Footnotes

Chapter 2 - Background

[1]        Thomas Nash, Stop Cluster Munitions: Stop Killing Civilians, February 2007, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/dokumenti/dokument.asp?id=24  (accessed 14 February 2007).

[2]        United Nations, Proposed definitions for cluster munitions and sub-munitions: Statement to the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War, 8 March 2005.

[3]        Senator Ian Campbell, Senate Hansard, answer to question on notice, 7 November 2006, question 2616.

[4]        Department of Defence, Submission 10, paragraph 31.

[5]        Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 3, 5.

[6]        Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, p. 13.

[7]        Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Background paper to the Oslo Conference on Cluster Munitions, February 2007, p. 1, http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/ OsloCCM%20background%20paper%201502.pdf (accessed 5 March 2007).

[8]        Federation of American Scientists: Military Analysis Network, Cluster Bombs, 26 June 1999, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/cluster.htm (accessed 13 February 2007).

[9]        Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7, p. 1.

[10]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7, p. 1.

[11]      Mark Hiznay, 'Operational and Technical Aspects of Cluster Munitions, 2006, Disarmament Forum, p. 16.

[12]      The Federation of American Scientists is a non-profit organisation of scientists that publishes extensively on scientific and technical matters, especially of foreign, security and defence policy significance; Federation of American Scientists: Military Analysis Network, CBU-97/CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon BLU-108/B Sub-munition, 23 January 1999, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/cbu-97.htm (accessed 13 February 2007).

[13]      Israeli Military Industries, Submission 3, p. 13.

[14]      Federation of American Scientists, CBU-94 "Blackout Bomb" and BLU-114/B "Soft-Bomb", 7 May 1999, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/blu-114.htm (accessed 17 February 2007).

[15]      Israeli Military Industries, Submission 3, pp. 1-2, 8, 14.

[16]      Craig Hoyle, 'UK Confirms Use of Cluster Munitions', April 2003, Jane's Defence Weekly; Armada International 2/2004;  noted in Israeli Military Industries, Submission 3, pp. 16-17.

[17]      Lord Dubbs, House of Lords Debates, 15 December 2006, column 1731. He stated,  '...Adam Ingram said on 16 June 2003 that the failure rate of these smart bombs was 2 per cent. An MoD paper of March 2005 put the failure rate at 1 per cent. However, on 8 November this year, Adam Ingram said that these weapons had a 95 per cent success rate.'

[18]      Defense Technical Information Center, Army RDT&E Budget Item Justification No. 177: MLRS Product Improvement Program, (February 2004), http://www.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2005/Army/0603778A.pdf (accessed 13 February 2007).

[19]      Lord Dubbs, House of Lords Debates, 15 December 2006, p.4; Human Rights Watch, Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq, p. 58. 2003, http://hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/usa1203.pdf (accessed 12 February 2007).

[20]      The Mennonite Central Committee represents 15 Mennonite and Amish bodies in North America and specialises in providing worldwide humanitarian relief and advocacy of peace interests; Mennonite Central Committee, Cluster Munitions in the US Arsenal, 2000, http://mcc.org/clusterbombs/resources/research/death/chapter1.html#73A6 (accessed 21 February 2007).

[21]      The Australian Red Cross, Submission 9, p. 2.

[22]      Landmine Action UK, Submission 5, p. 1.

[23]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 4.

[24]      Human Rights Watch, 'Cluster bombs in Afghanistan', October 2001, Human Rights Watch Background, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/arms/cluster-bck1031.htm (accessed 15 February 2007).

[25]      Ross Mountain, 'A Call for a Freeze on the use of Cluster Munitions', 27 November 2003, Statement by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee to the Meeting of State Parties to the CCW Convention.

[26]      Cluster Munitions Coalition, Cluster Munitions: Civilian Effects of the Weapon, www.stopclustermunitions.org/dokument1/dokument.asp?id+57 (accessed 22 March 2007).

[27]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, p. 6.

[28]      Human Rights Watch, Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq. 2003. http://hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/usa1203.pdf (accessed 12 February 2007).

[29]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (MAPW) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6, p. 8; Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, p. 8.

[30]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 3

[31]      United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requestors: Operation Desert Storm, Casualties caused by Improper Handling of Unexploded US Sub-munitions, pp. 5-6, 1993, http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat5/149647.pdf (accessed   12 February 2007).

[32]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 3.

[33]      United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requestors: Operation Desert Storm, Casualties caused by Improper Handling of Unexploded US Sub-munitions, p. 5, 1993, http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat5/149647.pdf (accessed   12 February 2007).

[34]      Stephen Goose, 'Humanitarian consequences and international response'. 18 March 2004, Presentation to the Conference Cluster Bombs: Effective Weapon or Humanitarian Foe.

[35]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, pp. 5, 10; Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 3.

[36]      Cited in Daniele Ressler and Elizabeth Wise, 'Cluster Munitions and ERW in Lebanon', 2006, Journal of Mine Action, http://maic.jmu.edu/journal/10.2/focus/resslerwise/resslerwise.htm, (accessed 27 February 2007).

[37]      Steve Goose, Human Rights Watch World Report, Cluster Munitions: Toward a Global Solution, 2004, http://hrw.org/wr2k4/12.htm (accessed 22 February 2007).

[38]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 4.

[39]      BBC News, 'Million bomblets' in S Lebanon, 26 September 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5382192.stm (accessed 13 February 2007).

[40]      Israeli Military Industries, Submission 3, pp. 13-15.

[41]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (MAPW) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6, pp. 6, 8.

[42]      Human Rights Watch, Lebanon/Israel: Hezbollah hit Israel with cluster munitions during conflict, 19 October 2006, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/10/18/lebano14412.htm (accessed 20 April 2007).

[43]      Steve Goose, Human Rights Watch World Report, Cluster Munitions: Toward a Global Solution, 2004, http://hrw.org/wr2k4/12.htm (accessed 22 February 2007).

[44]      Human Rights Watch, Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq. 2003, http://hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/usa1203.pdf (accessed 12 February 2007).

[45]      Handicap International, Ban Mines Newsletter: Handicap International's Newsletter on Landmines & Cluster Munitions, January 2007, p. 2, http://en.handicapinternational.be/download/ EN_Newsletter_19_FINAL.pdf (accessed 19 February 2007).

[46]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (MAPW) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6, p. 6.

Chapter 3 - Regulations and controls on the use of cluster munitions

[1]        Protocol I: Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977.

[2]        Protocol I: Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977.

[3]        Protocol I: Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977.

[4]        Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, 3 December 1997.

[5]        Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, 28 November 2003.

[6]        Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, 28 November 2003.

[7]        Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 2.

[8]        The Australian Red Cross, Submission 9, pp. 2-4.

[9]        The International Criminal Court, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 16 January 2002, p. 11.

[10]      Steve Goose, Human Rights Watch World Report, Cluster Munitions: Toward a Global Solution, 2004, http://hrw.org/wr2k4/12.htm (accessed 22 February 2007).

[11]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 3.

[12]      Submission 7, paragraph 8.

[13]      Declaration of the Oslo Conference on Cluster Munitions, 23 February 2007, http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Oslo%20Declaration%20(final)%2023%20February%202007.pdf (accessed 5 March 2007).

[14]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8A, p. 2.

[15]      As the meeting was held after this report was prepared and circulated, the meeting's findings were not considered in the preparation of this report.

[16]      International Committee of the Red Cross, 'ICRC statement to the Third Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons', 7 November 2006, ICRC Official Statement.

[17]      The German draft has not been considered for this report, as it only became available during the final stages of the report's preparation and will be the subject of ongoing diplomatic discussion before agreement is reached. However, it provides a draft definition of cluster munitions that excludes several sub-munition based weapon systems. It also seeks to immediately prohibit the use of unreliable cluster munitions, phase-out reliable area-saturation cluster munitions and mandate the replacement of the use of these weapons with alternative systems.

[18]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 1.

[19]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8A, p. 1.

[20]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, pp. 2-4.

[21]      Stephen Goose, 'Humanitarian consequences and international response'. 18 March 2004, Presentation to the Conference Cluster Bombs: Effective Weapon or Humanitarian Foe; International Committee of the Red Cross, 'Cluster munitions: ICRC calls for urgent international action', 6 November 2006, Press Release 06/120.

[22]      UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Message of UN Secretary-General to Third Review Conference on Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 7 November 2006.

[23]      Thomas Nash, 'Stopping Cluster Munitions', 2006, Disarmament Forum. 

[24]      Tom Conway, Cluster Munition Coalition Update: Mines Action Canada, 25 July 2006, http://www.minesactioncanada.org/home/index.cfm?fuse=Home.News&ID=213, (accessed 19 February 2007).

[25]      United Kingdom House of Lords, A Bill to Make Provision for the Control of Cluster Munitions; for the Destruction of such Munitions; and for Connected Purposes, 23 November 2006, pp. 1-2.

[26]      BBC News, "Britain bans 'dumb' cluster bombs", 20 March 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6472371.stm (accessed 21 March 2007); "UK to ban 'dumb' cluster bombs – report", 21 March 2007, http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-239/0703190858171351.htm (accessed 21 March 2007).

[27]      Human Rights Watch, Essential Elements for Reducing the Civilian Harm of Cluster Munitions: Examples of Positive Policy and Practice, (March 2006), http://hrw.org/arms/pdfs/munitionChart.pdf (accessed 19 February 2007).

[28]      A Bill to limit the use, sale, and transfer of cluster munitions, S 594 IS, 110^th Congress, 1^st Session. http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/110th/S594is.htm  (assessed 26 March 2007).

[29]      Human Rights Watch, Essential Elements for Reducing the Civilian Harm of Cluster Munitions: Examples of Positive Policy and Practice, (March 2006), http://hrw.org/arms/pdfs/munitionChart.pdf (accessed 19 February 2007).

[30]      Cluster Munitions Coalition, New Cluster Munition Coalition Bulletin, March 2006, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/news.asp?id=16 (accessed 23 February 2007); Danish Ministry of Defence, 'Position of the Danish Government on Cluster Munitions', 18 March 2004, Presentation to the Conference Cluster Bombs: Effective Weapon or Humanitarian Foe, pp. 1-3; Cluster Munitions Coalition, Urgent: Ask German MPs to Support Moratorium, http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/news.asp?id=36 (accessed 27 February 2007).

Chapter 4 - Provisions of the Bill

[1]        Clause 6.

[2]        Clause 10.

[3]        Clause 11.

[4]        Clause13.

[5]        Clauses 14–15.

Chapter 5 - Main findings

[1]        Peace Organisation of Australia, Submission 1, p. 10.

[2]        Peace Organisation of Australia, Submission 1, p. 5.

[3]        Peace Organisation of Australia Submission 1, p. 6.

[4]        David Bath, Submission 11, p. 1.

[5]        Ausctare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 5.

[6]        Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, p. 15.

[7]        Landmine Action UK, Submission 5, p. 1.

[8]        Ausctare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 6.

[9]        Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 6.

[10]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 6.

[11]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, paragraph 15.

[12]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 1–2.

[13]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 1.

[14]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8A, p. 1.

[15]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 1.

[16]      Peace Organisation of Australia, Submission 1, pp. 4–5.

[17]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7, p. 1.

[18]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7, pp. 1–3.

[19]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 3–4.

[20]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[21]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 2.

[22]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 3–4.

[23]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 3–4.

[24]      Israeli Military Industries, Submission 3, pp. 2–3.

[25]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and the Uniting Church of Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Submission 8, p. 14.

[26]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 3.

[27]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 4.

[28]      The Australian Red Cross, Submission 9, pp. 4-5.

[29]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, paragraph 31.

[30]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 5.

[31]      Clause 17.

[32]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 5.

[33]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 4–5.

[34]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, pp. 4–5.

[35]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 5. See also answer to written question on notice no. 4.

[36]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7A, p. 1.

[37]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, p. 1.

[38]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia), Submission 6A, pp. 2-3.

[39]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 1.

[40]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 1.

[41]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 1.

[42]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7A, p. 1.

[43]      Defence answer to written question on notice no. 5.

Minority report by Labor Members

[1]        Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6A, p. 1; See also Handicap International and the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), Submission 14, p. [2]; These submissions have cited a November 2006 report by Handicap International, Fatal Footprint. It reviewed the effect of cluster munitions use in the 26 known countries where they have been used since 1973 and reported that of the 11 044 confirmed casualties, only 124 were military personnel.

[2]        Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 3 and Landmine Action UK, Submission 5A, p. 1.

[3]        Peace Organisation of Australia, Submission 1, p. 1, Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission  6, p. 6; Australian Network to Ban Landmines and Uniting Church of Australia (Synod of Victoria and Tasmania), Submission 8, pp. 3 and 7–8; Mines Action Canada, Submission 15, p. 1; Landmine Action UK Submission 5A, p. 1.

[4]        Peace Organisation of Australia, Submission 1, p. 7.

[5]        UNICEF Australia, Media Centre, 'ÚNICEF Australia Supports Cluster Ban', 5 December 2006, http://www.unicef.org.au/mediaCentre-Detail.asp?ReleaseID=709 (assessed 6 May 2007)

[6]        UNICEF Australia, Media Centre, 'ÚNICEF Australia Supports Cluster Ban', 5 December 2006, http://www.unicef.org.au/mediaCentre-Detail.asp?ReleaseID=709 (assessed 6 May 2007)

[7]        United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, A Lasting Legacy: The Deadly Impact of Cluster Bombs in Southern Lebanon, September 2006.

[8]        United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, A Lasting Legacy: The Deadly Impact of Cluster Bombs in Southern Lebanon, September 2006.

[9]        Dr Ben Saul, Submission 7, p. 2.

[10]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2, p. 3.

[11]      Message by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to the Third Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, at the Palais des Nations in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006. The message was delivered on his behalf by Tim Caughley, Director of the Conference on Disarmament Secretariat and Conference Support Branch and Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament. See also Submission 4, United Nations Mine Action Service, Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

[12]      United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, A Lasting Legacy: The Deadly Impact of Cluster Bombs in Southern Lebanon, September 2006.

[13]      United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, A Lasting Legacy: The Deadly Impact of Cluster Bombs in Southern Lebanon, September 2006.

[14]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2A, p. [1]; Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 5A, p. [1]; Landmine Action UK, Submission 6A, p. 2.

[15]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2A, p. 2.

[16]      Handicap International and the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), Submission 14, p. 1.

[17]      Landmine Action UK, Submission 5A, p. [1]; Australian Network to Ban Landmines and Uniting Church of Australia (Synod of Victoria and Tasmania), Submission 8A, p. 3.

[18]      Australian Network to Ban Landmines and Uniting Church of Australia (Synod of Victoria and Tasmania), Submission 8A, p. 3.

[19]      Landmine Action UK, Submission 5A, p. [1].

[20]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 1.

[21]      Landmine Action UK, Submission 5A, p. 1; Also cited in Handicap International and the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), Submission 14, p. 1.

[22]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2A, p. [1].

[23]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6A, p. 3.

[24]      Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) and Australians for Lebanon, Submission 6A, p. 4.

[25]      Landmine Action UK, Submission 5A, p. 1.

[26]      Mines Action Canada, Submission 15, [2]; Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2A, p. [1].

[27]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid, Submission 2A, p. [2].

[28]      Department of Defence, Submission 10, p. 5.

[29]      Mines Action Canada, Submission 15, p. [3].

Australian Democrats dissenting report

[1]        Medical Association for the Prevention of War (Australia) Submission 15 March 2007, p. 4.

[2]        United Nations Mine Action Service Submission 15 February 2007, p. 2.

[3]        The Peace Organisation of Australia Submission January 2007, p.7.

[4]        Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) supplementary submission 15 March 2007

[5]        Department of Defence Submission 10, paragraph 4.

[6]        Australian Network to Ban Landmines Submission 16 March 2007, p.1.

[7]        Medical Association for Prevention of War (Australia) Submission 6A, p. 2.

[8]        Mines Action Canada Submission 5 April 2007, p. 2.

[9]        Medical Association for Prevention of War Submission 15 March 2007, p. 1.

[10]      Department of Defence submission, p. 2.

[11]      MAPW Submission, 15 March 2007, p. 2.

[12]      Mines Action Canada Submission, 5 April 2007, p. 2.

[13]      Dr Ben Saul Submission 19 February 2007, paragraph 3, 5 and 7.

[14]      Mines Action Canada Submission 5 April 2007, p. 3.

[15]      Department of Defence Submission 10, paragraphs 16 – 22.

[16]      MAPW Submission 15 March 2007, p. 3.

[17]      MAPW Submission, 15 March p. 3.

[18]      Dr Ben Saul, Submission 13 March 2007.

[19]      Austcare World Humanitarian Aid Submission 12 April 2007 p.3.

[20]      Australian Red Cross Submission 22 February 2007, p. 5.

[21]      ANBL Submission 16 March 2007, p. 3.