Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Senate Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs, After ATSIC - Life in the mainstream? 8 March 2005, p. 112.

[2]        The Senate, Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Bill 2007 and four related bills concerning the Northern Territory Emergency Response, August 2007.

[3]        Report of the Northern Territory Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse, Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle "Little Children are Sacred", 2007. http://www.nt.gov.au/dcm/inquirysaac/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf (accessed 8 September 2008).

[4]        Hon EP Mullighan QC, Children on Anangu Pitjatjantjara Yunkunyjatjara (APY) Lands Commission of Inquiry – A report into sexual abuse, April 2008. Report available at: http://www.service.sa.gov.au/ContentPages/sagovt/mullighaninquiry_apy.aspx (accessed 4 September 2008).

[5]        NSW Attorney-General's Department, Breaking the Silence: Creating the Future. Addressing Child Sexual Assault in Aboriginal Communities, 2006. Report available at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/acsat (accessed 4 September 2008).

[6]        Gordon, S, Hallahan, K, Henry, D (2002) Putting the picture together, Inquiry into Response by Government Agencies to Complaints of Family Violence and Child Abuse in Aboriginal Communities, Department of Premier and Cabinet, Western Australia. Report available at: http://www.premier.wa.gov.au/Internal/Documents/GordonInquiryReport.pdf (accessed 17 September 2008).

[7]        Western Australia Legislative Assembly, Ways forward beyond the blame game: some successful initiatives in remote Indigenous communities in WA, Report no. 13, 2008. Report available at: http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Parliament%5CNews.nsf/(Report+Lookup+by+Com+ID)/482569F400245ECBC825744A000E6F73/$file/Final.pdf (accessed 17 September 2008).

[8]        More information is available from the NSW Parliament website at: http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/Committee.nsf/0/EF37567247133576CA257347007F405A (accessed 20 September 2008).

 

Chapter 2 - Setting the scene

[1]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Population and distribution: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006 (cat. 4705.0), p. 4.

[2]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008 (cat. 4704.0), p. 14.

[3]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, Australia, 2006 (cat. 4710.0), p. 109.

[4]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Housing and Services in Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities', Australian Social Trends, 2008, (cat. 4102.0), p. 1.

[5]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, Australia, 2006 (cat. 4710.0), p. 18.

[6]        John Taylor, Population and Diversity: Policy Implications of Emerging Indigenous Demographic Trends, (CAEPR Discussion Paper no. 283/2006) Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, p. 5.

[7]        J. Taylor and N. Biddle, Locations of Indigenous Population Change: What Can We Say?, (CAEPR Working Paper no. 43/2008) Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, p. v.

[8]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, Australia, 2006 (cat. 4710.0), p. 17.

[9]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Housing and Services in Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities', Australian Social Trends, 2008 (cat. 4102.0), p. 2.

[10]      John Taylor, Population and Diversity: Policy Implications of Emerging Indigenous Demographic Trends, (CAEPR Discussion Paper no. 283/2006) Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, pp 7-8; 62.

[11]      John Taylor, Population and Diversity: Policy Implications of Emerging Indigenous Demographic Trends, (CAEPR Discussion Paper no. 283/2006) Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, p. 62; Paul Memmot, Stephen Long and Linda Thomson, Mobility of Aboriginal people in rural and remote Australia, AHURI Research and Policy Bulletin, Issue 69, May 2006, p. 1.

 

Chapter 3 - Term of Reference (a)

[1]        Report of the Northern Territory Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse, Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle "Little Children are Sacred", 2007. http://www.nt.gov.au/dcm/inquirysaac/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf (accessed 8 September 2008).

[2]        Hon. Mal Brough MP, Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Indigenous Affairs, 'second reading speech', Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill 2007, House of Representatives Hansard, 7 August 2007, p. 10.

[3]        Community Living Areas are a form of freehold title issued to Aboriginal corporations by the Northern Territory Government.

[4]        Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, available at http://www.facsia.gov.au/nter/docs/factsheets/overview/factsheet_nter_communities.htm (accessed 23 September 2008).

[5]        Sections 101-104, Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Act 2007.

[6]        See section 4, Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Act 2007.

[7]        Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, opened for signature 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195, art 1(4) (entered into force 4 January 1969).

[8]        The Hon. Jenny Macklin, MP. Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Budget 2008-09, 'Closing the Gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians', p. 28.

[9]        Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Northern Territory Emergency Response: One Year On, 20 June 2008, p. 3. http://www.facs.gov.au/nter/docs/reports/nter_review.pdf (accessed 9 September 2008).

[10]      Advice provided by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.

[11]      The Hon Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 'Building stronger Indigenous communities', Press release, 10 December 2007.

[12]      Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and other Legislation Amendment (Emergency Response Consolidation) Bill 2008, Explanatory Memorandum, outline and p. 3.

[13]      For more information see: http://www.nterreview.gov.au/tor.htm (accessed 10 September 2008).

[14]      For more information see: http://www.nterreview.gov.au/subs.htm (accessed 29 September 2008

[15]      Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Portfolio Budget Statements 2008-09, Budget Related paper No 17, p. 57.

[16]      Darwin Aboriginal Rights Coalition, Submission 5, p. 14.

[17]      Marlene Holder, Submission 6, p. 1.

[18]      Oxfam Australia, Submission 17, pp 6-7; Law Council of Australia, Submission 33, p. 4.

[19]      Report of the Northern Territory Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse, Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle "Little Children are Sacred", 2007, p. 84.

[20]      See for example Oxfam Australia, Submission 17, p. 6; Central Australian Legal Aid service and Northern Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency, Submission 24, p. 4.

[21]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p.4.

[22]      Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, Submission 13, p.2.

[23]      Ms Jenny Walker, Submission 15, pp 6-9.

[24]      Central Australian Youth Link Up Service, Submission 26, p. 7.

[25]      Northern Territory Council of Government School Organisations, Submission 10, p. 2.

[26]      See also Ms Jenny Walker, Submission 15, p. 2.

[27]      Central Australian Youth Link Up Services, Submission 26, p. 4.

[28]      Northern Territory Council of Government School Organisations, Submission 10, p. 3.

[29]      Tangyentere Council, Submission 31, p. 7.

[30]      Tangyentere Council, Submission 31, p. 7.

 

Chapter 4 - Term of Reference (b)

[1]        Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 33.

[2]        Amnesty International Australia, Submission 16, p. 26.

[3]        Committee inspection, Balgo, Thursday 21 August 2008.

[4]        Tangentyere Council, Submission 31, p. 15.

[5]        John Oswald, Submission 34, p. 2.

[6]        Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 33.

[7]        Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Tuesday 19 August 2008

[8]        Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Wednesday 20 August 2008

[9]        National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 9.

[10]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 9.

[11]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 12.

[12]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 9.

[13]      Committee inspection, Balgo, Thursday 21 August 2008.

[14]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 7

[15]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 10.

[16]      Tangentyere Council, Submission 31, p. 28; see also Harry Blagg and Giulietta Valuri, (2004) ‘Aboriginal Community Patrols in Australia: Self-Policing, Self Determination and Security’, Policing and Society, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 215.

[17]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 19.

[18]      All the bilateral agreements are available from the FaHCSIA website at: http://www.facsia.gov.au/internet/facsinternet.nsf/indigenous/nav.htm#1

[19]      The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 2.

[20]      Oxfam Australia, Submission 17, pp. 11 and 17.

[21]      Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Culture Centre, Submission 37, p. 2.

[22]      Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, Aboriginal Customary Laws - The interaction of Western Australian law with Aboriginal law and culture, September 2006, p. 33.

[23]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 4.

[24]      The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 12.

[25]      Oxfam Australia, Submission 17, p. 21.

[26]      The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 3.

[27]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 7.

[28]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 6.

[29]      Western Australian State Coroner, Mr Alastair Hope, Inquest into 22 deaths in the Kimberley region, Ref No: 37/07, pp. 138-9.

[30]      Western Australian State Coroner, Mr Alastair Hope, Inquest into 22 deaths in the Kimberley region, Ref No: 37/07, p. 142.

[31]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 7.

[32]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 7.

[33]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 8.

[34]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 7.

[35]      Kapululangu Aboriginal Womens Law and Culture Centre, Submission 36, p. 6.

[36]      More information is available from: http://www.health.wa.gov.au/hacc/home/index.cfm 

[37]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 5.

[38]      Liz Penfold MP, Submission 2, p. 3.

[39]      Shoalcoast Community Legal Centre, Submission 19, p. 4.

[40]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 11.

[41]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, Australia, 2006 (cat. 4710.0), p. 34.

[42]      Greg Marks, Submission 30, p. 6.

[43]      Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Government and the Northern Territory Government, Indigenous Housing, Accommodation and Related Services, September 2007.

[44]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 10.

[45]      Tangentyere Council, Submission 31, p. 7.

[46]      The Hon Jenny Macklin MP, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, '$5.3 million upgrade for Tangentyere housing', Press release, 10 July 2008.

[47]      Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Culture Centre, Submission 37, p. 2.

[48]      Greg Marks, Submission 30, p. 9.

[49]      Desert Knowledge Australia, remoteFOCUS: Revitalising Remote Australia, July 2008, pp. 5-6. 

[50]      Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Wednesday 20 August 2008.

[51]      Committee inspection, Balgo, Friday 22 August 2008.

[52]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 9.

[53]      More information available from FaHCSIA website: http://www.facsia.gov.au/internet/facsinternet.nsf/indigenous/repbody.htm    

[54]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 3.

[55]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 2.

[56]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 13.

[57]      Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Wednesday 20 August 2008.

 

Chapter 5 - Term of Reference (c)

[1]        Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 1.

[2]        Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 2; Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p 9.

[3]        Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Australia's children: safe and well, May 2008, p. 8 http://www.facsia.gov.au/family/child_protection_discussion_paper/ChildProtectionDiscussion%20PaperFINAL.pdf (accessed 10 September 2008).

[4]        Terri Libesman, Child welfare approaches for Indigenous communities: international perspectives, National Child Protection Clearinghouse Issues Paper no. 20, Autumn 2004, p. 3.

[5]        Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 12.

[6]        Uniting Care Children, Young People and Familles Services (NSW), Submission 14, p. 3; See also Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care Inc, Service Development, Cultural Respect and Service Access Policy¸ August 2008, p. 7.

[7]        The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 10.

[8]        Central Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service and North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency, Submission 24, p.13.

[9]        Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Tuesday 19 August 2008.

[10]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, pp. 5-6.

[11]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 3.

[12]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 8.

[13]      Dr Lara Wieland and Dr Richard Heazlewood, Submission 12, p. 8.

[14]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 7.

[15]      National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 6.

[16]      Dr Rosemary F Howard, Submission 18, p. 2.

[17]      J. Joudo, Responding to substance abuse and offending in Indigenous communities: review of diversion programs, Australian Institute of Criminology, Research and Public Policy Series
no. 88, 2008, p. 12.

[18]      Legal Aid Western Australia, Submission 1, p. 12.

[19]      Central Australian Youth Link Up Services, Submission 26, p. 9.

[20]      National Youth Affairs Research Scheme, Community building through intergenerational exchange programs, 2006, p. 47.

[21]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7a, p. 4; see also National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 8.

[22]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 18.

[23]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 17.

[24]      Daron Steven Keogh, Submission 35, p. 1.

[25]      Aboriginal Resources and Development Services Incorporated, Submission 11, p. 4.

[26]      Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 10.

[27]      Rio Tinto, Submission 20, pp. 20-21.

[28]      L. Henderson-Yates, S. Wagner, H. Parker and D. Yates, Fitzroy Valley Liquor Restriction Report: An evaluation of the effects of a six month restriction on take-away alcohol relating to measurable health and social benefits and community perceptions and behaviours, March 2008, pp. 8-10.

[29]      L. Henderson-Yates, S. Wagner, H. Parker and D. Yates, Fitzroy Valley Liquor Restriction Report: An evaulaution of the effects of a six month restriction on take-away alcohol relating to measurable health and social benefits and community perceptions and behaviours, March 2008, p. 12.

 

Chapter 6 - Term of Reference (d)

[1]        CDEP participants are not included when calculating the unemployment rate and for remote Indigenous communities CDEP can represent a significant proportion of employment.

[2]        Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008 (cat. 4704.0), p. 14.

[3]        Department of Finance and Deregulation, Office of Evaluation and Audit (Indigenous Programs), Evaluation of Indigenous Business Australia (IBA), December 2007, p. 4.

[4]        Department of Finance and Deregulation, Office of Evaluation and Audit (Indigenous Programs), Evaluation of Indigenous Business Australia (IBA), December 2007, p. 15.

[5]        House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Inquiry into developing Indigenous enterprises, 2008. https://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/atsia/indigenousenterprises/index.htm
(accessed 11 September 2008).      

[6]        Rio Tinto, Submission 20, pp. 8-10.

[7]        Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 2.

[8]        Committee inspection, Fitzroy Crossing, Tuesday 19 and Wednesday 20 August 2008.

[9]        National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 8, p. 9.

[10]      The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 14.

[11]      The Hon. Kevin Rudd, MP, Prime Minister, 'The Australian Employment Covenant', Press Release 0394, 3 August 2008.

[12]      Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends, 2008 (cat. no. 4102.0), p. 5.

[13]      Greg Marks, Submission 30, p. 8.

[14]      Committee inspection, Balgo, Thursday 21 August 2008.

[15]      Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 32.

[16]      Desert Knowledge CRC, Submission 13, p. 3.

[17]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 21.

[18]      Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 25.

[19]      Daron Steven Keogh, Submission 35, p. 2.

[20]      Greg Marks, Submission 30, pp. 8-9

[21]      Minerals Council of Australia, Submission 21, p. 2.

[22]      Professor Jon Altman, Submission 23, p. iii.

[23]      FaHCSIA, Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP), http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/internet/facsinternet.nsf/indigenous/programs-cdep_intro.htm (accessed 13 September 2008)

[24]      Jon Altman & Will Sanders, 'Re-vitalising the Community Development Employment Program in the Northern Territory', Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Topical Issue No. 5/2008, p. 2.

[25]      Jon Altman & Will Sanders, 'Re-vitalising the Community Development Employment Program in the Northern Territory', Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Topical Issue No. 5/2008,  pp. 2-3.

[26]      The Hon Jay Weatherill MP, South Australian Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Submission 27, p. 13.

[27]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7, p. 5.

[28]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7, p. 4.

[29]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7, p. 3.

[30]      Rio Tinto, Submission 20, p. 35.

[31]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 9.

[32]      Laynhapuy Homelands Association, Submission 28, p. 21.

[33]      Tangentyere Council, Submission 31, p. 2.

[34]      Tangentyere Council, Submission 31, p. 2.

[35]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7, p. 5.

[36]      Professor Jon Altman, Submission 23, p. iv.

[37]      Centre for Independent Studies, Submission 7, p. 4.

[38]      Professor Jon Altman, Submission 23, p. 5.

[39]      More information is available from the FaHCSIA website at: http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/internet/facsinternet.nsf/indigenous/programs-cdep_intro.htm
(accessed 20 September 2008).