House of Representatives Committees

Footnotes

Chapter 1 Introduction - This report

[1] High-Wire Act Cyber-Safety and the Young, Joint Select Committee on Cyber-Safety, June 2011.

[2] High-Wire Act Cyber-Safety and the Young, Joint Select Committee on Cyber-Safety, June 2011, p. 3.

[3] COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 1.

[4] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 3.

[5] Life Activities Clubs Victoria Inc., Submission 5, p. 2.

[6] COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 1.

[7] Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Connecting with Confidence: Optimising Australia’s Digital Future, 2012, p. 30.

[8] The House of Representatives’ quarterly current affairs magazine which is read by 80 000 Australians from a range of age groups and backgrounds.

Chapter 2 How seniors use information and communication technologies

[1] The European Commission, Ageing well in the Information Society: Action Plan on Information and Communication Technologies and Ageing (2007) <www.europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ information_society/strategies/l24292_en.htm> viewed 29 November 2012.

[2] Government of Western Australia, Submission 19, p. 4.

[3] Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), Submission 2, p. 4.

[4] 93.5 per cent of respondents to the Committee’s online survey said that ‘internet access is important to my quality of life’ and 87.3 per cent use the internet daily.

[5] Communications Law Centre, UTS, Submission 31, p. 3.

[6] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 4.

[7] Australian Seniors Computer Clubs Association (ASCCA), Submission 7, p. 4.

[8] Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 Census of Population and Housing Australia: 1 525 108 out of 7 760 319 dwellings have no Internet connection and a further 272 257 did not answer the question: <www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/ communityprofile/0?opendocument&navpos=230> viewed 9 January 2013.

[9] Australian Library and Information Association and National & State Libraries Australasia, Submission 6, p. 4.

[10] Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), Submission 16, p. 1.

[11] National Seniors Australia (NSA), Submission 29, p. 1.

[12] Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), Submission 24, p. 5.

[13] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 6.

[14] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 6.

[15] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 6.

[16] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 12.

[17] Ms Carol Bennet, CEO, Consumers Health Forum of Australia (CFH), Committee Hansard, 19 September 2012, p. 1.

[18] Hobart Older Persons Reference Group, Hobart City Council, Submission 8, p. 1.

[19] Mr Malcolm Grant, Member, Hobart Older Persons Reference Group, Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 8.

[20] Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 2.

[21] Mrs Kay Fallick, Publisher, Owner, Director, YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 1.

[22] ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, the Centre for Appropriate Technology and the Central Land Council, Home Internet for Remote Indigenous Communities, 2011, p. 20.

[23] Tandara Lodge Community Care Inc., Submission 1, p. 1.

[24] The Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), #au20 National Digital Economy Strategy. Leveraging the National Broadband Network to drive Australia’s Digital Productivity, Canberra, 2011.

[25] Ms Vanessa Little, President, ALIA, Committee Hansard, 9 May 2012, p. 6.

[26] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 16.

[27] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 3.

[28] Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 2.

[29] African Seniors Club—Australia Inc., Submission 18, p. 3.

[30] Life Activities Clubs Victoria Inc. (LACVI), Submission 5, p. 1.

[31] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 10.

[32] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 16.

[33] Mrs Bosler, President, ASCCA, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 18.

[34] Brisbane Seniors Online Association Inc. (BSOL), Submission 34, p. 2.

[35] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 8.

[36] WorkVentures Ltd, Submission 33, p. 6.

[37] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[38] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 4.

[39] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 6.

[40] Facebook, Submission 36, p. 2.

[41] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 6.

[42] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 3.

[43] Abacus—Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 2.

[44] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 8146.0 Household Use of Information Technology, Australia, 2010-11, Personal Internet Use, Table 8.

[45] 76.5 per cent of respondents to the Committee’s online survey found that ‘banking and paying bills’ is the predominant reason for seniors using the internet.

[46] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[47] eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, p. 1.

[48] The Committee’s online survey found that ‘shopping’ was fourth placed among reasons for seniors using the internet with 54.5 per cent of respondents saying they use the internet for shopping.

[49] NSA Productive Ageing Centre, Older Australians and the Internet: Bridging the Digital Divide, September 2011, p. 13.

[50] DoHA, Submission 16, p. 4.

[51] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 2.

[52] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 9.

[53] Mr Andrew Connor, Spokesperson, Digital Tasmania, Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 9.

[54] Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), <www.fahcsia.gov.au/our-responsibilities/seniors/programs-services/broadband-for-seniors> viewed 8 January 2013.

[55] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 15.

[56] NSA Productive Ageing Centre, Older Australians and the Internet: Bridging the Digital Divide, September 2011, pp. 9–10.

[57] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 8.

[58] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 11.

[59] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 11.

[60] Committee Hansard, 9 May 2012, p. 8.

[61] DoHA, Submission 16, p. 1.

[62] National E-Health Transition Authority (NeHTA), Submission 4, p. 2.

[63] Committee Hansard, 19 September 2012, p. 2.

[64] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 2.

[65] Creative Workforce Program, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI), Older Australians and the Internet, June 2011, p. 31.

[66] Creative Workforce Program, CCI, Older Australians and the Internet, June 2011, p. 32.

[67] COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 2.

[68] COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 2.

[69] NSA Productive Ageing Centre, Older Australians and the Internet: Bridging the Digital Divide, September 2011, p. 15.

[70] Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, p. 1.

[71] Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia (FECCA), Submission 40, p. 2.

[72] Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 7.

[73] FECCA, Submission 40, p. 3.

[74] Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 5.

[75] Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 3.

[76] Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 4.

[77] Government of Western Australia, Submission 19, p. 4.

[78] NSA Productive Ageing Centre, Older Australians and the Internet: Bridging the Digital Divide, September 2011, p. 10.

[79] LACVI., Submission 5, p. 4.

[80] WorkVentures Ltd, Submission 33, pp. 2–3.

[81] Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 3.

[82] WorkVentures Ltd, Submission 33, pp. 2-3.

[83] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 8.

[84] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 8.

[85] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 2.

[86] Mrs Karen Harfield, Executive Director, Fusion, Target Development and Performance, Australian Crime Commission, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 1.

Chapter 3 Cybersafety risks and threats for seniors

[1] Mrs Karen Harfield, Executive Director, Fusion, Target Development and Performance, Australian Crime Commission (ACC), Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 1.

[2] Quoted in ACC, Submission 9, p. 7.

[3] Symantec, 2012 Norton Cybercrime Report, 2013, pp. [2–3].

[4] ACC, Submission 9, p. 9.

[5] See Chapter 5 for more detail.

[6] Australian Government, # au20, National Digital Economy Strategy: Leveraging the National Broadband Network to Drive Australia’s Digital Productivity, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), 2011, and see DBCDE, Submission 25,
p. 2.

[7] ACC, Submission 9, p. 7.

[8] Quoted in DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 6.

[9] Symantec, 2012 Norton Cybercrime Report, 2013, p. [6].

[10] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), SCAMwatch <www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/index.phtml/tag/scamAboutUs/> viewed 30 January 2013.

[11] ACCC, Targeting Scams: Report of the ACCC on Scam Activity 2011, 2011, p. 1.

[12] ACCC, Targeting Scams: Report of the ACCC on Scam Activity 2011, pp. 1, 7.

[13] Mr Alastair McGibbon, Co-Director, Centre for Internet Safety (CIS), Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 2.

[14] Prices fluctuate and vary for different countries at different times, see ACC, Submission 9, Case Study, p. 13.

[15] ACC, Submission 9, p. 9.

[16] Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 3.

[17] CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, pp. 1, 6.

[18] Symantec, Norton Cybercrime Report 2011, Cited in ACC, Submission 9, p. 7.

[19] CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, p. 8; ACC, Submission 9, p. 13.

[20] See CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, p. 9.

[21] C Budd and J Anderson ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia: Results of the Australasian Consumer Fraud Taskforce Online Australia Surveys 2008 and 2009’, Technical Background Paper 93, AIC, March 2011, p. 21.

[22] Australian Taxation Office (ATO), Submission 43, p. 4.

[23] Mr Tod Heather, Chief Technology Officer, Strategy, Planning and Assurance, Enterprise Solutions and Technology, ATO, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 25.

[24] In 2012, the most prevalent ATO branded scam was a fax related scam, in which real estate agents were asked to forward a ‘rental income without deduction form’ to landlords to elicit information to be faxed back to a designated ‘ATO’ number, see ATO, Submission 43, p. 4–5.

[25] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 5.

[26] Commander Glen McEwen, Manager, Cyber Crime Operations, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 1

[27] AVG Technologies in Age Traveller <www.theage.com.au/travel/dodgy-deals-are-daylight-robbery-20130201-2dop4.html#ixzz2KkF26zhj> viewed 13 February 2013.

[28] ACCC, Targeting Scams: Report of the ACCC on Scam Activity 2011, p. 7.

[29] C Budd and J Anderson ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia’, Technical Background Paper 93, AIC, March 2011, p. 21.

[30] See CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, p. 8.

[31] Professor Nigel Phair, Co-Director, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 2–3 and for detail on malicious software see CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, pp. 5–6.

[32] Abacus-Australian Mutuals represents 89 credit unions, seven mutual building societies and six banks, with a total of $ 85 billion total assets and 4.5m customers. See Submission 44, p. 1.

[33] K Richards, ‘The Australian Business Assessment of Computer User Security (ABACUS): a National Survey’, AIC Research and Public Policy Series no. 102, June 2009, Forward. Data ref. in Abacus-Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 1.

[34] The largest recorded data breach occurred in April 2011 when 77 million Sony PlayStation accounts were hacked. See CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, pp. 8–9.

[35] Notably, a school and medical practices in Queensland had data stolen, encrypted and held for ransom. See DBCDE, ’Ransomware Attacks Will Increase in 2013’, 21 December 2012, <www.staysmartonline.gov.au/alert_service/advisories/ransomware_attacks_will_increase_in_2013 > viewed 31 January 2013.

[36] Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, p. 3.

[37] AFP, Submission 20, p. 3; ACC, Submission 9, p. 17.

[38] ACC, Submission 9, p. 17.

[39] Professor Phair, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 6.

[40] ACC, Submission 9, p. 18.

[41] Mrs Harfield, ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 2.

[42] ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 2.

[43] CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 6.

[44] One in two people who reported a dating and romance scam lost money compared to around one in five across all types of scams. See ’ACCC Working with Industry to Target Dating and Romance Scams’, Media Release, 29 September, 2011.

[45] ACCC, ‘Safer Dating Online’ <www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/1047887> viewed 31 January 2013.

[46] ACCC, Targeting Scams: Report of the ACCC on Scam Activity 2011, p. 12.

[47] Abacus-Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 2.

[48] AFP, Submission 20, p. 4, also see ‘ACCC Working with Industry to Target Dating and Romance Scams’, Media Release, 29 September, 2011.

[49] ACCC, The Little Black Book of Scams: Your Guide to Scams, Swindles, Rorts and Rip-Offs, 2008 (rev. 2011), p. 27.

[50] Abacus-Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 2, and ACC, Submission 9, p. 12.

[51] ACC, Submission 9, p. 12.

[52] Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), Submission 2, p. 6.

[53] ACCC, The Little Black Book of Scams, 2008 (rev. 2011), p. 7.

[54] ABS, 4528.0 Personal Fraud 2007, 2008, p. 6.

[55] ACCC, The Little Black Book of Scams, 2008 (rev. 2011), p. 7.

[56] AFP, Submission 20, p. 4.

[57] See CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, p. 6.

[58] AFP, Submission 20, p. 2; CIS, Submission 26, p. [3].

[59] C Budd and J Anderson, ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia’, AIC Reports Technical and Background Paper 43, p. 14.

[60] C Ross and R Smith, ‘Risk Factors for Advance Fee Fraud Victimisation’, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice no. 420’, AIC, 2011 cited in AHRC, Submission 2, p. 6.

[61] Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) Submission 46, p. 5 , ACC, Submission 9, p. 17.

[62] Committee Hansard, 31 October 2013, p. 1

[63] AFP, Submission 20, p. 3.

[64] Abacus -Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 2.

[65] Mrs Harfield, ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 1.

[66] Mrs Harfield, ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 7.

[67] ACC, Submission 9, p. 16.

[68] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 7, Australian Taxation Office (ATO), Submission 43, p. 1.

[69] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 5.

[70] ATO, Submission 43, p. 5.

[71] C Budd and J Anderson, ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia’, AIC Reports Technical and Background Paper 43, p. 14.

[72] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 7.

[73] A 2011 study of advance fee fraud victims found that of 59 per cent of respondents had sent an average of $12 000 each overseas, and 43 per cent of them reported emotional trauma, 40 per cent loss of confidence and 12 per cent marital or relationship problems due to the victimisation. See AIC, Submission 12, p. 3.

[74] D M Cook, P Szewczyk and K Sansurooah, ‘Securing the Elderly’, Edith Cowan University WA, presented at the Second International Cyber Resilience Conference, p. 21; cited in Western Australian (WA) Government, Submission 19, p. 1.

[75] Brisbane Seniors Online Association Inc. (BSOL), Submission 34, p. 1.

[76] NSA, Submission 29, p. 15.

[77] The surveys identified four online behavioural segments: ‘comfortable but weary’, ‘watchful transactors’; ‘confident and (tech) savvy’; and ‘fearful avoiders’. DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 7.

[78] Dr Rick Brown, Deputy Director (Research), AIC, Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, p. 1.

[79] WA ScamNet advice to WA Government, Submission 19, p. 3; Stay In Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 3; Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 5.

[80] Moorook 8 Neighbourhood Watch, Submission 14; WA ScamNet advice to WA Government, Submission 19, p. 3; Stay In Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 3, and Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 5.

[81] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI), Older Australians and the Internet, 2011, cited in ACMA, Submission 24, pp. 7–8.

[82] Professor Phair, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 3.

[83] The Alannah and Madeleine Foundation, Submission 35, p. 6.

[84] AFP, Submission 20, p. 2; Professor Phair, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 3.

[85] Ms Carol Bennet, CEO, Consumer Health Forum of Australia (CHF), Committee Hansard, 19 September 2012, p. 1.

[86] WA Government, Submission 19, p. 2.

[87] Mr Abdul Rizvi, Deputy Secretary, Digital Economy and Services Group, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 2.

[88] WA Government, Submission 19, pp. 2–3.

[89] ACC, Submission 9, p. 13.

[90] WA Government, Submission 19, p. 3; Mrs Nancy Bosler, President, ASCCA, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 21.

[91] Stay in Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 4.

[92] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 6.

[93] The Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia (FECCA), Submission 40,
pp. 2–3; 5.

[94] African Seniors Club—Australia Inc., Submission 18, pp. 1–2.

[95] Alannah and Madeline Foundation, Submission 39, p. 13.

[96] SCAMwatch, ACCC ‘Beware of Distress Emails Targeting the APY lands’, Media Notice, January 2012: <www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/914432>

[97] Facebook, Submission 36, p. 2.

[98] NSA Productive Ageing Centre, Older Australians and the Internet, September 2011, p. 8, attachment to NSA, Submission 29 and see Facebook, Submission 36, p. 2.

[99] Mrs Diana Edwards, Manager of the Italian Australian Pensioners Welfare Association of Tasmania Inc. Day Centre, Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 2.

[100] Facebook, Submission 36, pp. 2–3.

[101] Dr Cassandra Cross, Lecturer, School of Justice, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, p. 9.

[102] AIC, Submission 12, p. 2. See also Office of the Public Advocate advice to Government of WA, Submission 19, p. 3.

[103] ACCC, Targeting Scams: Report of the ACCC on Scam Activity 2011, p. 12.

[104] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 26.

[105] The Alannah and Madeline Foundation, Submission 35, p. 5.

[106] AFP, Submission 20, pp. 2–3.

[107] See Appendix D.

[108] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 6.

[109] A survey conducted of YOURLifeChoices magazine’s subscribers over 2011 found ownership of EBook readers and Smartphones had more than doubled compared with 2010 and nearly a quarter of subscribers said that they would purchase an iPad during the next year, while slightly less than a fifth, would invest in a smartphone or e-reader. YOURLifeChoices, Submission 38, p. 4.

[110] According to a June 2011 report, 46 per cent of Australian mobile phones are smart phone, with 23 per cent owned by users aged over 50. See Telstra Smartphone Index—June 2011, cited in DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 6.

[111] CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, pp. 11–12.

[112] YOURLifeChoices, Submission 38, p. 4.

[113] CIS, State of the Nation, December 2011, pp. 11–12.

[114] Australian Seniors Computers Clubs Association, Submission 7, p. 7; Hobart Older Persons Reference Group, Submission 8, p. 1; Stay In Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 6.

[115] ABC Science survey, 8 August 2011, quoted in Submission 19, p. 1.

[116] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 5.

[117] Data varies to sample: the Committee’s online survey (appendix D) found that 76 per cent of respondents use the internet for banking, more than for any other activity online. See also Legacy Australia for data on 75 plus group, Submission 10, p. 2, and BSOL, Submission 34, p. 1.

[118] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 5.

[119] These rights are preserved under Article 19 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 which states that everyone has the right to ‘seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers’. See Submission 2, p. 3.

[120] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 1.

[121] Government of WA, Submission 19, p. 4.

[122] See Chapter 5 for an overview of Government consumer protection and enforcement measures.

[123] Mrs Joyce Hocking (formerly Sheasby), Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 6.

[124] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 1.

[125] See also DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 8.

[126] AFP, Submission 20, pp. 1, 3.

[127] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012 p. 4 and see Ipsos survey conducted for 2012 National Cyber Security Awareness Week (held 12 to 15 June 2012) which recorded older people’s receptiveness to online security advice and relative online caution compared with younger age groups, in DBCDE, Supplementary submission 25.1, p. 1.

[128] Life Activities Clubs Victoria, Submission 5, p. 7; CIS, Submission 26, p. 2; AFP, Submission 20, p. 2.

[129] Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, p. 9.

[130] AFP, Submission 20, p. 2.

[131] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 3.

[132] D M Cook, P Szewczyk and K Sansurooah, ‘Securing the Elderly’, Edith Cowan University WA, presented at the Second International Cyber Resilience Conference, 2011, p. 21; cited in Government of WA, Submission 19, p. 1.

[133] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 2.

[134] NSA, Submission 29, p. 29.

[135] Recommendation 4, ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 5.

[136] Recommendation 5, ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 6.

[137] The Hon. Lindsay Tanner MP (former) Minister for Finance and Deregulation and (former) Parliamentary Secretary for Disabilities and Children’s Services, the Hon. Bill Shorten MP, ‘Dealing with Government Online to Become Easier for Australians with Disabilities’, Joint Media Release 05/2010, 23 February 2010.

[138] Australian Government, Web Guide: Usability Requirements <webguide.gov.au/accessibility-usability/usability-testing/> viewed 11 February 2013.

[139] Web Guide <webguide.gov.au/> viewed 23 February 2013.

[140] Former Minister for Finance and Deregulation and former Parliamentary Secretary for Disabilities, ‘Government Releases Website Accessibility National Transition Strategy’, Joint Media Release, 37/2010, 30 June 2010.

[141] CCI, Older Australians and the Internet, 2011, cited in ACMA, Submission 24, pp. 7–8.

[142] See survey of agencies in Government of WA, Submission 19, p. 4.

[143] The Hobart Older Persons Reference Group, Submission 39, p. 1.

[144] Tandara Lodge Community Care, Sheffield Tasmania, Submission 1, pp. 1–2.

[145] AHRC, Submission 2, p. 9; Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) and National and State Libraries Australasia (NSLA), Submission 6, p. 2; WA Government, Submission 19, p. 5; DBCDE Submission 25, p. 3.

[146] NSA, Submission 29, p. 29.

[147] C Budd and J Anderson, ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia’, AIC Reports Technical and Background Paper 43, pp. 5; 13.

[148] YOUR LifeChoices, the seniors’ online magazine conducted an online survey and received 701 individual comments on why seniors did not report a scam. 14 per cent stated they didn’t know who or where to report the crime. See Mr Drew Patchell, Publisher Owner Director, YOURLifeChoices website, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 2.

[149] Dr Rick Brown, Deputy Director (Research), AIC, Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, p. 2.

[150] Professor Phair, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 1, 10.

[151] Mrs Harfield, ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 3.

[152] eBay and Pay Pal, Submission 11, Recommendation 4, p. [3].

[153] YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4.

[154] WA Government, Submission 19, ref. WA Department of Health and Department of Finance,

p. 5; and Recommendation p. 8; SA Government, Submission 37, p. 11.

[155] Government of WA, Submission 19, p. 5; Mr MacGibbon, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 11; Ms Balsamo, AHRC, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 2.

[156] See, WA Government, Submission 19, p. 5.

[157] WA Government, Submission 19, ref. Department of Communities, and Rec. p. 8.

[158] Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, p. 10.

[159] In November 2012, see FaHCSIA, Broadband for Seniors website < www.necseniors.net.au/> viewed 15 February 2013.

[160] AFP, Submission 20, p. 5; CIS, Submission 26, ACMA, Submission 24, p. 2 and see Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012 p. 4.

Chapter 4 Cybersafety education and training for seniors

[1] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 5.

[2] Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), Submission 46, p. 6.

[3] Ms Bonnie Simons, Senior Research Officer, Retirement and Ageing, Research and Policy Centre, Brotherhood of St Laurence, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 22.

[4] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 18.

[5] Mr Abul Rizvi, Deputy Secretary, Digital Economy and Services Group, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Committee Hansard,
12 September 2012, p. 3.

[6] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 26.

[7] Mrs Joyce Hocking (formerly Sheasby), Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 7.

[8] The Communications Law Centre (CLC), University of Technology in Sydney, Submission 31, p. 3.

[9] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 2.

[10] Council on the Ageing NSW (COTA NSW), Submission 39, pp. 1–2.

[11] Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 3.

[12] Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), Submission 24, p. 10.

[13] Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 36.

[14] See, for example, the CLC, Submission 31, p. 2.

[15] Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, p. 5.

[16] Commander Glen McEwen, Manager, Cyber Crime Operations, AFP, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 2.

[17] South Australian Government, Submission 37, pp. 3–4.

[18] Mr Alastair MacGibbon, Co-Director, Centre for Internet Safety (CIS), University of Canberra, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 8.

[19] Ms Andree Wright, General Manager, Digital Economy Division, ACMA, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 37.

[20] Mrs Karen Harfield, Executive Director, Fusion, Target Development and Performance, Australian Crime Commission (ACC), Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 1.

[21] Mrs Hocking, Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 6.

[22] Australian Library and Information Association and National & State Libraries Australasia (ALIA and NSLA), Submission 6, pp. 2, 4.

[23] ALIA and NSLA, Submission 6, p. 3.

[24] Ms Saunders, General Manager, Public Affairs, National Seniors Australia Ltd (NSA), Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 5.

[25] Brisbane Seniors Online Association Inc.(BSOL), Submission 34, p. 1.

[26] YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4.

[27] AFP, Submission 20, p. 5.

[28] Ms Joanne Lambie, Stay In Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 1.

[29] Stay In Touch, Submission 47, p. 7.

[30] Department of Veterans’ Affairs, Submission 30, p. 2.

[31] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 3.

[32] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22.1, p. 2.

[33] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 12.

[34] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 7.

[35] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 8.

[36] The Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), Submission 2.1, p. 3.

[37] Life Activities Clubs Victoria Inc. (LACVI), Submission 5, p. 3.

[38] WorkVentures Ltd, Submission 33, p. 4.

[39] See, for example, Mr Lindsay Doig, President, LACVI, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 14; Mrs Diana Edwards, Italian Australian Pensioners Welfare Association of Tasmania Inc. Day Centre, Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 2; COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 1.

[40] Mrs Hocking, Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 7.

[41] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[42] Dr Helen Kimberley, Principal Researcher, Research and Policy Centre, Brotherhood of St Laurence, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 17.

[43] Ms Simons, Brotherhood of St Laurence, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, p. 19.

[44] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 8.

[45] Legacy, Submission 10, p. 2.

[46] DBCDE, <www.staysmartonline.gov.au/about> viewed 5 February 2013.

[47] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 1.

[48] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 1.

[49] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 1.

[50] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 1.

[51] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 1.

[52] Mr Rizvi, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 2.

[53] Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), <www.fahcsia.gov.au/our-responsibilities/seniors/programs-services/broadband-for-seniors> viewed 8 January 2013.

[54] FaHCSIA, <www.fahcsia.gov.au/our-responsibilities/seniors/programs-services/broadband-for-seniors> viewed 8 January 2013.

[55] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 13.

[56] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 13.

[57] FaHCSIA, <www.fahcsia.gov.au/seniors/news/2012/new-broadband-for-seniors-website-now-live> viewed 29 January 2013.

[58] See for example: YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4.

[59] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 10.

[60] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), <www.scamwatch.gov.au/ content/index.phtml/itemId/693900> viewed 5 February 2013.

[61] ASIC, Submission 46, p. 3.

[62] ASIC, Submission 46, p. 3.

[63] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22.1, p. 2.

[64] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 9.

[65] COTA NSW, Submission 39, p. 6.

[66] Ms Lambie, Stay In Touch Pty Ltd, Submission 47, p. 4.

[67] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 2.

[68] See, for example, YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4; Legacy, Submission 10, p. 2.

[69] YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4.

[70] Centre for Internet Safety (CIS), Submission 26, pp. 7-8.

[71] Legacy, Submission 10, p. 2.

[72] Pers. Comm. with Broadband for Seniors Helpline Operator, 13 February 2013.

[73] Legacy, Submission 10, p. 2.

[74] National People with Disabilities and Carer Council, Submission 27, p. 2.

[75] Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia, Submission 40, p. 3.

[76] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 3.

[77] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 3.

[78] Ms Catherine Walpole, Database Officer, University of the Third Age, U3A (Hobart), Committee Hansard, 7 August 2012, p. 13.

[79] Ms Carol Bennet, CEO, Consumers Health Forum of Australia, Committee Hansard, 19 September 2012, p. 1.

[80] Ms Wright, ACMA, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 37.

[81] NSA, Submission 29, p. 2.

[82] See for example: ACMA’s Australia’s progress in the digital economy: Participation, trust and confidence, <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_600063> viewed 11 February 2013.

[83] Dr Rick Brown, Deputy Director (Research), Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, p. 2.

[84] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 6.

[85] Murray Mallee Aged Care Group Inc. and University of Adelaide, Linking Rural Older People to Community through Technology, August 2012, <www.murraymallee.org.au/pages/special-projects/linking-rural-older-people-to-community-through-technology.php> viewed 1 December 2012.

[86] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 8.

[87] AHRC, Submission 2, pp. 4, 8, 11.

[88] Mr Michael O’Neill, CEO, NSA, Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 2.

[89] Mr O’Neill, Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, p. 4.

[90] See for example: South Australian Government, Submission 37, pp. 3-4; and AFP, Submission 20, p. 5.

[91] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 9.

[92] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 9.

[93] An Overview of International Cyber-Security Awareness Raising and Educational Initiatives. Research Report commissioned by the Australian Communications and Media Authority, <www.acma.gov.au/ webwr/_assets/main/lib310665/galexia_report-overview_intnl_cybersecurity_ awareness.pdf> viewed 6 February 2013.

[94] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 6.

[95] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 6.

[96] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 6.

[97] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 4.

[98] Mrs Hocking, Submission 45, p. 2.

[99] ALIA and NSLA, Submission 6, p. 3.

[100] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 8.

[101] BSOL, Submission 34, p. 2.

[102] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 17.

Chapter 5 Consumer protection, regulation and enforcement

[1] Australian Government, Connecting with Confidence: Optimising Australia’s Digital Future.
A Public Discussion Paper, Department of Prime Minster and Cabinet (PM&C), 2011, p. 6.

[2] Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), ‘Boosting Australia’s Productivity Performance through Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy’, [n.d], p. 1, <www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/156566/
Productivity-measures-of-DBCDE.pdf> viewed 21 January 2012.

[3] DBCDE, Cybersafety Plan < www.dbcde.gov.au/online_safety_and_security/cybersafety
_plan> viewed 21 January 2012.

[4] DBCDE, Cybersafety Plan <www.dbcde.gov.au/online_safety_and_security/cybersafety
_plan> viewed 21 January 2012.

[5] Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, p. 5.

[6] Attorney-General’s (A-Gs) Department, ‘Chapter 2: 2011-2012 Snapshot’, Annual Report 2011‑2012 <ww.ag.gov.au/Publications/AnnualReports/AnnualReport201112/
Pages/default.aspx> viewed 21 December 2012.

[7] A-G’s Department, ‘Chapter 2: 2011-2012 Snapshot’, Annual Report 2011‑2012, viewed 21 December 2012.

[8] CERT Australia website <www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/CERT/Pages/
default.aspx> viewed 13 February 2013.

[9] The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) replaced previous Commonwealth, state and territory consumer protection legislation. See SCAMwatch, ‘About the ACCC’ < www.scamwatch.
gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/694363> viewed January, 2013.

[10] See Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)<www.accc.gov.au/content/
index.phtml/tag/DatingSiteGuidelines/> viewed January, 2013.

[11] Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) website <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=ACMA_ROLE_OVIEW> viewed 13 February 2013.

[12] Section 8 (d). Broadcasting Services Act 1992, Section 94 Schedule 5 in ACMA Digital Economy Series, <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_311655> viewed 13 February 2013.

[13] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 2.

[14] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 2, and see Appendix A for ACMA’s outreach programs.

[15] Information in this section from Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, pp. 1, 5 and 8.

[16] See also Commander Glen McEwen, Manager, Cyber Crime Operations, and Dr Jenny Cartwright, Co-ordinator, Strategic Initiatives, AFP, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013,
pp. 1–2.

[17] Section 1 (2)(b) ASIC Act 2001, see Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), Submission 46, p. 1.

[18] See ASIC, Submission 46, pp. 3–4.

[19] Information in this section largely drawn from ATO, Submission 43, pp. 1–3.

[20] ATO, Submission 43, pp. 1–2; Mr Bill Gibson, Chief Information Officer, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, pp. 25–26.

[21] Mr Gibson, Committee Hansard, 18 May 2012, pp. 24, 26.

[22] Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP), <www.cdpp.gov.au/>
viewed 13 February 2013.

[23] Information in this section from Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP) website <www.cdpp.gov.au/> viewed 13 February 2013.

[24] Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Submission 25, p. 2.

[25] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 9, and see StaySmartOnline, < www.staysmartonline.gov.au/> viewed 15 February 2013.

[26] See section on PM&C below.

[27] For this section, see DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 12 and see Broadband for Seniors
< www.necseniors.net.au/about-bfs/> viewed 15 February 2013.

[28] Broadband for Seniors < www.necseniors.net.au/about-bfs/> viewed 15 February 2013.

[29] Former A-G, the Hon. Robert McClelland MP, former Minister for Defence the Hon. Stephen Smith MP, and the Hon. Senator Stephen Conroy Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Cyber White Paper, Media Release, 3 June 2011 <www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2011/198> viewed 15 February 2013.

[30] Australian Government, Connecting with Confidence: Optimising Australia’s Digital Future. A Public Discussion Paper, PM&C, 2011, p. 5.

[31] Prime Minister, the Hon. Julia Gillard, MP, ‘Closing Remarks of the Digital Economy Forum’ Sydney 5 October 2012 <//www.pm.gov.au/press-office/closing-remarks-digital-economy-forum> viewed 15 February 2013.

[32] That is: the Treasury; A-G’s Department; the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations; the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport; and the Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education, see Answers to Questions on Notice, no. 34, Additional Estimates, Senate Finance and Public Administration Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 15–18 October 2012.

[33] The Australian Consumer law <www.consumerlaw.gov.au/content/Content.aspx?
doc=the_acl.htm> viewed 13 February 2013.

[34] The ACL replaced previous Commonwealth, state and territory consumer protection legislation. See SCAMwatch, ‘About the ACCC’, < www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/
index.phtml/itemId/694363> viewed January, 2013.

[35] Professor Nigel Phair and Mr Alastair McGibbon, Co-Directors, Centre for Internet Safety (CIS), Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 11.

[36] Mr McGibbon, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 11.

[37] Western Australia (WA) Government, Submission 19, p. 6.

[38] See Submission 49, passim, and Dr Cross, Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, pp. 7–10.

[39] South Australian (SA) Government, Submission 37, pp. 5–8.

[40] Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), G Urbas and K-K R Choo, ‘Resource Materials on Technology-enabled Crime’, Technical and Background Paper No. 28, 2008, p. 25.

[41] AFP, Submission 20, pp. 7–8.

[42] The Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 and the Telecommunications Act 1997. See Comlaw, Act No. 120, 2012.

[43] Cited AFP, Submission 20, p. 7.

[44] Cited AFP, Submission 20, p. 7.

[45] See for example, National Times, Editorial, ‘Long Memories May Haunt Us All in Hunt for Cyber Criminals’ 12 February 2013, <www.smh.com.au/opinion/editorial/long-memories-may-haunt-us-all-in-hunt-for-cyber-criminals-20130211-2e8w5.html#ixzz2KlUGrMG8> viewed 13 February 2013.

[46] See also Joint Standing Committee on Treaties (JSCOT) review of Australia‘s proposed ratification of the Convention on Cybercrime, JSCOT Report 116, pp. 86–92.

[47] House of Representatives, Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012, Explanatory Memorandum, 2012, and see Australian Law Reform Commission’s (ALRC) ‘For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice’, ALRC Report Number 108, August 2008.

[48] See Comlaw, Act 167, 2012.

[49] The Bill also makes consequential amendments to 55 Acts. See Bills Summary, Bills Lists, Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012 and Australian Parliamentary Library Information Service, ‘Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012,’ Bills Digest no. 20, 2012-13, 7 November 2012, p. 1.

[50] The Hon. Nicola Roxon MP, (former) Attorney-General, Second Reading Speech, House Hansard, 23 May 2012, p. 5210.

[51] Australian Parliamentary Library Information Service, ‘Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012’, Bills Digest no. 20, 2012-13, 7 November 2012, pp. 6–7, 55.

[52] The Bill amends the Australian Federal Police Act 1979, Crimes Act 1914, Crimes (Superannuation Benefits) Act 1989, Criminal Code Act 1995, Customs Act 1901, and Law Enforcement Integrity Commissioner Act 2006, see Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious Drugs, Identity Crime and Other Measures) Bill 2012, Explanatory Memorandum, p. 1; and Australian Parliamentary Library Research Service, Bills Digest no. 46, 1012-13, 19 November 2012.

[53] See Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious Drugs, Identity Crime and Other Measures) Bill 2012, Explanatory Memorandum, p. 1, and the Hon. Nicola Roxon MP, (former) Attorney-General, Second Reading Speech, House Hansard, 10 October 2012, p. 11764.

[54] Council of Australian Governments(COAG), Report to COAG - Review of the National Identity Security Strategy 2012 <www.coag.gov.au/node/480> viewed 23 February 2013.

[55] See Comlaw, Act 197, 2012.

[56] ACC, Submission 9, p. 7.

[57] See in particular, the (former) House of Representatives Committee on Communications report, Hackers, Fraudsters and Botnets: Tacking the Problem of Cyber Crime, June 2010.

[58] AFP, Submission 20, p. 7; Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 7-8.

[59] Mrs Harfield, ACC, Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 6.

[60] Dr Rick Brown, Deputy Director (Research), AIC, Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, pp. 1–2.

[61] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 7.

[62] Professor Phair and Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 12.

[63] Dr Cartwright and Commander McEwen, AFP, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, pp. 7, 5.

[64] Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 4.

[65] Professor Phair and Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 7‑8, 12.

[66] Dr Cross, Submission 49, p. 9.

[67] Dr Cross, Submission 49, p. 9.

[68] AIC, Submission 12, p. 3.

[69] Commander McEwen, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 3.

[70] Australian Government, Discussion Paper: Australian Privacy Breach Notification, Commonwealth A-G’s Department, October 2012.

[71] K Richards, ‘The Australian Business Assessment of Computer User Security (ABACUS):
a National Survey, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series no. 102,
June 2009, Forward. Data ref. in Abacus Australian Mutual, Submission 44, p. 1.

[72] Ponemon Institute LLC, 2010 Annual Study: Australian Costs of Data Breach, 2010, cited in eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, p. [2].

[73] Dr Brown, Ms Alice Hutchings, Senior Research Analyst, Global, Economic and Electronic Crime (GEEC) Program, and Dr Russell Smith, Principal Criminologist and Manager, CEEC Program, AIC, Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, pp. 3–4.

[74] Mr MacGibbon and Professor Phair, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 1–2; 10.

[75] CIS, Submission 26, pp. 6–7.

[76] eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, p. [3].

[77] AISA, Submission 32, p. 8.

[78] NSA, Submission 29, p. 2.

[79] DoHA, Submission 16, p. 3.

[80] DoHA, Submission 16, p. 3.

[81] Mr Paul Madden, Chief Information and Knowledge Officer, DoHA, Committee Hansard,
21 March 2012, p. 4.

[82] DoHA, Submission 16, p. 3.

[83] Consumers e-Health Alliance (CeHA), Submission 41, pp. 1–2.

[84] (CeHA), Submission 41, pp. 1–2.

[85] Consumers Health Forum of Australia (CHF), Submission 15, pp. 2–3.

[86] AIC, Submission 12, p. 2 and see Mrs Nancy Bosler, President, Australian Seniors Computer Clubs Association (ASCCA), Committee Hansard 23 March 2012, p. 17.

[87] Dr Mukesh Haikerwal, Head of Clinical Leadership Engagement and Safety, National
e-Health Transition Authority (NEHTA), Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 12.

[88] Ms Anna Greenwood, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, CHF, Committee Hansard,
19 September 2012, p. 4.

[89] City Clinic, Sydney, Submission 48.

[90] NEHTA, Submission 4, pp. 3-4.

[91] Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), Submission 16, Overview.

[92] SA Government, Submission 37, p. 7.

[93] Ms Carol Bennett, CEO, CHF, Committee Hansard, 19 September 2012, p. 8.

[94] Dr Cross, Submission 49, p. 5.

[95] Referring to a training booklet she had prepared for the Carindale Police Citizens Youth Club’s Seniors Online Security Project. Submission 49, p. 7.

[96] The submission observed that much of the Cybersafety Plan, ACMA’s work and that of the Cybersafety Consultative Working Group, while generic in some instances, focusses on the young and their families and couches its advice in those terms. The Cybersmart website for instance provides information for ‘young kids', ‘kids’, ‘teens’, ‘teachers’, ‘parents’ and ‘libraries’. See SA Government, Submission 37, p. 8.

[97] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 9.

[98] DBCDE, Submission 25, pp. 10–11, 13.

[99] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[100] Mr Michael O’Neill, CEO, National Seniors Australia (NSA), Committee Hansard,
31 October 2012, pp. 1–2.

[101] Mrs Joyce Hocking, Committee Hansard, 31 October 2012, pp. 7–8.

[102] Legacy Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[103] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 1.

[104] See Communications Law Centre (CLC), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Submission 31, p. 4.

[105] See for example AHRC, Submission 2, Recommendation 2, p. 3; ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 4; Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, pp. 3, 7; Ms Vanessa Kaye, Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA), Committee Hansard, 9 May 2012, p. 7.

[106] See CLC, UTS, Submission 31, p. 4

[107] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 3, ATO, Submission 43, p. 11.

[108] These are the ActionFraud in the UK, the Internet Crime Complaint Centre in the USA and the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre in Canada, see Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 12.

[109] Dr Cross, Submission 49, p. 13.

[110] ASIC, Submission 46, p. 6.

[111] AIC, Submission 12, p. 2.

[112] Dr Rick Brown, AIC, Committee Hansard, 10 October 2012, pp. 4–5.

[113] Mr McGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 7.

[114] CLC, Submission 31, p. 4.

[115] The ACFT hold an annual consumer fraud survey to assess the public’s exposure to consumer scams, to assess their impact, to determine how victims respond and to identify any emerging typologies and issues. C Budd and J Anderson, ‘Consumer Fraud in Australasia: Results of the ACFT Online Australia surveys 2008 and 2009’, AIC Reports Technical and Background Paper 43, p. 14.

[116] AIC, Submission 12, p. 6.

[117] ACMA, Submission 24, p. 4 and See DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 13.

[118] AFP, Submission 20, p. 5.

Chapter 6 The role of industry

[1] Australian Government, Connecting with Confidence: Optimising Australia’s Digital Future. A Public Discussion Paper, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C), 2011, p. 8.

[2] Research suggests a 10 per cent increase in internet connections would grow Australia’s GDP by 0.44 per cent, that is by an estimated $5.6 billion. See Australian Government, Connecting with Confidence: Optimising Australia’s Digital Future, PM&C, 2011, p. 12.

[3] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Household Use of Information Technology 2008–09,
Cat. No. 8146.0, ABS, 2009, and see Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Boosting Australia’s Productivity Performance through Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy’, [n.d], pp. 1–2. <www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0011/156566/Productivity-measures-of-DBCDE.pdf> viewed 21 January 2013.

[4] DBCDE, Boosting Australia’s Productivity Performance through Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy [n.d.], p. 1, viewed 21 January 2013.

[5] DBCDE, Boosting Australia’s Productivity Performance through Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy [n.d.], p. 1, viewed 21 January 2013.

[6] Part 6 of the Telecommunications Act 1997 (the Act) outlines how industry self-regulation is to be achieved through industry initiated and developed codes of practice. See Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), ‘About Industry Codes and Standards’, <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_2080> viewed 20 February 2013.

[7] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 8.

[8] Mr Abul Rizvi, Deputy Secretary, Digital Economy and Services Group, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 2.

[9] For instance, eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, passim; Centre for Internet Safety (CIS), Submission 26, p. 1; Communications Law Centre (CLC), University of Technology Sydney, Submission 31, p. 2; Australian Information Security Association (AISA), Submission 32, p. 2.

[10] For information in this section see PCI Security Standards Council website <www.pcisecuritystandards.org/organization_info/index.php> viewed 19 February 2013.

[11] ASIC, Submission 46, pp. 3–4.

[12] ASIC, Submission 46, p. 5.

[13] ASIC, Submission 46, p. 6.

[14] See ACMA, Australian Internet Security Initiative (AISI), <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/
STANDARD/pc=PC_310317> viewed 22 February 2013.

[15] Botnets or drones are terms for a computer co-opted by malware for hosting fake websites or distributing spam and phishing attacks. See ACMA, AISI, viewed 22 February 2013.

[16] Mr Rizvi and Mr Chris Drew, Acting Assistant Secretary, National Security and International Branch, Digital Strategy Division, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 4.

[17] See ACCC, Best Practice Guidelines for Online Dating. <www.accc.gov.au/content/index
.phtml/tag/DatingSiteGuidelines/> viewed January, 2013.

[18] ACCC, Scamwatch, <www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/694363> viewed 12 February 2013.

[19] Australian Government, Discussion Paper: Australian Privacy Breach Notification, Commonwealth A-G’s Department, October 2012.

[20] Ms Andree Wright, General Manager, Digital Economy Division, Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 39.

[21] Mr Alastair MacGibbon, Co-Director, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 2–3.

[22] Professor Nigel Phair, Co-Director, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 2–3.

[23] See discussion on defensive web design below for more detail. CIS, Submission 26, p. 8.

[24] CLC, UTS, Submission 5, p. 31.

[25] Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 4.

[26] Mr Rizvi and Mr Chris Drew, Acting Assistant Secretary, National Security and International Branch, Digital Strategy Division, DBCDE, Committee Hansard, 12 September 2012, p. 4.

[27] CIS, Submission 26, p. 3, Professor Michael Fraser, Director, CLC, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 32, and see Australian Crime Commission (ACC), Submission 9, p. 22.

[28] DBCDE, Cyber Security: Internet Service Provider Voluntary Code of Practice: <www.dbcde.gov.au/online_safety_and_security/cyber_security> viewed 25 February 2013.

[29] K Harvey, Submission 42: PM&C, Cyber White Paper Discussion Paper, Digital Citizenship in a Networked Society, 2011, p. 3.

[30] For example, Professor Michael Fraser, Director, CLC, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 32.

[31] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 39.

[32] AISA, Submission 32, p. 10.

[33] Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 4.

[34] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 4, and see CIS, Submission 26, p. [4].

[35] CLC, UTS, Submission 31, p. 5.

[36] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 32.

[37] AISA, Submission 32, p. 10.

[38] At present an ISP’s response can range from strong—putting a ‘ walled garden’ around a compromised computer, effectively a temporary block by the ISP; to weak—writing a letter to the consumer months after the problem has been identified. Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 4.

[39] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 4, 9.

[40] Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, pp. 8, 9.

[41] Committee Hansard 23 March 2012, pp. 34, 33.

[42] Mr Darren Kane, Director of Government Relations, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 23.

[43] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[44] G Challice, The Australian Business Assessment of Computer User Security (ABACUS) Survey: Methodology Report, Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) 2009, p. 63.

[45] Committee Hansard 23 March 2012, p. 19.

[46] African Seniors Club—Australia Inc. Submission 18, p. 2.

[47] K Richards, ‘The ABACUS: a National Survey’, AIC Research and Public Policy Series no. 102, pp. 32–33.

[48] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 34.

[49] Professor Fraser, CLC, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 35.

[50] AISA, Submission 32, pp. 6, 7.

[51] D Korff and I Brown, New Challenges to Data Protection: Final Report, European Commission, 20 January 2010, in AISA, Submission 32, p. 6.

[52] See for example, MW, Submission 17, JA, Submission 21 and Case Study, ACC, Submission 9, p. 19.

[53] Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, p. 3.

[54] Brotherhood of St Laurence, Submission 13, p. 8.

[55] Mrs Karen Harfield, Executive Director, Fusion, Target Development and Performance, Australian Crime Commission (ACC), Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 1.

[56] Attorney-General, the Hon. Nicola Roxon MP, Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012, Second Reading Speech, House Hansard, 23 May 2012, p. 5210, and see Chapter 5.

[57] Under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006.

[58] See eBay and Paypal, Submission 11, p. [2].

[59] South Australian (SA) Government, Submission 37, p. 16.

[60] CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 5; Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 8.

[61] The company had allegedly facilitated fraudulent transactions between victims and offenders. See Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, p. 7.

[62] Western Australia (WA) Government, Submission 19, pp. 5–8.

[63] Facebook, Submission 36, pp. 1–2, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, pp. 3–4.

[64] Mr Darren Kane, Director of Government Relations, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[65] Committee Hansard, 6 February 2013, p. 9.

[66] Facebook, Submission 36, pp. 3–4.

[67] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 23.

[68] Australian Seniors Computer Clubs Association (ASCCA), Submission 7, p. 5; Life Activities Clubs Victoria Inc. (LACVI), Submission 5, p. 2.

[69] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[70] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[71] Professor Fraser, CLC, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 34.

[72] Dr E Lally et al, Building Consumer Confidence in the Communications Industry Preparing for the Broadband World, Report for the Communications Alliance, Centre for Cultural Research, University of Western Sydney, 2008, p. 11.

[73] Mint Leaf Web Design: Defensive Web Design <www.mintleafstudio.com.au/blog/web-design/item/2011/09/19/what-is-defensive-web-design-and-how-can-you-use-it-> viewed 25 February 2013.

[74] CIS, Submission 26, p. [5].

[75] The Frankston City Ageing Positively Reference Group, Submission 3, p. [2].

[76] WA Government, Submission 19, p. 2.

[77] See discussion on defensive web design below for more detail. Submission 26, p. 8.

[78] Facebook, Submission 36, pp. 1, 7.

[79] Facebook, Submission 36, p. 7.

[80] Submission 36, pp. 1 and 2.

[81] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[82] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2013, pp. 26–27.

[83] YOURLifeChoices, Submission 38, p. 4; DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 6.

[84] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 8.

[85] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2013, p. 27.

[86] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2013, p. 27.

[87] South Australian Government, Submission 37, p. 12.

[88] See Chapter 5, and for ref: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI) Older Australians and the Internet, 2011, cited in ACMA, Submission 24, pp. 7–8.

[89] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 17.

[90] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 5; LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[91] ASCCA, Submission 7, p. 5.

[92] LACVI, Submission 5, p. 2.

[93] AISA, Submission 32, p. 10.

[94] COTA NSW (Council on the Ageing [NSW] Inc.), Submission 39, p. 2.

[95] Keith Harvey, Submission 42, pp. 5–9.

[96] WorkVentures, Submission 33, p. 2.

[97] House Hansard, 29 October 2012, p. 12172; and Inquiry into IT Pricing, House Standing Committee on Infrastructure and Communications, referred 24 May 2012. <www.aph.gov.au/itpricing>viewed 25 January 2013.

[98] See House Hansard, 29 October 2012, p. 12172.

[99] Ponemon Institute LLC: 2010 Annual Study: Australian Costs of Data Breach, 2010, cited in eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, p. [2].

[100] Small businesses 15 per cent, compared with medium at 6 per cent or large at 4 per cent.
K Richards, ‘ABACUS: a National Survey’, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series no. 102, June 2009, p. 41.

[101] Professor Phair, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 2.

[102] Referring to the Sony PlayStation attacks in 2011, Submission 32, p. 9.

[103] AISA, Submission 32, p. 7.

[104] Abacus-Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 2.

[105] CIS, Submission 26, p. 6.

[106] K Richards, ‘The Australian Business Assessment of Computer User Security (ABACUS):
a National Survey, AIC Research and Public Policy Series no. 102, June 2009, Forward, see data ref. in Abacus-Australian Mutuals, Submission 44, p. 1.

[107] CIS, Submission 26, p. 3, and AISA, Submission 32, p. 8.

[108] Mr MacGibbon, CIS, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 8.

[109] Ref: Government Response to the [former] House of Representatives Standing Committee on Communications, Hackers, Fraudsters and Botnets: Tackling the Problem of Cyber Crime: Report of the Inquiry into Cyber Crime, June 2010, Response to Recommendation 26, and see AISA, Submission 32, pp. 10–11.

[110] CIS, Submission 26, p. 6.

[111] AFP, Submission 20, p. 1.

[112] Dr Jenny Cartwright, Co-ordinator, Strategic Initiatives, and Commander Glen McEwen, Manager, Cyber Crime Operations, AFP, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, pp. 2–3, 6.

[113] Commander McEwen, AFP, Committee Hansard, 13 March 2013, p. 1.

[114] AIC, Submission 12, p. 4.

[115] Mr Kane, Telstra Corporation Ltd, Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 24.

[116] Committee Hansard, 15 August 2012, p. 4.

[117] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 8.

[118] AIC, Submission 12, p. 4.

[119] Committee Hansard, 14 March 2012, p. 1.

[120] Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 31.

[121] AISA, Submission 32, p. 6.

[122] eBay and PayPal, Submission 11, p. [2].

[123] ACMA, Let’s Go Shopping…Online 2011, October 2011 <engage.acma.gov.au/commsreport/
e-commerce/> viewed 25 February 2013.

Chapter 7 Concluding comments

[1] Australian Federal Police (AFP), Submission 20, p. 5.

[2] DBCDE, Submission 25, p. 8.

[3] AFP, Submission 20, p. 5.

[4] Mrs Nancy Bosler, President, Australian Seniors Computer Clubs Association (ASCCA), Committee Hansard, 23 March 2012, p. 15.

[5] Telstra Corporation Ltd, Submission 22, p. 5.

[6] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 9.

[7] Dr Cassandra Cross, Submission 49, p. 6.

Appendix D — Online survey evaluation

[1] SurveyMonkey is a free online survey software and questionnaire tool. It can be accessed at
<www.surveymonkey.com/>.

[2] YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 3.

[3] ‘Communications report 2011—12 series. Report 2—Australia’s progress in the digital economy. Participation, trust and confidence’ Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2012. Viewed on 3 December at: <www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_600063 >

[4] ‘Communications report 2011—12 Series,‘Report 2—Australia’s Progress in the Digital Economy. Participation, Trust and Confidence’, Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2012, p. 14.

[5] YOURLifeChoices website, enewsletters and magazine, Submission 38, p. 4.