Footnotes - Chapter2

[1] Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 1990, p. 6.

[2] United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Conclusions of the Study on effective measures to prevent and control high-technology and computer-related crime, Vienna , 2001, p. 6.

[3] ibid., p. 7.

[4] Submissions, pp. 216-217.

[5] ECEG, Electronic Commerce: Building the Legal Framework Canberra, 1998.

[6] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, West Chatswood, 1999.

[7] Ms Elizabeth Montano, AUSTRAC Director, Evidence, p. 31

[8] AFP, Submissions, p. 60.

[9] FATF, The Forty Recommendations, OECD, Paris, 1990, p. 1.

[10] Proceeds of Crime Act 1987 (Cth), s.81(3).

[11] FATF, Annual Report 1999-2000, Paris, 2000.

[12] ABCI, Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999-2000, Canberra, 2001, p. 104.

[13] Grabosky, P., Computer Crime in a World Without Borders, Paper presented to the 70th Conference of Commissioners of Police of Australasia and the Southwest Pacific Region, Canberra 13 March 2000.

[14] NCA, Taken to the Cleaners: Money Laundering in Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1992.

[15] ibid., p. ix.

[16] ABCI, Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999-2000, Canberra, p. 108.

[17] Grabosky P. and Smith R., Crime in the Digital Age, Federation Press, Sydney, 1998, p. 175.

[18] This offence is known as 'structuring'.

[19] FATF, Annual Report 2000-2001, OECD, Paris, 2001, pp. 15-17.

[20] ABCI, Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999-2000, Canberra, 2001, p. 108.

[21] FATF, Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories, Paris, 22 June 2001.

[22] Walker, J., Estimates of the extent of money laundering in and through Australia, AUSTRAC, Sydney, 1995, p. 41.

[23] ABCI, op.cit., p. 105.

[24] AUSTRAC, Annual Report 1999-2000, West Chatswood, 2000, pp. 52-53.

[25] ibid., p. 59.

[26] ibid., p. 74.

[27] Submissions, p. 174.

[28] FATF, Report on Money Laundering Typologies 2000-2001, OECD, Paris, 2001.

[29] www.austrac.gov.au/text/recent_news/international_money_laundering/index.htm, visited 27 July 2001.

[30] National Office for the Information Economy, E-Commerce for Small Business,
www.noie.gov.au/projects/ecommerce/SME/index.htm as at 1 May 2001.

[31] Ad Hoc Group of High-Level Private Sector Experts on Electronic Commerce, Electronic
Commerce:Opportunites and Challenges for Government, OECD, Paris, 1997, p. 20.

[32] Attorney-General's portfolio, Submissions, p. 195.

[33] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Internet Activity, Australia, December quarter 2000, Cat. no. 8153.0

[34] Australian Telecommunications Authority, Telecommunications Performance Report 1999-2000, ACA, Melbourne, 2000, p. 161.

[35] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Internet Activity, Australia, December quarter 2000, Cat. no. 8153.0.

[36] www.consult, The 9th Australian Internet User Report, July-December 2000, p. 30.

[37] ibid., p. 34.

[38] ibid., p. 7.

[39] ibid., p. 44.

[40] ibid., p. 47.

[41] Forrester Research Online Retail Index, www.forrester.com

[42] Denning, D. and Baugh, W.E. 'Hiding crimes in cyberspace', in Thomas D. and Loader B.D. (eds), Cybercrime: law enforcement, security and surveillance in the information age, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 125.

[43] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood, 1999, p. 42.

[44] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood,, 1999, pp. 42-43.

[45] Denning, D. and Baugh, W.E. 'Hiding crimes in cyberspace', in Thomas D. and Loader B.D. (eds), Cybercrime: law enforcement, security and surveillance in the information age, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 112.

[46] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood,, 1999, p. 50.

[47] OSCA, The Changing Nature of Fraud in Australia, Canberra, 2000, p.10.

[48] NCA, in Submissions, p. 166.

[49] House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration, Numbers on the Run, 2000, p. 67.

[50] ibid., p. 75.

[51] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 5.

[52] Grabosky P., Smith R. and Dempsey G., Electronic Theft: Unlawful Acquisiton in Cyberspace,
Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 195.

[53] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood,, 1999, p. 59.

[54] Submissions, p. 127.

[55] ACS & NOIE, The Phantom Menace: Setting the record straight about online credit card fraud for consumers, [2000].

[56] ibid.

[57] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 4.

[58] ibid.

[59] ACS & NOIE, The Phantom Menace: Setting the record straight about online credit card fraud for consumers, [2000].

[60] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood,, 1999, p. 61.

[61] Ad Hoc Group of Hi-Level Private Sector Experts on Electronic Commerce, Electronic Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges for Government, OECD, Paris, p. 36.

[62] ABCI, Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999-2000, Canberra, 2001, p. 105.

[63] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1., West Chatswood,, 1999, p. 63.

[64] Police Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Project Working Party, The Virtual Horizon: Meeting the Law Enforcement Challenges, ACPR, Payneham SA, 2000, p. 23.

[65] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 4.

[66] OSCA and Victoria Police, 1997 Computer Crime and Security Survey, pp. 15-17.

[67] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 6.

[68] ibid.

[69] ibid., p. 7.

[70] Power R., '2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey', Computer Security Issues and Trends, 6(1) Spring 2000, p. 5.

[71] ibid., p. 6.

[72] ibid., p. 10.

[73] Smith, R.G., 'Internet-related fraud: crisis or beat-up?', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 9.

[74] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 5.

[75] Guerts, J., 'fraud@internet.com.au', Platypus, March 2000.

[76] Smith, R.G., 'Internet-related fraud: crisis or beat-up?', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, pp. 3-4.

[77] Information Industries Task Force, The Global Information Economy: The Way Ahead, 1997, pp. 71-74.

[78] Attorney-General's portfolio, Submissions, p. 217.

[79] ECEG, Electronic Commerce: Building the Legal Framework, 1998, p. 136.

[80] Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000.

[81] Guerts J., 'fraud@internet.com.au', Platypus, March 2000.

[82] NCA, NCA & Cybercrime: scoping paper, June 2000, p. 6.

[83] Submissions, p. 62.

[84] FATF, Report on Money Laundering Typologies 1999-2000, OECD, Paris, 2000.

[85] Submissions, p. 63.

[86] Submissions, p. 43.

[87] Submissions, p. 55.

[88] Submissions, p. 162.

[89] NCA, The NCA and Cybercrime: Scoping Paper, June 2000, p. 27.

[90] ABCI, Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999-2000, Canberra, 2001, p. 105.

[91] Evidence, p. 29.

[92] Evidence, p. 26.

[93] Submissions, p. 147.

[94] ACPR, Electronic Crime Strategy of the Police Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Steering Committee 2001-2003, 2001, p. 15.

[95] www.noie.gov.au/projects/consumer/shopping_online/index.htm

[96] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper Australia, convened by the Australian

[97] Evidence, p. 83.

[98] Submission, p. 128.

[99] Etter, B., 'Computer Crime', Paper presented at the 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Australia, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2001, p. 12.

[100] Evidence, p. 146.

[101] Evidence, p. 160.

[102] ibid., p. 43.

[103] ibid.

[104] ibid.

[105] ibid., pp. 69-70.

[106] AGEC, Submissions, p. 253.

[107] AIIA, Evidence, p. 77.

[108] Police Commissioners' Conference, Electronic Crime Strategy, March 2001.

[109] Evidence, p. 148.

[110] Submissions, p.166.

[111] RGEC, Contributions to Electronic Commerce: what law enforcement and revenue agencies can do, vol. 1, 1999, p. 119.

[112] Evidence, p. 155.

[113] NCA, Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee Inquiry into the management arrangements and adequacy of funding of the Australian Federal Police and the National Crime Authority, February 2001, p. 23.114 NCA, Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee Inquiry into the management arrangements and adequacy of funding of the Australian Federal Police and the National Crime Authority, February 2001, p. 23.

[115] Evidence, p. 102.

[116] Evidence, p. 147.

[117] Evidence, p. 153.

[118] NCA, The NCA and Cybercrime: scoping paper, June 2000, p. 29.

[119] ibid., p. 32.

[120] NCIS, Project Trawler:Crime on the Information Highways, NCIS, London, 1999, p. 23, as cited in Police Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Project Working Party, The Virtual Horizon: Meeting the Law Enforcement Challenges, ACPR, Payneham SA, 2000, p. 72.

[121] Police Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Project Working Party, The Virtual Horizon: Meeting the Law Enforcement Challenges, ACPR, Payneham SA, 2000, p. 72.

[122] Police Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Project Working Party, The Virtual Horizon: Meeting the Law Enforcement Challenges, ACPR, Payneham SA, 2000, pp. 78-81.

[123] www.govonline.gov.au/publickey/abn-dsc-angus.htm, visited 16 July 2001.

[124] Evidence, p. 65.

[125] Submissions, p. 73.

[126] Evidence, p. 21.