| House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics

Footnotes

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1]       Reserve Bank of Australia, 50^th Anniversary Symposium, Sydney 9 February 2010, “Increased Understanding of Supply Side Economics”, Anne O Krueger, Professor of International Economics, John Hopkins University, Ritch Professor Emeritus, Stanford University, p. 3.

[2]       Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian System of National Accounts, Cat 5204.0, 2007‑08, p. 43.

[3]       Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. 15, Figure 2.5.

[4]       B Dolman, D Parham, S Zheng, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance?, PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. x and p. 3. Despite the US ranking 11^th in the OECD growth tables it is considered the most meaningful productivity leader because some European countries are only exhibiting high productivity growth due to industry mix and policy and institutional distortions in labour markets.

[5]       PC, Submission no. 20, p. ix. From 2003-04  to 2006-07.

[6]       Albeit declining GDP growth in the 2008-09 financial year from 3.7 per cent in 2007-08 to 1.2 per cent in 2008-09.

Chapter 2 Productivity growth and its importance

[1]       Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. 1.

[2]       PC, A Quick Guide to the Productivity Commission, 2009. p.1.

[3]       Mr J Russo, Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 21.

[4]       The Harrod-Domar model, developed between 1939 and 1946, first included productivity as a component of economic growth. The model was refined and independently published in 1956 by American economist Robert Solow and Australian economist Trevor Swann.

[5]       ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 2.

[6]       ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 2.

[7]       PC, Submission no. 20, p. 1.

[8]       ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 2.

[9]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[10]     PC, Submission no. 16.1, p. 3.

[11]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2007-08, p. 43.

[12]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2007-08, p. 42. (The average of 2004-05 of -0.6 per cent, 2005-06 of 0.3 per cent, 2006-07 of -0.3 per cent and 2007-08 of -0.4 per cent.)

[13]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, p. 1.

[14]     Krugman, P, The Age of Diminished Expectations: US Economic Policy in the 1980s, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992, p. 9.

[15]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 2.

[16]     Master Builders Australia, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[17]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 6.

[18]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 2.

[19]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 20.

[20]     Steve Dowrick, The Determinants of Long-Run Growth, Proceedings of a Conference—Productivity and Growth, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), July 1995, p.12.

[21]     Budget Strategy and Outlook 2009-10, Budget Paper No. 1, The Treasury, p. 3-21.

[22]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2007, p. 99.

[23]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 21. Also, The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p.3.

[24]     RBA, 50^th Anniversary Symposium, Sydney 9 February 2010, “Increased Understanding of Supply Side Economics”, Anne O Krueger, Professor of International Economics, John Hopkins University, Ritch Professor Emeritus, Stanford University, Table 1, p. 32.

[25]     Including life expectancy increases of around 10 years in industrialised countries and a doubling of literacy rates.

[26]     Wellbeing and productivity measures are discussed in Chapter 8.

[27]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 26.

[28]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 26.

[29]     OECD, OECD in Figures: Statistics on Member Countries, Paris , 2002

[30]     Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 12

[31]     Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 12

[32]     Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 18.

[33]     Dr G de Brouwer, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 13.

[34]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[35]     W. Erwin Diewert, Denis Lawrence and Meyrick and Associates, Measuring the Contributions of Productivity and Terms of Trade to Australia’s Economic Welfare, Consultancy Report, Report to the PC, March 2006, p. ix.

[36]     W. Erwin Diewert, Denis Lawrence and Meyrick and Associates, Measuring the Contributions of Productivity and Terms of Trade to Australia’s Economic Welfare, Consultancy Report, Report to the PC, March 2006, p. ix.

[37]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 2.

[38]     Professor R Cooper & Professor J Sheen, Submission no. 15, p. 1.

[39]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 23.

[40]     Mr D Brunker, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 16.

[41]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 1.

[42]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p.12.

[43]     A measure of real output per unit of labour is conventionally referred to as labour productivity. The measure of labour input used is hours worked. Measures of real output per unit of capital are referred to as measures of capital productivity. The capital input measure used is the flow of capital, which is calculated by weighting chain volume measures of the productive capital stock of different asset types together using their rental prices as weights.

[44]     Prior to December 2009 the ABS used ANZSIC93, which contained 16 industry categories, 12 of which were represented in the official productivity estimates. The move to ANZSIC06 reflects the growing influence of services industries in the Australian economy; the market sector now including categories L, M, N and S.  ABS, Supplementary submission no. 16.1, p. 1.

[45]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 24.

[46]     ABS, Supplementary submission 16.1, p. 2.

[47]     The ABS computes chain volume measures by linking together movements in volumes, calculated using the average prices of the previous financial year, and applying the compounded movements to the current price estimates of the reference year.

[48]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 365.

[49]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 4.

[50]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 5.

[51]     However, changes in the skill level of the labour force are not captured in hours worked, and so are reflected in the productivity estimates. To obtain a measure of productivity that excluded the effect of changing skill levels, it would be necessary to adjust hours worked for changes in the quality of the labour force.

[52]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 375.

[53]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 376.

[54]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2007-8, p. 42.

[55]     Mr T O’Brien, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 5—referring to PC, Submission no. 20, p. 14.

[56]     Professors & Professor J Sheen, Submission no. 5, p. 1.

[57]     Professors & Professor J Sheen, Submission no. 5, p. 3.

[58]     Professors & Professor J Sheen, Submission no. 5, p. 3.

[59]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 3.

[60]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 3.

[61]     Professors & Professor J Sheen, Submission no. 5, p. 4.

[62]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 362.

[63]     ABS, Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Cat. no. 5216.0, 2000, p. 362.

[64]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 27.

[65]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 1.

[66]     ABS, Experimental estimates of industry multifactor productivity, Cat. no. 5260.0.55.002, 2008-09, February 2010.

[67]     Mr M Davies, ABS, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 27.

Chapter 3 Productivity growth trends

[1]       Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204, 2007‑08, p. 42.

[2]       Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. viii.

[3]       PC, Submission no. 20, p. ix, Figure 2.

[4]       PC, Submission no. 20, p. vi.

[5]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p.8.

[6]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 7.

[7]       As an example, the effective rate of assistance for manufacturing has declined steadily from about 20 per cent in the mid-1980s to just under 5 per cent in 2007-08. —PC, Trade and Assistance Review 2007-08, May 2009, Figure 2.5, p. 20.

[8]       Dr J Edwards, ‘Export weakness, investment strength’, CEDA Competing from Australia Project Paper no. 2, 2007, p. 4.

[9]       Mr Glenn Stevens, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 14 August 2009, p. 13.

[10]     Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Submission no. 7, p. 73.

[11]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 8.

[12]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 39.

[13]     The volume of regulation expanded in the period 2000-2006, some of which is a result of NCP reforms and the requirement for new legislation; the burden of these regulations may not have increased, as noted in: Australian Government, Rethinking Regulation—The Report of the Taskforce on Reducing Regulatory Burdens on Business, January 2006, pp. 5-6.

[14]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 11.

[15]     Barring one quarter of negative growth in December 2000 and one quarter in December 2008 (following the global financial crisis), the economy has continued to grow since the trough of the 1990-91 recession. RBA Statistical Tables, Table G1, GDP chain volume, viewed 2 March 2010: http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/index.html

[16]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 8.

[17]     RBA, Fourth Statement on the Conduct of Monetary Policy, December 2007.

[18]     Dr P Lowe, RBA, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 19 February 2010.

[19]     Dr K Henry, Fiscal policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 12. Viewed 23 February 2010. <http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1689/PDF/02_Fiscal_Policy.pdf>

[20]     Reducing marginal tax rates encourages incentives for effort and reducing taxation on capital creates incentives for investment.

[21]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. viii.

[22]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 5.

[23]     South Australian Government, Submission no. 22, p.9.

[24]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 9.

[25]     Centre for Law and Economics, ANU (CLE), Submission no. 6, p. 6.

[26]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[27]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[28]     Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Submission no. 23, p. 15.

[29]     Professor C O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 7.

[30]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[31]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[32]     Including, for example, significant reductions in real electricity prices, port, telecommunications and rail freight charges. ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 42.

[33]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, p. 2.

[34]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, p. 3.

[35]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, p. 2.

[36]     Mr T Lowndes, Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research (DIISR), Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 52.

[37]     Mr T Lowndes, DIISR, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 52.

[38]     Dr G Barker, CLE, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 37.

[39]     CLE, Submission no. 6, p. 3.

[40]     Dr G Barker, CLE, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 36.

[41]     The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[42]     Dr B Lee, Submission no. 3, p. 1. Reference to: Tressel, T, Does Technological Diffusion Explain Australia’s Productivity Performance?, IMF Working Papers, April 2008.

[43]     Mr R Windeyer, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 2.

[44]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. ix.

[45]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 42.

[46]     Dr G Barker, CLE, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 7.

[47]     Professors R Cooper & J Sheen, Submission no. 5, pp. 1-2.

[48]     The ABS first released MFP estimates for the market sector in June 1994. MFP was calculated back to 1963-64 and the data was organised using a concept of ‘productivity cycles’ which were inferred from the MFP series with start and end points of the cycles being peak deviations from long-term productivity growth. The cycles tend to span approximately six years.

[49]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, p.1.

[50]     Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 19.

[51]     Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 10.

[52]     Keith Hancock, Productivity Growth in Australia 1964-65 to 2003-04, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 28-32.

[53]     Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 20.

[54]     Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 19.

[55]     N. Batty, Gross Domestic Product, Employment and Productivity, June quarter 1989, Australian National Accounts: National Income and Expenditure, Cat. no. 5206.0.

[56]     PC, Microeconomic Reforms and Australian Productivity: Exploring the Links, Commission Research Paper, Volume 1: Report, November 1999, p. 75.

[57]     Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 24.

[58]     PC, Microeconomic Reforms and Australian Productivity: Exploring the Links, Commission Research Paper, Volume 1: Report, November 1999, p. 75.

[59]     PC, Microeconomic Reforms and Australian Productivity: Exploring the Links, Commission Research Paper, Volume 1: Report, November 1999, p. 75.

[60]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. ix.

[61]     PC, Microeconomic Reforms and Australian Productivity: Exploring the Links, Media Release, 12 November 1999.

[62]     Professor Quiggin suggests there are nearly 40 possible choices for a break‑point in the series. Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 24.

[63]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 8.

[64]     Professor J Quiggin, Stories About Productivity, Australian Bulletin of Labour, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2006, p. 24.

[65]     Dolman, B, Lan, L & Rahman, J, Understanding Productivity Trends, Treasury Economic Roundup, Summer, 2006, p. 42.

[66]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. No. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 40.

[67]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 11.

[68]     RBA, Statistical Tables, Output and Labour, Labour Force G7. Viewed 11 March 2010 <http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/index.html>.

[69]     OECD, OECD Economic Outlook, Chapter 2—More Jobs but Less Productive? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Productivity, pp. 56-57.

[70]     OECD, OECD Economic Outlook, Chapter 2—More Jobs but Less Productive? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Productivity, p. 57.

[71]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5240.0, 2007-08, p. 43, and ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5240.0, 2008-09,  p. 40.

[72]     Long term output growth from 1964-65 to 2007-08 is 3.3 per cent. Refer ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5240.0, 2007-08, p. 43. Growth since the last completed cycle to 2008-09 approximates 2.8 per cent, falling from around 3.6 per cent for the incomplete cycle to 2007-08. ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 40.

[73]     The Treasury, PC, ACCI, ABARE, the Manufacturing Alliance and Master Builders Australia commented on the decline and all agreed with this conclusion.

[74]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[75]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 28.

[76]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[77]     CLE, Submission no. 6, p. 7.

[78]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[79]     Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[80]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[81]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[82]     The ABS compiles experimental quality-adjusted measures of labour by adjusting hours worked by educational levels attained and work experience as proxies for quality. Reilly R, Milne W, Zhao S, Quality-adjusted labour inputs, ABS Research Paper, Australia, November 2005, Cat. no. 1351.0.55.010, p. 33.

[83]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[84]     The Treasury, Understanding Productivity Trends, Economic Roundup, Summer 2006, p. 10.

[85]     The Treasury, Understanding Productivity Trends, Economic Roundup, Summer 2006, p. 10.

[86]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 14.

[87]     PC, Submission no. 20, p.ix.

[88]     PC, Submission no. 20, Figure 1.2, p. 5.

[89]     Dr P Lowe, RBA, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 19 February 2010, pp. 33-34.

[90]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 38.

[91]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[92]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[93]     New capital expenditure refers to the acquisition of new tangible assets either on own account or under a finance lease and includes major improvements, alterations and additions.

[94]     ABS, Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Australia, December 2009, Cat. no. 5625.0, February 2010, p. 6. 

[95]     This level of investment would account for 48.4 per cent of total private capital expenditure.

[96]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[97]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 9 and p. 14.

[98]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, pp. 8-9.

[99]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 9.

[100]   Industry gross value add 2008-09: Agriculture, forestry and fishing $29 551 million; Mining $89 482 million. ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 28.

[101]   ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 10.

[102]   ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 11.

[103]   ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 18.

[104]   ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 19.

[105]   The industry category under ANSZIC 2006 is now Electricity, gas, water and waste services.

[106]   ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 14.

[107]   The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

[108]   PC, Submission no. 20, p. x.

[109]   Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2010,  p. 3.

[110]   ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 15.

[111]   PC, Submission no. 20, p. 22.

[112]   ABS, Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Cat. no. 5265.0, December 2009, p. 9.

[113]   Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 5.

[114]   http://www.cbr.cam.ac.uk/research/programme1/project1-22.htm

[115]   CLE, Submission no. 6, p 3.

[116]   Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, p. 5.

[117]   Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 28, pp. 2-3.

[118]   Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 14.

[119]   Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 10.

[120]   PC, Submission no. 20, p. 20.

[121]   ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 8.

[122]   The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 6.

Chapter 4 Productivity in other nations

[1]       OECD, The real economy and the crisis: revisiting productivity fundamentals, April 2009.

[2]       Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? Productivity Commission (PC) Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 2

[3]       ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 15.

[4]       Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 18.

[5]       PC, Can Australia match US productivity performance?, March 2007, p. 57.

[6]       Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, pp. 3, 7, 8.

[7]       Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Submission no. 19, p. 6.

[8]       McKinsey, The economic impact of the achievement gap in America’s schools, April 2009, p. 17.

[9]       Kuruvilla, S, Erickson, C, Hwang, A, An Assessment of the Singapore Skills Development System: Does it constitute a viable model for other developing nations?, May 2001.

[10]     Mr M Rice, Transcript, 20 November 2009, p. 24.

[11]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 12.

[12]     OECD, Economic policy reforms: Going for growth 2010, p. 109.

[13]     OECD, Long-term growth and policy challenges in the large emerging economies, March 2010, p. 9.

[14]     OECD, Long-term growth and policy challenges in the large emerging economies, March 2010, p. 15.

[15]     OECD, OECD economic surveys: China, February 2010, p. 108.

[16]     OECD, OECD economic surveys: China, February 2010, p. 11.

[17]     OECD, Globalisation and emerging economies, pp. 318, 324.

[18]     Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 19.

[19]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 12.

[20]     The Treasury, International comparisons of industry productivity, Economic Roundup, 2008, p. 53.

[21]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 11.

Chapter 5 Australia’s future productivity growth rate—the challenge

[1]       The highest level of productivity recorded since 1964 per MFP indexes was 100.6 in 2003-04. Despite MFP being relatively high compared to the 1990s productivity growth period, its growth is trending down.

[2]       Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Submission no. 7, p. 7.

[3]       Pilat, D et al, ‘The changing pattern of manufacturing in OECD economies’, OECD Science, Technology and Industry working papers, no. 2006/9,  p. 11.

[4]       Australia’s terms of trade index ranged between 54.8 and 70.3 in the 1980’s, and rose to a high of 118.3 in September 2008.  In December 2009 it was 102.5: ABS, Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Cat. no. 5302.0, December 2009, p. 24.

[5]       Commodity prices were initially subdued, but have bounced back. Index of Commodity Prices 1 March 2010 <http://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/commodity-prices.html>.

[6]       Mr G Stevens, Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 19 February 2010.

[7]       Mr G Stevens, RBA, House Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 19 February 2010, p. 4.

[8]       Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 28.

[9]       In November 2005 trend employed persons in mining was 128, 200, but by November 2009 it was up to 162,500. In contrast, manufacturing employment fell by 32,600. ABS, Australian Labour Market Statistics, Cat. no. 6105.0, January 2010.

[10]     Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. 5, Figure 1.2.

[11]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 28. The 2008-09 National Accounts use ANZSIC06 industry classifications taking the market sector from 16 to 20 industry classifications.

[12]     Gross Value Add is a concept similar to GDP for each industry sector. The total of all industry sectors is GDP.

[13]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, p. 28.

[14]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2—8-09, p. 28.

[15]     ABS, Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification 2006 (ANZSIC06), Cat. no. 1292.0.

[16]     Experimental MFP estimates which included ANZSIC categories M, N, and S were released 5 February 2010: ABS, Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity, 2008‑09, Cat. no. 5260.0.55.002. Refer paras 2.57—2.62 for more explanation.

[17]     Refer House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration, Servicing our future, May 2007, p. 6.

[18]     Experimental MFP estimates for Rental, hiring and real estate services (Category L); Professional, scientific and technical services (Category M); Administrative and support services (Category N), and Other Services (Category S) were released 5 February 2010: ABS, Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity, 2008-09, Cat. no. 5260.0.55.002.

[19]     For example hair cutting is individualised and can’t be incorporated into a production line, nor can caring for an ill person or providing architectural services to individuals.

[20]     House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration, Servicing our future: inquiry into the current and future directions of Australia’s services export sector, May 2007, p. 9.

[21]     ABS, Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity, Australia: Detailed Productivity Estimates, Cat. 5260.0.55.002, Table 12: Income shares for value added based estimates of MFP (ISVA), 29 January 2010.

[22]     Dr G Barker, Centre for Law and Economics ANU, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 40.

[23]     House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration, Servicing our future, May 2007, p. 8.

[24]     Comparison of 1993-94 to 2003-04 and 2003-04 to 2008-09 using ABS, Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity, Australia: Detailed Productivity Estimates, Cat. no. 5260.0.55.002, Table 4: Labour Productivity Indexes, 29 January 2010.

[25]     ABS, Submission no. 16, p. 2.

[26]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 10.

[27]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 5.

[28]     Labour productivity in the mining sector is now running at -5.2 per cent in the unfinished cycle to 2008-09. ABS, Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity, Australia: Detailed Productivity Estimates, Cat. no. 5260.0.55.002, Table 4: Labour Productivity Indexes, 29 January 2010.

[29]     Centre for Law and Economics, ANU, Submission no. 6, p. 9.

[30]     House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration, Servicing our future, May 2007, p. 9.

[31]     The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, pp. 5-6.

[32]     RBA, Proceedings of a Conference—Productivity and Growth, July 1995, p. 4.

[33]     Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Report of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Professor J. Stiglitz, Professor A Sen and Professor J-P Fitoussi, 14 September 2009, p. 14.

[34]     Dr K Henry, Fiscal Policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 23.

[35]     Dr K Henry, Fiscal Policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 23.

[36]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 35.

[37]     PC, Submission no. 20, pp. 35-6.

[38]     ABS, The Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2008-09, Industry Gross Value Added, p. 28; ABS, Australian Labour Market Statistics, Cat. no. 6105.0, January 2010, p. 30.

[39]     Dr P Lowe, RBA, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Transcript, 19 February 2010, pp. 33-34.

[40]     ABS, Private New Capital Expenditure and Expected Expenditure, Cat. no. 5265.0, December 2009, p. 9.

[41]     Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, p. 3.

[42]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 5.

[43]     Mr J McDonald, The Treasury, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 71.

[44]     Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Exhibit no. 7, p. xv.

[45]     The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 20.

[46]     Mr G Dolman, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government (DITRDLG), Transcript, 26 November 2009, p. 9.

[47]     Master Builders Australia, Submission no. 17, p. 3.

[48]     Dr P Laird, Submission no. 15, p. 8.

[49]     Ms L O’Connell, DITRDLG, Transcript, 26 November 2009, p. 2.

[50]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 2.

[51]     20 per cent of the reduction in productivity growth since 2003-04 has been attributed to the utilities sector, which is in part dealing with water supply issues.

[52]     Mr S Mottram, Submission no. 27, p. 2.

[53]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 7.

[54]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. xv.

[55]     The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 20

[56]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. viii.

[57]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 155.

[58]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 5.

[59]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, pp. 156-7.

[60]     Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), Submission no. 19, p. 9.

[61]     DEEWR, Submission no. 19, p. 9.

[62]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 12.

[63]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 12.

[64]     DEEWR, Submission no. 19, p. 8.

[65]     Professor J Quiggin, Transcript, 19 November 2009, p. 13.

[66]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, pp. 23-4.

[67]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 23.

[68]     Mr R Griew, DEEWR, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 15.

[69]     Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Submission no. 23, p. 14.

[70]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, pp. 14-5.

[71]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 18.

[72]     Dr G Annison, Australian Food and Grocery Council, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 17.

[73]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 14.

[74]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 14.

[75]     Mr P Gooday, ABARE, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 61.

[76]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 52

[77]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, pp. 53-4.

[78]     CSIRO, Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future.

[79]     Mr G Evans, ACCI, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 35.

[80]     Mr T McDonald, The Treasury, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 75.

[81]     Government of South Australia, Submission no. 22, p. 15.

[82]     Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, pp. 18-19.

[83]     Mr G Banks, PC, Back to the Future: Restoring Australia’s Productivity Growth, Presentation to the Melbourne Institute Australian Economic and Social Outlook Conference ‘The Road to Recovery’, 5 November 2009.

[84]     The Hon Wayne Swan MP, Budget Paper No. 1: Budget Strategy and Outlook, p. 1-11.

[85]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 36.

[86]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 21.

[87]     The Australian Government, Australia to 2050: future challenges, the 2010 Intergenerational Report, January 2010, p. 22. Also reflected in media release The Hon Wayne Swan MP, Government’s Productivity Agenda to Tackle Future Challenges, Canberra, 1 February 2010. Website accessed 22 March 2010, <http://www.treasurer.gov.au/DisplayDocs.aspx?doc=pressreleases/2010/007.htm&pageID=003&min=wms&Year=&DocType=0>

[88]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 22.

[89]     Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Building Australia’s future: beginning a building decade for a stronger Australia, Speech to Australia Day reception, Melbourne, 18 January 2010. <http://www

[90]     ABS, Australian System of National Accounts, Cat. no. 5204.0, 2007-08, p. 23.

[91]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 10.

[92]     Telstra, Telstra Productivity Indicator, February 2010.

[93]     Telstra, Telstra Productivity Indicator, February 2010, p. 10.

[94]     Mr S Eslake, Grattan Institute, ‘2% Productivity Growth Target is a Worthy Objective’, The Age, 28 January 2010.

[95]     Mr S Eslake, Grattan Institute, ‘2% Productivity Growth Target is a Worthy Objective’, The Age, 28 January 2010.

[96]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 7.

Chapter 6 The economics of productivity growth

[1]       Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. 7.

[2]       Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Submission no. 7, p. 22.

[3]       ACCI, Submission no. 7, pp. 20-21.

[4]       Professor C O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 4.

[5]       Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research (DIISR), Submission no. 26, p. 12.

[6]       Dr B Lee, Submission no. 3, p. 1.

[7]       Ms P O’Connell, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, Transcript, 26 November 2009, p. 11.

[8]       PC, Econometric Modelling of R&D and Australia’s Productivity, p. xxx.

[9]       International Monetary Fund, Does Technological Diffusion Explain Australia’s Productivity Performance?, January 2008.

[10]     Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 8.

[11]     Professor C O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 1.

[12]     Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of Queensland, Submission no. 11, p. 6.

[13]     Mr R Windeyer, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 9.

[14]     Mr R Windeyer, DBCDE, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 12.

[15]     Mr R Windeyer, DBCDE, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 10.

[16]     Dr B Lee, Submission no. 3, p.1.

[17]     Dr B Lee, Transcript, 19 November 2009, pp. 3-4.

[18]     DIISR, Exhibit no. 11, pp. 5-6.

[19]     Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 6.

[20]     Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 4.

[21]     Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 5.

[22]     Centre for Law and Economics, Australian National University, Submission no. 6, p. 6.

[23]     Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 42.

[24]     Dolman, B, Parham, D, Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, pp. 35-44.

[25]     Dr T Sheales, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 61.

[26]     DIISR, Exhibit no. 11, p. 7.

[27]     DIISR, Exhibit no. 11, p. 7.

[28]     Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of Queensland, Submission no. 11, p. 7.

[29]     Professor C O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 3.

[30]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 8.

[31]     ABARE, Submission no. 23, p. 11.

[32]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[33]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[34]     Mr R Griew, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 2.

[35]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 9.

[36]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 22.

[37]     Professor C O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February 2009, p. 3.

[38]     Received from Innovation Australia, Submission no. 25; DIISR, Submission no. 26; PC, Submission no. 20; and Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13.

[39]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2010, p. 13.

[40]     Dr K Henry, Fiscal Policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 20.

[41]     Professor Chris O’Donnell, Transcript, 4 February, 2010.

[42]     Mr A Thomas, Australian Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union, Transcript, 4 December 2010, p. 5.

[43]     Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, p. 10.

[44]     Mr M Catchpole, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Transcript, 20 November 2009, p. 19.

Chapter 7 Promoting future productivity growth

[1]       Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 8.

[2]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[3]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[4]       OECD, The political economy of reform: Lessons from pensions, product markets and labour markets in ten OECD countries, 2009, p. 41.

[5]       The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[6]       Mr T O’Brien, Productivity Commission (PC), Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 13-4.

[7]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 11.

[8]       The Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[9]       OECD, Micro Policies for Growth and Productivity, Final Report, 2005, p. 9.

[10]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 7.

[11]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. xv.

[12]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 37.

[13]     Mr R Uusitalo, Essays in Economics of Education, 1999, p. 7.

[14]     Mr R Uusitalo, Essays in Economics of Education, 1999, p. 7.

[15]     Mr A Gurria, OECD, The return to investment in education, 8 September 2009.

[16]     Forbes, M, Barker, A, Turner, S, The effects of education and health on wages and productivity, PC Staff Working Paper, March 2010, p. xiii.

[17]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 13.

[18]     Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), Submission no. 19, p. 5.

[19]     Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Submission no. 7, p. 58.

[20]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 27.

[21]     The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. 104.

[22]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 7.

[23]     Mr R Griew, DEEWR, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 6.

[24]     Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, p. 15.

[25]     Australian Government, Review of Australian Higher Education, December 2008.

[26]     Australian Government, Transforming Australia’s Higher Education System, 2009.

[27]     OECD, Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, 2007, p. 29.

[28]     OECD, Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, 2007, p. 11.

[29]     Dr G Annison, Australian Food and Grocery Council, Transcript, 30 October 2009, pp. 22-23.

[30]     DEEWR, Submission no. 19, p. 2.

[31]     Australian Society for Medical Research, Submission no. 31, p. 5.

[32]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 6-7.

[33]     Mr J Russo, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 27.

[34]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 31.

[35]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 31.

[36]     Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government (DITRDLG), Supplementary submission no. 29.1, p. 6.

[37]     DITRDLG, Supplementary submission no. 29.1, p. 7.

[38]     Department of Innovation, Science and Research (DIISR), Submission no. 26, p. 21.

[39]     DIISR, Submission no. 26, p. 21.

[40]     Mr G Evans, ACCI, Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 30-1.

[41]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, p. 7.

[42]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 55.

[43]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, p. 1.

[44]     Ms P O’Connell, DITRDLG, Transcript, 26 November 2009, p. 4.

[45]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, pp. 2-3.

[46]     Dr P Laird, Submission no. 15.1, p. 1.

[47]     Australian Rail, Tram and Bus Union, Submission 30.1, p. 2.

[48]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, p. 9.

[49]     Ms P O’Connell, DITRDLG, Transcript, 26 November 2009, p. 4.

[50]     Dr P Laird, Transcript, 4 December 2009, pp. 25-7.

[51]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, p. 9.

[52]     DITRDLG, Submission no. 29.1, p. 10.

[53]     Includes integration across functions (i.e. land use, transport and infrastructure) and levels of government, priorities for future spending and policy and effective implementation arrangements.

[54]     COAG, 7 December 2009 Communiqué, p. 8.

[55]     Mr R Windeyer, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE), Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 2.

[56]     Mr R Windeyer, DBCDE, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 2.

[57]     DIISR, Submission no. 26, p. 20.

[58]     Mr R Windeyer, DBCDE, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 7.

[59]     Prime Minister, Treasurer, Minister for Finance, Minister for Broadband, Joint Media Release: New National Broadband Network, 7 April 2009.

[60]     Tasmanian Government, Department of Treasury and Finance, Submission no. 24, p. 9.

[61]     Government of South Australia, Submission no. 22, p. 3.

[62]     Mr R Windeyer, DBCDE, Transcript, 25 February 2010, p. 4.

[63]     Mr C Althaus, Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association (AMTA), Transcript, 20 November 2009, p. 4.

[64]     Dr G Barker, Centre for Law and Economics, ANU, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 38.

[65]     Australian Government, Digital Dividend Green Paper, January 2010.

[66]     AMTA, Submission no. 4, p. 10.

[67]     Australian Communications and Media Authority, Review of the 2.5 GHz band and long-term arrangements for ENG: Discussion paper, January 2010.

[68]     Cutler & Company, Venturous Australia, August 2008, pp. 101-102.

[69]     Cutler & Company, Venturous Australia, August 2008, pp. 103-104.

[70]     Mr T Lowndes, DIISR, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 43.

[71]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 42.

[72]     Manufacturing Alliance, Submission no. 14, p. 10.

[73]     Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Submission no. 13, p. 22.

[74]     Cutler & Company, Venturous Australia, August 2008, pp. 4-8.

[75]     DIISR, Submission no. 26, p. 8.

[76]     DIISR, Submission no. 26, p. 8.

[77]     PC, Submission no. 20, pp. 42-3.

[78]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 12.

[79]     DIISR, Exhibit no. 11.

[80]     Professor R Green, Transcript, 11 March 2010, p. 4.

[81]     Mrs J Zielke, DIISR, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 44.

[82]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. xiv.

[83]     PC, Potential Benefits of the National Reform Agenda, p. 153.

[84]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 10.

[85]     Department of Finance and Deregulation (Finance), 2008-09 Annual Report, p. 29.

[86]     Finance, 2008-09 Annual Report, p. 29.

[87]     The Hon W Swan MP and The Hon L Tanner MP, Updated Economic and Fiscal Outlook, February 2009, p. 26.

[88]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 7.

[89]     ACCI, Holding Back the Red Tape Avalanche: A Regulatory Reform Agenda for Australia, p. 33.

[90]     COAG, National Partnership Agreement to Deliver a Seamless National Economy, February 2009.

[91]     Dr G de Brouwer, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C), Transcript, 4 February 2010, pp. 15-6.

[92]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 7.

[93]     COAG, National Partnership Agreement to Deliver a Seamless National Economy, February 2009.

[94]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 36.

[95]     DIISR, Submission no. 26, p. 20.

[96]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 12.

[97]     Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 12-3.

[98]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, pp. 72-5.

[99]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 43

[100]   Mr G Banks, Back to the Future: Restoring Australia’s Productivity Growth, 5 November 2009, p. 9.

[101]   Mr G Stevens, RBA, Transcript, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, p. 12.

[102]   Dr K Henry, Fiscal policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 23.

[103]   Dr K Henry, Fiscal policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 23.

[104]   Government of South Australia, Submission no. 22, p. 4.

[105]   Mr G Banks, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 7.

[106]   Mr R Perry, PM&C, Transcript, 4 February 2010, p. 17.

[107]   PC, Submission no. 20, p. xi.

Chapter 8 Beyond official productivity statistics

[1]       Productivity Commission (PC), Submission no. 20, p. 5.

[2]       The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 3.

[3]       Mr R Griew, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Transcript, 30 October 2009, p. 14.

[4]       The Treasury, Intergenerational Report 2010, p. xii and PC, Economic Implications of an Ageing Australia, March 2005, p. xviii.

[5]       Mr T McDonald, The Treasury, Transcript, 23 October 2009, pp. 69-70.

[6]       Dr K Henry, Fiscal policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 24.

[7]       PC, Submission no. 20, p. 44.

[8]       Dolman, B, Parham, D, and Zheng, S, Can Australia Match US Productivity Performance? PC Staff Working Paper, March 2007, p. 10.  

[9]       Australian Government, Handbook of Cost Benefit Analysis, January 2006, p. 2.

[10]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 11.

[11]     Australian Government, Best Practice Regulation Handbook, August 2007, p. 5. 

[12]     The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI), Submission no. 7, p. 12.

[13]     ACCI, Submission no. 7, p. 30.

[14]     Master Builders Australia, Submission no. 17, p. 12.

[15]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. 2.

[16]     Dr K Henry, Fiscal policy: more than just a national budget, Address to the 2009 Whitlam Institute Symposium, 30 November 2009, p. 23.

[17]     Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, Report on Government Services 2010, January 2010, p. 16.

[18]     Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Employment and Earnings, Public Sector, Australia, Cat. no. 6248.0, 2008-09

[19]     ABS, Employment and Earnings, Public Sector, Australia, Cat. no. 6248.0, 2008-09.

[20]     $2.2 billion is 2 per cent of $108 billion.

[21]     PC, Submission no. 20, p. xvi.

[22]     Lattimore, R, Martin B, Madge, A, and Mills J, Design Principles for Small Business Programs and Regulations, PC Staff Research Paper, August 1998, p. 188.

[23]     Hon Lindsay Tanner MP, Minister for Finance and Deregulation, Better Regulation: Driving Productivity and Growth, Address to Australian Business Foundation, 15 February 2010.

[24]     Mr T McDonald, The Treasury, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 70.

[25]     The Treasury, Submission no. 10, p. 4.

[26]     ABS, Australian Social Trends, 2008, Cat. no. 4102.0. 

[27]     ABS, Australian Social Trends, 2008, Cat. no. 4102.0. 

[28]     ABS, Disability, Ageing and Carers, 2003, Cat. no. 4430.0. 

[29]     ABS, Disability, Ageing and Carers, 2003, Cat. no. 4430.0. 

[30]     Mr G Brunker, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 16.

[31]     Mr G Brunker, PC, Transcript, 23 October 2009, p. 16.

[32]     Professor J Quiggin, Submission no. 24, p. 3.

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