House of Representatives Committees

| Joint Standig Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade

Footnotes

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1] Including Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, People’s Republic of China, Republic of the Fiji Islands, Republic of Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Union of Myanmar, Republic of Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Samoa, Republic of Singapore, Solomon Islands, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Kingdom of Thailand, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Kingdom of Tonga, Tuvalu, Republic of Vanuatu, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. No evidence was received from these High Commissions.

[2] See Appendices A, B and C.

[3] Throughout the report “Asia-Pacific” is used to refer to the region, however, quotes accurately reflect the term used by groups that have not opted to hyphenate the term.

[4] Parliamentary Library, Exhibit 19, p. 1.

[5] United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) website: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/AsiaRegionIndex.aspx, viewed 6 July 2009.

[6] Ibid.

[7] UN ESCAP website: http://www.unescap.org/about/subregional-offices.asp, viewed 6 July 2009.

[8] APF website: http://www.asiapacificforum.net/members, viewed 22 September 2009.

[9] South-East Asia can be seen to include:Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam. South and South-West Asia can be seen to include: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Pacific can be seen to include: Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

[10] These can include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

[11] These can include Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation.

[12] The People’s Republic of China is an influential player in the region and is considered in the context of its potential to impact on the future human rights landscape of the Asia-Pacific.

[13] The Committee does acknowledge that the Arab Charter of Human Rights and the recently established ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights does cover some of the countries of the region.

[14] In addition to receiving briefings on a variety of human rights issues, the Committee has conducted a number of inquiries related to human rights in the region, including Human rights and progress towards democracy in Burma (1995), Improving but… Australia’s regional dialogue on human rights (1998), Human rights and good governance education in the Asia-Pacific region (2004), Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami (2006) and Australia’s aid program in the Pacific (2007).

[15] United Nations OHCHR website: http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.CONF.157.23.En, viewed 6 July 2009.

Chapter 2 Human rights issues in the Asia-Pacific

[1] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 2.

[2] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 4.

[3] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 9.

[4] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 6.

[5] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 4. See also RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 3.

[6] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p.21; HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 11; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 21; UN OHCHR, Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties: Added Value for the Pacific Region, p. 9.

[7] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[8] See Chapter 5.

[9] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 3.

[10] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 4.

[11] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 24.

[12] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 4.

[13] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 3.

[14] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 1.

[15] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16.

[16] The Pacific Islands Forum, formerly the South Pacific Forum until a name change in October 2000, was founded in August 1971 and comprises 16 independent and self-governing states in the Pacific including Australia. The Forum is the region’s premier political and economic policy organisation. Forum Leaders meet annually to develop collective responses to regional issues.

[17] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 20.

[18] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 9.

[19] See for example, FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, p. 3; AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 7; RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 9; and SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 8.

[20] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 4.

[21] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 34.

[22] ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 1.

[23] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 16.

[24] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 3.

[25] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 9.

[26] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 5.

[27] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 5.

[28] DFAT, Submission no. 35, p. 4.

[29] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, pp. 6-7.

[30] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009 p. 4.

[31] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 9.

[32] AusAid, Tracking development and governance in the Pacific, August 2008, p. 9.

[33] RegNet, Submission no. 3, p. 2; AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 8; Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 3; RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 3; HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 22; ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 11; World Vision, Submission no. 29, p. 10; FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 5.

[34] UNIFEM, Submission no. 1, pp. 1-2.

[35] Forum-Asia, Submission no. 12, Attachment 1, p. 2; DFAT, Submission no. 35, p. 4.

[36] RRRT, Submission no. 13, Annex D.

[37] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[38] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009 pp. 2-4.

[39] World Vision, Transcript, 7 April 2009 p. 27.

[40] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009 p. 7.

[41] FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, Attachment 1, p. 2.

[42] Source: UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009, Trafficking in persons: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HTleafletA5EnglishupdatedAugust09.pdf, viewed 18 September 2009.

[43] RegNet, Submission no. 3, p. 4; AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 12; SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 2; World Vision, Submission no. 7, p. 4; ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 5; DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1; Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 2; APF, Submission no. 21, p. 16; National Children's and Youth Law Centre, Submission no. 25, p. 6; Amnesty International Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 5; Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 3.

[44] World Vision Australia, Submission no. 7, p. 2.

[45] Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.

[46] World Vision Australia, (Supplementary) Submission no. 29, p. 6.

[47] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 26.

[48] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 26.

[49] Australian Government Budget 2009-10 website: http://www.budget.gov.au/2009-10/content/bp2/html/bp2_expense-15.htm, viewed 18 September 2009.

[50] World Vision Australia, Submission no. 7, p. 4, footnote 2.

[51] World Vision Australia, Submission no. 7, p. 3.

[52] World Vision Australia, Submission no. 7, p. 4.

[53] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 7.

[54] DFAT website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/illegal_immigration/, viewed 18 September 2009.

[55] DFAT website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/illegal_immigration/, viewed 18 September 2009.

[56] United Nations Development Programme website: http://www.undp.org/mdg/basics.shtml, viewed 22 September 2009.

[57] United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2009.

[58] AusAID, Tracking development and governance in the Pacific, August 2009, p. 1.

[59] UNIFEM Australia, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 4.

[60] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 18.

[61] World Vision, Submission no. 29, p. 10.

[62] DFAT, Submission no. 35, p. 11.

[63] DFAT, Submission no. 35, p. 11.

[64] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 16; Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 32; Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 4.

[65] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 6; Australia West Papua Association (Sydney), Submission no. 24, p. 1; Australia West Papua Association SA (inc), Submission no. 23, p. 2; APF, Submission no. 21, p. 25; Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16.

[66] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16; World Vision, Submission no. 7, p. 5; ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 5; HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 7.

[67] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16; Professor Andrew Byrnes, Submission no. 6, p. 4; Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 4; Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 3.

[68] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 3.

[69] RegNet, Submission no. 3, pp. 3 and 5.

[70] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 2.

[71] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 2.

[72] ACTU, Submission no. 16, pp. 5-6.

[73] BCA, Submission no. 18, p. 4.

[74] BCA, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 44.

[75] AHRC, Transcript, 18 February 2009, p. 10.

[76] Dr Clinton Fernandes, Submission no. 2, pp. 1-2.

[77] Australia-East Timor Friendship Association (SA) Inc, Submission no. 22, p. 2.

[78] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009. p. 8.

[79] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009. p. 6.

[80] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1.

[81] Information on its operations is available on the DFAT website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/peacekeeping.html.

[82] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, pp. 8-9; RegNet, Submission no. 3, p. 1; NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 9.

[83] The ISF consists of Australian-led Navy, Army and Air Force (Australian and New Zealand) personnel, operating in East Timor at the invitation of the Government of East Timor, working in support of—but not under—the UN Mission in Timor-Leste.

[84] La’o Hamutuk, Submission no. 11, p. 5.

[85] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 2.

[86] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 2.

[87] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 9.

[88] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 19.

[89] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1. The principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles) require that a national human rights institution has: a clearly defined and broad-based mandate; independence guaranteed by legislation; autonomy from government; pluralism; adequate powers of investigation; and sufficient resources.

[90] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 3.

[91] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 3.

[92] NNTC, Submission no. 8, p. 2.

[93] The Commonwealth website: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/213088/010909fijisuspended.htm, viewed 18 September 2009.

[94] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 2.

[95] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009. p. 8.

[96] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 2.

[97] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 2.

[98] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[99] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 29.

[100] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[101] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 11.

[102] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 29.

[103] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 29.

[104] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 1.

[105] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 2.

[106] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 1.

[107] Viet Tan, Transcript, 19 March 2009, pp. 4-6.

[108] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 4.

[109] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 2.

[110] Australia West Papua Association SA (inc), Submission no. 23, p. 3; Australia-East Timor Friendship Association (SA) Inc, Submission no. 22, p. 3.

[111] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 10.

[112] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 13.

[113] Australia West Papua Association (Sydney), Submission no. 24, p. 1; Australia West Papua Association SA (inc), Submission no. 23, p. 2.

[114] Australia West Papua Association SA (inc), Submission no. 23, p. 2.

[115] Australia West Papua Association (Sydney), Submission no. 24, pp. 2-3.

Chapter 3 International human rights mechanisms and the Asia-Pacific

[1] Key: CAT = Committee Against Torture; CCPR = Human Rights Committee; CEDAW = Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women; CERD = Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination; CESCR = Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; CMW = Committee on Migrant Workers; CRC = Committee on the Rights of the Child; CRPD = Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; ICTR = International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; ICTY = International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia; Note: The International Criminal Court is independent of, but can work in cooperation with, the UN human rights system.

[2] CIGJ, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 57-58.

[3] For example, United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Services (NGLS), The United Nations Human Rights Systems: How To Make It Work For You, August 2008; and Steiner HJ, Alston P and Goodman R, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, 3^rd Edition, 2008. There is an extensive range of resources examining, critiquing and seeking to reform the United Nations.

[4] There are now 192 Member States.

[5] UN website: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml/, viewed 6 July 2009.

[6] UN website: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/, viewed 6 July 2009.

[7] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 4.

[8] UN website: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/, viewed 6 July 2009.

[9] See for example, APF, Submission no. 21, p. 4. The Committee marked this anniversary with a public forum, the transcript of which is available at: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/udhr/index.htm.

[10] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 2.

[11] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 2.

[12] Australian Bahá’í Community, Transcript, 19 March 2009, p. 1.

[13] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 6.

[14] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, pp. 6-7.

[15] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 3.

[16] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 14.

[17] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1.

[18] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 58.

[19] The OHCHR’s Fact Sheet no. 30 provides a detailed grounding in the UN’s core treaties and treaty bodies: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/docs/OHCHR-FactSheet30.pdf. For details of these treaties, see: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/index.htm.

[20] Supporting the ICCPR and its two optional protocols.

[21] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[22] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 5.

[23] Parliamentary Library, Client Memorandum, Role of UN in encouraging states to sign up to treaties, 10 February 2010.

[24] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 5.

[25] Source: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/docs/ReportingCycle.gif, viewed 6 July 2009.

[26] OHCHR, The United Nations Human Rights Treaty System, Fact Sheet No. 30, p. 32.

[27] OHCHR website: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/petitions/index.htm, viewed 6 July 2009.

[28] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[29] OHCHR Regional Office for the Pacific and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties: Added value for the Pacific region, Discussion Paper, July 2009, p. vii.

[30] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 25.

[31] DFAT, (Supplementary) Submission no. 35, p. 4.

[32] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 53-54.

[33] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 8.

[34] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 13.

[35] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 13.

[36] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 26.

[37] DFAT, (Supplementary) Submission no. 35, p. 4.

[38] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 32.

[39] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 402.

[40] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[41] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 3.

[42] OHCHR website: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/index.htm, viewed 26 August 2009.

[43] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[44] A calendar for the first period of review (2008-2011) is available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/uprlist.pdf.

[45] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 3.

[46] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 17.

[47] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 10.

[48] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 4.

[49] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 3.

[50] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 58.

[51] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 3.

[52] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 2.

[53] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, pp. 2-3.

[54] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[55] Human Rights Council, A/HRC/10/19, Human Rights Situations that require the Council’s attention: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quintana, 11 March 2009, pp. 18-21.

[56] Human Rights Council, A/HRC/10/19, Human Rights Situations that require the Council’s attention: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quintana, 11 March 2009, p. 18.

[57] OHCHR website, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/KPIndex.aspx, viewed 21 September 2009.

[58] Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions and the Special Rapporteur on the right to food.

[59] Human Rights Council, A/HRC/10/18, Human Rights Situations that require the Council’s attention: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Vitit Muntarbhorn, 29 February 2009, pp. 4 and 16.

[60] Human Rights Council, A/HRC/7/42, Technical Assistance and Capacity-Building: Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for human rights in Cambodia, Yash Ghai, 29 February 2008, p. 22.

[61] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[62] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[63] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 2.

[64] See, for example, Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 10.

[65] ACFID, (Supplementary) Submission no. 30, p. 4.

[66] OHCHR website: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/Pages/HumanRightsintheWorld.aspx, viewed 22 September 2009.

[67] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 3.

[68] Ibid.

[69] Ibid.

[70] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 14.

[71] Australian Bahá’í Community, Transcript, 19 March 2009, p. 1.

[72] ICTY website: http://www.icty.org/, viewed 18 August 2009.

[73] ICTR website: http://www.ictr.org/, viewed 17 September 2009.

[74] Source: http://www.sc-sl.org/, viewed 18 September 2009.

[75] Source: http://www.stl-tsl.org/action/home, viewed 18 September 2009.

[76] Source: http://www.eccc.gov.kh/english/about_eccc.aspx, viewed 18 September 2009.

[77] States must be a UN member or have ‘accepted’ the ICJ’s jurisdiction. Source: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=6, viewed 23 September 2009.

[78] Source: http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?lang=en, viewed 23 September 2009.

[79] Source: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3, viewed 23 September 2009.

[80] The Rome Statute is available at: http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Legal+Texts+and+Tools/Official+Journal/Rome+Statute.htm.

[81] Information on the ICC is available on its website at: http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/.

[82] ICC website: http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+and+Cases/, viewed 18 September 2009.

Chapter 4 Regional and national human rights mechanisms and the Asia-Pacific

[1] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 2.

[2] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 5.

[3] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 13.

[4] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 3.

[5] SCIL, Submission no. 5, pp. 3-4.

[6] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 35.

[7] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[8] Source: http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html, viewed 25 June 2009. A comparison of the rights contained in the African Charter and those under the UDHR, ICCPR and the ICESCR are available at: http://www.diplomacy.edu/africancharter/acharter_relation.asp, viewed 25 June 2009.

[9] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 8.

[10] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 6.

[11] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 6.

[12] Including the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance (1994), Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (1985), and the Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (1994).

[13] RRRT, Submission no. 13, Annex C.

[14] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 8.

[15] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 7.

[16] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 8.

[17] League of Arab States members are Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Dijibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

[18] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 8.

[19] Castan Centre, Exhibit no. 14, p. 2.

[20] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 8.

[21] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 11.

[22] Castan Centre, Exhibit no. 14.

[23] Source: http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/call-for-arab-countries-to-boost-human-rights-protection.html, viewed 29 January 2009.

[24] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 8.

[25] Revised in 1996.

[26] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 9.

[27] RRRT, Submission no. 13, Annex C.

[28] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 9.

[29] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 16.

[30] Source: http://www.aseansec.org/, viewed 22 September 2009.

[31] Source: http://www.15thaseansummit-th.org/PDF/24-04_Declaration_on_the_Inauguration_of_the_AICHR.pdf, viewed 26 October 2009.

[32] Source: http://www.aseansec.org/PR-Another-Step-Forward-for-Regional-HR-Cooperation.pdf, viewed 1 September 2009.

[33] Source: http://www.asean.org/DOC-TOR-AHRB.pdf, viewed 1 September 2009.

[34] APF, Submission no. 21, pp. 21-22.

[35] For example, see RegNet, Submission no. 3, pp. 4-5; SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 5; and FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, pp. 2-3.

[36] For example, see ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 8 and AHRC, Submission no. 4, pp. 4-5.

[37] Source: http://www.aseanhrmech.org/downloads/Dato%20Param%20Cumaraswamy.pdf, viewed 22 September 2009.

[38] APF website: http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/asean-nhris-call-for-engagement-with-regional-rights-body.html, viewed 1 October 2009.

[39] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 21.

[40] FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, Annex 1, p. 3.

[41] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 20.

[42] Durbach, A., Renshaw C. and Byrnes, A., Exhibit no. 1.

[43] FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, p. 2.

[44] FORUM-ASIA, Submission no. 12, p. 3.

[45] Working Group for an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism, Summary of Proceedings, p. 5. Available at: http://www.aseanhrmech.org/news/participants-anticipates-more-engagements-with-human-rights.htm, viewed 22 September 2009.

[46] Ibid.

[47] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 6.

[48] Source: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/, viewed 6 July 2009.

[49] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 5.

[50] CHRI, Annual Report 2007-2008, p. 40.

[51] Source: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/, viewed 6 July 2009. Information about CHRI activities are available on its website and in its annual reports. It also produces a biennial report on a specific human rights issue of concern to the Commonwealth.

[52] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 55.

[53] The Commonwealth Joint Office is funded by a number of Commonwealth countries including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom.

[54] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1.

[55] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 10.

[56] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 13.

[57] Associate and Candidate APF membership apply to those that do not currently comply with the Paris Principles.

[58] Source: http://www.asiapacificforum.net/members, viewed 2 September 2009. Note: Fiji resigned from the APF in 2007.

[59] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16.

[60] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 12.

[61] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 15.

[62] APF, Submission no. 21, pp. 12-13.

[63] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 13.

[64] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 8.

[65] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 4.

[66] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 16.

[67] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 14.

[68] AHRC, Transcript, 18 February 2009, pp. 3-4.

[69] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 14.

[70] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 29.

[71] Quoted by the APF in Submission no. 21, p. 25.

[72] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 6.

[73] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 17.

[74] Australia-West Papua Association (Sydney), Submission no. 24, p. 4.

[75] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 8.

[76] DFAT, Submission no. 17, pp. 7-8.

[77] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 1.

[78] RRRT, Submission no. 13, Annex A, p. 1.

[79] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 5.

[80] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 32.

[81] Quoted by the Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 5.

[82] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[83] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 29.

[84] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, pp. 5-6.

[85] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 3. A copy of the report is available on the Committee’s website: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/index.htm.

[86] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 4.

[87] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 3-4.

[88] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, pp. 34-35.

[89] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 4.

[90] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, pp. 37-38.

[91] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 14.

[92] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 4.

[93] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 10.

[94] ACTU, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 52.

[95] ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 3.

[96] ACTU, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 55.

[97] ACTU, Transcript, 15 April 2009, pp. 52-53.

[98] ACTU, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 57.

[99] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 8.

[100] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 9.

[101] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 25.

[102] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 27.

[103] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 19.

[104] Source: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html, viewed 3 September 2009.

[105] Source: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,25316239-601,00.html, viewed 3 September 2009.

[106] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 1.

[107] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 22.

[108] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 2.

[109] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 11.

[110] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 10.

[111] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 7.

[112] APF, Submission no. 21, pp. 9-10.

[113] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 9. A current list of NHRIs globally is available at: http://www.nhri.net/NationalDataList.asp?MODE=1&ID=5, viewed 3 September 2009.

[114] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, pp. 6-7.

[115] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 9.

[116] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 22.

[117] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, pp. 22-23.

[118] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 21.

[119] APF website: http://www.asiapacificforum.net/news/asean-nhris-call-for-engagement-with-regional-rights-body.html, viewed 1 October 2009.

[120] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 7.

[121] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 28.

[122] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 4-5.

[123] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 28.

[124] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 3.

[125] Uniting Church, Submission no. 20, p. 23.

[126] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 2.

[127] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 17.

[128] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 12.

[129] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 4.

[130] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 31.

[131] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 13.

[132] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, p. 3.

[133] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 29.

[134] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 15.

Chapter 5 Possible human rights approaches for the Asia-Pacific

[1] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 6.

[2] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 2.

[3] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 2.

[4] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[5] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 2.

[6] Former Commissioners of the Fiji Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 34, p. 1.

[7] Former Commissioners of the Fiji Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 34, p. 6.

[8] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 22.

[9] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 9.

[10] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 15.

[11] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 14.

[12] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 6.

[13] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 16.

[14] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 19.

[15] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[16] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 6.

[17] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 2.

[18] Australian Bahá’í Community, Transcript, 19 March 2009, p. 1.

[19] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[20] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 3.

[21] See, for example, NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 6; AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 3; Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 4.

[22] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 1. This includes the 8 members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation; the 10 members of ASEAN; the 16 Pacific Forum Island members and the countries of North Asia – Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan and Mongolia.

[23] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 5.

[24] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 4.

[25] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, pp. 7-8.

[26] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 10.

[27] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 8.

[28] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 2.

[29] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 24.

[30] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 24.

[31] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 12.

[32] World Vision, Submission no. 7, p. 4.

[33] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 9.

[34] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 25.

[35] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 19.

[36] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 10. Evidence provided by Sarah Pritchard and Jane Corpuz-Brock to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade for its Australia's Regional Dialogue on Human Rights inquiry (1997-1998).

[37] NCYLC, Transcript, 7 April 2009 p. 49.

[38] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 10.

[39] New Zealand Law Commission, Converging Currents: Custom and Human Rights in the Pacific, Study paper 17, 2006, p. 8.

[40] New Zealand Law Commission, Converging Currents: Custom and Human Rights in the Pacific, Study paper 17, 2006, p. 240.

[41] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 26.

[42] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 18.

[43] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 11.

[44] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[45] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 20.

[46] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 21.

[47] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 8.

[48] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1.

[49] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 2.

[50] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 8.

[51] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 8.

[52] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 1.

[53] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 4.

[54] AHRC, Transcript, 18 February 2009, p. 3.

[55] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 6.

[56] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 1.

[57] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 34.

[58] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 33.

[59] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 3.

[60] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 4.

[61] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 2.

[62] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 3.

[63] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 3.

[64] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 1.

[65] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 11.

[66] World Vision, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 24.

[67] AHRC, Submission no. 4, pp. 4-5.

[68] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 5.

[69] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 11.

[70] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 23.

[71] AHRC, Submission no. 4, pp. 4-5.

[72] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 4.

[73] World Vision, Submission no. 7, p. 2.

[74] Source: http://www.saarc-sec.org/data/summit12/socialcharter.pdf, viewed 1 October 2009.

[75] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 23.

[76] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 23.

[77] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 5.

[78] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 4.

[79] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 7-8.

[80] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 8-9.

[81] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 29.

[82] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 22.

[83] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 4.

[84] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 9.

[85] Exhibit 2.

[86] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 6.

[87] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 6.

[88] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 7; RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 9.

[89] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 7.

[90] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 10.

[91] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 9-10.

[92] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 9-10.

[93] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 6.

[94] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 9.

[95] Referred to by RegNet in Submission no. 3, p. 3.

[96] Source: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/research/VUWLR/forthcoming.aspx, viewed 12 July 2009.

[97] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 21-22.

[98] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 2.

[99] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 9.

[100] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 4.

[101] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 25.

[102] SCIL Submission no. 5, p. 6.

[103] SCIL, Submission no. 5, pp. 6-7.

[104] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 7.

[105] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 26.

[106] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 10 and 7.

[107] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 7.

[108] RRRT, Submission no. 13, pp. 5-7.

[109] RRRT, Submission no. 13, p. 15.

[110] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 8.

[111] FWRM, FWCC and CCF, Submission no. 33, p. 5.

[112] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, pp. 8-9.

[113] SCIL, Submission no. 5, pp. 7-8.

[114] SCIL, Submission no. 5, pp. 7-8.

[115] SCIL, Submission no. 5, p. 10.

[116] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 7.

[117] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 21.

[118] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 8-9.

[119] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 22.

[120] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 3.

[121] Available on the Committee’s website at: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/Asean1/report/Final%20Report.pdf.

[122] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, pp. 3-4.

[123] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 19.

[124] A map of countries in which AusAID works is available on its website: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/about/ausaidmap.cfm.

[125] DFAT (supplementary) Submission no. 35, p. 11.

Chapter 6 Australia’s role

[1] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 52.

[2] Source: http://www.humanrightsconsultation.gov.au/www/nhrcc/nhrcc.nsf/Page/Home, viewed 1 October 2009.

[3] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 17.

[4] DFAT, Transcript, 13 August 2009, p. 3.

[5] World Vision, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 25.

[6] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 12.

[7] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 27.

[8] See, for example, Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1.

[9] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 17.

[10] DFAT website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/china/china_brief.html, viewed 6 October 2009.

[11] Amnesty, Exhibit no. 11, p. 3.

[12] DFAT (Supplementary) Submission no. 35, p. 7.

[13] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, p. 4.

[14] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 12.

[15] AusAID website: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/hrtc_review.pdf, p. 41, viewed 6 October 2009.

[16] AusAID website: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/hrtc_response.pdf, viewed 6 October 2009.

[17] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, pp. 6-7.

[18] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, pp. 7-10.

[19] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, p. 8. The Commission noted that in Beijing the use of these facilities has consistently increased, which the Beijing Women’s Federation concludes is due to increasing awareness of the service and confidence that they will receive help.

[20] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, pp. 7-8 and 10.

[21] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, p. 6.

[22] Australian Human Rights Commission, (Supplementary) Submission no. 27, p. 6.

[23] DFAT website: http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/vietnam/vietnam_brief.html, viewed 6 October 2009.

[24] Vietnam Committee on Human Rights, Submission no. 32, p. 3.

[25] ACFID, Submission no. 9, p. 5.

[26] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 5.

[27] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 15.

[28] A human rights-based approach to development is a framework based on international human rights standards and seeks to analyse inequalities at the root of development problems and redress discriminatory practices and unjust power distribution that impedes development progress. As ACFID outlines, it as much about how development is undertaken as it is about what is done. More information about this approach in available in UN OHCHR, 2006, Frequently asked questions on a human rights-based approach to development cooperation; ACFID, 2009, Millennium Development Rights: How human rights-based approaches are achieving the MDGs—Case-studies from the Australian aid and development sector.

[29] RegNet, Submission no. 3, p. 2.

[30] World Vision, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 27.

[31] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 41.

[32] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 39.

[33] OHCHR, Frequently asked questions on a human rights-based approach to development cooperation, 2006. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FAQen.pdf, viewed 23 October 2009.

[34] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 35-36.

[35] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 2.

[36] AusAID’s business and contract guidelines make no explicit mention of human rights. For example, see http://www.ausaid.gov.au/business/contracting.cfm, viewed 23 October 2009.

[37] AusAID website: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/business/pdf/hrsgs_proposals08-09.pdf, viewed 16 July 2009.

[38] ACFID, (Supplementary) Submission no. 30, p. 6.

[39] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 30.

[40] DFAT (Supplementary) Submission no. 35, p. 11.

[41] JSCFADT, Inquiry into Australia’s Relationship with ASEAN, June 2009, p. 159,

Recommendation 8.

[42] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1.

[43] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 6.

[44] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 19.

[45] See, for example, HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1 and p. 19, Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 31.

[46] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 30.

[47] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 4.

[48] Amnesty, Submission no. 26, p. 4.

[49] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 8.

[50] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 2.

[51] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 8.

[52] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 16.

[53] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 9.

[54] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1.

[55] Quoted in HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 33.

[56] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 7.

[57] Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1.

[58] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 36.

[59] Australia West Papua Association (Sydney), Submission no. 24, p. 4.

[60] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 15.

[61] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 30.

[62] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[63] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 11.

[64] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 31.

[65] AHRC, Transcript, 18 February 2009, p. 4.

[66] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 36.

[67] World Vision, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 26.

[68] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 9.

[69] NCYLC, Submission no. 25, p. 7.

[70] World Vision, (Supplementary) Submission no. 29, p. 1.

[71] ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 10.

[72] UNIFEM, Submission no. 1, p. 2.

[73] ACFID, (Supplementary) Submission no. 30, p. 4.

[74] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 3.

[75] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 32.

[76] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 3.

[77] World Vision Australia, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 10.

[78] HRLRC, Submission no. 15, p. 12.

[79] DFAT, Submission no. 17, p. 1.

[80] See, for example, Castan Centre, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 1, HRLRC, p. 19 and Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, pp. 11-12.

[81] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 25.

[82] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, pp. 5-6.

[83] Castan Centre, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[84] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 43.

[85] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 56 and 53.

[86] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 20.

[87] UNIFEM, Transcript, 7 April 2009 p. 4.

[88] Uniting Church, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 31.

[89] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 5.

[90] ACFID, (Supplementary) Submission no. 30, p. 6.

[91] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 4.

[92] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 37.

[93] Source: http://www.asiasociety.org.au/speeches_current/s55_PM_Rudd_AD2008.html, viewed 18 November 2009.

[94] Ibid.

[95] Source: http://apc2009conference.org/site/concept.php, viewed 18 November 2009.

Chapter 7 Parliaments and human rights

[1] RegNet, Submission no. 3, p. 5.

[2] APF, Submission no. 21, p. 31.

[3] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 14.

[4] RegNet, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 60.

[5] Dr Clinton Fernandes, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 66.

[6] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 2.

[7] AHRC, Transcript, 18 February 2009, p. 4.

[8] HRLRC, Exhibit no. 18, p. 2.

[9] HRLRC, Exhibit no. 18, p. 3.

[10] Australian Bahá’í Community, Submission no. 14, p. 5.

[11] Australian Bahá’í Community, Transcript, 19 March 2009, p. 2.

[12] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 14.

[13] Parliament UK website: http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/joint_committee_on_human_ rights.cfm, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[14] Parliament UK website: http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/joint_committee_on_human_ rights.cfm, viewed on 21 September 2009. Articles on the assessment of the work of the UK Joint Committee on Human rights include Michael C Tolley, Parliamentary scrutiny of rights in the United Kingdom: assessing the work of the Joint Committee on Human Rights, Australian Journal of Political Science, v.44(1) March 2009 , pp. 41-55; and Francesca Klug, Breaking new ground: the Joint Committee on Human Rights and the role of Parliament in Human Rights compliance, European human rights law review, no. 3, 2007 , pp. 231-250.

[15] HRLRC, Exhibit no. 18, pp. 6-7.

[16] Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is the oldest international organisation working towards European integration. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It has 47 member states.

[17] Council of Europe website: http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/APFeaturesManager/defaultArtSiteView.asp?ID=783, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[18] Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission website: http://tlhrc.house.gov/mission.shtml, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[19] Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission website: http://tlhrc.house.gov/mission.shtml, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[20] Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission website: http://tlhrc.house.gov/mission.shtml, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[21] European Parliament, European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights Summary of activities - 6th parliamentary term, 2004-2009, March 2009, p. 6. A third country is defined as another country outside the European Union.

[22] European Parliament, European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights Summary of activities - 6th parliamentary term, 2004-2009, March 2009, p. 5.

[23] Senate of Canada, Canada and the United Nations Human Rights Council: A Time for Serious Re-Evaluation, June 2008, p. 1.

[24] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/english/whatipu.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[25] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/english/membshp.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[26] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/dem-e/overview.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[27] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/peace.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[28] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/sustdev.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[29] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/hr-law.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[30] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/women.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[31] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/ed-cltr.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[32] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/iss-e/hr-law.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[33] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/hr-e/committee.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[34] IPU website: http://www.ipu.org/hr-e/parliaments.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[35] Parliament of Australia: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/info/pro/index.htm, viewed 21 September 2009.

[36] APF, Submission no. 21, pp. 31-32.

[37] APF, Submission no. 21, pp. 26-27.

[38] Parliament of Australia website: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/info/pro/index.htm, viewed on 21 September 2009.

[39] APPF website: http://www.appf.org.pe/, viewed on 22 September 2009.

[40] APPF website: http://www.appf.org.pe/, viewed on 22 September 2009.

[41] APPF website: http://www.appf.org.pe/, viewed on 22 September 2009.

[42] Amnesty, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 15.

[43] ACFID, Transcript, 7 April 2009, p. 38.

[44] ACTU, Submission no. 16, p. 10.

[45] European Parliament website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/dase20080227_aipmcbackground_002/dase20080227_aipmcbackground_002en.pdf , viewed 22 September 2009.

[46] Ibid.

[47] BCA, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 50.

[48] ACTU, Transcript, 15 April 2009, pp. 59-60.

[49] HRLRC, Exhibit no. 18, p. 2.

[50] HRLRC, Transcript, 15 April 2009, p. 28.

[51] HRLRC, Exhibit no. 18, p. 5.

[52] See paragraph 7.7.

[53] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 17.

[54] Source: http://www.humanrightsconsultation.gov.au/www/nhrcc/nhrcc.nsf/Page/Report, viewed 2 November 2009.

[55] AHRC, Submission no. 4, p. 17.

[56] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission no. 19, p. 12.