Footnotes

CHAPTER 1 - Background to the delegation

[1]        Senator, The Hon David Johnston,  Minister for Justice and Customs, Correspondence 07/5188.

[2]        Senator, The Hon David Johnston,  Minister for Justice and Customs, Correspondence 07/5188.

[3]        Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into the future impact of serious and organised crime on Australian Society, September 2007.

CHAPTER 2 - North American approaches to organised crime

[1]        Royal Canadian Mounted Police Force: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm (accessed 29 May 2009).

[2]        Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, http://www.cisc.gc.ca/index_e.html, (accessed 28 May 2009).

[3]        Department of Justice, Canada, http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/, (accessed 17 June 2009).

[4]        Public Prosecution Service of Canada, http://www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng/bas/abt-suj.html (accessed 6 June 2009).

[5]        Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights , Committee Hearing 25 March 2009, by Assistant Commissioner Mike Cabana, Organized Crime Committee, Federal and International Operations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

[6]        Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 1, p. 18.

[7]        Criminal Code (Canada), section 467.1.

[8]        Criminal Code (Canada), subsection 490.1(2).

[9]        Criminal Code (Canada), section 810.01.

[10]      Criminal Code (Canada), section 718.2.

[11]      Criminal Code (Canada), sections 183 and 186.

[12]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 1, p. 29.

[13]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 1, p. 33.

[14]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 1, p. 31.

[15]      Criminal Code (Canada), s467.14.

[16]      Biker Gangs in Canada, CBN News: http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/04/01/f-biker-gangs.html (accessed 6 June 2009).

[17]      Biker Gangs in Canada, CBN News: http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/04/01/f-biker-gangs.html (accessed 1 June 2009).

[18]      Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, Annual Report 2003: http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2003/outlaw_2003_e.html (accessed 1 June 2009).

[19]      Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights, Committee Hearing 25 March 2009, by Assistant Commissioner Mike Cabana, Organized Crime Committee, Federal and International Operations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

[20]      Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights , Committee Hearing 25 March 2009, by Assistant Commissioner Mike Cabana, Organized Crime Committee, Federal and International Operations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

[21]      Part 6 of the Criminal Code previously allowed lawful access to this type of data.

[22]      Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights , Committee Hearing 25 March 2009, by Assistant Commissioner Mike Cabana, Organized Crime Committee, Federal and International Operations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

[23]      Ministry of the Attorney General, Civil Forfeiture in Ontario 2007, An Update On the Civil Remedies Act, 2001, Ontario, August 2007.

[24]      [1991] 3 S.C.R. 326.

[25]      Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights , Committee Hearing 25 March 2009, by Assistant Commissioner Mike Cabana, Organized Crime Committee, Federal and International Operations, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

[26]      R. v. Heywood [1994] 3 S.C.R.761.

[27]      Hobbema Community Cadet Corps, http://www.hobbemacadets.net/whoweare.htm  (accessed on 28 May 2009).

[28]      Law Societies of the Northwest Territories, Peace Bonds and Restraining Order, http://www.lawsociety.nt.ca/ForthePublic/LegalInformation/PeaceBondsRestrainingOrders/tabid/123/Default.aspx (accessed 1 June 2009).

[29]      Federal Bureau of Investigations, http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcnindex.htm (accessed on 2 June 2009).

[30]      United States Department of Justice, http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/mps/manual/overview.htm (accessed 3 June 2009).

[31]      Federal Bureau of Investigations, About Organized Crime, http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcnindex.htm (accessed on 2 June 2009).

[32]      Federal Bureau of Investigations, About Organized Crime, http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/aboutocs.htm (accessed 2 June 2009).

[33]      Federal Bureau of Investigation, Inside the FBI, http://www.fbi.gov/inside/archive/inside021309.htm (accessed 2 June 2009).

[34]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 16, p. 16.

[35]      United States Department of Justice, Assets Forfeiture and Money Laundering Section, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/afmls/ (accesses 2 June 2009).

[36]      United States Department of Justice, Assets Forfeiture Program, The Fund, http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/afp/02fundreport/02_2.html (accessed 3 June 2009).

[37]      Discussion with the United States Department of Justice, Washington, 16 April 2009.

[38]      Patricia Moloney Figliola, Congressional Research Service, Digital Surveillance: The Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL30677.pdf (accessed 2 June 2009).

CHAPTER 3 - European approaches to organised crime[1]

[1]        Many of these meetings required the use of an interpreter, therefore while the information provided in this chapter has sought to be as accurate as possible, errors may in part be due to the translation process and the difficulty in seeking clarification.

[2]        United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, http://www.unicri.it/, (accessed 9 June 2009).

[3]        A power point presentation given to the Delegation by Ms Kangaspunta from UNICRI is provided at appendix D.

[4]        UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, Article 2(a) (emphasis added).

[5]        UNODC, The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and its Protocols, at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html (accessed 31 March 2009).

[6]        UNODC, The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and its Protocols, at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html (accessed 31 March 2009).

[7]        Europol, http://www.europol.europa.eu/ (accessed 31 March 2009).

[8]        Europol, http://www.europol.europa.eu/index.asp?page=introduction, (accessed 20 February 2009).

[9]        Guardia di Finanza, Annual Report 2007, http://www.gdf.it/GdiF_in_English/Annual_Report/Annual_Report_2007/index.html (accessed 4 June 2009).

[10]      Interpol, European Police and Justice Systems – Netherlands, at http://www.interpol.int/public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/Netherlands.asp (accessed 30 March 2009).

[11]      Ian Davis, Chrissie Hirst, and Bernardo Mariani,  Organised crime, corruption and illicit arms trafficking in an enlarged EU. Challenges and perspectives. Saferworld Arms & Security Programme, December 2001. http://www.online.bg/coalition2000/eng/bilb/organised_crime.pdf, (accessed 9 June 2009).

[12]      UNODC, 2008 World Drug Report, p. 13.

[13]      UNODC, 2008 World Drug Report, p. 13.

[14]      UNODC, 2008 World Drug Report, p. 18.

[15]      UNODC, 2008 World Drug Report, p. 14.

[16]      United Nations interregional crime and Justice Research Institute, case study, http://counterfeiting.unicri.it/org_crime.php?sec_=C, (accessed 9 June 2009).

[17]      United Nations interregional crime and Justice Research Institute, case study, http://counterfeiting.unicri.it/org_crime.php?sec_=C, (accessed 9 June 2009).

[18]      Umberto Santino, Law Enforcement in Italy and Europe against mafia and organised crime, available at http://www.centroimpastato.it/otherlang/mcdonald.php3, (accessed 16 June 2009).

[19]      A Dutch acronym for the title of the Act.

[20]      Cathelijne Rosalie Annemarie van der Schoot, Organised Crime Prevention in the Netherlands: exposing the effectiveness of preventative measures, PhD Thesis, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2006, 97.

[21]      Cathelijne Rosalie Annemarie van der Schoot, Organised Crime Prevention in the Netherlands: exposing the effectiveness of preventative measures, PhD Thesis, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2006, 97.          

[22]      Mr Raffaela Grassi, Director of Division I, Operational Service Central Anti-Crime Directorate, Rome, Italy, 20 April 2009.

[23]      Italy has an inquisitorial justice system, so a judge will be inquiring into the source of the assets, unlike in adversarial systems where each side goes to court with a fully prepared case.

[24]      Mr Raffaela Grassi, Director of Division I, Operational Service Central Anti-Crime Directorate, Rome, Italy, 20 April 2009.        

[25]      Mr Antonio Sessa, Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Operations, Rome, 18 April 2009.

[26]      The Schengen Agreement was a 1985 agreement between 10 European states to remove border controls.

CHAPTER 4 - United Kingdom approaches to organised crime

[1]        Serious and Organised Crime Agency, http://www.soca.gov.uk/. (accessed 11 June 2009).

[2]        Serious and Organised Crime Agency, About Us, http://www.soca.gov.uk/aboutUs/index.html (accessed 17 June 2009).

[3]        Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, Submission 16, p. 12.

[4]        The Metropolitan Police Service, http://www.met.police.uk/, (accessed 11 June 2009).

[5]        UK Home Office, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[6]        UK Border Agency, http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/, (accessed 11 June 2009).

[7]        Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/menus/aboutmenu.htm, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[8]        Association of Chief Police Officers, http://www.acpo.police.uk/default.asp, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[9]        CIFAS- UK Fraud Prevention Service, http://www.cifas.org.uk/default.asp?edit_id=252-28, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[10]      Dedicated Cheque and Plastic Crime Unit, http://www.dcpcu.org.uk/HTML/complete.html, (accessed 11 June 2009).

[11]      APACS, http://www.apacs.org.uk/index.html, (accessed 11 June 2009).

[12]      UK Home Affairs Committee, http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/home_affairs_committee.cfm, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[13]      British Transport Police, http://www.btp.police.uk/default.aspx,  (accessed 15 June 2009).

[14]      The sections is sourced from Serious and Organised Crime Agency, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of serious Organised Crime 2008-09.

[15]      Serious and Organised Crime Agency, Press Notice, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Serious Organised Crime 2008-09, http://www.soca.gov.uk/assessPublications/UKTA0809.html, (accessed 13 June 2009).

[16]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 16, p. 13.

[17]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 16, p. 14.

[18]      Serious  and Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, section 64.

[19]      Serious and Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, section 65.

[20]      Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission, Inquiry into legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups, Submission 16, p. 13.

[21]      Serious Crimes Act 2007, sections 35-6.

[22]      Serious Crimes Act 2007, section 6.

[23]      Serious Crimes Act 2007, section 14.

[24]      The Crown Prosecution Service, Serious Crime Prevention Orders, Serious Crime Act 2007 - Sections 1 - 41 and Schedules 1 and 2, http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/serious_crime_prevention_orders_(scpo)_guidance/#A01, (accessed 15 June 2009).

[25]      Serious Crimes Act 2007, section 26.

[26]      Serious Crimes Act 2007,subsection 5(3).

[27]      Serious Crimes Act 2007, subsection 5(4).

[28]      Serious and Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, section 79.

[29]      Serious and Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, subsection 79(10).

[30]      William Hughes, Director General, Serious and Organised Crime Agency, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Serious Organised Crime 2008-09, p.4.

[31]      Figures are for confiscation across all agencies.

[32]      Serious Organised Crime Agency, Civil Recovery, http://www.soca.gov.uk/financialIntel/assetsRecovery.html, (accessed 15 June 2009).

[33]      Serious and Organised Crime Agency, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Serious Organised Crime 2008-09, p. 15.

[34]      Serious Organised Crime Agency, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Serious Organised Crime 2008/09, p. 3.

[35]      Information source APACS website, http://www.apacs.org.uk/index.html, (accessed 11 June 2009).

[36]      APACS, Fraud the Facts 2008, http://www.cardwatch.org.uk/images/uploads/publications/Fraud%20the%20Facts%202008_links.pdf , p. 9. (accessed 11 June 2009).

[37]      APACS, http://www.apacs.org.uk/index.html, (accessed 11 June 2009).

CHAPTER 5 - International arrangements to address serious and organised crime

[1]        Mr Antonia Maria Costa, Director General, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, The global crime threat – we must stop it, 18^th Session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Vienna, 16 April 2009, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2009-16-04.html, (accessed 16 June 2009).

[2]        Mr Raffaela Grassi, Director of Division I, Operational Service Central Anti-Crime Directorate, Rome, Italy, 20 April 2009.

[3]        Canada has 380 law enforcement agencies; U.S. has approximately 1800 law enforcement agencies; U.K. has 57 different police forces.

[4]        Patricia Moloney Figliola, Congressional Research Service, Digital Surveillance: The Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL30677.pdf (accessed 2 June 2009).

[5]        Mr Antonia Maria Costa, Director General, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, The global crime threat – we must stop it, 18^th Session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Vienna, 16 April 2009, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2009-16-04.html, (accessed 16 June 2009).