Definition of terms

[1]        Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses 2013, p. 7.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, No. 93, 27 March 2018, pp. 2949−2951.

Chapter 2 - Stillbirth in Australia—an overview

[1]        Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, p. 4.

[2]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 4.

[3]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 4.

[4]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 4.

[5]        World Health Organisation (WHO), Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/ (accessed 27 September 2018).     

[6]        WHO, Global Health Observatory data repository, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.GSWCAH06v (accessed 24 July 2018).

[7]        I Ibiebele, M Coory, FM Boyle, et al, 'Stillbirth Rates Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Women in Queensland, Australia: Is the Gap Closing?', British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 122, no. 11, August 2014, p. 1476, https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1471-0528.13047 (accessed 19 September 2018).

[8]        H Reinebrant, 'Stillbirth is Not Just Stillbirth: More Information is Needed', The University of Queensland, 4 December 2017, https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2017/12/stillbirth-not-just-stillbirth-more-information-needed (accessed 19 September 2018).

[9]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 4.

[10]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), National Health Data Dictionary, version 16.2, 2015, p. 541.

[11]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 3.

[12]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 4.

[13]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, May 2018, p. 23, https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/78784f2e-2f61-47ea-9908-84b34441ae0a/aihw-per-94.pdf.aspx?inline=true (accessed 19 September 2018).

[14]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 12.

[15]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 10.

[16]      Stillbirth Foundation Australia, https://stillbirthfoundation.org.au/cause-of-stillbirth/ (accessed 18 September 2018).

[17]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 37.

[18]      SH Leisher, JE Lawn, MV Kinney, et al, 'Stillbirths: Investment in Ending Preventable Stillbirths by 2030 will Yield Multiple Returns and Help Achieve Multiple Sustainable Development Goals', Brief for GSDR, 2016, p. 2, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/975137_Leisher%20et%20al._Stillbirths-Investment%20in%20ending%20preventable%20stillbirths%20by%202030%20will%20yield%20multiple%20returns%20and%20help%20achieve%20multiple%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals.pdf (accessed 12 November 2018); V Flenady, L Koopmans, P Middleton, et al, 'Major Risk Factors for Stillbirth in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 377, 16 April 2011, pp. 1331−1340.

[19]      V Flenady, AM Wojcieszek, P Middleton, et al, 'Stillbirths: Recall to Action in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10019, 13 February 2016, p. 691, https://www.thelancet.
com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01020-X/fulltext (accessed 12 November 2018).

[20]      V Flenady, P Middleton, GC Smith, et al, 'Stillbirths: The Way Forward in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9778, 14 April 2011, p. 1703, https://www.thelancet.
com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60064-0/fulltext (accessed 12 November 2018).

[21]      RANZCOG, Submission 17, [p. 3].

[22]      Professor Claire Roberts,  Deputy Director, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 26; Flenady, Koopmans, Middleton, et al, 'Major Risk Factors for Stillbirth in High-Income Countries', p. 1332.

[23]      Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council (AHMAC), Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 1, Department of Health, 2018, additional information received 19 October 2018, p. 22.

[24]      AHMAC, Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, p. 22.

[25]      JA Patterson, JB Ford, JM Morris, et al,' Trends and Recurrence of Stillbirths in NSW', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 8, no. 20, 2014, p. 388, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1753-6405.12179 (accessed 11 October 2018).

[26]      Vasa praevia is a rare but potentially serious condition in which blood vessels carrying blood between the placenta and the baby cross over the cervix. These vessels may bleed if the woman goes into labour, if the waters break, or if the cervix opens. See RANZCOG, Vasa Praevia, 2016, p. 3, https://www.ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Vasa-praevia-(C-Obs-47)-Review-July-2016_3.pdf?ext=.pdf (accessed 12 November 2018).

[27]      Flenady, Middleton, Smith, et al, 'Stillbirths: The Way Forward in High-Income Countries', pp. 1703−1717.

[28]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 20.

[29]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 4].

[30]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 34.

[31]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 6]. See Chapter 6 for further discussion of the quality of care in rural and remote communities.

[32]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 12.

[33]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 12.

[34]      Ibiebele, Coory, Boyle, et al, 'Stillbirth Rates Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Women in Queensland, Australia', p. 1482.

[35]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 20.

[36]      AIHW 2018 supplementary tables for perinatal deaths 2013−14, Tables A24 and A35, cited in National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 6].

[37]      AIHW data cited in National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 6].

[38]      Ibiebele, Coory, Boyle, et al, 'Stillbirth Rates Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Women in Queensland, Australia', pp. 1479 and 1482.

[39]      The Hon. Ken Wyatt, MP, Minister for Indigenous Health, 'Rapid response tests underway, aiming to halt syphilis spread', Media release, 8 August 2018, http://www.health.gov.au/
internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/6CD2648BEBB4D34DCA2582E200780FF8/$File/KW113.pdf (accessed 26 September 2018).

[40]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 13.

[41]      Multicultural Centre for Women’s Health, Submission 70, p. 2.

[42]      Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Perinatal Services: Final Report, Family and Community Development Committee, June 2018, p. 325.

Chapter 3 - Quantifying the impacts of stillbirth

[1]        Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, p. 14.

[2]        KJ Gold, A Sen and X Xu, 'Hospital Costs Associated with Stillbirth Delivery', Maternal & Child Health Journal, vol. 17, no. 10, 2012, pp. 1835−1841, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233931011_Hospital_Costs_Associated_with_Stillbirth_Delivery (accessed 14 October 2018); Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 14.

[3]        Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 66, p. 6.

[4]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 8.

[5]        PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC), The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, 2016, p.12, https://stillbirthfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Economic-Impacts-of-Stillbirth-2016-PwC.pdf (accessed 27 September 2018).

[6]        PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, p. iv. Costs are based on the 12-month period post-loss. They compare the additional costs of stillbirths with no stillbirths. Direct costs are primarily associated with the need for additional health care at the time of stillbirth, after the initial loss and in the case of a subsequent pregnancy. Indirect costs refer to those not directly associated with the stillbirth event including funeral costs, lost productivity associated with absenteeism and workers exiting the labour force, divorce, associated government subsidies and financial impacts on family members. Intangible costs may be associated with mental well-being, personal relationships, relationships with others, other children and financial loss.

[7]        PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, p. iii.

[8]        The study used the concept of 'value of statistical life year', which assumes a young adult to have at least 40 years of life ahead. See PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, pp. 15−16.

[9]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 15.

[10]      Research Australia, Submission 41, p. 12.

[11]      Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Submission 36, [p. 7].

[12]      Name withheld, Submission 145, p. 3.

[13]      Professor Gita Mishra, Director, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 31.

[14]      See for example, Ms Robyn Wilson, Submission 195, [pp. 4−5]; Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 69, p. 14; Ms Julia Whitty, Submission 194, [pp. 3−4]; Ms Fiona Goss, Submission 185, [p. 2].

[15]      Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), answers to questions on notice, 6 September 2018 (received 18 October 2018).

[16]      Victorian Perinatal Autopsy Service, answers to questions on notice, 7 September 2018 (received 5 October 2018).

[17]      Dr Diane Payton, Chair, Paediatric Advisory Committee, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, pp. 39−40.

[18]      Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), Submission 46, p. 2. The Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) is a listing of Medicare services subsidised by the Australian government as part of the Medicare Benefits Scheme under the Health Insurance Act 1973; see Department of Health, Medicare Benefits Schedule Book, Category 6, Operating from 1 May 2018, p. 59, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/mbsonline/publishing.nsf/Content/42A5C19503D6BE07CA25826C0009105B/$File/201805-Cat6.pdf (accessed 20 November 2018).

[19]      Professor Hamish S Scott and Associate Professor Christopher Barnett, Submission 54, [p. 2]. See Chapter 4 for further discussion about MBS funding for stillbirth autopsy.

[20]      Sections 277 and 277A, Paid Parental Leave Act 2010; Department of Human Services, Dad and Partner Pay, https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/services/centrelink/dad-and-partner-pay (accessed 14 October 2018).

[21]      Stillborn Baby Payment, https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/services/centrelink/stillborn-baby-payment (all accessed 28 September 2018).

[22]      Elizabeth Luxford and Nathan Barker, Submission 202, [p. 2].

[23]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 6]. See Chapter 6 for further discussion of the quality of maternity care in rural and remote communities.

[24]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5.

[25]      B Ogwulu Chidubern, LJ Jackson, AEP Heazell, et al, 'Exploring the Intangible Economic Costs of Stillbirth', BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 15, no. 188, 2016, p. 2.

[26]      PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, p. iii.

[27]      PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, p. iii.

[28]      Chidubern, Jackson, Heazell, et al, 'Exploring the Intangible Economic Costs of Stillbirth', p. 1.

[29]      Ms Wilson, Submission 195, [p. 5].

[30]      Ms Victoria Bowring, Chief Executive Officer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 17.

[31]      Mrs Clare Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 9.

[32]      Ms Natasha Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 9.

[33]      Ms Gillian Graham-Crowe, Submission 4, p. 6.

[34]      Ms Oi-Lai Leong, Submission 147, p. 6.

[35]      College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Submission 39, [p. 2].

[36]      Ms Graham-Crowe, Submission 4, p. 7.

[37]      Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 17.

[38]      Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Perinatal Services: Final Report, Family and Community Development Committee, June 2018, p. 221.

[39]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 26.

[40]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 14.

[41]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 14. The figure was based on Treasury's GDP formula.

[42]      PwC, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, p. 12. The study estimated the projected additional costs of stillbirth compared to no stillbirth.

[43]      Community and Public Sector Union New South Wales (CPSU NSW), answers to questions on notice, 14 September 2018, p. 6 (received 14 September 2018).

[44]      'Leave', Fair Work Ombudsman, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave (accessed 22 October 2018).

[45]      'Paid parental leave', FairWork Ombudsman, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/maternity-andparental-leave/paid-parental-leave (accessed 21 November 2018); Fair Work Act 2009, section 22. Section 4 of the Family Law Act 1975 defines the meaning of 'child' to include a stillborn child. A summary of special parental leave provisions in selected Enterprise Agreements and Awards across Australia is provided in Appendix 3.

[46]      'Compassionate and bereavement leave', Fair Work Ombudsman, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/compassionate-and-bereavement-leave (accessed 21 November 2018); 'Maternity and parental leave', FairWork Ombudsman, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/maternity-and-parental-leave/pregnant-employee-entitlements (accessed 20 September 2018).

[47]      Fair Work Act 2009, section 80, http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgibin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fwa2009114/s80.html (accessed 21 November 2018).

[48]      'Appling for parental leave', FairWork Ombudsman, https://www.fairwork.gov.au/leave/maternity-and-parental-leave/applying-for-parental-leave (accessed 21 November 2018).

[49]      Fair Work Act 2009, sections 60 and 741−748.

[50]      Australian government, Paid Parental Leave Guide, 2.1.1 Eligibility differences between PLP & DAPP, http://guides.dss.gov.au/paid-parental-leave-guide/2/1/1 (accessed 22 October 2018).

[51]      Community and Public Sector Union New South Wales (CPSU NSW), answers to questions on notice, 8 August 2018 (received 14 September 2018); also see Mr Andrew McBride, Submission 102, p. 3; Fair Work Act 2009, section 77A, http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fwa2009114/s77a.html (accessed 21 November 2018).

[52]      Mr Troy Wright, Branch Assistant Secretary, CPSU NSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 57.

[53]      CPSU NSW, Submission 68, [p. 5].

[54]      See for example, Britt Jacobsen and Samuel Haldane, Submission 82, [p. 4]; Mrs Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 9; Mrs Megan Warren, Submission 151, [p. 5].

[55]      Tim and Leanne Smith, Submission 77, [p. 5].

[56]      Mrs Jackie Barreau, Submission 215, [p. 3].

[57]      Mrs Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 9.

[58]      Ms Lisa Martin, Submission 176, [p. 1].

[59]      See for example, Mrs Clare Rannard, Submission 179; Tim and Leanne Smith, Submission 77; Flinders University, Submission 28.

[60]      Nick and Elena Xerakias, Submission 193, [p. 5].

[61]      Ms Naomi Herron, Submission 204, [p. 1].

[62]      Sands Australia, Submission 59, p. [11].

[63]      Ms Jana Hall, Submission 216, [p. 1].

[64]      Mr McBride, Submission 102, p. 2.

[65]      Mr McBride, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 2.

[66]      Mr McBride, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 6.

[67]      Mr McBride, Submission 102, p. 3.

[68]      Annette Kacela and Christopher Lobo, Submission 232, [pp. 2−3].

[69]      Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, Submission 21, p. 6.

[70]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 15.

[71]      Name withheld, Submission 145, p. 5.

[72]      Victoria Bowring, 'Paid parental leave should include the parents of stillborn children', Huffington Post, 15 October 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/victoria-bowring/paid-parental-leave-should-include-the-parents-of-stillborn-children_a_23241984/ (accessed 27 September 2018). Stillbirth Foundation Australia hosts a register of companies that publicly support this initiative and have updated their corporate policies accordingly. See Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Corporate Register, http://stillbirthfoundation.org.au/corporate-register/ (accessed 28 September 2018).

[73]      Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, answers to questions on notice, 9 August 2018, p. 4 (received 14 August 2018); see also CPSU NSW, Submission 68, [p. 5].

Chapter 4

[1]        World Health Organisation (WHO), Making Every Baby Count: Audit and Review of Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths, http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/stillbirth-neonatal-death-review/en/ (accessed 11 October 2018).

[2]        Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council (AHMAC), Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 1, Department of Health, 2018, additional information received 19 October 2018, p. 23.

[3]        Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Stillbirths in Australia 1991−2009, Cat No PER 63, Canberra, 2014, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mothers-babies/stillbirths-in-australia-1991-2009/contents/table-of-contents; AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia: 2013−2014, Cat No PER 94, Canberra, 2018, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mothers-babies/perinatal-deaths-in-australia-2013-2014/contents/table-of-contents (all accessed 17 October 2018).

[4]        AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 1993−2012, Cat No PER 86, Canberra, 2016, https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/7cd62505-c674-4926-8035-b879c009f5e3/19440.pdf.aspx?inline=true (accessed 17 October 2018).

[5]        AIHW, 'Enhancing Maternity Data Collection and Reporting in Australia: National Maternity Data Development Project Stage 3 and 4', APO, 12 February 2018, http://apo.org.au/node/132336 (accessed 1 November 2018).

[6]        Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 6.

[7]        National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit (NPESU), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Submission 37, p. 7. The NPESU, established in 1979, was a formal collaborating unit of the AIHW until 2016.

[8]        NPESU, Submission 37, p. 8.

[9]        NPESU, Submission 37, p. 5.

[10]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia: 2013−2014.

[11]      Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Cat No 3303.0—Causes of Death, Australia, 2016.

[12]      AIHW, Stillbirths in Australia 1991−2009, p. 55.

[13]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Submission 26, p. 4.

[14]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 2.

[15]      AIHW, National Perinatal Mortality Data Reporting Project: Issues paper, October 2012—Foundations for Enhanced Maternity Data Collection and Reporting in Australia, National Maternity Data Development Project, Stage 1, 2014, p. 3.

[16]      Mr James Eynstone-Hinkins, Director, Health and Vital Statistics, ABS, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 51.

[17]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 6.

[18]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 3. Mandated items relating to the mother include demographic characteristics and factors relating to the pregnancy, labour and birth, and items relating to the baby include birth status, sex and birthweight.

[19]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 5. For the 2013−14 data collection period, these included body mass index of mother, maternal antenatal care visits, Indigenous status of baby and timing of stillbirth.

[20]      Dr Fadwa Al-Yaman, Group Head, Indigenous and Maternal Health Group, AIHW, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 54.

[21]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 5.

[22]      Associate Professor Georgina Chambers, Director, NPESU, Centre for Big Data Research in Health and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 30.

[23]      AIHW, National Perinatal Mortality Data Reporting Project: Issues paper, October 2012, p. 8.

[24]      Marie Stopes Australia, 'Late term abortions (20­−24 weeks) and the law', https://www.mariestopes.org.au/your-choices/abortion-laws-australia/ (accessed 24 July 2018). The Queensland government has recently passed legislation decriminalising pregnancy termination at up to 22 weeks' gestation. See Termination of Pregnancy Bill 2018 (Qld), https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/bill.first/bill-2018-089 (accessed 1 November 2018).

[25]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013–2014, p 12.

[26]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013–2014, p 11.

[27]      Mrs Ellana Iverach, Submission 89, [pp. 2−3].

[28]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 30.

[29]      Department of Health, Sustainable Development Goals, Indicator 3.2.2: Neonatal mortality rate, 17 July 2018, https://www.sdgdata.gov.au/goals/good-health-and-well-being/3.2.2 (accessed 11 October 2018).

[30]      AIHW, Stillbirths in Australia 1991−2009, p. 3.

[31]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 7.

[32]      JE Hirst JE, J Villar, CG Victora, et al, 'The Antepartum Stillbirth Syndrome: Risk Factors and Pregnancy Conditions Identified from the INTERGROWTH-21st Project', British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 125, 2018, p. 1150.

[33]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 5; NPESU, Submission 37, p. 5; Ms Natasha Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 10.

[34]      Stillbirth Foundation Australia, answers to questions on notice, 8 August 2018 (received 14 September 2018).

[35]      Stillbirth Foundation Australia, answers to questions on notice, 8 August 2018 (received 14 September 2018); Professor Claire Roberts, Deputy Director, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 26.

[36]      The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), Submission 17, [p. 4].

[37]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 7.

[38]      RANZCOG, Submission 17, [p. 4].

[39]      RANZCOG, Submission 17, [p. 4].

[40]      RANZCOG, Submission 17, [pp. 4−5].

[41]      Professor Euan Wallace, Carl Wood Professor and Head of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 26.

[42]      Dr Jane Warland, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 66.

[43]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 34; National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 2]. See Chapter 2 for a breakdown of the data for rural and remote communities.

[44]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 2].

[45]      Ms Victoria Bowring, Chief Executive Officer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 17.

[46]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 28.

[47]      National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Submission 27, p. 2.

[48]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 28.

[49]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 6.

[50]      Western Australian Perinatal Epidemiology Group, Submission 47, [p. 3]; see also NPESU, Submission 37, p. 6.

[51]      Mrs Iverach, Submission 89, [p. 2].

[52]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 6; National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Online Data Portal, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm (accessed 24 October 2018); see also Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 30.

[53]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5.

[54]      See for example, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Submission 19; The Australian College of Nursing, Submission 20, p. 2; Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Submission 33, p. 14; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Submission 36, [p. 5]; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Submission 39, [p. 1]; Global Stillbirth Advocacy Network, Submission 40, [p. 3].

[55]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 3.

[56]      AIHW, answers to questions on notice, 7 September 2018 (received 5 October 2018).

[57]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 6.

[58]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 1.

[59]      Professor Wallace, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 27; Dr Merran Smith, Chief Executive Officer, Population Health Research Network (PHRN), Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 49.

[60]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 5−6.

[61]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 28.

[62]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 6.

[63]      Population Health Research Network (PHRN), Submission 31, p. 1.

[64]      PHRN, Submission 31, pp. 1−2.

[65]      Dr Smith, PHRN, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 46.

[66]      Ms Belinda Jennings, Senior Midwifery Advisor, Policy and Practice, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 15.

[67]      Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), Submission 60, pp. 2−3. The ALSWH is funded until at least 2020.

[68]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 30−31; ALSWH, Submission 60, p. 5.

[69]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 2.

[70]      AIHW, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013−2014, p. 54.

[71]      See for example, Mrs Dimitra Dubrow, Principal and Head of Medical Negligence, Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 33; Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 2; Mrs Clare Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 7; Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 3; Name withheld, Submission 250, [p. 2].

[72]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 6−7. See PSANZ Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Alliance, Clinical Practice Guideline for Care Around Stillbirth and Neonatal Death, https://sanda.psanz.com.au/clinical-practice/clinical-guidelines/ (accessed 14 November 2018).

[73]      Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 2−3. As noted above, this online tool was developed by Stillbirth CRE in partnership with the Victorian Department of Health.

[74]      Professor Wallace, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 28. See Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Perinatal Services Performance Indicators, https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/hospitals-and-health-services/safer-care-victoria/safer-care-publications/victorian-perinatal-services-performance-indicators-2016-17 (accessed 10 October 2018).

[75]      Ms Natasha Donnolley, Submission 116, p. 3.

[76]      Mrs Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 6; Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 7−8.

[77]      Ms Britt Jacobsen, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 8−9.

[78]      Ms Britt Jacobsen and Mr Samuel Haldane, Submission 82, [p. 3].

[79]      Professor Jason Gardosi, Director, Perinatal Institute, United Kingdom (UK), Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 70; Perinatal Institute (UK), Submission 257, p. 2.

[80]      Perinatal Institute (UK), Submission 257, p. 2.

[81]      Associate Professor Chambers, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 29. See MBRRACE-UK (Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK), https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/mbrrace-uk (accessed 9 October 2018). The program has been extended to run until 30 September 2021.

[82]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 24

[83]      Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 20.

[84]      Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 19−20.

[85]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 1.

[86]      AHMC, Strategic Directions for Australian Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 2, Department of Health, 2018, additional information received 19 October 2018, p. 22.

[87]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 18.

[88]      Clinical Practice Guideline for Care Around Stillbirth and Neonatal Death, p. 12.

[89]      Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 3; PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC), The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, 2016, p. 2; ABC News, 'Call for Stillbirth Autopsies', 1 April 2006, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-04-01/call-for-stillbirth-autopsies/1721680 (accessed 1 August 2018).

[90]      AHMAC, Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 1, Department of Health, 2018, p. 23; Queensland Health, 'Stillbirth study aims to help close the gap', Media release, 14 August 2017.

[91]      AHMAC, Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, p. 23.

[92]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5.

[93]      Ms Bowring, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 12.

[94]      Professor Susan Walker, Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, and Chair, Women's and Newborn Health Network, Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 27−28; Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5; AIHW, Stillbirths in Australia 1991−2009, p. 32.

[95]      AIHW, Submission 26, p. 5.

[96]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5; Dr Adrienne Gordon, Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Specialist, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[97]      Mr Samuel Haldane, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 1.

[98]      Associate Professor Kerryn Ireland-Jenkin, Head of Unit, VPAS, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, pp. 14−15. 

[99]      Ms Jodie Matthews, Submission 100, [p. 3].

[100]    Dr Diane Payton, Chair, Paediatric Advisory Committee, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 43. 

[101]    Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 18.

[102]    Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[103]    Professor Jane Dahlstrom, Submission 128, p. 2.

[104]    Associate Professor Ireland-Jenkin, VPAS, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 16. 

[105]    Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 5; Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[106]    Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[107]    Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[108]    Victorian Perinatal Autopsy Service (VPAS), answers to questions on notice, 7 September 2018 (received 2 October 2018).

[109]    The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, Submission 46, p. 2. See Chapter 3 for more discussion of autopsy costs.

[110]    Associate Professor Ireland-Jenkin, VPAS, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 12. 

[111]    Professor Flenady, Stillbirth CRE, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 19; also see Dr Payton, RCPA, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 43.

[112]    Dr Payton, RCPA, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 40.

[113]    V Flenady, AM Wojcieszek, P Middleton, et al, 'Stillbirths: Recall to Action in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10019, 13 February 2016, p. 693, https://www.thelancet.
com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01020-X/fulltext (accessed 12 November 2018).

[114]    Mrs Iverach, Submission 89, [p. 3].

[115]    Dr Jane Warland, Submission 9, [p. 1]; also see Ms Justine Reynolds, Submission 73, [p. 2].

[116]    Ian Freckleton, 'Stillbirth and the Law: Options for Law Reform and Issues for the Coronial Jurisdiction', Journal of Law and Medicine, September 2013, p.14, cited in Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 69, p. 3.

[117]    Dr Warland, Submission 9, [p. 2].

[118]    V Flenady, A Wojcieszek and D Ellwood, 'Better Care and Communication can Cut Stillbirth Rates and Avoid Unnecessary Trauma', The Conversation, 22 October 2015, https://theconversation.com/better-care-and-communication-can-cut-stillbirth-rates-and-avoid-unnecessary-trauma-49435 (accessed 24 July 2018).

[119]    The UK Health Secretary announced in November 2017 that he would work with the Ministry of Justice to consider enabling full-term stillbirths to be covered by coronial law, as part of a new strategy to improve National Health Service maternity services. Catherine Fairbairn, Alex Bate and Oliver Hawkins, The Investigation of Stillbirth, Briefing paper 08167, House of Commons Library, 1 February 2018, pp. 3 and 12−13, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8167/CBP-8167.pdf (accessed 26 September 2018).

[120]    Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 69, p. 3.

[121]    Mrs Dubrow, Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 33 and 36; Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 69, pp. 4−5; see also Mrs Clare Rannard, Submission 179.1, [p. 3];

[122]    Dr Carrington Shepherd, Co-Lead, Western Australian Perinatal Epidemiology Group, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 34.

[123]    Mrs Claire Foord, Chief Executive Officer and Founder, Still Aware, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 43.

[124]    AIHW, National Perinatal Mortality Data Reporting Project: Issues paper, October 2012, p. 9.

[125]    Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, New Australian Government Data Shoring and Release Legislation: Issues paper for consultation, 4 July 2018, https://www.pmc.gov.au/
resource-centre/public-data/issues-paper-data-sharing-release-legislation (accessed 8 October 2018).

Chapter 5

[1]        Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Submission 33, p. 11; Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Submission 36, [pp. 2−3]; National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit (NPESU), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Submission 37, p. 7.

[2]        Mr Bruce McMillan, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 9.

[3]        Ms Lyndel Carbone, Submission 171, [p. 5].

[4]        National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/research; Department of Health, answers to questions on notice, 28 February 2018 (received 14 May 2018).

[5]        NHMRC, Submission 27, pp. 1 and 3.

[6]        NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 3.

[7]        NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 4.

[8]        NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 2; Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, p. 7.

[9]        NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 3.

[10]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 4.

[11]      Department of Health, Maternal Health and First 2000 Days, https://beta.health.gov.au/initiatives-and-programs/maternal-health-and-first-2000-days (accessed 24 July 2018).

[12]      Consultations closed on 31 August 2018 to ensure that the second set of Priorities will take effect from the day the inaugural MRFF Priorities expire, on 8 November 2018. Australian Medical Research Advisory Board, Medical Research Future Fund: 2018–2020 Priorities Consultation Discussion Paper, Department of Health, 2018; MMRF, 'Medical Research Future Fund consultation to inform the second Australian Medical Research and Innovation Priorities 2018−2020', https://consultations.health.gov.au/health-economics-and-research-division/medical-research-future-fund-consultation-for-the/ (accessed 31 October 2018).

[13]      Associate Professor Georgina Chambers, Director, NPESU, Centre for Big Data Research in Health and School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 29.

[14]      Ms Danielle Pollock, Stillbirth researcher and bereaved parent representative, Global Stillbirth Advocacy Network (GSAN), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 63.

[15]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 7. Red Nose is a charity established to eradicate Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

[16]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 7.

[17]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 8.

[18]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 8.

[19]      Ms Pollock, GSAN, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 63.

[20]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 25. Professor Pennell is a leading stillbirth researcher affiliated with the HMRI, part of a NHMRC-funded initiative to optimise the translation of cost-effective research outcomes into policy and practice.

[21]      Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Submission 45, p. 16.

[22]      Dr Adrienne Gordon, Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Specialist, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 46.

[23]      Associate Professor Camille Raynes-Greenow, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 52.

[24]      Ms Victoria Bowring, Chief Executive Officer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 13.

[25]      Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), Submission 60, pp. 2−3. The ALSWH, a collaborative project conducted by staff at the University of Newcastle and University of Queensland, is funded until at least 2020.

[26]      Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Submission 33, p. 11.

[27]      HMRI, Submission 36, [p. 6].

[28]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 9.

[29]      Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, Submission 46, p. 2.

[30]      Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 11.

[31]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 4; ALSWH, Submission 60, p. 3.

[32]      HMRI, Submission 36, [p. 6].

[33]      Laureate Professor Roger Smith, Director, Mothers & Babies Research Centre, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 26.

[34]      National Health and Medical Research Council Corporate Plan 2017−2018, August 2017, https://nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/nhmrc-corporate-plan-2017-2018 (accessed 11 October 2018).

[35]      NPESU, Submission 37, p. 7.

[36]      Ms Pip Brennan, Executive Director, Health Consumers' Council (Western Australia), Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, pp. 14−15; see also Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 16.

[37]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 15.

[38]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 9.

[39]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 8−9; see also Ms Brennan, Health Consumers' Council (WA), Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 15; Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, Submission 21, pp. 4−5; Australian College of Midwives, Submission 24, [p. 6].

[40]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 3].

[41]      Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 25; Laureate Professor Roger Smith, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 25 in relation to Indigenous research.

[42]      Western Australian Perinatal Epidemiology Group, Submission 47, pp. 3−4.

[43]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 13; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Submission 45, p. 14; Department of Health, Evidence Evaluation Report: Models for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Antenatal Care, 16 May 2017, p. 5.

[44]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 3].

[45]      I Ibiebele, M Coory, FM Boyle, et al, 'Stillbirth Rates Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Women in Queensland, Australia: Is the Gap Closing?, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 122, no. 11, August 2014, p. 1482, https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1471-0528.13047 (accessed 19 September 2018).

[46]      Dr Jasmin Chen, Research and Executive Officer, Multicultural Centre for Women's Health, Submission 70, pp. 2−4.

[47]      Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), Submission 17, [p. 2].

[48]      Professor Susan Walker, Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Chair, Women's and Newborn Heath Network at the Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 25; see also Dr Jonathon Hoy, Submission 103, [p. 1].

[49]      HMRI, Submission 36, [p. 7].

[50]      RANZCOG, Submission 17, [pp. 2−3].

[51]      Professor Steve Robson, President, RANZCOG, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 40.

[52]      Laureate Professor Roger Smith, Director, Mothers & Babies Research Centre, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 23; HMRI, Submission 36, [p. 5].

[53]      Britt Jacobsen and Samuel Haldane, Submission 82, [p. 3].

[54]      Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Submission 45, [p. 11]; see also Western Health, Submission 48, p. 3.

[55]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 2; Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 7.

[56]      Ms Stephanie Vowles, Submission 101, [p. 6].

[57]      See for example, Name withheld, Submission 250, [p. 2]; Mrs Doshni Stewart, Submission 229, [p. 3]; Name withheld, Submission 11, [p. 1]; Dr Jonathon Hoy, Submission 103, [p. 1].

[58]      Mrs Ellana Iverach, Submission 89, [p. 3].

[59]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 4 and 8.

[60]      World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF, Every Newborn: An Action Plan to End Preventable Deaths, June 2014, pp. 33, 37 and 39.

[61]      Professor Craig Pennell, Chair, National Scientific Advisory Group, Red Nose, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 23−24.

[62]      A similar app called 'Count the Kicks' is available in the United Kingdom; see https://www.countthekicks.org/ (accessed 26 September 2018); Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 10; NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 2.

[63]      Australian College of Nursing, Submission 20, p. 4; Confidential, Submission 156, p. 3; Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 10.

[64]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 2.

[65]      Mrs Doshni Stewart, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 8.

[66]      Confidential, Submission 156, p. 4.

[67]      Dr Jane Warland, Submission 9, [p. 1].

[68]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 8.

[69]      Associate Professor Raynes-Greenow, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 52.

[70]      Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, Submission 21, p. 3. 

[71]      Professor Caroline Homer, Distinguished Professor of Midwifery, Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, UTS, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 37. The need to educate pregnant women to trust their instincts and express their concerns is discussed further in Chapter 7.

[72]      Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Submission 26, p. 6.

[73]      Professor Hamish Scott, Head of Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, SA Pathology, and Associate Professor Christopher Barnett, Head, Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics Unit, The Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, pp. 17−18.

[74]      Professor Hamish S Scott and Associate Professor Christopher Barnett, Submission 54, [p. 2].

[75]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 8.

[76]      Research Australia, Submission 41, p. 9.

[77]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 2.

[78]      NHMRC, Submission 27, p. 11.

[79]      See for example, Ms Natasha Donnolley, Submission 116, p. 5; Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 3; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide. Submission 158, p. 6; Professor David Ellwood, Co-Director, Stillbirth CRE, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 11.

[80]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 11.

Chapter 6

[1]        Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, pp. 4−5.

[2]        The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), Submission 17, [pp. 2−3].

[3]        Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Perinatal Deaths in Australia 2013-2014, 31 May 2018, p. 30.

[4]        See for example Australian College of Midwives, Submission 24, [p. 10]; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Submission 36, [p. 3]; Professor Jane Dahlstrom, Submission 128, p. 3.

[5]        Professor Caroline Homer, Distinguished Professor of Midwifery, Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 34.

[6]        Professor Homer, UTS, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 33.

[7]        Professor Homer, UTS, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 33−34.

[8]        Ms Annie Butler, Federal Secretary, Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 56; Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, Submission 58, p. 2.

[9]        For example, Ms Natasha Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 4; Australian College of Midwives, Submission 24, [p. 4]; Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, Submission 58, p. 2; Confidential, Submission 261, p. 5.

[10]      Australian College of Midwives, Submission 24, [p. 5].

[11]      Professor Michael Permezel, Immediate Past President, RANZCOG, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 38−39.

[12]      Professor Homer, UTS, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 34.

[13]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 10.

[14]      Stillbirth CRE, '"Bundle of Care": A bundle of care to improve mothers' and babies' health', https://www.stillbirthcre.org.au/resources/bundle-of-care/ (accessed 8 October 2018).

[15]      Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council (AHMAC), Strategic Directions for Australian Maternity Services, Consultation Paper no. 2, 2018, p. 11.

[16]      AFFIRM: 'Can promoting Awareness of Fetal movements and Focussing Interventions Reduce fetal Mortality'; see J Norman, S Stock and A Heazell, 'The AFFIRM trial for prevention of stillbirth', https://www.tommys.org/our-organisation/research-by-cause/stillbirth/affirm-trial-prevention-stillbirth (accessed 22 October 2018).

[17]      Mrs Doshni Stewart, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 15.

[18]      Dr Michael Gannon, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 37.

[19]      N Adams, D Tudehope, KS Gibbons, et al, 'Perinatal Mortality Disparities Between Public Care and Private Obstetrician-led Care: A Propensity Score Analysis', British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 125, no. 2, January 2018, p. 156, https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.14903 (accessed 22 October 2018).

[20]      Dr Nisha Khot, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 16.

[21]      Mrs Tiffany McIntosh, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 16.

[22]      Professor Euan Wallace, Carl Wood Professor and Head of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 25.

[23]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 57, [p. 7].

[24]      Dr Khot, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 16.

[25]      Professor Susan Walker, Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Chair, Women's and Newborn Health Network, Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 26.

[26]      Department of Health, Evidence Evaluation Report: Models for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Antenatal Care, 16 May 2017, p. 4.

[27]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56.1, [p. 1].

[28]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, [p. 13].

[29]      I Ibiebele, M Coory, FM Boyle, et al, 'Stillbirth Rates Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Women in Queensland, Australia: Is the Gap Closing?', British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 122, no. 11, August 2014, p. 1481, https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1471-0528.13047 (accessed 19 September 2018).

[30]      Professor Craig Pennell, Chair, National Scientific Advisory Group, Red Nose, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 22−23.

[31]      Department of Health, Evidence Evaluation Report, pp. 3−4.

[32]      Department of Health, Evidence Evaluation Report, p. 4.

[33]      Ms Sara Potter, Clinical Nursing Midwife, Maternity Ward, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 8.

[34]      Dr Megan Cope, Senior Medical Officer, Wurli-Wurlinjang Health Service, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 2.

[35]      Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses and Midwives (CATSINaM), Submission 263, pp. 4−5; Australian College of Midwives, 'Ground breaking Indigenous maternity services program Birthing on Country launched, 8 November 2016, https://www.midwives.org.au/news/ground-breaking-indigenous-maternity-services-program-birthing-country-launched (accessed 23 October 2018).

[36]      Mater Mothers, Closing the Gap: Birthing in Our Community, https://www.matermothers.org.au/mothers-news/news/february-2018/closing-the-gap-birthing-in-our-community; Institute for Urban Indigenous Health, Birthing in Our Community (BiOC) Partnership, http://www.iuih.org.au/Services/Child_and_Maternal_Health#birthing (accessed 2 October 2018); see also Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 13; Mater Misericordiae Ltd, answers to questions on notice, 6 September 2018 (received 14 September 2018).

[37]      Dr Michael Beckmann and Maree Reynolds, Mothers Babies & Women's Health Services, Mater Misericordiae Ltd, answers to questions on notice, 6 September 2018 (received 14 September 2018). Key aspects include an Indigenous governance framework and 24/7 midwifery care in pregnancy to six weeks postnatal care by a named midwife supported by Indigenous health workers and an Indigenous team coordinator.

[38]      S Kildea and V Van Wagner, 'Birthing on Country' Maternity Service Delivery Models: A Rapid Review, Sax Institute, March 2013, p. 14.

[39]      See for example, Ms Karel Williams, Committee Member, Australian College of Midwives, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 30; Dr Joanne Walker, Director Policy and Strategy Development, National Rural Health Alliance, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 35; Angela Brown, 'Midwives' and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women's experiences with cultural care in the birth suite: an interpretative phenomenological investigation', PhD thesis, University of South Australia, 6 May 2016, pp. 19−20.

[40]      Dr Jasmin Chen, Research and Executive Officer, Multicultural Centre for Women's Health, Submission 70, pp. 2−4.

[41]      Dr Chen, Multicultural Centre for Women's Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 50.

[42]      Professor Wallace, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 29.

[43]      Professor Wallace, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 30.

[44]      Professor Susan Walker, Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 30. See above for discussion of the Stillbirth CRE 'bundle of care' program being developed for Australian hospitals.

[45]      Mrs Stewart, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 8.

[46]      Mrs Janelle Marshall, General Manager Services, Sands Australia, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 3; Sands: Miscarriage, stillbirth and newborn death support, http://www.sands.org.au/. See also The GroundSwell Project which aims to create a cultural shift in the way Australians respond to death and grief, http://www.thegroundswellproject.com/ (all accessed 10 October 2018).

[47]      Mrs Lyndy Bowden, Caretaker CEO, Sands Australia, Committee Hansard, 9 August, p. 2.

[48]      Mrs Bowden, Sands Australia, Committee Hansard, 9 August, p. 4.

[49]      Dr Adrienne Gordon, Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Specialist, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 50.

[50]      Ms Terri Ryan, Submission 124, [p. 2].

[51]      Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 50.

[52]      Mrs Stewart, Submission 229, [p. 4].

[53]      Ms Natasha Donnolley, Submission 116, p. 5.

[54]      Name withheld, Submission 136, [p. 4].

[55]      Name withheld, Submission 12, [p. 3].

[56]      Ms Alex Lowes, Submission 78, [p. 2].

[57]      Ms Britt Jacobsen, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 8; Mr Samuel Haldane, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 2; Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 50.

[58]      Ms Jacobsen, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 8.

[59]      Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 50.

[60]      Ms Alex Lowes, Submission 78, [p. 2]; Ms Ryan, Submission 124, [p. 2].

[61]      Mr Haldane, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 4; Ms Stephanie Vowles, Submission 101, [p. 3].

[62]      Mrs Leanne Smith, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 62.

[63]      Tim and Leanne Smith, Submission 77, [p. 2].

[64]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 11.

[65]      Julia and Debden Whaanga, Submission 108, pp. 2−3.

[66]      Mrs Clare Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 8.

[67]      Ms Ryan, Submission 124, [p. 1].

[68]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 12.

[69]      Samantha and Aaron Isfahani, Submission 121, p. 4.

[70]      Ms Natasha Hulse, Submission 211, p. 9.

[71]      Mrs Marshall, Sands Australia, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 5.

[72]      Mr Bruce McMillan, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 9.

[73]      Ms Kate Obst, PhD/Master of Psychology (Health) Candidate, School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 17.

[74]      Ms Obst, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 17.

[75]      Mr Adam Flanagan, Submission 122, p. 2.

[76]      Ms Kate Obst, Dr Clemence Due and Dr Melissa Oxlad, Submission 28, [pp. 1−2]; Ms Vowles, Submission 101, [p. 10].

[77]      PriceWaterhouseCoopers, The Economic Impacts of Stillbirth in Australia, September 2016, p. 15.

[78]      Dr Melissa Oxlad, Lecturer, School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 17.

[79]      Julia and Debden Whaanga, Submission 108, [p. 5].

[80]      CATSINaM, Submission 263, p. 5.

[81]      Mrs Rachelle Martin, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 10.

[82]      Ms Potter, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 9.

[83]      Queensland Health, 'Stillbirth study aims to help close the gap', Media release, 14 August 2017; Department of Neonatology/Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Townsville Hospital and Health Services, Submission 44, [p. 2].

[84]      Townsville Hospital and Health Services, Submission 44, [p. 4].

[85]      Professor Pennell, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 19.

[86]      Dr Clemence Due, Senior Lecturer, School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 16.

[87]      Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Perinatal Services: Final Report, Family and Community Development Committee, June 2018, p. 321.

[88]      Australian College of Nursing, Submission 20, pp. 4−5.

[89]      Dr Chen, Multicultural Centre for Women's Health, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 50−51.

Chapter 7

[1]        Jessica Longbottom, 'Decades after stillbirths, long-grieving parents find answers in mass graves', ABC News, 7 October 2018, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-07/
parents-stillborns-mass-graves-melbourne/10344252 (accessed 16 October 2018); V Flenady, AM Wojcieszek, P Middleton, et al, 'Stillbirths: Recall to Action in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10019, 13 February 2016, p. 691, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01020-X/fulltext (accessed 12 November 2018).

[2]        Mr Gavin Youngman, Director, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 16.

[3]        Mrs Jaime Yallup Farrant, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 7.

[4]        Ms Deborah De Wilde, Volunteer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 15.

[5]        Mrs Rachelle Martin, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 9.

[6]        Mrs Clare Rannard, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 3.

[7]        Ms Natasha Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 2.

[8]        Ms Zoe Marshall, Submission 109, [p. 8].

[9]        Dr Michael Gannon, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 41.

[10]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 3.

[11]      Associate Professor Camille Raynes-Greenow, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 53−54.

[12]      Britt Jacobsen and Samuel Haldane, Submission 82, [p. 2].

[13]      Caroline Campbell and Kirk von Mollendorf, Submission 80, [p. 2].

[14]      See for example, Ms Nerida Box, Submission 105, [p. 1]; Rebecca and Paul Dixon, Submission 74, [p. 2]; Name withheld, Submission 252, [p. 3]; Name withheld, Submission 140, [p. 1]; Meg and Shane Keating, Submission 249, [p. 2]; Mrs Rhonda Jeavons, Submission 106, [pp. 1−2]; Ms Kirsten Willis, Submission 251, [p. 2]; Ms Rebecca Barclay, Submission 86, [p. 2]; Ms Alex Lowes, Submission 78, [p. 1]; Ms Sarah Matheson, Submission 237, [p. 4]; Ms Caitlin Cvitkovic, Submission 97, [p. 2]; Mrs Claire Foord, Chief Executive Officer and Founder, Still Aware, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 42; Mrs Bree Amer Wilkes, Submission 22, [p. 2].

[15]      Mrs Foord, Still Aware, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 42.

[16]      Mr Terry Slevin, Chief Executive Officer, Public Health Association of Australia (PHAA), Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 46.

[17]      Mr Slevin, PHAA, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 50.

[18]      Mr Slevin, PHAA, Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, p. 50.

[19]      Centre of Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, p. 4.

[20]      Ms Victoria Bowring, Chief Executive Officer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 13.

[21]      Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 12.

[22]      Dr Gannon, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 41.

[23]      Professor Steve Robson, President, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, pp. 41−42.

[24]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 21.

[25]      Professor Robson, RANZCOG, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 41.

[26]      Mrs Yallup Farrant, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 7; Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 4; Ms Danielle Pollock, Stillbirth Researcher and Bereaved Parent representative, Global Stillbirth Advocacy Network (GSAN), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 63−64.

[27]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 1.

[28]      Ms Danielle Pollock, GSAN, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 63−64.

[29]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 4.

[30]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 10.

[31]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 7.

[32]      Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 6.

[33]      Ms Natasha Donnolley, Submission 116, p. 5.

[34]      See for example, Ms Jasmine Prowse, Submission 256, p. 4; Mrs Doshni Stewart, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 11; Mrs Tiffany McIntosh, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 12; Mrs Lyndy Bowden, Caretaker Chief Executive Officer, Sands Australia, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 6.

[35]      Mrs Stewart, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 11.

[36]      Mrs McIntosh, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 12.

[37]      Name withheld, Submission 145, pp. 3−4.

[38]      National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Submission 27, p. 3.

[39]      HMRI, Submission 36, [p. 7].

[40]      Ms Michelle Cullen, Submission 111, p. 5.

[41]      Ms De Wilde, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 15.

[42]      Ms Marshall, Submission 109, [p. 7].

[43]      Ms Terri Ryan, Submission 124, [p. 2].

[44]      Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, Submission 69, p. 7. The report was prepared by Professor Euan Wallace, Carl Wood Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University.

[45]      Ms Willis, Submission 251, [p. 1].

[46]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 12.

[47]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 7. IMPROVE was developed to provide training for clinicians and health professionals in using the Clinical Practice Guideline for Care around Stillbirth and Neonatal Death.

[48]      Professor Vicki Flenady, Director, Stillbirth CRE, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, pp. 16−17.

[49]      Dr Glenn Gardener, Director of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Health, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 27.

[50]      Dr Adrienne Gordon, Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine Specialist, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 49; see also Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Alliance (PSANZ-SANDA), IMPROVE, https://sanda.psanz.com.au/improve/ (accessed 9 October 2018).

[51]      Dr Warland, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 41.

[52]      Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 12; also see Mrs Foord, Still Aware, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 41.

[53]      PSANZ-SANDA, Clinical Practice Guideline for Care Around Stillbirth and Neonatal Death, https://sanda.psanz.com.au/clinical-practice/clinical-guidelines/ (accessed 14 November 2018).

[54]      Professor David Ellwood, Co-Director, Stillbirth CRE, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 12.

[55]      NHMRC, Clinical Practice Guidelines: Pregnancy Care, 2018 Edition, updated 12 February 2018, https://www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au/portal/2589/clinical-practice-guidelines-pregnancy-care-2018-edition (accessed 17 October 2018).

[56]      Professor Susan Walker, Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Chair, Women's and Newborn Health Network, Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, The University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 26. Also see Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Submission 45, p. 15.

[57]      'Stillbirth care', Maternity and Neonatal Clinical Guidelines, Queensland Health, March 2018, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/qcg/publications#neonatal (accessed 18 October 2018).

[58]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56.1, [p. 1].

[59]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 2 and 12.

[60]      Mr Timothy Smith, Delegate, Public Service Association of New South Wales (PSA NSW), Community and Public Sector Union New South Wales (CPSU NSW), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 61; Ms Marshall, Submission 109, pp. 2−3.

[61]      Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 26.

[62]      Professor Caroline Homer, Distinguished Professor of Midwifery, Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 35.

[63]      Professor Homer, UTS, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 38.

[64]      Ms Britt Jacobsen, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 4; Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 2.

[65]      Ms Terri Ryan, Submission 124, [p. 2].

[66]      Ms Christine Prosser, Submission 6, p. 2.

[67]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 3.

[68]      See for example, Ms Donnolley, Submission 116, pp. 1−2; Ms Julieanne Carmichael, Submission 123, [p. 1].

[69]      Samantha and Aaron Isfahani, Submission 121, p. 3.

[70]      Name withheld, Submission 129, [p. 4].

[71]      Professor Walker, The University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 28.

[72]      Mrs Martin, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 7.

[73]      Professor Walker, The University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 28.

[74]      Mr Brad Farrant, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 8.

[75]      Mrs Yallup Farrant, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 8.

[76]      Ms Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, pp. 2−3.

[77]      Name withheld, Submission 12, [p. 2].

[78]      Mrs Shannon Cook, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, pp. 7−8.

[79]      Ms Michelle Cullen, Submission 111, p. 4.

[80]      Ms Jacobsen, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 9.

[81]      Professor Euan Wallace, Monash University, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 28.

[82]      Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[83]      Still Aware website, http://stillaware.org/about-us/ (accessed 27 September 2018); Mrs Foord, Still Aware, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 40.

[84]      Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 47.

[85]      Professor Flenady, Stillbirth CRE, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 19.

[86]      Dr Gordon, RACP, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 48.

[87]      Dr Diane Payton, Chair, Paediatric Advisory Committee, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2018, p. 38.

[88]      Associate Professor Kerryn Ireland-Jenkin, Head of Unit, Victorian Perinatal Autopsy Service (VPAS), Committee Hansard, 7 September 2018, pp. 16−17.

[89]      Ms Sara Potter, Clinical Nursing Midwife, Maternity Ward, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 10.

[90]      Ms Potter, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 10.

[91]      Ms Potter, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 10. See Chapter 3 for further discussion of costs associated with bereavement services.

[92]      Ms Potter, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, p. 10.

[93]      Ms Belinda Jennings, Senior Midwifery Advisor, Policy and Practice, Katherine Hospital, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2018, pp. 13−14.

[94]      Australian Capital Territory government, answers to written questions on notice, 24 September 2018 (received 22 October 2018); Queensland government, answers to written questions on notice, 21 September 2018 (received 19 November 2018).

[95]      Tasmanian government, answers to written questions on notice, 24 September 2018 (received 9 October 2018); South Australian government, answers to written questions on notice, 24 September 2018 (received 19 October 2018). See also Northern Territory government, answers to written questions on notice, 21 September 2018 (received 5 October 2018); Western Australian government, answers to written questions on notice, 24 September 2018 (received 26 October 2018); New South Wales government, answers to written questions on notice, 21 September 2018 (received 28 November 2018).

[96]      NHMRC, Cultural Competence in Health: A Guide for Policy, Partnerships and Participation, 2006, cited in Western Health, Submission 48, p. 2.

[97]      Dr Gannon, Committee Hansard, 10 August 2018, p. 37.

[98]      Multicultural Centre for Women's Health, Submission 70, pp. 4−5.

[99]      Mrs Jane Wiggill, Manager, Health and Advocacy, Red Nose, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 23; Red Nose, Keeping Bub Safe, https://rednose.com.au/downloads/RROSIAC_brochure.pdf (accessed 2 October 2018).

[100]    Red Nose, answers to questions on notice, 9 August 2018 (received 14 September 2018).

[101]    Ms Bowring, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 16.

[102]    See for example, Ms Alex Lowes, Submission 78, [p. 2]; Name withheld, Submission 145, p. 4; Ms Jennifer Thomas, Submission 168, [p. 2].

[103]    Mrs Jackie Barreau, Submission 215, [p. 2]; Sands (UK), Finding the Words, https://www.sands.org.uk/get-involved/sands-campaigns/finding-words (accessed 23 October 2018).

[104]    Mr Smith, PSA NSW/CPSU NSW, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 61; Ms Marshall, Submission 109, pp. 2−3.

[105]    International Society for the Study and Prevention of Perinatal Infant Death, https://www.ispid.org/index/ (accessed 18 October 2018).

Chapter 8

[1]        Centre for Research Excellence in Stillbirth (Stillbirth CRE), Submission 56, p. 2.

[2]        V Flenady, P Middleton, GC Smith, et al, 'Stillbirths: The Way Forward in High-Income Countries', The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9778, 14 April 2011, pp. 1703−1717, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60064-0/fulltext (accessed 12 November 2018).

[3]        World Health Organisation (WHO), Every Newborn: An Action Plan to End Preventable Deaths, June 2014, p. 5.

[4]        WHO, Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators (plus health-related SDGs), 2018 edition, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/indicators/2018/en/ (accessed 23 July 2018), p. 26.

[5]        The United Kingdom, for example, has set a target to reduce stillbirths by 25 per cent by 2025.

[6]        Australian Health Ministers' Conference (AHMAC), National Maternity Services Plan, 2011, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/8AF951CE492C799FCA
257BF0001C1A4E/$File/maternityplan.pdf (accessed 25 September 2018).

[7]        AHMAC, Developing a National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 1, Department of Health, 2018, additional information received 19 October 2018, p. 15.

[8]        Department of Health, National Strategic Approach to Maternity Services, https://consultations.health.gov.au/office-of-the-chief-nursing-and-midwifery-officer/national-strategic-approach-to-maternity-services/ (accessed 25 September 2018); Department of Health, answers to questions on notice, 21 September (received 8 October 2018).

[9]        AHMAC, Strategic Directions for Australian Maternity Services, Consultation Paper 2 (draft), Department of Health, 2018, additional information received 19 October 2018, pp. 3 and 11.

[10]      See for example, Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, p. 2; Australian College of Nursing, Submission 20, p. 4; Australian College of Midwives, Submission 24 [p. 6]; Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Submission 36 [p. 3]; Ms Natasha Donnolley, Submission 116, p. 5.

[11]      Stillbirth CRE, Submission 56, pp. 2−3. The submission was prepared in partnership with the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand, Australian College of Midwives, Women's Healthcare Australasia, Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Support (Sands Australia), Still Aware and the International Stillbirth Alliance.

[12]      Ms Victoria Bowring, Chief Executive Officer, Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 11.

[13]      Stillbirth Foundation Australia, Submission 33, pp. 15−16; see Department of Health, National Action Plan for Endometriosis, July 2018, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/endometriosis (accessed 26 September 2018).

[14]      Professor Craig Pennell, Senior Researcher, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 21.

[15]      Professor Susan Walker, Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; and Chair, Women's and Newborn Health Network, Melbourne Academic Centre for Health, The University of Melbourne, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 25.

[16]      Mrs Jane Wiggill, Manager, Health and Advocacy, Red Nose, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 18.

[17]      See Chapter 7 for details of the Maternity and Children Quality Improvement Collaborative, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, https://ihub.scot/spsp/maternity-children-quality-improvement-collaborative-mcqic/ (accessed 10 October 2018); also see Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 9 August 2018, p. 21.

[18]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 10. Red Nose, formerly SIDS and Kids, was formed 40 years ago by parents who had suffered loss.

[19]      A Red Nose Hospital will require implementation of all five modules and a site visit from an external review team.

[20]      Professor Pennell, HMRI, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 25.

[21]      Ms Natasha Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 10.

[22]      Associate Professor Camille Raynes-Greenow, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 52.

[23]      Mrs Donnolley, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 3.

[24]      Red Nose, Submission 63, p. 11.

[25]      Professor Caroline Homer, Distinguished Professor of Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Committee Hansard, 8 August 2018, p. 34.

[26]      The Hon. Greg Hunt, MP, Minister for Health, Media release, 2 March 2018, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/8FCA64944BFBB90CCA258243007CF802/$File/GH022.pdf (accessed 3 October 2018).