| House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs

Footnotes

Preliminary Pages

[1]       Dr Thomas Stockmann, in Ibsen, Henrik, An Enemy of the People, Act 1. Also cited in Bok, Sissela 1982, Secrets: on the ethics of concealment and revelation, Pantheon Books, New York, p. 210.

[2]       Transparency International November 2008, Corruption perceptions index 2008, in TI Australia News, pp. 2-3.

[3]       Senate Select Committee on Public Interest Whistleblowing August 1994, In the public interest, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.

[4]       Joint Committee of Public Accounts September 1997, Report 353—An advisory report on the Public Service Bill 1997 and the Public Employment (Consequential and Transitional) Amendment Bill 1997, p. 64; Senate Finance and Public Administration Legislation Committee October 1997, Provisions of the Public Service Bill 1997 and the Public Employment (Consequential and Transitional) Amendment Bill 1997, p. 4.

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1]      This broad definition was adapted from the Oxford English Dictionary, 2^nd Edition, Volume 16, Clarendon Press, 1989, p.258.

[2]      The Australian Law Reform Commission is currently undertaking a review into secrecy provisions.

[3]      Brown, AJ(ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 1.

[4]      Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence, 4 September 2008, p. 2.

[5]      The complete terms of reference for this inquiry are located at the beginning of this report.

[6]      In its current review into secrecy laws, the Australian Law Reform Commission identified over 370 distinct secrecy provisions in 166 pieces of legislation.

[7]      Section 13, Public Service Act 1999.

[8]      As discussed below, this protection is limited.

[9]      Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 5.

[10]    The Australian Public Service Commissioner, Ms Briggs, and the Merit Protection Commissioner, Ms Godwin, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, pp. 12-18.

[11]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44a, p. 2.

[12]    Brown, AJ(ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government.  Whistleblowers Australia noted that the views of those who had left the public services due to reprisals were not included in the research. See Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 6.

[13]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 6.

[14]    For example, see Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 6; Mr McMahon, Submission no. 45a, p. 11.

[15]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 6.

[16]    Brown, AJ(ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. xxvii.

[17]    The Australian Public Service Commissioner, Ms Briggs, Address the launch the State of the service report 2007–08.

[18]    The Australian Public Service Commissioner, Ms Briggs, 2008 David Hawkes Oration, Australian Institute of Public Administration, Northern Territory Chapter, at http://www.apsc.gov.au/media/briggs101108.htm (accessed 20 February 2009).

[19]    Brown, AJ(ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 265.

[20]    Australian Public Service Commission, State of the service report 2003-04, p. 112.

[21]    Australian Public Service Commission, State of the service report 2003-04, pp. 112-3.

[22]    Australian Public Service Commission, State of the service report 2007-08, p. 170.

[23]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 6.

[24]    Australian Public Service Commission, State of the service report 2007-08, p. 169.

[25]    The Fair Work Bill 2008, currently before the Senate, contains broader provisions in relation to workplace rights and adverse action, however, these provisions were not designed to facilitate and protect public interest disclosures. See, Workplace Ombudsman, Submission no. 69, pp. 4-5.

[26]    Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 2.

[27]    Dr Bibby, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 4.

[28]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. i.

[29]    Law Institute of Victoria, Submission no. 35, p. 4; Mr Newlan, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 8; Mr Leonard AM, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 64; Ms Bulder, Submission no. 32, p. 7.

[30]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 4.

[31]    The Attorney-General’s Department submitted that s. 16 of the Public Service Act 1999 and s. 170CK(2)(e) of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 implement Article 33 of UNCAC in Australian law. See Submission no. 14, p. 6.

[32]    Australia - Phase 2: Report on implementation of the OECD anti-bribery convention 16 January 2006, OECD, Paris, p. 31.

Chapter 2 Principles and definitions

[1]      Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 34.

[2]      Mr Bennett, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 32.

[3]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 283.

[4]      Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 2.

[5]      Mr Roger Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, pp. 2, 13, 15, 19.

[6]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, pp. 283-287.

[7]      Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57, p. 4.

[9]      Miceli, MP & Near, JP 1984, ‘The relationships among beliefs, organisational position, and whistle-blowing status: a discriminant analysis’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 689. This definition was adopted by the Whistle While They Work Project Team. See, Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 8.

[10]    De Maria, W 1994, ‘Quarantining dissent: the Queensland public sector ethics movement’, in Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 54 no. 4, December 1995, p. 447.

[11]    De Maria, W 1999, Deadly disclosures: whistleblowing and the ethical meltdown of Australia, Kent Town, Wakefield Press, p. 25.

[12]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence, 4 September 2008, p 6.

[13]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26a, p. 2.

[14]    Section 41, Public Service Act 1999.

[15]    Australian Public Service Commission, Circular No 2001/4: Whistleblowers' reports, 2001.

[16]    See Chapter 17, Whistleblowing, APSC, APS Values and code of conduct in practice, 2005.

[17]    Mr S. Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 7.

[18]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, pp. 6-7.

[19]    Senator Murray, Second Reading Speech, Public Interest Disclosures Bill 2007, Senate Hansard, 14 June 2007, p. 1.

[20]    Australian Law Reform Commission 2008, Review of secrecy laws: issues paper no. 34, p. 100.

[21]    Finn, P 1991, Integrity in government project: interim report 1, Australian National University, p. 147.

[22]    Australian Law Reform Commission 2008, Review of secrecy laws: issues paper no. 34, p. 30.

[23]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 5, emphasis in original.

[24]    Mr Bennett, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 38.

[25]    Dr Bowden, Submission no. 18, p. 2.

[26]    Ms Kardell, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 39.

[27]    Dr Sawyer, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 49.

[28]    Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 37.

[29]    Finn, P 1991, Integrity in government project: interim report 1, Canberra, the Australian National University, p. 49.

[30]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. xxi.

[31]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 36.

[32]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 6.

Chapter 3 Categories of people who could make protected disclosures

[1]      For example see Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57, p. 4; Mr Arundell, Submission no. 2, p. 1; Post Office Agents Association Limited, Submission no. 15, p. 3.

[2]      Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 16 (emphasis in original).

[3]      Department of Defence, Submission no. 48, p. 1.

[4]      Ms Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 78.

[5]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 3.

[6]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, pp. 3-4.

[7]      Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 5; s. 10(1)(a) Public Service Act 1999.

[8]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 3.

[9]      Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 60.

[10]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 8.

[11]    Law Institute of Victoria, Submission no. 35, p. 5.

[12]    Aspects of this argument have been presented in the evidence noted below.

[13]    Office of the Special Counsel 2008, Whistleblower disclosures, at http://www.osc.gov/wbdisc.htm

[14]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, pp. 9-10.

[15]    Associate Professor Faunce, Transcript of Evidence, 18 September 2008, p. 21.

[16]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 3.

[17]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence, 4 September 2008, p. 6.

[18]    Clause 5, Public Interest Disclosure Bill 2007, introduced by Senator Murray.

[19]    See s. 7, Australian Public Service Act 1999.

[20]    Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 1.

[21]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 8.

[22]    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003, Australian system of government finance statistics: concepts, sources and methods, p. 256.

[23]    See, Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003, Australian system of government finance statistics: concepts, sources and methods, para 2.29.

[24]    Section 3 of the Crimes Act 1914.

[25]    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003, Australian system of government finance statistics: concepts, sources and methods, para 2.47.

[26]    National Tertiary Education Union, Submission no. 63, p. 4.

[27]    Dr Ahern, Submission no. 56, p. 3; Dr Stewart, Submission no. 50, p. 1.

[28]    Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57,  p. 3.

[29]    For example, Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57, p. 4.

[30]    Queensland Council of Unions, Submission no. 36, p. 3.

[31]    Mr Ross, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p 22.

[32]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 1.

[33]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 2.

[34]    The Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Address to heads of agencies and members of the senior executive service, Great Hall, Parliament House Canberra, 30 April 2008.

[35]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 9.

[36]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 9.

[37]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p. 7.

[38]    Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 22.

[39]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 1; Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 2; Department of Defence, Submission no. 48, p. 1.

[40]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 22

[41]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 1.

[42]    See ss. 12, 21 (3), Members of Parliament (Staff) Act 1984.

[43]    Department of Finance and Deregulation, Members of Parliament (Staff) Act 1984, Annual report 2007-08, Commonwealth of Australia, 2008.

[44]    Section 16, Parliamentary Service Act 1999.

[45]    Currently, the Workplace Relations Act 1996.

[46]    Mr Evans, Submission no. 67, p. 1.

[47]    Clause 5, Public Interest Disclosure Bill 2007.

[48]    Mr Wright, Submission no. 70, p. 4.

[49]    Mr Grove, Report of proceedings before the committee on the Independent Commission against Corruption, 1 December 2008, p. 46.

[50]    Ms Lovelock, Report of proceedings before the committee on the Independent Commission against Corruption, 1 December 2008, p. 28. These comments were made in the context of the NSW Parliament but would generally apply in relation to members of the Commonwealth Parliament.

[51]    Department of Finance and Deregulation, Members of Parliament (Staff) Act 1984, Annual Report 2007-08, Commonwealth of Australia, 2008, p. 43.

[52]    Ms Lovelock, Report of proceedings before the committee on the Independent Commission against Corruption, 1 December 2008, p. 16; Mr Grove, Report of proceedings before the committee on the Independent Commission against Corruption, 1 December 2008, p. 43.

[53]    Parliamentary proceedings have certain immunities from ordinary law in accordance with s. 49 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987.

[54]    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Voluntary work Australia, 4441.0, p. 3, 56.

[55]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 2.

[56]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 4.

[57]    Department of Defence, Submission no. 48, p. 3.

[58]    Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 18.

[59]    Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 17.

[60]    Dr Zirnsak, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, pp. 75-78.

[61]    Australia - phase 2: report on implementation of the OECD anti-bribery convention 16 January 2006, OECD, Paris, p. 34.

[62]    The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security Act 1986 and the Law Enforcement Integrity Commissioner Act 2006.

[63]    Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, Submission, no. 13, p. 1.

[64]    Australian Federal Police, Submission no. 38, pp. 7-9.

[65]    Australian Intelligence Community agencies are: the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation, Australian Secret Intelligence Service, Defence Signals Directorate, Defence Intelligence Organisation, Office of National Assessments.

[66]    Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security, Submission no. 3, p. 2. Mr Nathan Rogers referred the Committee to a United States Congressional Research report which discusses pathways relevant to personnel in national security settings, Submission no. 1, p. 1.

[67]    Department of Defence, Submission no. 48, p. 1. Defence civilians are those subject to defence force discipline as defined in s. 3 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982.

[68]    Mr Newlan, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 4.

[69]    STOPline Pty Ltd, Submission no. 25, p. 9.

[70]    Standards Australia, Submission no. 16, Attachment A, Australian Standard AS 8004—2003 Whistleblower protection programs for entities.

[71]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 11.

[72]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 11.

[73]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 2.

Chapter 4 The types of disclosures that should be protected

[1]      Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p 13.

[2]      Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p 8.

[3]      Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Submission no. 71, p. 4.

[4]      Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Submission no. 71, p. 6.

[5]      Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Submission no. 71, p. 7.

[6]      Dr Borgas, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 67.

[7]      Dr Borgas, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, pp. 68–72.

[8]      Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 9.

[9]      Australia - phase 2: report on implementation of the OECD anti-bribery convention 16 January 2006, OECD, Paris, p. 31.

[10]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, pp 5,6.

[11]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, pp. 2-3.

[12]    Associate Professor Faunce, Submission no. 4, p. 9.

[13]    Senate Select Committee on Public Interest Whistleblowing, 1994, In the public interest, p. 163.

[14]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p xxi.

[15]    For example see, Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, pp. 39, 40, Dr Zirnsak, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 82.

[16]    Commissioner Pritchard, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p 74.

[17]    Mr Podger, Submission  no. 55, p. 3.

[18]    Office of the Public Sector Standards Commissioner, Submission no. 39, p. 4.

[19]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 6.

[20]    See, for example, Part IV of the Freedom of Information Act 1982.

[21]    McKinnon v Secretary, Department of Treasury (2006) 228 CLR 423, 456.

[22]    For example, see Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 10

[23]    Ms Melissa Parke MP, Submission no 51, p. 6.

[24]    NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Submission no. 17, p 3.

[25]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p 3.

[26]    Professor McKinnon, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p 53.

[27]    Associate Professor McKnight, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, pp. 51-52.

[28]    Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 37.

[29]    Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 37.

[30]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p. 2.

[31]    Mr Bennett, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p 33.

[33]    Hansard 10 August 2005, p. 51.

[34]    Commonwealth v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1980) 147 CLR 39, 52.

[35]    Mr Needham, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 16.

[36]    Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 8.

[37]    Dr Bowden, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 24.

[38]    Dr Ahern, citing research by Grover and Hui, Submission no. 56, p. 3.

Chapter 5 Conditions that should apply to a person making a disclosure

[1]      Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p 1, 2.

[2]      Law Institute of Victoria, Submission no. 35, p. 6.

[3]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p 7.

[4]      Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 4.

[5]      Dr Bibby, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 2.

[6]      Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, pp.34-35.

[7]      Mr Newlan, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 2.

[8]      Dr Bowden, Submission no. 18, p. 4.

[9]      Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 22.

[10]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 3.

[11]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 3.

[12]    Miss Casben, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 12.

[13]    Ms Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 78.

[14]    Ms Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 83.

[15]    Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 8.

[16]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, 2006, Work practices manual.

[17]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, 2006, Work practices manual.

[18]    Dr Bibby, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p 5.

[19]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 2.

[21]    Mr Podger, Submission no. 55, p. 4.

[22]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 8.

[23]   Ms Ralston, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 21.

[24]   Deputy Commissioner Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence , 27 October 2008, p. 78.

[25]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, pp. 26-27.

[26]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 11.

[27]    Ms Godwin, Transcript of Evidence, 12 September 2008, p. 12.

[28]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 3.

[29]    Deputy Commissioner Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 83.

[30]    Mr Newlan, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 2; Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 8.

[31]    For example, Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 3.

[32]    Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 39.

[33]    Gibbs, H, Watson, R & Menzies, A 1991, Review of Commonwealth criminal law: Final report, para 35.12.

[34]    Mr Warren, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, pp. 62-63.

[35]    For example, see Mr Ellis, Submission no. 33, p. 3.

[36]    Deputy Commissioner Negus, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 12.

[37]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 12.

[38]    False Claims Act 31 USC 3729-3733; See Dr Bowden, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2007, p. 25, Associate Professor Faunce, Submission no. 4, p. 3; Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57, p. 11; Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 15.

[39]    Associate Professor Faunce, Submission no. 4, p. 14.

[40]    Dr Sawyer, Submission no. 57, p. 11-12.

[41]    Associate Professor Faunce, Transcript of Evidence, 18 September 2008, p. 7.

[42]    Professor Francis, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 43.

[43]    Mr Leonard AM, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p 63.

[44]    House of Representatives Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee October 1989, Fair shares for all: insider trading in Australia, p. 45.

[45]    Associate Professor Faunce, Transcript of Evidence, 18 September 2008, p. 7.

[46]    Mr Chadwick, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September, 2008, p. 28.

Chapter 6 Scope of statutory protection

[2]      A number of submissions noted problems with the implementation of the Commonwealth whistleblower provisions. For example see, Name Withheld, Submission no. 46.

[3]      Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 1.

[4]      Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 1.

[5]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 130.

[6]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 137.

[7]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 130.

[8]      Mr Smythe, Submission no. 42, p. 5.

[9]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 130.

[10]    Dr Ahern, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, pp 29-31.

[11]    Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, pp. 22, 27.

[12]    Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 27.

[13]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 273.

[14]    Dr Brown, Submission no. 68, p. 4.

[15]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 272.

[16]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 272.

[17]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 268.

[18]    For example, Ms Merrylin Bulder, Submission no. 32, p. 8.

[19]    For example, Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity Submission no. 13.

[20]    Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 1.

[21]    Clause 342(1), Fair Work Bill 2008

[22]    Clause 342(1), Fair Work Bill 2008.

[23]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p 4.

[25]    Workplace Ombudsman, Submission no. 66, p. 6.

[26]    Ms Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, pp. 82, 83.

[27]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence,  9 September 2008, p. 11. Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 23. Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 22.

[28]    Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991 s. 16(2).

[29]    Dr Brown, Submission no. 68, p. 2.

[30]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 9.

[31]    Australian Council of Trade Unions, Submission no. 64, p. 1.

[32]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 16.

[33]    Workplace Ombudsman, Submission no. 69, p. 6.

[34]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence,  9 September 2008, p. 11. Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 23. Dr Brown, Submission no. 68, p. 2.

[35]    Department of Defence, Submission no. 48, p. 4.

[36]    Australian Government Remuneration Tribunal, Judicial and Related Offices at http://www.remtribunal.gov.au/judicalRelatedOffices/default.asp?menu=Sec3&switch=on

[37]    Dr Brown, Submission no. 68, p. 4.

[38]    Mr Bennett, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 25.

[39]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 30.

[40]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 11.

[41]    In the United Kingdom, the suggestion that qui tam claims be introduced has been seen as likely to undermine cultural values that support a disclosure scheme. See Public Concern at Work 30 November 2007, Rewarding whistleblowers as good citizens, Response to the Home Office consultation, p. 8.

[42]    NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Submission no. 17, p. 4.

[43]    Mr Wheeler, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 27.

[44]    Dr Lennane, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 18.

[45]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a., p. 3.

[46]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p. 11.

[47]    Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Submission no. 66, p. 2.

[48]    Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21, 73 (Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ).

[49]    Mr Kerr, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p 27.

[50]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p 7.

[51]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 8. See Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 11

Chapter 7 Procedures in relation to protected disclosures

[1]      For example see, Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 9; Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 13; Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 45; Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 3.

[2]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 9.

[3]      Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 13.

[4]      Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 3. The Commissioner supports serious matters being taken to oversight agencies at first instance.

[5]      Dr Bibby, Dr Bowden, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, pp 8, 26.

[6]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 279. Herscu v R (1991) 173 CLR 276, para 8 (Mason CJ, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ).

[7]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, pp. xxv.

[8]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 9.

[9]      Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 9.

[10]     Australian Taxation Office, Submission no. 24, p. 2.

[11]     Australian Institute of Professional Investigators, Submission no. 20, p. 2.

[12]  Callinan, Hon. Ian AC April 2008, Report of the equine influenza inquiry, p. 248.

[13]  Callinan, Hon. Ian AC April 2008, Report of the equine influenza inquiry, p. 49.

[14]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 270.

[15]   Parliament of NSW, the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Independent Commission Against Corruption 18 August 2008, Transcript of Evidence before that Committee, pp. 21-22.

[16]   Ms Melissa Parke MP, Submission no. 51, p. 5.

[17]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 235.

[18]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 10.

[19]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 10.

[20]    Summarised from a number of submissions including, Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, pp. 41-42, Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 13-15; Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 10.

[21]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 17; Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 11.

[22]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 17.

[23]    Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 42.

[24]    Mr Lindeberg, Submission no. 12, p. 3.

[25]    Senate Select Committee on Public Interest Whistleblowing 1994, In the public interest, p. xv. This was supported by some submissions, for example, Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 21.

[26]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 14.

[27]    Professor McMillan, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 11.

[28]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 11.

[29]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 4; Associate Professor Faunce, Submission no. 4, p. 3; Dr Bowden, Submission no. 18, p. 2; Mr Podger, Submission no. 55, p. 5; Mr Hardham, Submission no. 54, p. 10; Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 5; Dr Harris Rimmer, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 9;

[30]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 16.

[31]    Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 5.

[32]   Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 19.

[33]    Mr Sellars, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 4.

[34]    Kerr, Hon Duncan MP, 26 October 1995: Report of the Senate Select Committee on public interest whistleblowing: Government response, Ministerial Statement, House of Representatives.

[35]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 16.

[36]    Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44,p. 17.

[37]    Mr McMahon, Submission no. 45a, p. 5.

[39]   Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence , 25 September 2008, p 8. Mr Brent, Transcript of Evidence , 4 September 2008, p. 5.

[40]  The Law Report, ABC Radio 29 May 2007.

[41]   Queensland Public Service Commission, Submission no. 47, p. 4.

[42]   Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 5.

[43]   Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 15.

[44]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 92.

[45]   See, eg. Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 6. Commander Walters, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 14. Mr Mrdak, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 10.

[46]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 292.

[47]     Public Interest Disclosure Act 2003 (WA).

[48]   Whistleblower’s Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 3. Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, pp. 2, 3.

[49]     Public Interest Disclosures Act 2002 (Tas) s. 36.

[50]    Dean, R 2002, The law of trade secrets and personal secrets (2^nd edition), Pyrmont, Lawbook Company, pp. 28, 29.

[51]    For a discussion on the features of confidential information, see Dean, R 2002, The law of trade secrets and personal secrets (2^nd edition), Pyrmont, Lawbook Company, Chapter 3.

[52]    For a discussion on the obligations surrounding confidentiality, including third party obligations, see Dean, R 2002, The law of trade secrets and personal secrets (2^nd edition), Pyrmont, Lawbook Company, pp. 60-63.

[53]   Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 14.

[54]   Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8, p. 2.

[55]   Johns v Australian Securities Commission (1993) 178 CLR 408, 423 (Brennan J).

[56]    See Schedule 3, Privacy Act 1988.

[57]   National Information Privacy Principle 11 prohibits record keepers with the possession or control of records containing personal information from disclosing that information to a person, body or agency other than the individual concerned except in specified circumstances. National Information Privacy Principle 4 provides that an organisation must take reasonable steps to protect the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure.

[58]   Privacy Act 1988 s. 14.

[59]   National Information Privacy Principle 9 provides that a record-keeper who has possession or control of a record that contains personal information shall not use the information except for a purpose to which the information is relevant.

[60]   See Privacy Act 1988 s. 80G.

[61]   A v Hayden (1984) 156 CLR 532, 546 (Gibbs CJ).

[62]   Dr Bowden, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 29.

[63]    Dr Lesley Lynch, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 3.

[64]   A v Hayden (1984) 156 CLR 532, 597 (Deane J).

[65]  Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 14.

[66]   Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564, 576 (Mason CJ, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ).

[67]   Retnaraja v Morauta  (1999) 93 FCR 397, 412 (von Doussa J).

[68]   Ombudsman NSW March 2008, Administrative decision-making delegations and avoiding bias, - Seminar Paper.

[69]   For example, Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 6.

[70]   Murray, Senator Andrew Public Interest Disclosures Bill 2007, Second reading speech, p 3.

[71]     Mr Kevin Lindeberg, Submission no. 12, p. 5.

[72]     Australian Lawyers for Human Rights, Submission no. 9, p. 5.

[73]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. xxxiii.

[74]   Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 2.

[75]   Commissioner for Law Enforcement Integrity, Submission no. 13, p. 8.

[76]   Commissioner Pritchard, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 76.

[77]   Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 23.

[78]   Dr A. J. Brown, Submission no. 68, p. 2.

[79]    For example see, Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 10.

[80]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. xxxvi.

[81]    Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, Submission no. 13, p. 7. Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 14.

[82]    Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations in Australian Public Service Commission, Submission no. 44, p. 21.

[83]   Mr McMullen, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 80; Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence , 28 August 2008, p. 6.

[84]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 3.

[85]   Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 11.

[86]  Lewincamp v ACP Magazines Limited [2008] ACTSC 69.

[87]  Transcript of Chief of Defence Force, General Peter Cosgrove, interview with Matt Brown, ABC AM program, Monday 19 April 2004,  8 am.

[88]   Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security, Submission no. 3, pp. 2-3. Mr John Wilson argued that public interest disclosure provisions should include means by which action can be bought against intelligence agencies, Submission no. 40, p. 3.

[89]   Mr Varghese, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 1.

[90]   Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 3.

[91]    Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 6.

[92]    Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 8.

[93]    Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, 4; Mr Varghese, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 7.

[94]    It was noted that the Ombudsman can act as the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security from time to time. See Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 7; Mr Moss, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 4.

[95]    Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 19.

[96]    Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 17.

[97]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 2.

[98]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 4.

[99]    Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 7; Mr Whowell, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p.. 21.

[100] Ms Merrylin Bulder, Submission no. 32; Mr Neil Winzer, Submission no. 59.

[101] Mr Keith Potter, Submission no. 43.

[102] Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 6.

[103] Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 13.

[104] Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 3.

[105] Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 20.

[106]   Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, pp. xxv.

[107] Australian Public Service Commission, State of the service report 2007-2008, p. 160.

Chapter 8 Disclosures to third parties

[1]      Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand, School of Government, p. 91.

[2]      Deputy Commissioner Negus, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 12.

[3]      Deputy Commissioner Negus, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 13.

[4]      Mr Thomas, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 13.

[5]      Deputy Commissioner Negus, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 19.

[6]      Standing Committee of Attorneys General 7 November 2008, Communiqué.

[7]      See, for example, case studies on Mr Allan Kessing and Mr Desmond Kelly.

[8]      Mr Maniaty, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 64.

[9]      Mr Bennett, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 35.

[10]    Mr Maniaty, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 51.

[11]    Mr Chadwick, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 40.

[12]    Mr Bartlett, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 23.

[13]    Ms Hambly, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 36.

[14]    Associate Professor McKnight, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 52.

[15]    Ms Chapman, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, 61.

[16]    Dr Harris Rimmer, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 10.

[17]    Queensland Public Hospital Commission of Inquiry exhibit 225, GF12.

[18]    Queensland Public Hospital Commission of Inquiry report, p. 158.

[19]    Queensland Public Hospital Commission of Inquiry report, p. 162.

[20]    The allegations of Ms Hoffman were considered in the Queensland Public Hospital Commission of Inquiry but had not been, at the time of tabling this report, considered in any court proceedings.

[21]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[22]    Office of the Public Service Commissioner Queensland 2006, Review of the Whistleblowers Protection Act 1994, p. 17.

[23]    Professor McKinnon, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, pp. 55, 56.

[24]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p. 2.

[25]   Ms Hamilton, Transcript of Evidence , 27 October 2008, p 81.

[26]    Mr Thomas, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 15 & 16.

[27]    Mr Carnell, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 3.

[28]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[29]    Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 18.

[30]    For a carefully documented example of unnecessary delay in investigation following disclosure, see the judgment of Justice Gray in Henry v British Broadcasting Corporation [2006] EWHC 386 (QB), a successfully defended defamation action arising from disclosure of falsified hospital waiting list data: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2006/386.rtf (accessed 19 February 2009).

[31]    Commonwealth Ombudsman, Submission no. 31, p. 11; Mr Podger, Submission no. 55, p. 6; Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 10; Mr Needham, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 38.

[32]    Australian Press Council, Submission no. 21, pp. 4-5 (emphasis in the original).

[33]    Australia’s Right to Know, Submission no. 34, p. 4.

[34]    Brown, AJ, ‘Privacy and the public interest disclosure: when is it reasonable to protect ‘whistleblowing’ to the media?’ in Privacy Law Bulletin, 4 (2), p. 24.

[35]    Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 44.

[36]    Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 16.

[37]    Senate Select Committee on Public Interest Whistleblowing 1994, In the public interest, p. 198. The Government rejected the proposal on 13 November 1995 on the basis that a whistleblower, lacking full information, is not in a position to assess public interest considerations.

[38]    Mr Maniaty, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 64.

[39]    Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 15.

[40]    Mr Moss, Transcript of Evidence, 23 October 2008, p. 6; Mr Varghese, Transcript of Evidence, 16 October 2008, p. 6.

[41]    Attorney-General’s Department, Submission no. 14, p. 4.

[42]    Mr Warren, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 65.

[43]    Mr Maniaty, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 65.

[44]   For example, see Mr Ross, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 1008, p. 23.

[45]    Queensland has a unicameral Parliament.

[46]    Section 16, Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987.

[47]    Section 4, Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987.

[48]    Section 12 (1), (2) Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987.

[49]    Section 6(2), Public Interest Disclosure Bill 2007.

[50]    Mr Wright, Submission no. 70, p. 5.

[51]    Clerk of the Senate, Submission no. 67, p. 2.

[52]    Quoted in Mr Wright, Submission no. 70, p. 6.

[53]    Quoted in Mr Wright, Submission no. 70, pp. 6-7.

[54]    Mr Wright, Submission no. 70, p. 5.

[55]    Mr Wilkins AO, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 20.

[56]    Australian Council of Trade Unions, Submission no. 64, p. 1.

[57]    Australian Council of Trade Unions, Submission no. 64, p. 2.

[58]    Australian Council of Trade Unions, Submission no. 64, pp. 3-4.

[59]    Mr Lapidos, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 48.

[60]    Mr Ross, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, pp. 22, 23.

[61]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 88.

[62]     Ombudsman Act 1976, Section 35A.

Chapter 9 Other matters raised during the inquiry

[1]      Dr Peter Bowden, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p 25.

[2]      Whistleblowers Australia, Submission no. 26, p. 18.

[3]      Associate Professor Faunce, Transcript of Evidence, 18 September 2008, p. 13.

[4]      Transparency International Australia, Submission no. 22, p. 3.

[5]      Mr Dee, Transcript of Evidence, 27 October 2008, p. 12.

[6]      Senate Select Committee on Public Interest Whistleblowing, 1994, In the public interest, pp. 152-153.

[7]      Ms Kardell, Submission no. 65, p. 7.

[8]      Brown, AJ 2006, Public interest disclosure in legislation in Australia: towards the next generation – an issues paper, Commonwealth Ombudsman, p. 14; Some witnesses raised concerns about whistleblowing in other sectors such as the corporate and financial services sector. For example see, Mr Leonard, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 60. It is recognised that a number of industry sector regulators and Ombudsmen have now been established for oversight of private sector activities particularly where the activity was previously undertaken by government.

[9]      Ms Briggs, Transcript of Evidence, 25 September 2008, p. 4.

[10]    Community and Public Sector Union, Submission no. 8a, p. 8.

[11]    Mr Kerr, Transcript of Evidence, 21 August 2008, p. 27.

[12]    Ms Phillips, Submission no. 28, p. 1.

[13]    Mr Ellis, Submission no. 33, p. 3.

[14]    Dr Ahern, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 28.

[15]    Mr Jones, Transcript of Evidence, 28 August 2008, p. 7.

[16]    Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, Submission no. 13, p. 5.

[17]    Australian Federal Police, Submission no. 38, p. 9.

[18]    Australian Federal Police, Submission no. 38, p. 11.

[19]    Brown, AJ (ed.) 2008, Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: enhancing the theory and practice of internal witness management in public sector organisations, Australia and New Zealand School of Government, p. 50.

[20]    Mr Metcalfe, Transcript of Evidence, 27 November 2008, p. 7.

[21]    Dr Brown, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 16.

[22]    Professor Sampford, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 7.

[23]    Ms Bird, Transcript of Evidence, 9 September 2008, p. 5.

[24]    Ms Ralston, Transcript of Evidence, 28 October 2008, p. 26.

[25]    Australian Lawyers for Human Rights, Submission no. 9, p. 7; Mr Ellis, Submission no. 33, p. 4.

[26]    See clause 16. Public Interest Disclosure Bill 2007.

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