House of Representatives Committees

| House of Representatives Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs

Footnotes

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1] Ms Brimble’s death is discussed in Chapter 2.

[2] Whilst discussed in this report, the disappearance of Mr Rossington and Ms Schroder is not considered suspicious. It is considered further in Box 2, in Chapter 2.

[3] The P&O brand is a part of the Carnival Australia company, which participated in the inquiry.

[4] The Milledge Recommendations, Appendix E.

[5] < http://www.aph.gov.au/spla >

[6] Government Response, Appendix F, p. 5.

Chapter 2 Cruise tourism

[1] http://www.etravelblackboard.com/article/142676/australia-cruising-to-new-heights, viewed 29 May 2013.

[2] Carnival Australia, About Carnival Australia, <http://www.carnivalaustralia.com/about-us/about-carnival-australia.aspx>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[3] Mrs Christine Duffy, Cruise Lines International Association, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 11; Department of Transport and Regional Services, Container and Ship Movements through Australian Ports 2004-05 to 2024-25, 2006, p. 94.

[4] Mrs Christine Duffy, Cruise Lines International Association, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 15.

[5] Cruise Market Watch, 2013 World Wide Market Share, <http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share/>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[6] Cruise Market Watch, 2013 World Wide Market Share, <http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share/>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[7] Carnival Corporation & PLC, Corporate Fact Sheet, <http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=200767&p=irol-factsheet>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[8] Cruise Market Watch, 2013 World Wide Market Share, <http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share/>, viewed 29 May 2013

[9] Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, 2012 Annual Report, p. 2.

[10] Cruise Market Watch, 2013 World Wide Market Share, <http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share/>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[11] Department of Transport and Regional Services, Container and Ship Movements through Australian Ports 2004-05 to 2024-25, 2006, p. 93.

[12] Department of Transport and Regional Services, Container and Ship Movements through Australian Ports 2004-05 to 2024-25, 2006, p. 93.

[13] Carnival Corporation & PLC, First Quarter Results, 9 March 2012.

[14] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 2.

[15] Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, 2012 Annual Report, p. 46.

[16] Cruise Lines International Association Australasia, Cruise Industry Report Australia 2012,
pp. 8-9.

[17] Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd, The economic contribution of the cruise sector to Australia, February 2012, p. 5.

[18] Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd, The economic contribution of the cruise sector to Australia, February 2012, p. 5.

[19] Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd, The economic contribution of the cruise sector to Australia, February 2012, p. 6.

[20] Cruise Lines International Association Australasia, Cruise Industry Report Australia 2012, p. 9.

[21] Cruise Lines International Association Australasia, Cruise Industry Report Australia 2012, p. 8.

[22] Cruise Lines International Association Australasia, Cruise Industry Report Australia 2012, p. 8.

[23] Cruise Lines International Association Australasia, Cruise Industry Report Australia 2012, p. 9.

[24] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 6.

[25] Government Response, Appendix F, p. 7.

[26] Norwegian Cruise Line, Pride of America: Overview, <http://www.ncl.com/cruise-ship/pride_amer/overview>, viewed 29 May 2013.

[27] International Transport Workers’ Federation, FOC Countries, http://www.itfglobal.org/flags-convenience/flags-convenien-183.cfm, viewed 31 May 2013.

[28] A Wright, ‘Beyond the Sea and Spector: reconciling port and flag state control over cruise ship onboard environmental procedures and policies’, Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, 18:215, p. 220.

[29] Carnival Australia, Supplementary Submission 9.2.

[30] Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, Submission 23.

[31] http://maritime-connector.com/worlds-largest-ships/.

[32] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 7.

[33] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 7.

[34] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 7.

[35] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 1.

[36] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 1.

[37] Holiday Travel Watch, Submission 3, p. 12.

[38] Holiday Travel Watch, Submission 3, p. 14.

[39] South Australian Police, Submission 21, p. 1.

[40] New South Wales Police Force, Submission 20, p. 1.

[41] Cmdr Errol Raiser, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 25.

[42] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Submission 7, p. 2.

[43] Attorney-General’s Department, Submission 22, Attachment A.

[44] Exhibit 1, p. 1.

[45] Exhibit 1, p. 2.

[46] Exhibit 1, pp. 4-5.

[47] Exhibit 1, p. 3.

[48] Dr Ross Klein, Testimony to US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Hearings on “Cruise Ship Safety: Examining Potential Steps for Keeping Americans Safe at
Sea”, 19 June 2008, p. 4.

[49] Dr Ross Klein, Testimony to US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Hearings on “Cruise Ship Safety: Examining Potential Steps for Keeping Americans Safe at
Sea”, 19 June 2008, p. 5.

[50] Dr Jill Poulston, Submission 5 (Attachment A), p. 7.

[51] Dr Jill Poulston, Submission 5 (Attachment A), p. 7.

[52] Dr Jill Poulston, Submission 5 (Attachment A), p. 8.

[53] Section 3507(g)(3)(A)(1), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[54] United States Coast Guard, Cruise Line Incident Reporting Statistics <http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg2/cgis/CruiseLine.asp> viewed 25 February 2013.

[55] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 18; Ross Klein, Testimony to US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Hearings on “Oversight of the Cruise Industry”,
1 March 2012, pp. 11–12.

[56] Section 3507(g)(4), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

Chapter 3 Jurisdiction at sea: international law and domestic law

[1] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 3.

[2] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 3.

[3] D Rothwell, et al (eds), International Law: Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives, 2011, p. 294.

[4] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 3.

[5] Legal Advice, Appendix D.

[6] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 2.

[7] See: Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1; Legal Advice, Appendix D.

[8] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 2.

[9] UNCLOS, Article 87(1).

[10] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 5.

[11] UNCLOS, Articles 25- 27.

[12] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 5.

[13] CSL Pacific [2003] CLR 397.

[14] UNCLOS, Article 27.

[15] Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, p. 2.

[16] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 7.

[17] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 7.

[18] Crimes at Sea Act, Section 6(3).

[19] Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala); Second Phase, ICJ Decision, 6 April 1955.

[20] Crimes at Sea Act, Sections 6(2), 6(3).

[21] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 7.

[22] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 8.

[23] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 8.

[24] Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, p. 5.

[25] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 8.

[26] UNCLOS, Article 27.

[27] Government Response, Appendix F.

[28] Ms Camille Jean Goodman, Attorney General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 2.

[29] See: Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 4; Holiday Travel Watch, Submission 3, pp. 10-11; Commissioner for Victims’ Rights South Australia, Supplementary Submission 7.1, p. 2.

[30] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 2.

[31] See: Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, p. 2; Commissioner for Victims’ Rights South Australia, Submission 7, p. 10; Mr Mark Brimble, Committee Hansard,
1 February 2013, p. 7.

[32] Government Response, Appendix F, p. 7.

[33] Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 2.

[34] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 19.

[35] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H.

[36] Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 1.

[37] Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 1, 8.

[38] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H, p. 2.

[39] Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 2.

[40] Crimes at Sea Act 2000, Schedule 1, Part 2.

[41] Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 2.

[42] Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 2.

[43] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H, Clause 4; Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 2.

[44] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H, Clause 6; Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 2.

[45] Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 2.

[46] Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, pp. 1-2.

[47] Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, p. 2.

[48] Mr Iain Anderson, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013, p. 3.

[49] Ms Camille Goodman, Attorney-General’s Department, Committee Hansard, 14 March 2013,
p. 6.

[50] International Cruise Council Australasia, Submission 11, Attachment A.

[51] UNCLOS, Article 21.

Chapter 4 Promoting safety and crime prevention

[1] Section 3507-8, Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[2] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 2.

[3] Australian National Council on Drugs, Submission 8, p. 1.

[4] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 18.

[5] Dr Jill Poulston, Submission 5, (Attachment A), p. 7.

[6] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 52.

[7] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 4.

[8] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 1.

[9] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 4.

[10] Mr Gavin Smith, Royal Caribbean Line Cruises Ltd, Committee Hansard, 15 February, p. 10.

[11] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 14.

[12] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 9.

[13] Mr Gavin Smith, International Cruise Council of Australasia, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 12.

[14] Mr Gavin Smith, International Cruise Council of Australasia, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 14.

[15] Mr Gavin Smith, International Cruise Council of Australasia, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 14.

[16] Australian Human Rights Commission, Notice to Grant a Temporary Exemption, Applicant: Carnival Australia, 2010, p. 2.

[17] See for example: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family, Community, House and Youth, Avoid the Harm – Stay Calm / report on the inquiry into the impact of violence on young Australians, July 2010; Legislative Assembly of Queensland Law Justice and Safety Committee, Inquiry into Alcohol-Related violence – final report, March 2010.

[18] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 2.

[19] Australian Human Rights Commission, Notice to Grant a Temporary Exemption, Applicant: Carnival Australia, 2010, p. 1.

[20] Cruise Lines International Association, Submission 11, p. 1.

[21] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 3.

[22] International Cruise Victims Association, Cruiseline Law Adherence Monitoring Personnel (CLAMP) <http://internationalcruisevictims.activeboard.com/t10401106/icv-outlines-proposal-for-independent-security-personal-on-c/> viewed 29 January 2013.

[23] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 7.

[24] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February, p. 2.

[25] Site inspection, 15 February 2013, Appendix C.

[26] M Brimble and International Cruise Victims (Australia), Submission to the Coroner’s Court of New South Wales Inquest into the Death of Dianne Brimble on the P&O Pacific Sky on 24 September 2002, p. 6 <www.internationalcruisevictims.org/files/DOC121110.pdf>.

[27] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 2.

[28] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 6.

[29] Milledge Recommendations, Appendix E, p. 3.

[30] M Brimble and International Cruise Victims (Australia), Submission to the Coroner’s Court of New South Wales Inquest into the Death of Dianne Brimble on the P&O Pacific Sky on 24 September 2002, p. 6 <www.internationalcruisevictims.org/files/DOC121110.pdf>.

[31] Government response, p. 10.

[32] Government response, p. 11.

[33] Government response, p. 11.

[34] Sherry, 15 February 2013, p. 7.

[35] Sherry, 15 February 2013, p. 7.

[36] Mr Michael Giglia, Royal Caribbean Line Cruises, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013,
pp. 11–12.

[37] Mr Ken Moroney, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 40.

[38] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 1.

[39] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 9.

[40] Mr Gavin Smith, International Cruise Council of Australasia, Committee Hansard, 7 February 2013, p. 14.

[41] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 7.

[42] ABC News, Hope fades for couple missing at sea, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-09/search-on-for-two-missing-from-cruise-ship/4680056.

[43] Cruise Lines International Association, White paper - Capture or Detection Technology Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010, p. 2.

[44] Cruise Lines International Association, White paper - Capture or Detection Technology Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010, pp. 1-2.

[45] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 2.

[46] Dr Kate Lewins, Committee Hansard, 1 November 2012, p. 2.

[47] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1 (Attachment A), p. 3.

[48] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 13.

[49] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 13.

[50] Carnival Australia, Cruise Ticket Contract, item 28, <http://www.carnival.com.au/ Terms.aspx>, accessed 24 May 2013.

[51] Carnival Australia, Cruise Ticket Contract, item 3, <http://www.carnival.com.au/ Terms.aspx>, accessed 24 May 2013.

[52] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1 (Attachment A), p. 13.

[53] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p.13.

[54] Mr Michael Giglia, Royal Caribbean Line Cruises, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013,
p. 12.

[55] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 13.

[56] Section 3507(c), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[57] < http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/>

Chapter 5 Responding to crimes at sea

[1] Mr Michael Giglia, Royal Caribbean Line Cruises, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013,
p. 12.

[2] Section 3507(k) Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[3] NSW Police Force, Submission 20, p. 2.

[4] Resolution A.1058(27), International Maritime Organisation, p.2.

[5] Mr Mark Brimble, International Cruise Victims Australia, Committee Hansard, 1 February 2013, pp. 1-2.

[6] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Submission 7, p. 9.

[7] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Submission 7, pp. 11-15.

[8] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Submission 7, p. 5.

[9] International Cruise Victims Association, Submission 12 (Attachment A), p. 8.

[10] Mr Mark Brimble, International Cruise Victims Association, Committee Hansard, 1 February 2013, p. 4.

[11] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Supplementary Submission 7.1, p. 1.

[12] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 12.

[13] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 12.

[14] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 10, p. 1.

[15] Section 3507(d)(3), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[16] Section 3507(d)(5)(A), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[17] Section 3507(d)(5)(B), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[18] Section 3507(e), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[19] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 2.

[20] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 11.

[21] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 13.

[22] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 13.

[23] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 13.

[24] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 15.

[25] Mr Mark Brimble, International Cruise Victims Association, Committee Hansard,
1 February 2013, p. 4.

[26] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 4.

[27] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 49.

[28] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.2, p. 49.

[29] Assistant Commissioner Mark Hutchings, New South Wales Police Force, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 23.

[30] Mr Ken Moroney, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 39.

[31] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 5.

[32] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 14.

[33] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 11.

[34] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 12.

[35] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 13-4.

[36] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 1.

[37] Government Response, Appendix F, p. 8.

[38] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 19.

[39] Navigation Act 2012, Section 9.

[40] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 20.

[41] Section 3507(g)(3)(A)(1), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[42] Section 3507(g)(3)(B), Title 46 (shipping), USA Code.

[43] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.1, p. 3.

[44] International Cruise Council Australasia, Submission 11 (Attachment A), para. 9.

[45] Dr Jill Poulston, Submission 5, p. 2.

[46] Commissioner for Victims’ Rights, South Australia, Submission 7, p. 10.

[47] International Cruise Victims Association, Submission 12 (Attachment A), p. 3.

[48] International Cruise Victims Association, Supplementary Submission 12.1, p. 1.

[49] Dr Kate Lewins, Submission 1, p. 20.

[50] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p .14.

[51] Legal Advice, Appendix D, p. 14.

[52] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 11.

[53] Attorney-General’s Department, Supplementary Submission 22.1, p. 12.

[54] Australian Shipowners’ Association, Submission 13, p. 4.

[55] Australian Shipowners’ Association, Submission 13, p. 5.

[56] Carnival Australia, Submission 9, p. 4.

Chapter 6 Investigating crimes at sea

[1] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H.

[2] The Hon Dr Stone MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Crimes at Sea Bill 1999, Second Reading Speech, House Hansard, 30 September 1999, p.1034.

[3] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H, p.3.

[4] Intergovernmental Agreement – Crimes at Sea, Appendix H, p.3.

[5] New South Wales Police Force, Submission 20, p. 1.

[6] National Protocols for Reporting Crimes at Sea, Appendix G, p. 4.

[7] Cmdr Errol Raiser, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 20.

[8] Cmdr Errol Raiser, Australian Federal Police, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 19.

[9] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 1.

[10] Assistant Commissioner Mark Hutchings, New South Wales Police Force, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 19. The NSWPF provided the Committee with a copy of its Maritime Law Manual. As the Manual contains operational details of the NSWPF, the Committee resolved to take this document as confidential evidence.

[11] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 1.

[12] Ms Ann Sherry, Carnival Australia, Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 2.

[13] Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, Submission 6, p. 1.

[14] New South Wales Coroners Act 2009, Section 13C(1).

[15] New South Wales Coroners Act 2009, Section 13C(2).

[16] New South Wales Coroners Act 2009, Section 54A(2).

[17] Government Response, Appendix F, p. 12.

[18] See: Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, p. 31.

[19] State Coroner on behalf of the Coroner’s Court of Western Australia, Submission 18, p. 1.

[20] State Coroner on behalf of the Coroner’s Court of Western Australia, Submission 18, p. 1.

[21] State Coroner on behalf of the Coroner’s Court of Western Australia, Submission 18, p .2.

[22] Committee Hansard, 15 February 2013, pp. 30-31.

Appendix D Legal advice

[1] Montego Bay, 10 December 1982, (1994) ATS 31.

[2] Geneva, 9 December 1923 [1926] ATS 14.

[3] Enforcement jurisdiction can also be divided into the competence to arrest (arrest jurisdiction) and the competence of courts to deal with alleged breaches of the law Qudicial jurisdiction).

[4] The coastal state has certain sovereign rights In relation to the EEZ and continental shelf, in relation particularly to natural resources and protection of the marine environment. It also has rights in the contiguous zone, with regard to preventing and punishing infringements in its territory or territorial sea of customs, fiscal, immigration and sanitary laws.

[5] Jennings and Watts, Oppenheim's lnternational Law (9th ed, 1992), vol1 ('Oppenheim'), p 457-8.

[6] See Oppenheim, p 470·471.

[7] See Oppenheim, p 471-472. See also Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium) ICJ Reports 2002 (Arrest Warrant Case) (Separate Opinion of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal at [47]-[48]).

[8] See Arrest Warrant Case, Separate Opinion of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal; Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991) 172 CLR 501.

[9] Schedule 1, item 7.

[10] See for example ss 16.1, 70.5, 71.20, 72.7, 73.5

[11] Oppenheim, p 734; Churchill and Lowe, The law of the sea, 3rd ed, ('Churchill and Lowe'), p 257.

[12] UNCLOS, art 91.

[13] Churchill and Lowe, p 209.

[14] UNCLOS, art 2

[15] UNCLOS, art 17ff

[16] UNCLOS, art 25(1).

[17] UNCLOS, art 21(1).

[18] UNCLOS, art 24(1)(a).

[19] p622.

[20] Prime Minister's Coastal Surveillance Task Force, Report of the Prime Minister's Coastal Surveillance Task Force, June 1999, para 34.

[21] The law of the sea, 3rd ed, pp 65-68.

[22] See Re Maritime Union; ex p CSL Pacific (2003) 214 CLR 397, 417-418.

[23] Churchill and Lowe, p 66.

[24] Churchill and Lowe, p 61-62

[25] Aramco v Saudi Arabia, 27 ILR 167 at 212

[26] See Churchill and Lowe, p 61

[27] Economic co-operation in merchant shipping-treatment of foreign merchant vessels in ports, UNCTAD/TD/B/C.4/136, 9 September 1975.

[28] Churchill and Lowe, p 62.

[29] Nicaragua v USA [1986] ICJ Rep. 14 at 111.

[30] This is the view expressed in Churchill and Lowe, p 61-62.

[31] This right is subject to any contrary intemationallaw obligations, and in particular treaty obligations, that the state may have. We discuss some of these later in this advice.

[32] 2010, p 55.

[33] Original footnote: O'Connell,The international law of the sea, (n6) 848; Colombos, The international law of the sea (n 15) 176-177.

[34] Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, s 236.

[35] Churchill and Lowe, p 63.

[36] Oppenheim, pp 407-408.

[37] M Akehurst, 'Jurisdiction in International Law' (1972-1973) 46 British Yearbook of lnternational Law, 145 at 189, referred to in M Byers, 'Abuse of Rights: An old principle, a new age', (2002) 47 McGill Law Journal 389, at 409.

[38] At 189-190, quoted in Byers, at 409. (See note above.)

[39] The parties include the UK and a number of European countries, but not the US or other major flag States such as Panama or Liberia (but note our comments below on the effect of a network of non-discrimination requirements). The parties to the 1923 Convention are listed at http://treaties.un.orn/Pages/LONViewDetails.aspx?sre=LON&id;:558&1ang=en.

[40] We understand from information before the Committee this would be theoretical, because there are no Australian flagged cruise ships.

[41] Taken on 8 May 2013 from IMO media release at http://www .imo.org/MediaCentre/Press Briefings/Pages/11-LEG-1 00-outcome.aspx

Appendix F Government Response

[1] Prime Minister's Coastal Surveillance Task Force, Report of the Prime Minister's Coastal Surveillance Task Force, June 1999, para 34.

[2] Report of the Prime Minister's Coastal Surveillance Task Force, Recommendation 17

[3] The Hon Dr Stone MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Crimes at Sea Bill 1999, Second Reading Speech, House Hansard, 30 September 1999, p11034

[4] Subsection 6, Crimes at Sea Act 2000 (Cth).

[5] An offence will be an applied State offence where the laws of a State are applied to a Commonwealth place (a place acquired by the Commonwealth for public purposes) pursuant to section 4 of the Commonwealth Places (Application of Laws) Act 1970 (Cth).

[6] See section 3AA, Crimes Act 1914 (Cth).

[7] Subsection 6 (4) and Schedule I, subsection 7 (1), Crimes at Sea Act 2000 Cth

[8] Subsection 6 (5) and Schedule I, subsection 7 (1), Crimes at Sea Act 2000 Cth

[9] UN General Assembly, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 10 March 1988, No. 29004, available at:

[10] Section 18, Crimes (Ships and Fixed Platforms) Act 1992 (Cth)

[11] Section 30, Crimes (Ships and Fixed Platforms) Act 1992 (Cth)

[12] Coroners Act 2009 (NSW); Coroners Act 2008 (Vic), Coroners Act 2003 (Qld); Coroners Act 1996 (WA); Coroners Act 2003 (SA); Coroners Act 1995 (Tas); Coroners Act 1997 (ACT); Coroners Act (NT).

[13] Section 18, Coroners Act 2009 (NSW); section 8, Coroners Act 2003 (Qld); section 3, Coroners Act 1995 (Tas).

[14] Section 102, Coroners Act 2009 (NSW); section 51, Coroners Act 2008 (Vic), section 71A, Coroners Act 2003 (Qid); section 31, Coroners Act 1996 (WA); section 31 , Coroners Act 2003 (SA); section 33, Coroners Act 1995 (Tas); section 17, Coroners Act 1997 (ACT); section 18, Coroners Act (NT).

[15] A responsible person is defined by regulation as the Master or person in charge of the ship, the owner or operator· or the agent, or a pilot who has duties on board the ship.

[16] A decision to investigate is based upon a policy determination based on whether the offence has an effect in the State - see for example section IOC of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). This is based on the consequence test under common law.

[17] Section 6, Crimes at Sea Act 2000 (Cth)

[18] The "Brimble" Recommendations, p 3

[19] Section 272.6, Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth)

[20] Safety and Security, P&O Cruises Australia: http://www.pocruises.com.au/aboutus/pages/safetyandsecurity.aspx

[21] Safety and Security, P&O Cruises Australia: http://www.pocruises.com.au/aboutus/pages/safetyandsecurity.aspx