Tribunal issued Determination 2013/13:
Members of Parliament – Base salary, additional salary for Parliamentary office
holders and related matters which increased the base salary by 2.4 per cent to
$195,130 from 1 July 2013.[24]
In its 2014 Annual
review of Remuneration for Holders of Public Office, the Remuneration
Tribunal determined that there would be no annual adjustment to remuneration
for offices in its jurisdiction from 1 July 2014 for one year. This included
parliamentarians and office holders as well as other principal executive
offices.[25]
Determination 2014/10 Members of Parliament–base salary, additional salary
for parliamentary office holders, and related matters gave effect to
this decision.[26]
In May 2015 the Tribunal deferred the determining of an
annual adjustment until later in the year.[27]
On 9 December the Tribunal determined that all offices in its jurisdiction
would receive a 2.0 per cent increase, effective 1 January 2016.[28]
2016–
Following the 2016 review
of an independent parliamentary entitlements system the Government
commenced a major overhaul of the remuneration and entitlements framework.
The Independent
Parliamentary Expenses Authority Act 2017 established the Independent
Parliamentary Expenses Authority (IPEA) with effect from 1 July 2017. IPEA
has the role of advising, monitoring, reporting, auditing and processing
functions relating to the work expenses, travel expenses and travel allowances
of members of parliament, certain travel expenses of former members of
parliament and the travel expenses and travel allowances of staff employed
under the Members
of Parliament (Staff) Act 1984.
The Parliamentary
Business Resources Act 2017 (PBR Act) and the Parliamentary
Business Resources (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2017
(PBR (CTP) Act) received Royal Assent on 19 May 2017 and
commenced 1 January 2018. The PBR Act establishes the new
parliamentary work expenses framework. It is a principles-based framework to cover
parliamentarians' work expenses, requiring that the dominant purpose be
parliamentary business for any expense claimed and an overriding principle of
value-for-money for the Commonwealth.
The PBR Act and the PBR (CTP) Act replaced the
Parliamentary Entitlements Act 1990 and related legislation.
On 22 June 2017 the Remuneration Tribunal announced its
decision to increase remuneration by two per cent for public offices in its
jurisdiction, with effect from 1 July 2017. This included the base salary of MPs.
In its June 2017 Statement, 2017
Review of remuneration for holders of public office, the Remuneration
Tribunal stated that this ‘represents an increase of 1.6 per cent per annum
over the 18 months since the last general increase decided by the Tribunal,
effective from 1 January 2016’.[29]
Remuneration Tribunal Determination 2017/12
stated that the base salary of an MP would increase from $199,040 to $203,030
per annum from 1 July 2017.
On 23 June 2018 the Tribunal announced an increase of two
per cent for public offices in its jurisdiction, with effect from 1 July 2018.
The base salary of an MP increased to $207,100.[30]
Percentage increases in the base salary from 1996
Since 1996, the base salary has increased by the following
(in actual dollars):
-
7 March 1996—1.6 per cent
-
17 October 1996—1.2 per cent
-
7 December 1999—4.45 per cent, the first stage of a 9.95 per cent
two-stage increase
-
1 July 2000—5.5 per cent, the second stage of the 9.95 per cent
increase
-
1 July 2000—2.2 per cent by virtue of an adjustment to the PEO
Classification Structure
-
1 July 2001—3.9 per cent
-
1 July 2002—3.35 per cent
-
1 July 2003—4 per cent
-
1 July 2004—3.9 per cent
-
1 July 2005—4.1 per cent and
-
1 July 2006—7.01 per cent
-
1 July 2007—6.8 per cent
-
1 October 2009—3.1 per cent
-
1 August 2010—3.8 per cent
-
1 July 2011—3.6 per cent
-
15 March 2012—31.3 per cent
-
1 July 2012—3.0 per cent
-
1 July 2013—2.4 per cent
-
1 July 2014—0 per cent
-
1 January 2016—2.0 per cent
-
1 July 2017—2.0 per cent
-
1 July 2018—2.0 per cent
Increases in the parliamentary base salary compared with
average wages from 1968
During the 1980s the MPs’ base salary failed to keep up with
inflation resulting in a decline in value in real terms. This was in contrast
to the average which kept ahead of inflation and grew, in real terms, at an
annual average rate of 0.3 per cent.
As a result the base salary, which had been almost three
times the average wage in 1975, was only twice the average wage in 1991. During
the 1990s MPs were given increases to their base salary which allowed some
catch up with average wages. However, despite this by 2011 the base salary was
still only 2.2 times the average wage.
In March 2012 MPs received an increase to their base salary
of 31.3 per cent. This resulted in a significant increase in the value of the salary
relative to average wages. At 2.8 times the average annual wage it was at its
highest level in 37 years.
The freeze on MPs’ pay for a year (beginning 1 July 2014)
reduced the gap with average weekly earnings. There was no increase in MPs’
base salary in 2015. Since then, the ratio has fluctuated between 2.7 and 2.8.
Table 1: Base salary compared with average wages 1968–2018
|
|
Annual
allowance
($ per annum) |
Male
total average wages
($ per annum) (b) |
|
| Year |
Date of effect |
Current
prices |
Real
prices
(June 2018 dollars) (a) |
Current
prices |
Real
prices
(June 2018 dollars) (a) |
Ratio -
allowance to average wages |
| 1968 |
1.12.1968 |
9 500 |
116 685 |
3 525 |
41 530 |
2.7 |
| 1973 |
1.4.1973 |
14 500 |
143 728 |
5 256 |
49 975 |
2.8 |
| 1975 |
1.3.1975 |
20 000 |
147 712 |
6 987 |
49 501 |
2.9 |
| 1975 |
15.5.1975 |
20 720 |
148 187 |
7 597 |
52 120 |
2.7 |
| 1975 |
9.9.1975 |
20 000 |
142 138 |
7 659 |
52 219 |
2.6 |
| 1976 |
1.6.1976 |
21 250 |
135 664 |
8 739 |
53 518 |
2.4 |
| 1977 |
1.6.1977 |
24 369 |
137 000 |
9 656 |
52 077 |
2.5 |
| 1978 |
1.7.1978 |
25 692 |
133 788 |
10 637 |
53 134 |
2.4 |
| 1979 |
1.7.1979 |
26 720 |
127 939 |
11 606 |
53 311 |
2.3 |
| 1979 |
23.11.1979 |
27 575 |
125 140 |
12 091 |
52 638 |
2.3 |
| 1980 |
1.7.1980 |
28 816 |
124 283 |
13 139 |
54 363 |
2.2 |
| 1980 |
1.8.1980 |
30 026 |
129 501 |
13 139 |
54 363 |
2.3 |
| 1981 |
1.7.1981 |
36 000 |
143 239 |
14 771 |
56 380 |
2.4 |
| 1981 |
1.7.1981 |
33 013 |
131 355 |
14 771 |
56 380 |
2.2 |
| 1982 |
1.7.1982 |
36 000 |
129 143 |
17 201 |
59 193 |
2.1 |
| 1982 |
1.10.1982 |
38 500 |
133 451 |
17 602 |
58 531 |
2.2 |
| 1983 |
6.10.1983 |
40 156 |
127 461 |
18 875 |
57 472 |
2.1 |
| 1984 |
1.5.1984 |
41 802 |
130 127 |
20 011 |
59 758 |
2.1 |
| 1985 |
1.7.1985 |
42 889 |
124 909 |
21 018 |
58 719 |
2.0 |
| 1986 |
1.7.1986 |
45 543 |
122 241 |
22 796 |
58 695 |
2.0 |
| 1986 |
10.3.1987 |
46 065 |
114 908 |
23 176 |
55 459 |
2.0 |
| 1987 |
1.7.1987 |
47 815 |
117 459 |
23 828 |
56 151 |
2.0 |
| 1988 |
1.7.1988 |
49 180 |
112 725 |
25 350 |
55 740 |
1.9 |
| 1989 |
1.1.1989 |
55 000 |
121 387 |
27 483 |
58 187 |
2.0 |
| 1989 |
16.11.1989 |
55 000 |
112 591 |
28 156 |
55 291 |
2.0 |
| 1990 |
1.7.1990 |
58 300 |
115 375 |
29 339 |
55 698 |
2.0 |
| 1991 |
1.1.1991 |
61 798 |
118 359 |
30 533 |
56 098 |
2.0 |
| 1991 |
1.7.1991 |
64 768 |
124 047 |
30 001 |
55 121 |
2.2 |
| 1991 |
15.8.1991 |
66 387 |
126 505 |
30 001 |
54 842 |
2.2 |
| 1992 |
17.12.1992 |
67 715 |
127 318 |
31 258 |
56 379 |
2.2 |
| 1993 |
11.3.1993 |
68 663 |
128 035 |
31 868 |
57 005 |
2.2 |
| 1994 |
1.1.1994 |
68 663 |
126 780 |
32 619 |
57 776 |
2.1 |
| 1994 |
10.3.1994 |
69 693 |
128 054 |
32 619 |
57 494 |
2.1 |
| 1994 |
15.12.1994 |
74 460 |
133 981 |
33 620 |
58 032 |
2.2 |
| 1995 |
12.1.1995 |
75 949 |
136 660 |
33 990 |
58 671 |
2.2 |
| 1995 |
6.4.1995 |
77 438 |
137 155 |
34 115 |
57 964 |
2.3 |
| 1995 |
13.7.1995 |
78 987 |
137 953 |
34 240 |
57 367 |
2.3 |
| 1996 |
7.3.1996 |
80 251 |
136 984 |
34 949 |
57 228 |
2.3 |
| 1996 |
17.10.1996 |
81 856 |
138 262 |
35 507 |
57 534 |
2.3 |
| 1999 |
7.12.1999 |
85 500 |
139 819 |
38 657 |
60 642 |
2.2 |
| 2000 |
1.7.2000 |
92 000 |
148 091 |
39 522 |
61 028 |
2.3 |
| 2001 |
1.7.2001 |
95 600 |
145 004 |
41 034 |
59 706 |
2.3 |
| 2002 |
1.7.2002 |
98 800 |
145 749 |
42 963 |
60 799 |
2.3 |
| 2003 |
1.7.2003 |
102 760 |
147 734 |
45 310 |
62 488 |
2.3 |
| 2004 |
1.7.2004 |
106 770 |
149 690 |
46 248 |
62 200 |
2.3 |
| 2005 |
1.7.2005 |
111 150 |
152 058 |
48 907 |
64 183 |
2.3 |
| 2006 |
1.7.2006 |
118 950 |
156 477 |
51 045 |
64 415 |
2.3 |
| 2007 |
1.7.2007 |
127 060 |
163 715 |
53 861 |
66 573 |
2.4 |
| 2008 |
1.7.2008 |
127 060 |
156 744 |
55 738 |
65 960 |
2.3 |
| 2009 |
1.10.2009 |
131 040 |
159 392 |
60 623 |
70 738 |
2.2 |
| 2010 |
1.8.2010 |
136 040 |
160 465 |
61 702 |
69 818 |
2.2 |
| 2011 |
1.7.2011 |
140 910 |
160 512 |
64 471 |
70 450 |
2.2 |
| 2012 |
15.3.2012 |
185 000 |
209 259 |
66 995 |
72 695 |
2.8 |
| 2012 |
1.7.2012 |
190 550 |
214 464 |
67 000 |
72 339 |
2.8 |
| 2013 |
1.7.2013 |
195 130 |
214 491 |
70 754 |
74 608 |
2.8 |
| 2014 |
1.7.2014 |
195 130 |
208 212 |
71 171 |
72 851 |
2.7 |
| 2016 |
1.1.2016 |
199 040 |
207 486 |
71 693 |
71 693 |
2.8 |
| 2017 |
1.7.2017 |
203 030 |
207 248 |
73 882 |
75 417 |
2.7 |
| 2018 |
1.7.2018 |
207 100 |
207 100 |
74 456 |
74 456 |
2.8 |
| Average annual growth rate (c) |
|
|
|
|
|
| 1968 to 2018 |
6.4 |
1.2 |
6.3 |
1.2 |
|
| 1968 to 1980 |
11.7 |
0.6 |
14.1 |
2.7 |
|
| 1980 to 1990 |
6.7 |
-1.0 |
7.9 |
0.2 |
|
| 1990 to 2000 |
5.3 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
1.0 |
|
| 2000 to 2010 |
4.0 |
0.8 |
4.6 |
1.4 |
|
| 2013 to 2018 |
1.2 |
-0.7 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
|
(a) adjusted for
inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI) to June 2018 prices
(b) average
weekly wages annualised
(c) wages growth
to Nov 2017 and MPs allowance to July 2018
Sources:
Data on MP's
allowance from Commonwealth Acts and Remuneration Tribunal Reports and
Determinations.
Average wages
and deflators from ABS, Consumer price index, Australia, June
2018, cat. no. 6401.0 (Table 1).
Average
weekly earnings, Australia, Nov 2017, cat. no. 6302.0 (Table 10C).
Real values
calculated by the Parliamentary Library
Graph 1: Base salary for members of parliament and
average weekly wages index—real terms
Graph 1 provides data until
July 2018, but the axis labels are set to show every two years from Dec 1968
Table 1, Graph 1 and
commentary on the comparison of MPs’ base salary and real wages by Sue Johnson,
Statistics and Mapping Section.
[1]. The
choice of phrase to describe the allowance payable under Section 48 of the Constitution
is a difficult one. ‘Basic salary’ is commonly used in an informal sense and
serves to distinguish it from salaries paid to ministers and office-holders. The
authors have chosen to use ‘parliamentary base salary’. Federal
parliamentarians are also entitled to other benefits and allowances described
in legislation. For the previous entitlements framework see C Madden and D
McKeown, Parliamentary
remuneration and entitlements: 2016 update, Research paper series
2015–16, Parliamentary Library, 2016. For the current framework see C Madden
and D McKeown, 2018
Parliamentary remuneration and business resources: a quick
guide, Research paper series 2018–19, Parliamentary
Library, 2018. All hyperlinks correct as at 4 September 2018.
[2]. Parliamentary
Business Resources Act 2017.
[3]. Parliamentary
Business Resources Act 2017, section 45.
[4]. Remuneration
Tribunal, 1982 Review, The Tribunal, Canberra, 1982, pp. 18–21 and Report
1999/01, The Tribunal, 1999, pp. 1–5.
[5]. S
Griffith, Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates,
Sydney, 2 April 1891, p. 654.
[6]. Official
Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, First Session,
Adelaide, 22nd March to 23rd April 1897, pp. 1032–34.
[7]. Commonwealth Salaries Act
1907, Act no 7 of 1907.
[8]. E Page,
House of Representatives,
Debates, 4 June 1947, p. 3355. An Electorate Expense Allowance,
not subject to income taxation, was paid from 1952.
[9]. Including:
Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Salaries and Allowances of Members
of the National Parliament (Nicholas Report), 1952; Report of the Committee of
Enquiry into the Salaries and Allowances of Members of the Commonwealth
Parliament (Richardson Report), 1955; Report of the Committee of Enquiry into
the Salaries and Allowances of Members of the Commonwealth Parliament
(Richardson Report), 1959; Salaries and Allowances of Members of the Parliament
of the Commonwealth: A Report of Inquiry by Mr Justice Kerr, (Kerr Report),
1971.
[10]. Mr Justice
Kerr, ibid., p. 12.
[11]. Ibid., p.
16.
[12]. With the
enactment of the Public
Service Reform Act 1984, the Second Division of the Commonwealth Public
Service was replaced by the SES. See Public Service Reform Bill 1984, Bills Digest,
72, 1984, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, p. 2.
[13]. Remuneration
and Allowances Act 1979.
[14]. Remuneration
Tribunal, 1987 Review, pp. 5–12.
[15]. Cullen Egan
Dell, Report on the pay and allowances for members of parliament: prepared
for the Remuneration Tribunal, 1988, pp. 18–19.
[16]. The PEO
classification structure provides a framework for the negotiation of the terms
and conditions of PEO employment.
[17]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Explanatory
Memorandum: Determination 2004/15 – Principal Executive Office (PEO)
Classification Structure Terms and Conditions. WPI is a product of the
Australian Bureau of Statistics. The Tribunal’s Report 1999/01
highlights some of the factors given consideration by the Tribunal during
earlier deliberations.
[18]. Australian
National Audit Office (ANAO), Administration
of parliamentarians’ entitlements by the Department of Finance and Deregulation,
ANAO, 2009.
[19]. Report
of the Committee for the Review of Parliamentary Entitlements (the
Belcher review), April 2010, p. 12.
[20]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Review
of the Remuneration of Members of Parliament: Initial report, 15 December
2011.
[21]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Reports,
Members of Parliament, Secretaries of Departments, Specified Statutory Offices,
Statement, 15 December 2011.
[22]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Determination 2012/02: Members of Parliament—Base
salary and related matters, 12 March 2012.
[23]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Determination 2012/15: Members of
Parliament—Base salary, entitlements and related matters, 19 June 2012.
[24]. Remuneration
Tribunal, Determination 2013/13: Members of Parliament – Base
salary, additional salary for Parliamentary office holders and related matters,
18 June 2013, accessed 13 August 2018; Remuneration Tribunal, Determination
2013/13 Members
of Parliament – Salary statement of reasons, June 2013.
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