|
Footnotes
Chapter 1 Background
[1]
Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002; Suppression of
the Financing of Terrorism Act 2002; Criminal Code Amendment (Suppression of
Terrorist Bombings) Act 2002; Border Security Legislation Amendment Act 2002;
Telecommunications Interception Legislation Amendment Act 2002; Criminal Code
Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2003.
[2]
Subsection 102.1A(2) of the Criminal Code.
[3]
Subsection 4 (9) of the Security Legislation (Terrorism) Act 2002.
Membership of the SLRC included: Mr Ian Carnell (Inspector-General of
Intelligence and Security); Ms Karen Curtis (Commonwealth Privacy
Commissioner); Mr Graeme Innes AM – (Human Rights Commissioner); Professor
John McMillan (Commonwealth Ombudsman); Mr John Davies APM OAM (former ACT
Chief of Police and nominee of the Attorney General); Ms Gillian Braddock SC
(Law Council of Australia) and Mr Dan O'Gorman (Law Council of Australia).
Chapter 2 Operation of the proscription regime
[1]
AGD, Submission 10, p.2.
[2]
Paragraph 143(1) (b) Evidence Act 1995 (Cth); Mr. Sheller AO QC, Opening Statement, Exhibit 1, p. 4.
[3]
Mr Bugg AM QC Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecution, Submission
4, p.1.
[4]
Section 104.2 of the Criminal Code.
[5]
Information about listed entities can be accessed on the national
security website of the Attorney-General’s Department at: http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument
[6]
Section 17(1) (c) of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
Act 1979 (ASIO Act).
[7]
AGD, Submission 10, p.5.
[8]
AGD, Submission 10, p.5.
[9]
AGD, Submission 10, p.6.
[10]
Paragraph 3.4 Division 3 of the IGA, 25 June 2004. Accessible at: http://www.coag.gov.au/meetings/250604/iga_counter_terrorism.pdf
[11]
Subparagraph 3.4(8) IGA. This requirement is an amendment to the original
IGA that provided for consultation through the Standing Committee of Attorneys
General.
[12]
Subparagraph 3.4 (3) IGA.
[13]
Information about listed organisations can be accessed at http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument
[14]
Section 38 and 42 of the Legislative Instruments Act.
[15]
Section 15 Legislative Instruments Act.
[16]
Subsection 102.1A (1) of the Criminal Code.
[17]
Subsection 102.1A (3) of the Criminal Code.
[18]
Subsection 102.1(3) of the Criminal Code.
[19]
Section 102.1(4) of the Criminal Code.
[20]
AGD, Submission 10, p.10.
[21]
Subsection 102.1(17) of the Criminal Code.
[22]
Subsection 102.1(18) of the Criminal Code.
[23]
Section 5 of the ADJR.
[24]
UNSCR 1267 requires Member States to freeze the financial assets of
designated persons and entities, and make it a criminal offence to deal in the assets
of or make funds or assets available to a listed individual or group. In
Australia UNSCR 1267 is implemented by regulations under the Charter of the
United Nations Act 1945 (COUNA).
[25]
Original subsection 102.1 (4) of the Criminal Code.
[26]
See Senate Journals, 25 June 2002, p.p. 469-71.
[27]
Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist) Organisations Act 2002 commenced
on 23 October 2002. Jemaah Islamiyah was listed on 27 October 2002.
[28]
Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist Organisations) Act 2004.
[29]
EM Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist Organisations) Bill 2003, Item 1 new
subsection 102.1(2).
[30]
Subsection 102.1(2A) of the Criminal Code.
[31]
Subsections 102.1A (1)-(4) of the Criminal Code.
[32]
Subsections 102.1(4) (5) (6) of the Criminal Code.
[33]
Paragraph 102.1(2) (b) of the Criminal Code.
[34]
Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist Organisations) Act 2004.
[35]
Paragraphs 102.1A (1) (a) (b) of the Criminal Code.
[36]
Review of the listing of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), June,
2004, p.5.
[37]
Senate Hansard, 3 March 2004, 20670, 20752, 20808; House Hansard,
4 March 2004, 26015, 26016.
Chapter 3 The implications and community impacts of proscription
[1]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.1; Associate Professor Hogg, Submission
6, p.17.
[2]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.1.
[3]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.3; IISAC, Submission 27, p.3; Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.1; PIAC, Submission 11, p.5.
[4]
AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.44; IISCA, p.27, p.4.
[5]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.9; Telecommunications (Interception)
Amendment Act 2006 (Cth); AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.44; Mr Hess, Submission 3, p.1.
[6]
AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.44.
[7]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.6.
[8]
See, for example, AMCRAN, Submission 22; IISCA, Submission 27,
p.5.
[9]
AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.44.
[10]
IISCA, Submission 27, p.5.
[11]
ATRAC, Submission 8, p.10.
[12]
ATRAC, Submission 8, p.10
[13]
ATRAC, Submission 8, p.12.
[14] RCOA, Submission
25, p.2.
[15]
RCOA, Submission 25, p.2.
[16]
Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p. 2; se also, RCOA,
Submission 25, p.2.
[17]
RCOA, Submission 25, p.2.
[18]
RCOA, Submission 25, p.2.
[19]
RCOA, Submission 25, p.3, UNHCR;Public
Interest Criterion 4002 of Schedule 4 of the Migration Regulations 1994 which
requires that: the applicant is not assessed by ASIO to be directly or
indirectly a risk to security, within the meaning of section 4 of the ASIO
Act 1979; See also PIC 4001 (character test as defined by s.501 (6) of the
Migration Act 1958) and 4003 (associated with the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction) Schedule 4 of the Migration Regulations 1994.
[20]
RCOA, Submission 25, p. 3.
[21]
RCOA, Submission 25, p.3.
[22]
UNHCR, Submission 29, p.2;Division 2 of Part IV of the ASIO Act; see
also Sundberg J in Parkin v O’Sullivan [2006] FCA 1413 at [28] –[32]
[23]
DIAC, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.57.
[24]
Deputy Director of ASIO, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.74.
[25]
UNHCR, Submission 29, p.3.
[26]
ASIO, Report to the Parliament 2005-2006, p.30.
[27]
See, for example, Professor Williams, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.22; Community Relations Commission, Submission 1, p.1;
[28]
Community Relations Commission, Submission 1, p.1.
[29]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April, 75.
[30]
AGD, Committee Transcript 4 April, p.75; AGD, Supplementary Submission
10A, p.5.
[31]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April, p.75.
[32]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April, p.75.
[33]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April, 68; AGD, Supplementary
Submission 10A, p. 2;27 February 2006 – briefing to the Muslim Community
Reference Group on the new counter-terrorism laws; 19 April 2006 –
participation in a legislation and policy forum held at Monash University to
discuss the counter-terrorism legislation; 17 May 2006 – presentation on the
Government’s counter-terrorism legislation to Muslim community representatives
and Northern Territory police at a National Security and Crisis Management
Planning workshop in Darwin; 19 and 20 May 2006 – presentation to a public
forum hosted by the Citizens for Democracy in Armidale; 28 May 2006 –
presentation to a public forum hosted by the Young Lawyers Association in
Sydney; 2 June 2006 – address to the Attorney-General's Non-Government
Organisation Forum on Human Rights; 19 July 2006 – presentation on the
implications of Australia’s new terrorism laws on specific ethnic communities
at a conference of The Northern Migrant Resource Centre Inc. in Melbourne.
[34]
Isma Listen: National Consultations on Eliminating Prejudice against Arab
and Muslim Australian’s, 2004.
[35]
HREOC, Report to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship on the Unlocking Doors Project, March 2007; see also, Report to the DIAC on
the Muslim Womens’ Project 2006: A Dialogue on human rights and
responsibilities, December 2006.
[36]
ASIO’s Questioning and Detention Powers: Review of the operation,
effectiveness an implications of Division 3 Part III of the ASIO Act 1979,
November 2005, p.75; Review of Security and Counter Terrorism Legislation,
December 2006, p.32.
[37]
Review of Security and Count-Terrorism Legislation, December, 2006,
p.p.23-37.
[38]
See, for example, IGIS Annual Report 2005-06, p.18.
Chapter 4 Selection of Entities
[1]
Gilbert and Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 16, p.1.
[2]
Criminal Bar Association of Victoria, Submission 24, p.2; FCLC
(Vic), Submission 15, p.11; Associate Professor Hogg, Committee
Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.14; PIAC, Submission 11, p.6.
[3]
AGD, Submission 10, p.6.
[4]
Deputy Director of ASIO, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p. 67.
[5]
Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.67.
[6]
SLRC Report, p.85; see also, HREOC, Submission 14, p.8.
[7]
Mr Sheller AO QC Committee Transcript 3 April 2007, p. 3-5; Mr Carnell, Committee Transcript 3 April 2007, p. 7.
[8]
See, for example, Queensland Council for Civil Liberties, Submission
20, p.3; AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.5; LCA, Submission 17, p.8;
PIAC, Submission 11, p.6.
[9]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.9.
[10]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.3.
[11]
FCLC, Submission 15, p.12.
[12]
AGD, Supplementary Submission 10A, p.3.
[13]
Review of the Listing of Six Terrorist Organisations, March 2005,
paragraph 3.32.
[14]
Review of the Listing of Six Terrorist Organisations, March 2005,
paragraph 3.32.
[15]
http://jtic.janes.com/JDIC/JTIC/
[16]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, 5-7; AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3
April, p.43; Professor Joseph and Ms Hadzanovic, Submission 2, p.3;
Gilbert and Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 16, p.4; Uniting for
Justice, Submission 12, p.4.
[17]
Gilbert and Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 16, p.4.
[18]
AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.7.
[19]
Dr. Emerton, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p. 29.
[20]
IISCA, Submission 27, p.5; AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.43.
[21]
AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.43.
[22]
Dr. Emerton, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, 29.
[23]
AGD Submission 10, p.2.
[24]
Senator Faulkner, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.66.
[25]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, 67.
[26]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.71.
[27]
Deputy Director of ASIO, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.66.
[28]
AGD, Submission 10, p.2.
[29]
FCLC (Vic), Submission 15, p.13.
[30]
See, for example, Associate Professor Russell Hogg, Committee Transcript,
4 April 2007, p. 17-20; Submission 6, p.9; FCLC (Vic), Submission
15, p.12; Dr Emerton, Submission 23, p. 4.
[31]
See, for example, Review of the listing of six terrorist organisations,
March 2005, p.52.
[32]
Explanatory Memorandum to the Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist
Organisations) Bill 2003, Item 1 new subsection 102.1(2); AGD, Committee
Transcript, 1 February 2005, p.2 cited in ‘Review of the listing of six
terrorist organisations’, March 2005, p.14.
[33]
Review of the listing of six terrorist organisations, March 2005,
p.15; see also, ASIO Transcript, 1 February 2005, p.15
[34]
Private briefing, 3 June 2004, p.6 as cited in Review of the listing of
the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), June 2004, p.24.
[35]
Review of the listing of six terrorist organisations Parliament of
the Commonwealth of Australia, March 2005, paragraphs 2.5-2.7; Review of the
listing of four terrorist organisations, September, 2005, paragraphs
2.9-2.16.
[36]
Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.1; United Nations
Association of Australia, Submission 5, p.3; ATRAC, Submission 8,
p.10.
[37]
Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.1.
[38]
Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.17.
[39]
See, for example, HREOC, Submission 14, p.3.
[40]
Review of the listing of four terrorist organisations, September
2005 p.47
[41]
Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.23.
[42]
ATRAC Submission 8, p.12.
[43]
Senator Ray, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.75.
[44]
DFAT, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.76.
[45]
Deputy Director of ASIO, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.76; ATRAC, Submission 8, p.12.
[46]
DFAT, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.77.
Chapter 5 Procedural Issues
[1]
See, for example, LCA, Submission 17, p.9; Criminal Bar Association of Victoria, Submission 24, p.3; HREOC, Submission 14, p. 11;
Uniting Justice, Submission 12, p.5.
[2]
See, for example, NSW CCL, Submission 9, p.6.
[3]
Professor Joseph and Ms Hadzanovic, Submission 2, p.5; Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1992)
176 CLR 1 at 27.
[4]
SLRC Report, p.92; AMCRAN, Submission 22, p.2.
[5]
Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Alert Digest No.
3 of 2002, 20 March 2002, p.51
[6]
SLRC Report, Recommendation 3, p.9; SLRC Report, 84; Kioa v
West (19985) 159 CLR 550 Mason J at 584; FAI Insurance Limited v Winneke
(1982) 151 CLR 342; Annetts v McCann (1991) 170 CLR 596 at 598-9; State
of South Australia v Slipper (2004) 136 FCR 259 at 279-8-; Leghaei v
Director General of Security (unreported) FCA, 10 November 2005, as cited
SLRC Report, p. 81-83.
[7]
SLRC Report, Recommendation 4, p.10.
[8]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.11.
[9]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.9.
[10]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.12; Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.3.
[11]
HREOC, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.11.
[12]
LCA, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p. 3.
[13]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.11; the existing unlawful association regime
requires that the Attorney-General apply to the Federal Court by way of a
summons for an order calling on the organisation why it should not be declared
to be an unlawful organisation.
If the court is not satisfied of cause to the contrary, it may
declare the body to be an unlawful association. Any interested person may apply
to the Federal Court within 14 days to have the order set aside, with such
application to be heard by the Full Court which may affirm or annul the
declaration.
[14]
SLRC Report, p.92.
[15]
SLRC Report, p.9.
[16]
Dr. Andrew Lynch, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p. 27; Gilbert and Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission
16, p.2.
[17]
AMCRAN, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.52.
[18]
AGD, Submission, 10, p.13.
[19]
Associate Professor Hogg, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.17
[20]
Associate Professor Hogg, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.17; Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.13.
[21]
See, for example, ATRAC, Submission 8, p.11.
[22]
SLRC Report, p.77.
[23]
AGD, Submission 10, p.13; see also, Government Response to Committee
Recommendations Review of the listing of four terrorist organisations [and]
Review of the listing of six terrorist organisations, Senate
Journals, 16 August 2007, 4243.
[24]
Original subsection 102.1 (4) of the Criminal Code.
[25]
See Senate Journals, 25 June 2002, p.p. 469-71; Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorist) Organisations Act 2002 commenced on 23 October 2002. Jemaah Islamiyah was listed on 27 October 2002.
[26]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April, p.69.
[27]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.69.
[28]
AGD, Supplementary Submission 10A, p.3.
[29]
AGD, Committee Transcript, 4 April 2007, p.69; AGD, Supplementary Submission 10A, p.3.
[30]
AGD, Supplementary Submission 10A, p.3; subsection 102.8 and
102.5(2) of the Criminal Code.
[31]
Professor Joseph and Ms Hadzanovic, Submission 2, p.7.
[32]
Professor Joseph and Ms Hadzanovic, Submission 2, p.8.
[33]
Professor Joseph and Ms Hadzanovic, Submission 2, p.7.
[34]
AGD, Submission 10, p.11.
[35]
The making of a regulation is also reviewable under section 75(v) of the
Australian Constitution, section 39B of the Judiciary Act 1903.
[36]
AGD, Submission 10, p. 9.
[37]
See, for example, HREOC, Submission 14, p.10; Professor Joseph, Submission 2, p.5.
[38]
HREOC, Submission 10, p.9.
[39]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.6.
[40]
HREOC, Submission 14, p.9.
[41]
Gilbert and Tobin Centre of Public Law, Submission 16, p.5; Professor George Williams, Committee Transcript, 3 April 2007, p.19, 21.
[42]
AGD, Submission 10, p.9.
Chapter 6 Other Issues
[1]
Under paragraph 102.1(1) (a) ‘terrorist organisation’ means an
organisation that is directly or indirectly engaged in preparing, planning,
assisting in or fostering the doing of a terrorist act (whether or not the
terrorist act occurs).
[2]
AGD, Submission 10, p.15.
[3]
LCA, Supplementary Submission 17A, p.9.
[4]
LCA, Supplementary Submission 17A, p.10.
[5]
LCA, Supplementary Submission 17A, p.13.
[6]
See, ‘Reverse onus provisions’ in Chapter 5 of the Review of Security
and Counter Terrorism Legislation, December 2006.
[7]
Review of Security and Counter Terrorism Legislation, December
2006, p.83.
[8]
Paragraph 3.4 of the IGA.
[9]
Subparagraph 3.4 (3) IGA.
[10]
Mr Paul Lennon MP Premier of Tasmania, Submission 28, p.3.
[11]
Katy Gallagher MLA, Deputy Chief Minister of the ACT, Submission 18,
p.3; Mr Paul Lennon MP Premier of Tasmania, Submission 28, p.3.
[12]
See, for example, Review of the Listing of Six Terrorist Organisations
March 2005, paragraphs 2.9-2.10; Review of the Listing of Four Terrorist
Organisations September 2005, paragraphs 2.1-2.6.
[13]
Review of the listing of the Kurdistan Workers’
Party, April 2006, p.4.
[14]
Section 102.1(6) of the Criminal Code.
[15]
Subsection 14 (3) Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005(UK)
[16]
The review must be completed within 120 days of commencement. After
completing the review the Minister must publish in the Canada Gazette
notice that the review has been completed; subsection 83.05 (9) (10) of the
Canadian Criminal Code.
[17]
Subsection 35 (1) of the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 (NZ);
Paragraph 23(c) of the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 (NZ).
[18]
The entity may appeal the extension to the Court of Appeal. A re-listing of
an entity where the designation has already expired or has previously been
revoked must be based on information that became available after the cessation
of the earlier designation, and is significantly different from the information
on which the earlier designation was based; subsection 35 (3) of the Terrorism
Suppression Act 2002 (NZ).
[19]
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 2004 (USA).
[20]
Mr Paul Lennon, Premier of Tasmania, Submission 28, p.1.
[21]
SLRC Report, p.8.
[22]
SLRC Report, p.8.
[23]
Review of Security and Counter-Terrorism Legislation, December 2006,
p.15.
[24]
The AGD National Security Website contains some basic information on
current prosecutions.
[25]
See, for example, SLRC Report, p.8; UNAA, Submission 5, p.5; Associate Professor Hogg, Submission 6, p.27.
Appendix A - Proscription Processes: International Comparisons
[1]
As amended by the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act 1996
and the USA PATRIOT Act 2001.
[2]
Section 21 of the Terrorism Act 2006 (UK).
[3]
‘National security’ is defined broadly to include ‘the national defense,
foreign relations, or economic interests of the United States…’(8 USC 1189 (c)
(2)).
[4]
See, for example, Explanatory Memorandum to the Terrorism Act 2000
(Proscribed Organisations) Amendment Order 2006 No.2016.
[5]
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has concluded that
FTO’s with a substantial presence in the USA are entitled to due process
rights. This includes prior notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard in
opposition; see e.g., People’s Mojahedin Organisation of Iran v
Department of State 182 F.3d 17 (1999); National Council of Resistance of Iran v Department of State 251 F.3d 192 (D.C. Cir.2001).
[6]
The Proscribed Organisations (Applications for Deproscription etc.)
Regulations 2006 (commenced 20 September 2006)
[7]
The Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) gives effect to the European
Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
[8]
The Proscribed Organisation Appeals Commission (Procedure) Rules 2007
(No.1286).
[9]
The Queen (On Application of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party & Ors),
(On Application of the People’s Mojadehin Organisation of Iran & Ors) and
(On Application of Lashkar Tayyabah & Ors) v Secretary of the Home
Department [2002] EWHC 644; the High Court found that although the
challenges to proscription were arguable Parliament intended POAC to be the
forum of first resort for the determination of the lawfulness of proscription
under the Terrorism Act 2000.
[10]
Rule 4 of The Court of Appeal (Appeals from Proscribed Organisations
Appeal Commission) Rules 2002 Statutory Instrument 2002 No.1843 (L.7)
[11]
Judge means the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of a judge of that Court
designated by the Chief Justice (s.83.05(11)).
Back to top
|