Chapter 2 External Territories
Background
2.1
The committee was briefed on the administration of New Zealand’s
external territory of Tokelau about financial assistance, economic development
and service delivery such as health and education. New Zealand’s relationship
with the self governing Niue and Cook Islands was also discussed in a similar
context.
2.2
With the information it received, the committee was able to compare and
contrast the administration of Australia’s external territories.
2.3
At the time of the committee’s visit to New Zealand, the committee was
inquiring into the changing economic environment in the Indian Ocean
Territories, while also keeping a watching brief on proposed administrative law
reform on Norfolk Island. In this context, when the committee met with the FADT
committee, FADT members broadly discussed the interim findings and the method
of inquiry, in relation to its inquiry into New Zealand’s relationship with
South Pacific countries.
2.4
The committee was also able to relay its experience in conducting
inquiries into Australia’s external territories and the progress that was
underway at the time concerning the inquiry into the changing economic
environment in the Indian Ocean Territories.
2.5
In addition, the committee met with representatives of Antarctica New
Zealand and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to discuss issues
regarding research and funding for New Zealand’s presence in Antarctica
including its external territory of the Ross Dependency.
2.6
An outline of the issues discussed with the committee about New
Zealand’s external territories of Tokelau and the Ross Dependency and the
Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade follow.
New Zealand’s role in the Pacific
2.7
New Zealand has close connections with many pacific nation countries developed
through migration, travel, trade and by way of constitutional arrangement. In
recent years New Zealand’s relationship with Pacific countries has grown stronger
with increased migration from Samoa, the Cook Islands and Niue.[1]
2.8
Part of New Zealand’s relationship with the Pacific involves providing
financial assistance to bolster economic development and mitigate long term poverty.
In 2008-09, the New Zealand Government contributed approximately $471 million
for international development assistance. In addition, over the period 2009-10
to 2011-12, New Zealand will provide $756 million for pacific development.[2]
2.9
Along with Australia, New Zealand has a major role in promoting and
strengthening cooperation and integration in the Pacific region. New Zealand’s
international financial assistance contribution for the Pacific region is aimed
at reducing poverty by:
n Addressing basic
needs such as education and health
n Fostering economic
growth
n ‘Supporting the rule
of law and access to justice.’[3]
2.10
Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are the main recipient
countries of New Zealand’s aid contribution in the Pacific region with the next
major contributions provided to Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu.[4]
2.11
New Zealand’s constitutional obligations extend to the Cook Islands, Niue
and Tokelau. Tokelau is an external territory of New Zealand, while the Cook
Islands and Niue are self governing and in free association with New Zealand.
Tokelau
2.12
Tokelau in the Pacific is one of two of New Zealand’s external
territories. The Ross Dependency in Antarctica is the second of New Zealand’s
external territories and is discussed later in this chapter.
2.13
Tokelau is located 500 kilometres north of Samoa and is only accessible
via a 24 to 30 hour boat trip from Samoa. Tokelau is comprised of three coral
atolls[5], separated by 60
kilometres of ocean. Total land comprises 12 square kilometres. Tokelau
rests 3.5 metres above sea level and as a result is susceptible to the effects
of climate change and natural disasters.[6]
2.14
The population of Tokelau is approximately 1500. About 1200 persons
permanently reside on Tokelau, with the remaining 300 living in New Zealand.[7]
2.15
The 2003 Joint Statement of Principles of Partnership between New
Zealand and Tokelau outlines New Zealand’s obligations in supporting Tokelau,
while the Economic Support Arrangement 2007-08 to 2009-10 ‘is designed to
assist with Tokelau’s budgetary and development needs.’[8]
2.16
Tokelau is administered through the Office of the Administrator of Tokelau,
which comprises officers from NZAID[9] and the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Trade.[10]
2.17
With limited land, Tokelau imports the majority of its fresh food and as
result of its small, dispersed population and narrow income base, has limited
capacity to deliver health and education services. Tokelau’s revenue
predominantly consists of assistance from New Zealand with additional income
derived from fisheries, stamps and coins.[11]
2.18
New Zealand provides approximately $30 million in financial assistance
annually to Tokelau, which accounts for 96 percent of Tokelau’s budget. In
addition, New Zealand provides technical aid to Tokelau. Assistance to Tokelau
includes ‘developing and maintaining infrastructure, providing education and
health services and capacity, and undertaking economic development activities.’[12]
2.19
As part of Tokelau’s national infrastructure priorities New Zealand has
provided assistance for schools on Atafu and Fakaofo, a health centre on
Nukunonu and is looking at improving transport services to and from the atolls.[13]
The Cook Islands
2.20
The Cook Islands are located near Samoa, Kiribati and Tahiti and consist
of 15 islands and atolls that are spread over approximately two million square
kilometres of ocean. The total population of the Cook Islands is approximately
22 000 and concentrated on the island of Rarotonga.[14]
2.21
Since 1965, the Cook Islands have been self governing and in free
association with New Zealand. This arrangement provides that citizens of the
Cook Islands are also citizens of New Zealand ‘and [have] unrestricted access
to residence and work in New Zealand.’[15]
2.22
In 2008-09, New Zealand contributed $15 million to the Cook Islands. The
amount provided in financial assistance will increase ‘significantly over the
next three years to support an increased focus on sustainable economic
development.’[16]
2.23
In particular, the financial assistance is being used to support the
marine resource sector, develop infrastructure, improve disaster response and
risk management, improve education and health services and improve governance
in the public and private sectors.[17]
2.24
Since 2004, Australia and New Zealand have combined their financial aid
programs for the Cook Islands. The combined program is managed by NZAID[18]
on behalf of AusAID.[19]
2.25
Approximately half of the gross domestic product of the Cook Islands is
contributed by tourism in addition to exporting fish, black pearls and fruit.[20]
2.26
Similarly to Tokelau, the Cook Islands are susceptible to natural
disasters and have limited health, education and transport services. In
addition, access to fresh produce and potable water is also limited.[21]
Niue
2.27
Niue is ‘a single raised coral atoll of 260 square kilometres’ located
approximately 550 kilometres southeast of Samoa with a population of about
1500.[22]
2.28
Since 1974, Niue has been self governing and in free association with
New Zealand. Similarly to the Cook Islands, this arrangement means that
Niueans are able to enjoy the benefits of New Zealand citizenship.[23]
Approximately 20 000 Niueans reside in New Zealand.[24]
2.29
In 2004, the Governments of New Zealand and Niue entered into a program
of strengthened cooperation to ensure closer cooperation between New Zealand
and Niue public sector agencies. This arrangement has facilitated a greater
focus on developing economic sustainability into the future.[25]
2.30
In 2008-09, New Zealand provided $21.5 million in assistance to Niue
which included $5 million towards the Niue International Trust Fund (the Fund)
for the purpose of providing Niue ‘with an independent source of revenue in the
future.’[26]
2.31
The Fund currently sits at $36 million and is intended to be used to
manage budgetary shortfalls, thereby lessening future reliance on external
assistance. The Fund is not expected to be used until 2014. Until that time,
the Fund is being contributed to by New Zealand, Australia and other parties.[27]
2.32
In addition, New Zealand provides financial assistance for Niue to
improve infrastructure, assist in developing the tourism industry and improving
transport.[28]
Inquiry into New Zealand’s relationship with South Pacific countries
2.33
The FADT committee inquiry into New Zealand’s relationship with South
Pacific countries provided the committee with an opportunity to discuss the current
issues facing pacific nation countries.
2.34
The inquiry into New Zealand’s relationship with South Pacific countries
commenced on 15 March 2007 with an interim report presented in September 2008.
The inquiry was ongoing when the committee met with the FADT committee.
2.35
The terms of reference of the FADT’s inquiry were ‘to investigate the
role New Zealand plays and can play in assisting Pacific Island Forum nations
(excluding Australia) to develop sustainable economies, with particular
attention to the following:
n Identifying New
Zealand’s key interests and responsibilities in countries belonging to the Pacific
Forum
n Identifying strategic
threats to New Zealand’s relationship with Pacific Forum members
n Identifying opportunities
to advance New Zealand’s relationships with governments and peoples in the
Pacific Forum countries
n Identifying current
and potential actions to encourage sustainable economic development in, and two
way trade with, Pacific Forum countries
n Identifying the
strategic objectives for expenditure of New Zealand Aid in Pacific Forum countries
n Identifying the
appropriate level and type of aid.’[29]
2.36
At the time of the committee’s visit, the inquiry had received 69
written submissions and heard from 37 individuals and or organisations. In its
interim report, the FADT committee stated:
We believe that New Zealand must engage as a partner with
Pacific Island nations to improve the economic, social, political,
environmental, and cultural well-being of the diverse communities of the
Pacific.[30]
Conclusions
2.37
The committee’s discussions with officers from NZAID and the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Trade were useful in gaining an insight into the economic
and social issues facing neighbouring pacific nations.
2.38
In addition to gaining a better understanding of these issues, the
committee was able to gain an understanding of the current policy approach
applied by New Zealand in providing services to remote locations such as
Tokelau, the Cook Islands, Niue and other Pacific nation countries.
2.39
Discussion about the general aspects of the FADT committee’s inquiry
provided the committee with a background to the general issues facing small
island economies. These issues included: the negative economic and social
impact of isolation on a small population in terms of transport, communication,
access to services and fresh produce, and more generally the high cost of
living. Possible solutions to address the negative impact of geographic isolation
such as improving economic development and improving tourism were also
discussed.
2.40
The committee believes the topics discussed were beneficial in assisting
it to gain a greater understanding of the issues faced by small island
economies. In addition the discussions highlighted the importance of continuing
financial and technical assistance for the Pacific region by New Zealand and
Australia.
New Zealand’s role in Antarctica
Background
2.41
The committee was briefed in regard to New Zealand’s role and presence
in Antarctica. The committee met with the Chief Executive and staff of
Antarctica New Zealand at the Antarctic Visitors Centre in Christchurch and then
undertook an inspection of the centre.
2.42
Through its meeting and inspection, the committee was briefed about the
financial, technical and labour contribution of New Zealand’s presence in
Antarctica, in particular its research support activities.
2.43
In Wellington, the committee met with representatives of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology and
the Ministry of Fisheries, the Foundation of Research, Science and Technology
and GNS Science.
2.44
The second round of meetings provided the committee with an opportunity to
gain an understanding of the long term research and policy focus of New
Zealand’s contribution to Antarctica.
2.45
A summary of the issues discussed and information provided to the
committee in regard to Antarctica follows.
Ross Dependency
2.46
The Ross Dependency is an external New Zealand territory located in
Antarctica. New Zealand’s Scott Base is located in this area as is the McMurdo
Station which is managed by the United States of America (USA).[31]
2.47
New Zealand is one of seven countries[32] that have a territorial
claim on Antarctica.[33] New Zealand’s presence
in Antarctica and claim on the Ross Dependency is defined by its obligations
under the 1961 Antarctic Treaty.[34]
2.48
Based in Christchurch, Antarctica New Zealand was established in 1996[35]
and is the agency responsible for developing, coordinating and managing New
Zealand’s presence in Antarctica.[36]
2.49
New Zealand has remained influential in its ‘participation and
collaboration with international Antarctic forums’ including the Antarctic
Treaty Consultative Meeting, the Committee for Environmental Protection and the
Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes.[37]
2.50
Antarctica New Zealand manages the Scott Base, New Zealand’s Antarctic
research station and maintains an ‘operational presence in the Ross Dependency
for the benefit of present and future generations of New Zealanders.’[38]
2.51
In coordinating its presence in Antarctica, Antarctica New Zealand:
n Supports scientific
research
n Conserves the
‘intrinsic values of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean’
n Raises ‘public
awareness of the international significance of the continent.’[39]
2.52
As part of its presence and in support of activities in Antarctica,
Antarctica New Zealand has a long standing joint logistics effort with Italy and
the USA. As part of these support activities, the Antarctica New Zealand
support team maintains the safety, environmental and technological aspects of
infrastructure through projects such as the energy centre and fire protection
upgrades.[40]
2.53
The Scott Base is staffed by up to 85 people at any one time. Staff are
employed during the summer season from October to February and over the winter
season from February to October. New Zealand Defence Force personnel assist in
providing essential services to maintain Scott Base operations.[41]
2.54
Scott Base has three laboratories: wet, summer and Hatherton. The wet
lab allows for marine biology and environmental monitoring of the base sewerage
output. The summer laboratory is used for the set-up of experimental equipment.
The Hatherton Laboratory is the largest laboratory at Scott and is used to
house a number of long term experiments.[42]
Research
2.55
The Government of New Zealand has placed great emphasis on maintaining
New Zealand’s role in Antarctica and in 2009 allocated up to $30 million for
Antarctic research projects in the areas of climate change, terrestrial life in
Antarctica and marine life in the Southern Ocean.[43]
2.56
While research collaboration was discussed in broad terms, a number of
projects were highlighted in regard to the International Polar Year[44],
namely Antarctic Geological Drilling (ANDRILL) and the Census of Antarctic
Marine Life (CAML). Both ANDRILL and CAML have been undertaken in partnership
with other countries, while New Zealand has undertaken a leadership role in
regard to the projects.
2.57
ANDRILL investigated ‘Antarctica’s role in global environmental change
through the recovery of sediment cores from beneath the floating sea ice and
ice shelves surrounding Antarctica.’ ANDRILL was undertaken by the USA, New
Zealand, Germany and Italy, and project managed by Antarctica New Zealand.[45]
2.58
The Antarctic-based part of the ANDRILL project ended in the 2007/2008
Antarctic season and has moved into the analysis phase where core samples
retrieved are being studied.[46]
2.59
The aim of the CAML project was to ‘develop a robust benchmark of the
distribution and abundance of marine biodiversity in Antarctic waters, against
which future change in the marine environment can be assessed.’[47]
2.60
CAML was New Zealand’s largest International Polar Year project and has
moved into the analysis of data retrieved phase.[48]
Conclusions
2.61
The committee has gained a greater understanding of the support
requirements for Antarctic research, in addition to the environmental aspects
of conducting Antarctic research.
2.62
In particular, the committee was briefed about the importance of maintaining
a presence on Antarctica and was able to gain an appreciation of Australian and
New Zealand collaborative efforts in influencing research matters raised in
international Antarctic discussion forums.
2.63
Further, through meetings with individuals involved in Antarctic
research, the committee received information about the process involved in
seeking grants for proposed projects.