Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Background to the inquiry

[1]        Journals of the Senate¸ No. 129, 29 November 2012, p. 3485.

[2]        NPS MedicineWise, Antibiotic resistance – what is it, http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/infections-and-infestations/antibiotic-medicines/antibiotics-for-respiratory-tract-infections/for-individuals/what-is-antibiotic-resistance, (accessed 1 March 2013).

[3]        NPS MedicineWise, Antibiotic resistance – what is it, http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/infections-and-infestations/antibiotic-medicines/antibiotics-for-respiratory-tract-infections/for-individuals/what-is-antibiotic-resistance, (accessed 1 March 2013).

[4]        The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 6.

[5]        World Health Organisation, World Health Report on Infectious Diseases 2000, Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance, http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/index.html, (accessed 26 February 2013).

[6]        National Summit on Antibiotic Resistance, Commitment and Communication, CIJIG Communique, July 2001, p. 2.

[7]        Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 2.

[8]        Friends of the Earth, Submission 3, p. 3.

[9]        Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 2; see also Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 2; Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 14.

[10]      Department of Health and Ageing, Answer to question on notice , received 16 May 2013.

[11]      Multiresistant bacteria include: MRSA and Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). See Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 4–5.

[12]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38; see also Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 2.

[13]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 8.

[14]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 4–5.

[15]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 2.

[16]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 1; see also Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9.

[17]      Gottlieb, T & Nimmo, GR, 'Antibiotic resistance is an emerging threat to public health: an urgent call for action at the Antimicrobial Resistance Summit 2011', Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 194, no. 6, 21 March 2011, pp 281–83.

[18]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 5.

[19]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 5; see also Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[20]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9.

[21]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 1.

[22]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 8.

[23]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 4–5.

[24]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9.

[25]      World Health Organisation World Health Day Antimicrobial Resistance Technical Working Group, 'The WHO policy package to combat antimicrobial resistance', Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 2011, 89, pp 390–392.

[26]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 30.

[27]      Dr David Locke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 14.

[28]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 8.

[29]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9.

[30]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 5.

[31]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 8.

[32]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 2.

[33]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 5.

[34]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 8.

[35]      Consumers Health Forum of Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[36]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, attachment 1, p. 27.

[37]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 3.

[38]      World Health Organisation, WHO Global Strategy for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance, 2001, pp 1–2.

[39]      Department of Primary Industries (NSW), Submission 28, p. 2.

[40]      UK Joint Committee of the Houses of Parliament (1969), Report on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, November (reprinted 1971).

[41]      Professor Mary Barton, APVMA Science Fellows Symposium, Antibiotic resistance in Australian animals in 2010 – what lies ahead?, 19 April 2010, p. 1.

[42]      Professor Mary Barton, APVMA Science Fellows Symposium, Antibiotic resistance in Australian animals in 2010 – what lies ahead?, 19 April 2010, p. 1.

[43]      Professor John Turnidge, Australian Government attempts at regulatory and other control of antimicrobial resistance, Microbiology Australia, November 2007, p. 198; Professor Mary Barton, APVMA Science Fellows Symposium, Antibiotic resistance in Australian animals in 2010 – what lies ahead?, 19 April 2010, p. 1.

[44]      Professor John Turnidge, Australian Government attempts at regulatory and other control of antimicrobial resistance, Microbiology Australia, November 2007, p. 198.

[45]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 3.

[46]      Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance: The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, p. 3.

Chapter 2 - Overview of the implementation of JETACAR recommendations

[1]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 2.

[2]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, p. xxiv.

[3]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, p. 1.

[4]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistance bacteria in animals and humans, October 1999, p. xxiv.

[5]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 1.

[6]        Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 54.

[7]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 1.

[8]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 10.

[9]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 2, CIJIG, Progress Report.

[10]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 21–23.

[11]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Supplementary Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12-218, Department of Health and Ageing.

[12]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 1; AMRPC Steering Committee, Terms of Reference, tabled by the Department of Health and Ageing at hearing 7 March 2013.

[13]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 49.

[14]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 54.

[15]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 2.

[16]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 2.

[17]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 2.

[18]      Goat Veterinary Consultancies, Submission 33, pp 1–2.

[19]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[20]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 3; see also Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[21]      Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 46.

[22]      Cattle Council of Australia and Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 4.

[23]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 31–32; see also The Royal Australian College of Physicians, submission 37, p. 2; Consumers Health Forum of Australia, Submission 10, p. 1.

[24]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 3.

[25]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 27.

[26]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 3–4.

[27]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 3; Ms Kerrie Tucker, Research Fellow, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 3.

[28]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, pp 1–2.

[29]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 12.

[30]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[31]      Department of Primary Industries (NSW), Submission 28, p. 2.

[32]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, p. 16; see also Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 4; Ms Kerrie Tucker, Research Fellow, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 1, 4.

[33]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 8.

[34]      See Recommendations 21 and 22. Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, pp xxxiii–xxxv.

[35]      The terms of reference required EAGAR to provide expert advice to Commonwealth, state and territory governments on a range of matters including measures to reduce the risks of antibiotic resistance, surveillance of AMR, monitoring of antibiotic use and education strategies. EAGAR provided advice to regulatory bodies, AVPMA and TGA, on matters relating to AMR when requested. EAGAR was to be provided with an operating budget for three years by the Government and secretariat support by the Office of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).

[36]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 20–21 and Attachment 3.

[37]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 21.

[38]      Ms Kerrie Tucker, Research Fellow, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 1, 4.

[39]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 1.

[40]      Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 46.

[41]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 6.

[42]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 2.

[43]      Gottleib, T and Nimmo GR, 'Antibiotic resistance is an emerging threat to public health: an urgent call to action at the Antimicrobial Resistance Summit 2011', MJA, Vol 194, No. 6, 21 March 2011, p. 283.

[44]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 3.

[45]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 11.

[46]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 5.

[47]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 11.

[48]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 12.

[49]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12-277, Department of Health and Ageing.

[50]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12-277, Department of Health and Ageing.

[51]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 2.

[52]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2012, p. 50.

[53]      Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 37, p. 1.

[54]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 2.

[55]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 10.

[56]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 5.

[57]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 12.

[58]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 8.

[59]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 56.

[60]      Department of Health and Ageing, Portfolio Budget Statement, Agency Resources and Planned Performance 2013–14, p. 23.

[61]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 3.

Chapter 3 - AMR monitoring and surveillance

[1]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistance bacteria in animal and humans. 1999, p. xxviii.

[2]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistance bacteria in animal and humans. 1999, p. xxix.

[3]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 17.

[4]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 18–19.

[5]        CIJIG Progress Report, March 2004, pp 2–3.

[6]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, pp 5–6.

[7]        The Australia Institute, Submission 13, p. 12.

[8]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 6.

[9]        The Australia Institute, Submission 13, p. 3.

[10]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12-014, Department of Health and Ageing.

[11]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 8–14.

[12]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, pp 6–7.

[13]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, pp 1, 5.

[14]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 5.

[15]      Cattle Council of Australia and the Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 4.

[16]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 6.

[17]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 3.

[18]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, p. 3.

[19]      Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd, Submission 1, p. 3.

[20]      See for example, Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9; Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 5.

[21]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38.

[22]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, p. 11.

[23]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 6.

[24]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 1.

[25]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 49.

[26]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 49.

[27]      http://www.agargroup.org/publications; http://www.agargroup.org/surveys (accessed 4 April 2013).

[28]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 27; see also Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[29]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 7–8.

[30]      Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 24.

[31]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 8.

[32]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 4.

[33]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 4.

[34]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[35]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 18.

[36]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 31.

[37]      See for example, Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[38]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[39]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Answer to question on notice No. 4, 20 March 2013.

[40]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, pp 6–7.

[41]      Australia Lot Feeder's Association, Submission 11, p. 2; Joint submission by the Cattle Council of Australia and the Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 5.

[42]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 3.

[43]      Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. 22, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

[44]      Victorian Government, Submission 36, p. 3.

[45]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, pp 3–4.

[46]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 28.

[47]      Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Submission 29, p. 5.

[48]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Answer to question on notice No. 1 and No. 2, 20 March 2013.

[49]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Answer to questions on notice No. 1 and No. 2, 20 March 2013.

[50]      Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd, Submission 1, p. 2.

[51]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 28.

[52]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 32

[53]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 33.

[54]      Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Answer to question on notice No. 1 and No. 2, 20 March 2013.

[55]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, p. 7.

[56]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, pp 3, 7.

[57]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 2.

[58]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[59]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 35.

[60]      Dr Paul Brent, Chief Scientist, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 53.

[61]      Dr Paul Brent, Chief Scientist, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 52, 53.

[62]      Dr Mark Schipp, Australian Chief Veterinary Officer, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 66.

[63]      Dr Paul Brent, Chief Scientist, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 52.

[64]      Goat Veterinary Consultancies, Submission 33, p. 3.

[65]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 36.

[66]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 36.

[67]      Dr Paul Brent, Chief Scientist, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 52.

[68]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12-222, Department of Health and Ageing.

[69]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 36.

[70]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, pp 2–3.

[71]      See for example: Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 11; Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd, Submission 1, p. 3; Australian Veterinary Association, Submission 35, p. 12.

[72]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, p. 3.

[73]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[74]      See for example: Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9; Dr David Locke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 14.

[75]      Ms Kerrie Tucker, Research Fellow, The Australia Institute, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 3.

[76]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 27.

[77]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 36.

[78]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 6.

[79]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 50; see also Department of Health Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 21–23; The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Appendix A.

[80]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 8.

[81]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 16.

[82]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38.

[83]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 6.

[84]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 51, 56.

[85]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 56.

[86]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12–218, Department of Health and Ageing.

[87]      Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, Agency Budget Statement – Budgeted Financial Statement, 14 May 2013, p. 278.

[88]      Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Legislation Committee, Additional Estimates 2012–13, Answer to questions on notice No. 41, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

Chapter 4 - Regulatory controls of antimicrobials

[1]        Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[2]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, pp xxv–xxvii.

[3]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, pp 9–16.

[4]        Commonwealth Interdepartmental JETACAR Implementation Group, Progress Report, March 2003, pp 2–4.

[5]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 3.

[6]        Ms Kareena Arthy, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 63.

[7]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 4–8.

[8]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 4–8; see also Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[9]        Veterinary Manufacturers and Distributors Association, Submission 2, p. 1.

[10]      Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd, Submission 1, p. 2.

[11]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, pp 2–3.

[12]      Joint submission by Cattle Council of Australia and Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 7.

[13]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 4.

[14]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 40.

[15]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 6.

[16]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 1.

[17]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 1.

[18]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 51.

[19]      The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 37, p. 2.

[20]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[21]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 3.

[22]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 42.

[23]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15; Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 42; Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 6–7.

[24]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[25]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[26]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 1.

[27]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 6–7.

[28]      Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, pp xviii–xx.

[29]      Dr Mark Shipp, Australian Chief Veterinary Officer, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 63.

[30]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 2.

[31]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 10; Australian Veterinary Association, Submission 35, p. 6; Dr Gregory Crocetti, Friends of the Earth, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 3; Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 39; Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 32.

[32]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 2.

[33]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 6.

[34]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 10.

[35]      Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, pp xxvii, xxvi –xxvi, xxix.

[36]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 33–34.

[37]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 1.

[38]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 11.

[39]      Australian Veterinary Association, Submission 35, p. 14.

[40]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 2.

[41]      Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Legislation Committee, Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. 272, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

[42]      Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd, Submission 1, p. 2.

[43]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation Ltd, Submission 24, p. 2.

[44]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 2.

[45]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 3.

[46]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 4.

[47]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, pp 4–5.

[48]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 34–35.

[49]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[50]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[51]      Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, p. 221.

[52]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 4.

[53]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 14.

[54]      Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. 250, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

[55]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[56]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, Appendix, pp 3–4.

[57]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38; Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[58]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 3.

[59]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, Appendix, pp 3–4.

[60]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[61]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, pp 17–18.

[62]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 29.

[63]      Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority, Submission 29, p. 3.

[64]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[65]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 14.

[66]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 22.

[67]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 3.

[68]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12–280, Department of Health and Ageing.

[69]      Australia Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 3; Joint submission by Cattle Council of Australia and Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 3.

[70]      Professor Peter Collignon, Submission 34, p. 3.

[71]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 11.

[72]      Goat Vet Consultancies, Submission 33, pp 3–4.

[73]      Goat Vet Consultancies, Submission 33, p 3.

[74]      Goat Vet Consultancies, Submission 33, pp 3–4.

[75]      Senate Community Affairs Legislation Committee, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2012–13, Answer to question on notice No. E12–222, Department of Health and Ageing.

[76]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38.

[77]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 42.

[78]      Centre for Research Excellence in Minimising Antibiotic Resistance in Acute Respiratory Infections, Submission 4, p. 1; Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 16.

[79]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 38; see also Centre for Research Excellence in Minimising Antibiotic Resistance in Acute Respiratory Infections, Submission 4, p. 1; Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 16.

[80]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 16.

[81]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 17.

[82]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 16.

[83]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 3.

[84]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 9.

Chapter 5 - Infection prevention strategies and hygiene measures

[1]        The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 7.

[2]        Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance, The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotics-resistant bacteria in animals and humans, 1999, pp xxix–xxx.

[3]        ANZFA is now Food Standards Australia New Zealand.

[4]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, pp 21–24.

[5]        Commonwealth Interdepartmental JETACAR Implementation Group, Progress Report, March 2003, p. 5.

[6]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 14.

[7]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 16.

[8]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 16–17.

[9]        Professor Debora Picone, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Health Care, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 55.

[10]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 15.

[11]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 16.

[12]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 14.

[13]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 14.

[14]      Department of Health and Ageing, Additional Information, received 16 May 2013.

[15]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 8; Joint submission by the Cattle Council of Australia and the Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, pp 7–8; Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, pp 4–6.

[16]      Australian Lot Feeders' Association, Submission 11, p. 4.

[17]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, pp 1, 6–7.

[18]      Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, p. 7.

[19]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, pp 3–4.

[20]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 12.

[21]      Professor Debora Picone, Chief Executive Officer, ACSQHC, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 55.

[22]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infection Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[23]      NPS MedinceWise, Submission 30, p. 3.

[24]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 31.

[25]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Submission 19, p. 2.

[26]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infection Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 14.

[27]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 12.

[28]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 20.

[29]      Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Submission 31, Attachment 1, pp 2–3.

[30]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 25. Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 11; Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 14; Dr Bob Biddle, Assistant Secretary, Animals Health Policy, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 64.

[31]      Pine Creek Fish Hatchery, Submission 9, Attachment 2, p. 1.

[32]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 11.

[33]      Department of Health and Ageing, Answer to question on notice No. 2, received 16 May 2013.

[34]      See for example Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 45; Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 4.

[35]      Dr Philippa Binns, Clinical Adviser, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 25.

[36]      Professor Chris Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 49.

[37]      Quality of Care Principles 1997, p. 22.

[38]      Standards and Guidelines for Residential Aged Care Services Manual, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-manuals-sgr-sgrindex.htm~ageing-manuals-sgr-sgrindex-2.htm and Standard 4 – Physical Environment and Safety Systems, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-manuals-sgr-sgrindex.htm~ageing-manuals-sgr-sgrindex3.htm~ageing-manuals-sgr-sgrindex3-4.htm, (accessed 16 May 2013).

[39]      Australia Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 7.

[40]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, p. 1; see also Professor Matthew Cooper, 7 March 2013, p. 28.

[41]      Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 24.

[42]      NHS Choices, MRSA rates slashed, but other bugs a threat, http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/05may/Pages/mrsa-hospital-acquired-infection-rates.aspx, 23 May 2012, (accessed 10 April 2013).

[43]      Dr Jenny Firman, Senior Medical Adviser, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 60.

[44]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 8.

[45]      Professor Debora Picone, Chief Executive Officer, Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 61.

[46]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 8. Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 9.

[47]      Professor M Lindsay Grayson, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 11.

[48]      Professor Baggoley, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 50.

[49]      Professor Peter Collignon, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 34.

[50]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[51]      Dr David Looke, President, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 15.

[52]      Australian Veterinary Association, Submission 35, pp 8–9, 13.

[53]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 5.

[54]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, pp 4–6.

[55]      Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, p. 4.

[56]      Dr Gregory Crocetti, Nanotechnology Campaigner, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 2.

[57]      The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 14; Dr Gregory Crocetti, Nanotechnology Campaigner, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 2; Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, p. 9.

[58]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, p. 15.

[59]      Dr Gregory Crocetti, Nanotechnology Campaigner, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 2.

[60]      Dr Gregory Crocetti, Nanotechnology Campaigner, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 2.

[61]      Dr Liz Frazer, Submission 21, pp 1–2.

[62]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 11.

[63]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, pp 2, 18.

[64]      Department of Health and Ageing, Answer to question on notice No. 4, received 16 May 2013.

Chapter 6 - AMR education and research

[1]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 17–18.

[2]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 2.

[3]        Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 20.

[4]        Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, pp 18–20.

[5]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 9.

[6]        Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Submission 12, p. 10.

[7]        The Australia Institute, Submission 13, Attachment 1, p. 13; Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 20–22.

[8]        National Antimicrobial Utilisation Surveillance Program, Annual Report 2011–2012, p. 11.

[9]        Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 11.

[10]      Dr Gregory Crocetti, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 3.

[11]      Dr Phillipa Binns, Clinical Adviser, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 21.

[12]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 8.

[13]      Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 20.

[14]      Consumer Health Forum of Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[15]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, pp 1–2.

[16]      Dr Gregory Crocetti, Nanotechnology Campaigner, Friends of the Earth Australia, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 5; Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 20; Consumer Health Forum of Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[17]      NPS MedicineWise, Submission 30, p. 3.

[18]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 39.

[19]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 5.

[20]      Associate Professor Thomas Gottlieb, President, Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 40.

[21]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, Attachment 1, The Commonwealth Government Response to the Report of the Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR), August 2000, p. 29.

[22]      Department of Health and Ageing and portfolio bodies joint submission, Submission 32, p. 19.

[23]      Centre for Research Excellence in Minimising Antibiotic Resistance in Acute Respiratory Infections, Submission 4, p. 1.

[24]      Australian Lot Feeder's Association, Submission 11, p. 7; Cattle Council of Australia and Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 6; Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Submission 24, p. 8; Australian Pork Limited, Submission 27, pp 7–8.

[25]      Joint submission by the Cattle Council of Australia and Sheepmeat Council of Australia, Submission 16, p. 6.

[26]      Consumers Health Forum of Australia, Submission 10, p. 2.

[27]      Australian Society for Microbiology, Submission 6, p. 2.

[28]      Australian Society for Microbiology, Submission 6, p. 2; Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, p. 4; Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 45.

[29]      Dr Lynn Weekes, Chief Executive Officer, NPS MedicineWise, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 21; Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 27–30.

[30]      Professor Mary Barton, Submission 7, p. 5.

[31]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 29–30.

[32]      Australian Veterinary Association, Submission 35, p. 16.

[33]      Australian Society for Microbiology, Submission 6, p. 2.

[34]      See for example, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 3.

[35]      Australian Society for Microbiology, Submission 6, p. 2.

[36]      Australia Veterinary Association, Submission 35, p. 4.

[37]      Australian Society for Antimicrobials, Submission 5, pp 7, 8.

[38]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 10.

[39]      Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 46.

[40]      Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, Submission 18, p. 5.

[41]      Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 14, p. 5; Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, pp 45–46.

[42]      Professor Julian Rood, Past President, Australian Society for Microbiology, Committee Hansard, 7 March 2013, p. 47.

[43]      Australian Society for Microbiology, Submission 6, p. 3.

[44]      Professor Matthew Cooper, Submission 23, pp 7–8.

Australian Greens Additional Comments

[1]        World Health Organisation, WHO Global Strategy for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance, 2001, pp 1–2.

[2]        Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 3, p. 2.

[3]        Pine Creek Fish Hatchery, Submission 9, p. 2.