House of Representatives Committees

| House of Representatives Standing Committtee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs

Footnotes

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1] Marninwarntikura Women’s Research Centre and Nindlingarri Cultural Health Services, Tristan – Hopes, dreams and challenges of a young boy living with FASD, DVD directed by M Hogan, produced by J Latimer, The Lililwan Project, 2012.

[2] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 8.

[3] National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 40, p. 4.

[4] Canadian Government, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: From Awareness to Prevention: Government Response to the Fifth Report of the Standing Committee on Health and Welfare, Social Affairs, Seniors and the Status of Women, June 1992.

[5] South Australian Government, Submission 52, p. 5; P Walker, Submission 29, p. 12; Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 27, p. 4.

[6] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education and Public Health Association of Australia (FARE/PHAA), Submission 36, p. 20.

[7] FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 12.

[8] Public Health Agency of Canada, Prevention of FASD: The Canadian Experience, October 2010, <http://www.drogenbeauftragte.de/fileadmin/dateien-dba/DrogenundSucht/
Alkohol/Downloads/Prevention_of_FASD_The_Canadian_Experience_Vortrag_Johnston_101005_Drogenbeauftragte.pdf> viewed 18 October 2012.

[9] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE), The Australian Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Action Plan 2013–2016, September 2012, p. 4.

[10] National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Disorders, Submission 46, p. 8.

[11] Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Submission 23, p. 2.

[12] Parliament of Australia, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Doing Time – Time for Doing: Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system, June 2011.

[13] Western Australian Legislative Assembly Education and Health Standing Committee, Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The invisible disability, September 2012.

[14] FARE, The Australian Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Action Plan 2013–2016, September 2012, p. 13.

Chapter 2 FASD and alcohol consumption patterns

[1] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Curriculum for Addiction Professionals, <http://fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/educationTraining/courses/
CapCurriculum/competency1/terminology1.cfm> viewed 5 September 2012.

[2] Rimrock Foundation, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, <http://www.rimrock.org/resources/fact-sheets/alcohol-addiction/fetal-alcohol-syndrome> viewed 19 November 2012.

[3] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, ‘Fetal Alcohol Syndrome’ Alcohol Alert no. 13, PH 297, July 1991, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa13.htm> viewed 5 September 2012.

[4] Commonwealth Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review, August 2002, p. 1.

[5] DoHA, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review, August 2002, p. 1.

[6] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, FASD The Basics Powerpoint Version, slide 6, ‘Other Diagnostic Terminology’, <http://fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/
educationTraining/fasdBasics.aspx> viewed 5 September 2012.

[7] DoHA, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review, August 2002, p. 1.

[8] Bible, Judges 13:3-4.

[9] E Abel, ‘Was the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome recognised by the Greeks and Romans?’, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 34 (6), 1999, pp. 868-872.

[10] A Streissguth, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities, United States, 1997, p. 35.

[11] E Abel, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, United States, 1990, p. 4.

[12] DoHA, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review, August 2002.

[13] P Dillon, The Much Lamented Death of Madam Geneva: The Eighteenth Century Gin Craze, United Kingdom, Headline Books, 2002.

[14] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/
publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[15] United States National Institutes of Health (USNIH), Fetal Development, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm> viewed 28 June 2012.

[16] USNIH, Fetal Development, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
002398.htm> viewed 28 June 2012.

[17] USNIH, Fetal Development, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
002398.htm> viewed 28 June 2012.

[18] USNIH, Fetal Development <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
002398.htm> viewed 28 June 2012.

[19] The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Drug Use during Pregnancy, <http://www.merckmanuals.com/home> viewed 5 September 2012.

[20] Medicinenet.com, Definition of a Teratogen, <http://www.medterms.com> viewed 5 September 2012.

[21] DoHA, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review, August 2002.

[22] United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus 2007, pp. 1–2.

[23] R Little, ‘Moderate Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Decreased Infant Birth Weight’, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 67, 1977, p. 1154.

[24] United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus 2007, pp. 1–2.

[25] A Ornoy, Z Ergaz ‘Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the fetus and newborn, mode of action and maternal treatment,’ International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Policy, 2010, vol. 7, pp. 364-379.

[26] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[27] K Uban et al, ‘Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Alcohol Teratogenesis: Implications for Understanding Alterations in the Brain and Behaviour in FASD’, in E Riley et al, eds, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Management and Policy Perspectives of FASD, Wiley-Blackwell, United States, 2011.

[28] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[29] See for example, D Bonthius and J West, ‘Alcohol-Induced Neuronal Loss in Developing Rats: Increased Brain Damage with Binge Exposure’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 14, no. 1, 1990, pp. 107–118.

[30] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[31] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[32] S Barron et al, ‘Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area of the Hypothalamus in Male and Female Rats’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 59–64.

[33] H Sakata-Haga, ‘Alterations in circadian rhythm phase shifting ability in rats following ethanol exposure during the third trimester brain growth spurt’, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 30, 2006, pp. 899-907.

[34] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[35] S Mattson et al, Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on Brain and Behavior, <http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/185-191.htm> viewed 4 July 2012.

[36] R Bannister, Brain and Bannister’s Clinical Neurology, 7^th ed, Oxford University Press, United States, 1992; A Stocco et al, ‘Conditional Routing of Information to the Cortex: A Model of the Basal Ganglia’s Role in Cognitive Coordination’, Psychological Review, vol. 117, 2010, pp. 541-574.

[37] W Webster et al, ‘Some teratogenic properties of ethanol and acetaldehyde in C57BL/6J mice: Implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome’, Teratology, vol. 27, 1983, pp. 231–243.

[38] Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, <http://come-over.to/FAS/PDF/FASbrainColor.pdf> viewed 12 September 2012.

[39] Australian National Preventive Health Association, Submission 45, p. 1.

[40] A Russell, Executive Officer, Russell Family Foetal Alcohol Disorders Association (RFFADA), Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 6; Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education and Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 22; Professor E Elliott, Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012; Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 7.

[41] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 8.

[42] National Rural Health Alliance, Submission 40, p. 4.

[43] Dr J Mein, Medical Officer, Apunipima Cape York Health Council, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 17.

[44] B Smith, Submission 4, p. 1.

[45] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 7.

[46] Healthy Child Manitoba, What Early Childhood Educators Need to Know about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), 2010, p. 8, <http://www.gov.mb.ca/healthychild/fasd/
resources.html> viewed 11 September 2012.

[47] L Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 14.

[48] S Miers, Chair, National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Disorders (NOFASARD), Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 22.

[49] C Travers, Team Leader, Wee Care Shared Family Care, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 1.

[50] D Jenrick, Regional Manager, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 29.

[51] T Harth, Foster Carer, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 32.

[52] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 4.

[53] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 3; National Drug Research Institute, Submission 20, p. 5.

[54] Dr J Fitzpatrick, Paediatric Senior Registrar, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 4.

[55] Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Working Party on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Update, 2009, p. 34.

[56] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 3.

[57] Name withheld, Submission 8, p. 1.

[58] R Metzger, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, pp. 30-31.

[59] Dr J Fitzpatrick, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 4

[60] A E Chudley,’ Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Counting the invisible—mission impossible?’, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 93, no. 9, September 2008, p. 721; NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 7.

[61] National Rural Health Alliance (NHRA), Submission 40, p. 4.

[62] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 3.

[63] R and L Chataway, Submission 7, p. 2.

[64] S J Astley, ‘Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)’, in SA Adubato and DE Cohen (eds), Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, assessment and new directions in research and multimodal treatment, Bentham Books: Oak Park, 2011, p. 17.

[65] Dr J Fitzpatrick, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 4

[66] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education and Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 10.

[67] Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Submission 33, p. 2.

[68] NRHA, Submission 40, p. 4.

[69] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 54, p. 13.

[70] A Russell, RFFADA, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 2.

[71] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 6.

[72] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 6.

[73] S Miers, NOFASARD, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 18.

[74] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 4.

[75] A Russell, RFFADA, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 7.

[76] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 8.

[77] Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Submission 6, p. 1; Australian Women’s Health Network, Submission 58, p. 2.

[78] Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Submission 6, p. 1.

[79] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE), Submission 36, p. 8; P Walker, Submission 29, p. 3.

[80] FARE, Submission 36, p. 17.

[81] Cape York Institute for Policy and Leadership, Submission 68, p. 1.

[82] R Skelton, ‘Grog Hits Indigenous Babies’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 2012.

[83] R Emerson, Support Worker, Wee Care Shared Family Care, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 2.

[84] Australian National Preventive Health Agency (ANPHA), Submission 45, p. 3.

[85] Dr L Studdert, Manager, Policy and Programs, ANPHA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 15 March 2012, p. 1.

[86] D Harriss, Submission 69, p. 2.

[87] C Edwards, Group Manager, Strategic Priorities and Land Group, Commonwealth Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, pp. 2-3.

[88] C Edwards, FaHCSIA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 3.

[89] National Congress of Australia’s First Peoples, Submission 87, p. 3.

[90] Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 3, p. 1.

[91] R Emerson, Wee Care Shared Family Care, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 2.

[92] Professor S Silburn, Director, Centre for Child Development and Education, Menzies School of Health Research, Committee Hansard, Darwin, 21 June 2012, pp. 1-2.

[93] Professor S Silburn, Menzies School of Health Research, Committee Hansard, Darwin, 21 June 2012, pp. 1-2.

[94] D Bridge, Principal, Fitzroy Valley District High School, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 2.

[95] Australian Indigenous Doctors’ Association, Submission 67, p. 1.

[96] J Oscar, Chief Executive Officer, Marninwarntikura Women’s Resource Centre, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 4.

[97] M Thorn, FARE, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 4.

[98] Dr L Studdert, ANPHA, Committee Hansard, 15 March 2012, p. 2.

[99] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Australia: the healthiest country by 2020 National Preventive Health Strategy – the roadmap for action, 2009, p. 236.

[100] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Australia: the healthiest country by 2020 National Preventative Health Strategy – the roadmap for action, 2009, p. 236.

[101] Australia and New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA), Submission 86, p. 2.

[102] ANZPAA, Submission 86, p. 2.

[103] Professor I Webster, Patron, Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 5

[104] The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides estimates on the apparent consumption of alcohol, which measures the amount of alcohol available based on excise, import and sales data, but does not estimate the actual amount consumed as it does not account for factors such as waste or storage.

[105] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Apparent Consumption of Alcohol, Australia, 2010-11, cat. no. 4307.0.55.001, 3 May 2012.

[106] Professor T Chikritzhs, Advisory Council Member, McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth (McCusker Centre), Committee Hansard, Perth, 12 July 2012, p. 13.

[107] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Explanatory Notes 26, Apparent Consumption of Alcohol: Extended Time Series, 1944-45 to 2008-09, cat. no. 4307.0.55.002, 18 January 2011.

[108] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Technical Report 3 Preventing alcohol related harm in Australia, a window of opportunity, p. 5.

[109] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 63.

[110] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Apparent Consumption of Alcohol, Australia, 2010-11, cat. no. 4307.0.55.001, 3 May 2012.

[111] AIHW, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 77.

[112] AIHW, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 77.

[113] Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Young Women’s Drinking Experiences in Public Drinking Venues, 2011, p. 5.

[114] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Australia: the healthiest country by 2020 National Preventive Health Strategy – the roadmap for action, 2009, p. 236.

[115] AIHW, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 82.

[116] QUT, Young Women’s Drinking Experiences in Public Drinking Venues, 2011, p. 5.

[117] Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, Australian Women and Alcohol Consumption 1996-2003, 2005, p. iii.

[118] QUT, Young Women’s Drinking Experiences in Public Drinking Venues, 2011, p. 5.

[119] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Australia: the healthiest country by 2020 National Preventive Health Strategy – the roadmap for action, 2009, p. 236.

[120] Raising Children.net, Your Teenager’s Developing Brain, <http://raisingchildren.net.au/
articles/brain_development_teenagers.html/context/1152> viewed 3 October 2012.

[121] Children’s Hospital Boston, The Teenage Brain, <http://www.childrenshospital.org>, viewed 3 October 2012.

[122] Children’s Hospital Boston, The Teenage Brain, <http://www.childrenshospital.org>, viewed 3 October 2012.

[123] National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee, Addressing Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Australia, 2012, p. 7. This report noted that there are issues with both the sample size and methodology respectively in the surveys that provided the original sources of material.

[124] Northern Territory Government, Alcohol use in the Northern Territory, 2010.

[125] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 3.

[126] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 3.

[127] S Lodder, Submission 81, p. 1.

[128] J Oscar, Marninwarntikura Women’s Resource Centre, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p.12.

[129] Professor T Chikritzhs, McCusker Centre, Committee Hansard, Perth, 12 July 2012, p. 16.

[130] AIHW, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 73.

[131] AIHW, 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report, July 2011, p. 73.

[132] Dr C O’Leary, Submission 92, p. 1.

[133] Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS), The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: Annual statistical report 2010, p. 129.

[134] AIFS, The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: Annual statistical report 2010, p. 129.

[135] AIFS, The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: Annual statistical report 2010, p. 129.

[136] Dr C O’Leary, Submission 92, p. 1.

[137] More information on this study can be found at http://www.clancohort.com.au/index.htm.

[138] Dr G Singh, Senior Research Fellow, Menzies School of Health Research, Committee Hansard, Darwin, 21 June 2012, p. 2.

[139] Marie Stopes International Australia, Real Choices: Women, contraception and unplanned pregnancy, 2008.

[140] Health Network Branch, Child and Youth Health Network, Department of Health Western Australia, Submission 13, p. 2.

[141] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, 13 April 2012, p. 3.

[142] Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Submission 33, p. 9.

[143] E Peadon et al, ‘Attitudes and behaviour predict women’s intention to drink alcohol during pregnancy: the challenge for health professionals,’ BioMed Central Public Health 2011, 11/584. <www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/584> viewed 27 August 2012.

[144] J R Powers et al, ‘Assessing pregnant women’s compliance with different alcohol guidelines: An 11-year prospective study’, Medical Journal of Australia, 192(12), 2010, pp. 690–693.

[145] R McAllister, Regional Manager, ACT for Kids, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, pp. 11-12.

[146] R McAllister, ACT for Kids, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, pp. 11-12.

[147] V Russell, NOFASARD, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 20.

[148] A Russell, RFFADA, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 10.

[149] Australian Women’s Health Network, Submission 58, p. 2; Top End Mental Health, Submission 83, p. 3.

[150] Kimberley Population Health Unit (KPHU), Submission 31, p. 2.

[151] Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Submission 23, p. 12.

[152] M Williams, Maternal and Child Health Coordinator, KPHU, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 5.

[153] A Manado, Community Midwife Generalist, KPHU, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 6.

[154] This was explained to the Committee as being gudiya – white person.

[155] Professor J Boulton, Senior Regional Paediatrician, Kimberley Health, Western Australia Country Health, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 8.

[156] S Callinan, R Room, ‘Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: Results from the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey’, 2012, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education.

Chapter 3 FASD awareness and prevention

[1] National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), How NHMRC develops its guidelines, <http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines> viewed 30 July 2012.

[2] NHMRC, Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol, 2009.

[3] NHMRC, Australian Alcohol Guidelines: health risks and benefits, 2001.

[4] Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library, Background Note Alcohol Warning Labels —Do they work?, 9 May 2012.

[5] For example see, Kimberley Population Health Unit (KPHU), Submission 31, p. 1; Family Planning New South Wales, Submission 61, p. 1; E Pearson, Submission 48, p. 6; First Peoples Disability Network Australia, Submission 75, p. 4; Western Australian Department of Health, Drug and Alcohol Office, Submission 28, p. 5.

[6] C O’Leary, ‘Alcohol and Pregnancy: Do Abstinence Policies Have Unintended Consequences?’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 47, no. 6, November/December 2012, pp. 638-639.

[7] Winemakers’ Federation of Australia (WFA), Submission 39, p. 9.

[8] WFA, Submission 39, p. 3.

[9] Dr B Towler, Principal Medical Adviser, Commonwealth Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 4.

[10] Vic Health, Submission 37, Attachment A—AQUA-Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy, p. 1.

[11] Professor E Elliott, Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 5.

[12] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE), Submission 36, p. 12.

[13] M Williams, Maternal and Child Health Coordinator, KPHU, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 4; Russell Family Fetal Alcohol Disorders Association, Submission 1, p. 2.

[14] Australian Institute of Family Studies, The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: Annual statistical report 2010, p. 129.

[15] Telethon Institute for Child Health Research (Telethon Institute), Submission 23, p. 3.

[16] Telethon Institute, Submission 23, p. 3.

[17] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education and Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 36, p. 18.

[18] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 5.

[19] Australian Wine Research Institute, Submission 12, p. 23.

[20] Dr L Studdert, Manager, Policy and Programs, Australian National Preventive Health Agency (ANPHA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 15 March 2012, p. 2.

[21] Site Inspection: Royal Women’s Hospital Melbourne, 22 June 2012.

[22] DoHA/Commonwealth Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Submission 78, p. 3.

[23] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 20.

[24] National Alliance for Action on Alcohol (NAAA), Submission 26, p. 4.

[25] National Rural Health Alliance (NHRA), Submission 40, p. 6.

[26] WFA, Submission 39, p. 8.

[27] NAAA, Submission 26, p. 4.

[28] J Falconer, Chemical Use in Pregnancy Service, New South Wales Health, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 15.

[29] Ms H Jones, Manager, FASD Projects, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 22.

[30] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 6.

[31] E Peadon et al, ‘Attitudes and behaviour predict women’s intention to drink alcohol during pregnancy: the challenge for health professionals’, BioMed Central Public Health 2011, 11/584, <www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/584> viewed 27 August 2012.

[32] Å Skogerbø et al, ‘The effects of low to moderate alcohol consumption and binge drinking in early pregnancy on executive function in 5-year-old children’, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2012, vol. 119, pp. 1201–1210.

[33] Å Skogerbø et al, ‘The effects of low to moderate alcohol consumption and binge drinking in early pregnancy on executive function in 5-year-old children’ British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2012, vol. 119, pp. 1201–1210.

[34] T Jourdan, ‘The truth about women and alcohol’, The Courier Mail, 27 June 2012, <http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/the-truth-about-women-and-alcohol/story-fn6ck8la-1226409230886> viewed 27 August 2012.

[35] The BBC News Health, ‘Moderate drinking in early pregnancy branded ‘safe’’, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-18506174> viewed 27 August 2012.

[36] WebMD, ‘A little alcohol while pregnant may be okay’, <http://www.webmd.com/baby/
news/20120622/studies-a-little-alcohol-while-pregnant-may-be-ok> viewed 27 August 2012.

[37] Metro.co.uk, ‘Pregnant women can binge safely says research’, <http://www.metro.co.uk/
news/902611-pregnant-women-can-binge-drink-safely-says-research> viewed 28 August 2012.

[38] Associate Professor J Halliday, Principal Research Fellow, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 5.

[39] United Kingdom National Health Service, ‘Daily drinking in pregnancy ‘not safe’’, <http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/06june/Pages/daily-drinking-pregnancy-risk-not-safe.aspx> viewed 28 August 2012.

[40] Dr R Mutch, Paediatric Fellow, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 26.

[41] Dr D Reeve, Acting Director, KPHU, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 11.

[42] Public Health Association of Australia – NT Branch, Submission 73, p. 2; National Women’s Health Network, Submission 58, p. 5; Dr Rosalie Schultz, Submission 15, p. 2.

[43] D Ferris, Western Australian Network of Alcohol and other Drug Agencies (WANADA), Committee Hansard, 10 July 2012, p. 4.

[44] Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Submission 6, p. 3.

[45] NRHA, Submission 40, p. 2.

[46] NRHA, Submission 40, p. 13.

[47] Dr J Fraser, Board Member, Australian College of Children and Young People’s Nurses, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 12.

[48] National Drug Research Institute, Submission 20, p. 4.

[49] FARE, Submission 36, p. 19.

[50] Dr R Schultz, Submission 15, p. 1.

[51] M Brady, ‘Out from the Shadow of Prohibition,’ in Jon Altman and Melinda Hinkson (eds.), Coercive Reconciliation: Stabilise, Normalise, Exit Aboriginal Australia, Melbourne, Arena Publications Association, 2007, pp. 186.

[52] Queensland Government Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Multicultural Affairs, Dry Places, <http://www.datsima.qld.gov.au/atsis/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples/health/drugs-and-alcohol-prevention-and-support/dry-places> viewed 15 November 2012.

[53] S Wardill and K Helbig, ‘Indigenous Councils to Rule on Liquor Bans’, The Courier Mail, 3 October 2012 <http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/indigenous-councils-to-rule-on-liquor-bans/story-e6freon6-1226486894437> viewed 10 October 2012; J Walker and S Elks, ‘Noel Pearson’s Hometown of Hopevale Divided over Grog Bans’, The Australian, 5 October 2012 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/noel-pearsons-hometown-of-hopevale-divided-over-grog-bans/story-fn9hm1pm-1226488539971> viewed 10 October 2012.

[54] S Kinnane and K Golson, Halls Creek Alcohol Restriction Report: An evaluation of the effects of alcohol restrictions in Halls Creek relating to measurable health and social outcomes, community perceptions and alcohol related behaviours after twelve months, December 2010.

[55] M Brady, ‘Out from the Shadow of Prohibition,’ p. 185.

[56] M Brady, ‘Out from the Shadow of Prohibition,’ p. 185.

[57] A Aikman, ‘Outsiders “drown out Aborigines” on Grog Bans, says Terry Mills’, The Australian, 15 October 2012 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/outsiders-drown-out-aborigines-on-grog-bans-says-terry-mills/story-fn9hm1pm-1226495761553> viewed 26 November 2012.

[58] The Hon Jenny Macklin MP, ‘Tackling Alcohol Abuse in the Northern Territory’, Media Release, 8 November 2012, <http://jennymacklin.fahcsia.gov.au/node/2155> viewed 15 November 2012.

[59] The Royal Women’s Hospital, ‘Women’s Alcohol and Drug Service – WADS’ <http://www.thewomens.org.au/womensalcoholanddrugservicewads> viewed 29 August 2012.

[60] S Darke and LA Burns, ‘Commentary on Friguls et al. (2012): Illicit drugs and pregnancy? Testing is not a substitute for good clinical rapport’, Addiction, vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 1480-1481, 2012, <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03898.x/full> viewed 12 November 2012.

[61] Dr J Oei, Neonatologist, Royal Hospital for Women, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 11.

[62] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 15.

[63] D Ferris, WANADA, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 5.

[64] E Pearson, Manager, AOD Service, Pormpur Paanth Aboriginal Corporation, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 24.

[65] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 16.

[66] Ms Melanie Walker, Chief Executive Officer, Public Health Association of Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31May 2012, p. 7.

[67] For example see: National Council on Intellectual Disability, Submission 9, p. 5; Uniting Church in Australia, Submission 21a, p. 3; Australian Women’s Health Network, Submission 58, p. 5.

[68] Western Australian Legislative Assembly Education and Health Standing Committee, Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The invisible disability, September 2012, p. 99.

[69] The Hon Jenny Macklin MP, ‘Tackling Alcohol Abuse in the Northern Territory’, Media Release, 8 November 2012, <http://jennymacklin.fahcsia.gov.au/node/2155> viewed 15 November 2012.

[70] M Thorn, FARE, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 7.

[71] For example see, McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth (McCusker Centre), Submission 30, p. 4; National Drug Research Institute, Submission 20, p. 2; Australian Children’s Commissioners and Guardians, Submission 62, p. 6; NAAA, Submission 26c, p. 2.

[72] World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Evidence for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm, 2009, p. 8.

[73] NAAA, Submission 26c, p. 2.

[74] T Harper, Co-Chair, NAAA, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 16.

[75] Western Australia Department of Health, Drug and Alcohol Office, Submission 28, p. 2.

[76] A Wilsmore, General Manager, Policy and Government Affairs, WFA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 6.

[77] Australian Hotels Association Western Australia (AHAWA), Submission 76, p. 19.

[78] Professor I Webster, Patron, Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 12.

[79] World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Evidence for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm, 2009.

[80] FARE, Bingeing, collateral damage and the benefits and costs of taxing alcohol rationally, October 2012.

[81] ANPHA, Exploring the Public Interest Case for a Minimum (Floor) Price for Alcohol, <http://www.anpha.gov.au/internet/anpha/publishing.nsf/Content/min-floor-price-alc> viewed 12 November 2012.

[82] See for example Professor T Chikritzhs, McCusker Centre, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 12.

[83] FARE, Bingeing, collateral damage and the benefits and costs of taxing alcohol rationally, October 2012, p. iv.

[84] FARE, Bingeing, collateral damage and the benefits and costs of taxing alcohol rationally, October 2012, pp. iv-v.

[85] See for example McCusker Centre, Submission 30, p. 4; National Drug Research Institute, Submission 20, p. 2; Australian Children’s Commissioners and Guardians, Submission 62, p. 6.

[86] NAAA, Submission 26, Attachment C: Reducing harm from alcohol—Creating a healthier Australia, p. 5.

[87] While not completely deregulated, liquor licensing laws and regulations in most jurisdictions have been relaxed over the past decade, generally coinciding with the required reviews under the National Competition Policy.

[88] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Technical Paper 3: Preventing Alcohol-related harm in Australia: a window of opportunity, 2009, p. 21. The Victorian liquor licensing data was quoted in the technical paper and sourced from Consumer Affairs Victoria.

[89] National Preventative Health Taskforce, Technical Paper 3: Preventing Alcohol-related harm in Australia: a window of opportunity, 2009, p. 21.

[90] D Templeman, Chief Executive Officer, Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 8.

[91] W Liang and T Chikritzhs, ‘Revealing the link between licensed outlets and violence: Counting venues versus measuring alcohol availability’, Drug Alcohol Review, 2011, vol. 30, pp. 524–535.

[92] NAAA, Submission 26, p. 5.

[93] NAAA, Submission 26, p. 7.

[94] J Stafford, Executive Officer, McCusker Centre, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 11.

[95] McCusker Centre, Submission 30, p. 3.

[96] B Woods, Chief Executive Officer/Executive Director, AHAWA, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 40.

[97] B Woods, AHAWA, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 40.

[98] Australian Medical Association (AMA), Communique - National Summit on Alcohol Marketing to Young People, 19 September 2012 <https://ama.com.au/media/communique-national-summit-alcohol-marketing-young-people> viewed 8 November 2012.

[99] AMA, Communique - National Summit on Alcohol Marketing to Young People, 19 September 2012 <https://ama.com.au/media/communique-national-summit-alcohol-marketing-young-people> viewed 8 November 2012.

[100] See for example, M Davey, ‘Drink labels don’t deter, study finds’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 November 2012, and M Metherell, ‘Promised alcohol warning labels barely visible or missing completely’, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 August 2012.

[101] DoHA, Labelling Logic: Review of Food Labelling Law and Policy, pp. 80-82.

[102] ANPHA, Submission 45, p. 14.

[103] S Riden, Manager, Information and Research, Distilled Spirits Industry Council of Australia (DSICA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 4.

[104] IPSOS Social Research, Alcohol Label Audit – prepared for the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, 2012, p. 11.

[105] DrinkWise Australia, <www.drinkwise.org>, viewed 9 October 2012.

[106] DrinkWise Australia, DrinkWise Labels on Alcohol Products and Packaging, <http://www.drinkwise.org.au/our-work/get-the-facts-labelling-initiative/> viewed 29 August 2012.

[107] A Wilsmore, WFA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 1; D Wawn, Chief Executive Officer, Brewers Association of Australia and New Zealand, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 4; G Broderick, DSICA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 8.

[108] Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Submission 6, p. 4.

[109] M Thomas, Alcohol warning labels – do they work?, Australian Parliamentary Library, May 2012, <http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2011-2012/AlcoholLabels> viewed 22 November 2012.

[110] FARE, ‘Research shows industry regulated alcohol labels won’t work’, Media Release, 30 November 2011.

[111] IPSOS Social Research, Alcohol Label Audit – prepared for the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, 2012, p. 18.

[112] FARE, Submission 36, p. 14.

[113] G Broderick, Executive Director, DSICA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 3.

[114] The Wine Research Institute of Australia, Submission 12, p. 14.

[115] WFA, Submission 39, p. 11; S Riden, DSICA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 10.

[116] WFA, Submission 39, p. 11.

[117] FARE, Booze before babies – Analysis of alcohol industry submissions to the FASD Inquiry, 2012, p. 10.

[118] G Broderick, DSICA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 May 2012, p. 3.

[119] FARE, Booze before babies – Analysis of alcohol industry submissions to the FASD Inquiry, 2012, p. 8.

[120] FARE, Booze before babies – Analysis of alcohol industry submissions to the FASD Inquiry, 2012, pp. 12, 14.

[121] FARE, Submission 36, p. 15.

[122] M Thomas, Alcohol warning labels – do they work?, Australian Parliamentary Library, May 2012, <http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2011-2012/AlcoholLabels> viewed 22 November 2012.

[123] Uniting Church in Australia, Submission 21, p. 2.

[124] McCusker Centre, Submission 30, p. 5.

[125] Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Submission 17, p. 1.

[126] AMA, Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harms – AMA Position Statement, 2012, p. 3.

[127] Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, Submission 6, p. 3.

[128] NAAA, Submission 26, p. 6.

[129] NAAA, Submission 26, Attachment A: Alcohol Product Labelling: Health Warning Labels and Consumer Information, p. 3.

Chapter 4 Diagnosis

[1] B Smith, Submission 4, p. 1.

[2] A E Chudley et al, ‘Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis,’ Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 172 (5 suppl), March 2005, p. S2.

[3] B Smith, Submission 4, p. 1.

[4] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 9.

[5] A Russell, Executive Officer, The Russell Family Fetal Alcohol Disorders Association (RFFADA), Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 July 2012, p. 5.

[6] S Miers, Chair, National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Disorders (NOFASARD), Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 18.

[7] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 9.

[8] Australian National Preventative Health Agency (ANPHA), Submission 45, p. 3.

[9] B Hijniakoff, Case Manager, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 28.

[10] D J Ribton-Turner, Director, Clinical Services, UnitingCare ReGen, Uniting Church in Australia Synod of Victoria and Tasmania, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 26.

[11] For example see, South Australian Government, Submission 52, p. 4; A Russell, RFFADA, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 5; National Council on Intellectual Disability, Submission 9, p. 5; Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Submission 33, p. 2; Northern Territory branch of the Public Health Association of Australia, Submission 73, p. 2; Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education/Public Health Association of Australia (FARE/PHAA), Submission 36, p. 10; National Rural Health Association (NRHA), Submission 40, p. 15; NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 11.

[12] S Miers, NOFASARD, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 19.

[13] Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 27, p. 4.

[14] Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Working Party, Department of Health, Western Australia, Submission 25, p. 2.

[15] WA Health, Health Networks Branch (Child and Youth Health Network), Submission 13, p. 6.

[16] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 6.

[17] J McKenzie, Chief Legal Officer, Aboriginal Legal Service (New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory), Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 21.

[18] S Miers, NOFASARD, Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June, p. 19.

[19] National Council on Intellectual Disability, Submission 9, pp. 6-7.

[20] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research (Telethon Institute), Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 23.

[21] Dr L Studdert, ANPHA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 15 March, p. 1; Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 3, p. 2.

[22] D Harriss, Submission 69, p. 1.

[23] L Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January, p. 14.

[24] Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Submission 3, p. 2; Dr Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 13; R and L Chataway, Submission 7, p. 1.

[25] Dr L Studdert, ANPHA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 15 March 2012, p. 4.

[26] P Walker, To study models of care for children with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, 2008, p. 17; Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, <http://www.churchilltrust.com.au/site_media/fellows/
Walker_Prudence_2008.pdf> viewed 14 August 2012.

[27] Dr D Hartman, Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Townsville Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 20.

[28] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 26.

[29] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 26.

[30] Telethon Institute, Submission 23, p. 1.

[31] NOFASARD, Submission 46, Attachment A, p. 2.

[32] Professor E Elliott, Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 6.

[33] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 23.

[34] E Pearson, Submission 48, p. 8.

[35] Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia, Submission 33, p. 11.

[36] Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Submission 27, p. 4.

[37] ANPHA, Submission 45, p. 4.

[38] Top End Mental Health Service, Submission 83, p. 1.

[39] J M Payne et al, ‘Paediatricians’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice Following Provision of Educational Resources about Prevention of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 47, no. 10, 2011, p. 6.

[40] Dr R Mutch, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 23.

[41] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 9.

[42] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 3.

[43] FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 21.

[44] S J Astley, ‘Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)’, in S A Adubato and D E Cohen, eds, Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, assessment and new directions in research and multimodal treatment, Bentham Books, Oak Park, 2011, p. 3.

[45] Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Working Party on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Update, 2009, p. 36.

[46] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 4.

[47] R Mutch et al, ‘Need to establish a National Diagnostic Capacity for Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders’, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 45, no. 3, 2009, pp. 79-81.

[48] T Harth, Foster Carer, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 33.

[49] H Douglas, ‘The Sentencing Response to Defendants with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’, Criminal Law Journal, vol. 34, 2010, p. 226.

[50] Catholic Education Office of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 1.

[51] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 4.

[52] E Peadon et al, ‘International Survey of Diagnostic Services for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders’, BMC Pediatrics, vol. 8, 2008.

[53] S J Astley, ‘Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)’, p. 16.

[54] E Peadon et al, ‘International Survey of Diagnostic Services for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders’, BMC Pediatrics, vol. 8, 2008.

[55] E Peadon et al, ‘International Survey of Diagnostic Services for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders’, BMC Pediatrics, vol. 8, 2008.

[56] Australian FASD Collaboration, Submission 19.

[57] Dr R Watkins, Research Fellow, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 28.

[59] Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Working Party on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Update, 2009, p. 82.

[60] Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Working Party on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Update, 2009, p. 82.

[61] Catholic Education Office of Western Australia, Submission 5, p. 1.

[62] Dr B Towler, Principal Medical Adviser, Australia Government Department of Health and Ageing, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 14.

[63] Dr L Martin, Paediatrician, Royal Darwin Hospital, Committee Hansard, Canberra (Videoconference), 21 June 2012, p. 5.

[64] Aboriginal Peak Organisations Northern Territory, Submission 38, p. 19.

[65] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 4.

[66] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 2.

[67] FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 21.

[68] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 2.

[69] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 2.

[70] Warren Harvey, Submission 41, p. 5.

[71] D Smith, Halls Creek Kimberley Language Resource Centre, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 8.

[72] Australian Children’s Commissioners and Guardians, Submission 62, p. 6.

[73] Dr D Reeve, Acting Director, Kimberley Population Health Unit, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July 2012, p. 15.

[74] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 8.

[75] Dr C Kilburn, Chief Paediatrician, Royal Darwin Hospital, Committee Hansard, (Videoconference) Darwin, 21 June 2012, p. 8.

[76] Telethon Institute, Submission 23, p.11; Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Working Party on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Update, 2009, p. 86.

[77] NRHA, Submission 40, pp. 15-16.

[78] J McKenzie, Chief Legal Officer, Aboriginal Legal Service, (New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory) Ltd, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 22.

[79] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 2.

[80] B Whitworth, Senior Development Officer, WA Health, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 6.

[81] WA Health, Health Networks Branch (Child and Youth Health Network), Submission 13, p. 7.

[82] Western Australian Legislative Assembly Education and Health Standing Committee, Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The invisible disability, September 2012, p. iii.

[83] NRHA, Submission 40, pp. 14–15.

[84] Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women’s Council , Submission 74, p. 7; Aboriginal Disability Justice Campaign, Submission 43, p. 5; Public Health Association of Australia – NT Branch, Submission 73, p. 3.

[85] First Peoples Disability Network, Submission 75, p. 4.

[86] Dr R Mutch, Submission 77, p. 1.

[87] Allied Health Services –The Lililwan Project, Submission 88, p. 5.

[88] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, 2010 Social Justice Report, Australian Human Rights Commission, Sydney, 2011, p. 93.

[89] Dr L Martin, Royal Darwin Hospital, Committee Hansard, Canberra (Videoconference), 21 June 2012, p. 5.

[90] Paediatricians at Royal Darwin Hospital, Submission 79, p. 3.

[91] M Thorn, Chief Executive Officer, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 31 May 2012, p. 3.

[92] FARE, Submission 36, p. 8.

[93] For example see, Western Australian Legislative Assembly Education and Health Standing Committee, Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The invisible disability, September 2012, p. 67.

[94] FARE, Submission 36, pp. 8-9.

Chapter 5 Management needs

[1] Professor E Elliott, Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 9.

[2] Dr L Studdert, Manager, Australian National Preventative Health Agency (ANPHA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 15 March 2012, p. 3.

[3] D Butt, Deputy Secretary, Commonwealth Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 2.

[4] Dr J Latimer, Senior Research Fellow, Lililwan Project Chief Investigator, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2011, p. 5; Dr C O’Leary, Submission 92, p. 2.

[5] ANPHA, Submission 45, p. 3.

[6] Telethon Institute for Child Health Research (Telethon Institute), Submission 23, p. 2.

[7] Anyinginyi Aboriginal Health Service, Submission 3, p. 2.

[8] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2012, p. 1.

[9] Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education/Public Health Association of Australia (FARE/PHAA), Submission 36, p. 18.

[10] DoHA, Submission 78, p. 3.

[11] FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 17.

[12] S Miers, Chair, National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Disorders (NOFASARD), Committee Hansard, Melbourne, 22 June 2012, p. 19.

[13] NOFASARD, Submission 46, Attachment A, p. 2.

[14] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 4.

[15] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 4.

[16] H Jones, Manager, FASD Projects, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 25.

[17] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 11.

[18] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 8.

[19] A Foale, Submission 24, p. 2.

[20] B Smith, Submission 4, p .2.

[21] P Walker, Submission 29, pp. 8-9.

[22] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 11.

[23] P Walker, Submission 29, p. 9.

[24] B Smith, Submission 4, p. 2.

[25] R Metzger, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 30.

[26] R Metzger, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 31.

[27] Name withheld, Submission 8, p. 1.

[28] B Hijniakoff, Case Manager, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 30.

[29] Australian Children’s Commissioners and Guardians (ACCG), Submission 62, p. 7.

[30] NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 11.

[31] C Edwards, Group Manager, Strategic Priorities and Land Group, Commonwealth Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 3.

[32] FaHCSIA, Submission 8, Answer to Question on notice, p.1.

[33] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 17.

[34] L Corver, Acting Branch Manager, Disability and Carers Payment Policy Branch, Disability and Carers Group, FaHCSIA, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2012, p. 10.

[35] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 18.

[36] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 18.

[37] FaHCSIA, Submission 8, Answer to Question on notice, p.1.

[38] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 19.

[39] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 19.

[40] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 14.

[41] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 16.

[42] Ashurt Australia, Submission 49, p. 20.

[43] Name withheld, Submission 50, p. 1.

[44] FaHCSIA, Australian Disability Parking Scheme.

[45] DoHA, Help to stay at home - community care.

[46] Australian Government, The National Companion Card Scheme.

[47] FaHCSIA, National Disability Advocacy Program.

[48] FaHCSIA, Outside School Hours Care for Teenagers with Disability.

[49] FaHCSIA, Special Disability Trusts.

[50] Australian Government, Australian Disability Enterprises.

[51] Commonwealth Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), Disability Employment Services.

[52] Australian Government, CRS Australia.

[53] Commonwealth Government Department of Human Services, Disabled Australian Apprentice Wage Support.

[54] Commonwealth Government Department of Human Services, Job in Jeopardy Assistance.

[55] Australian Government, Job Access, <http://jobaccess.gov.au/Home/Home.aspx> viewed 9 July 2012.

[56] See for example, FaHCSIA, <http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/our-responsibilities/disability-and-carers/program-services/for-people-with-disability/outside-school-hours-care-for-teenagers-with-disability>; DEEWR, Support for Job Seekers – Overview, <http://www.deewr.gov.au/
Employment/Programs/DES/SJS/Pages/home.aspx>; Commonwealth Government Department of Human Services, Disabled Australian Apprentice Wage Support, <http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/disabled-australian-apprentice-wage-support> viewed 10 July 2012.

[57] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, pp. 26–39.

[58] L Corver, FaHCSIA, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2012, p. 9.

[59] L Corver, FaHCSIA, Committee Hansard, 28 June 2012, p. 8.

[60] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 19.

[61] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 15.

[62] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 9.

[63] See National Rural Health Association, Submission 40; National Council on Intellectual Disability (NCID), Submission 9; NOFASARD, Submission 46; Russell Family Fetal Alcohol Disorders Association (RFFADA), Submission 1; FARE/PHAA, Submission 36.

[64] FaHCSIA, Better Start for Children with Disability Initiative, <http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/our-responsibilities/disability-and-carers/program-services/for-people-with-disability/better-start-for-children-with-disability-initiative> viewed 7 November 2012.

[65] FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 5.

[66] A Russell, Executive Officer, RFFADA, Committee Hansard, Cairns, 31 January 2012, p. 3.

[67] DoHA/FaHCSIA, Submission 78, p. 5.

[68] Australian Human Rights Commission, Submission 54, p. 11.

[69] Manitoba Government Canada, What Early Childhood Educators need to know about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), p. 8, <http://www.gov.mb.ca/healthychild/fasd/
fasdearly_en.pdf> viewed 11 September 2012.

[70] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 24 November 2012, p. 2.

[71] F Forbes, ‘Towards Inclusion: An Australian Perspective’, Support for Learning, vol. 22, no. 2. 2007, p. 67.

[72] NCID, Submission 9, p. 8.

[73] Professor E Elliott, University of Sydney, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 5; NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 3.

[74] Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia (ADCA), Submission 33, p. 4.

[75] NCID, Submission 9, p. 8.

[76] L Hayes, Submission 80, p. 19.

[77] Name withheld, Submission 8, p. 2.

[78] T Harth, Foster Carer, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 32.

[79] L Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 17.

[80] D O’Leary, Foster Carer, Wee Care Shared Family Care, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 7.

[81] P Harper, Submission 14, p. 7.

[82] DEEWR, Disability Standards for Education, 2005.

[83] DEEWR, Report on the Review of Disability Standards for Education 2005, 2012, p. 48.

[84] DEEWR, Report on the Review of Disability Standards for Education 2005, 2012, p. 48.

[85] E Cox, Senior Manager, Barnardos Australia, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 30.

[86] Dr R Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, pp. 14-15.

[87] NOFASARD Disorders, Submission 46b, p. 1.

[88] D Vaughan, School Health Nurse, Broome Community Health, Committee Hansard, Broome, 12 July, p. 1.

[89] B Wagner, Teacher, Fitzroy Valley District High School, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July, p. 10.

[90] D Bridge, Principal, Fitzroy Valley District High School, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July, pp. 2-3.

[91] DEEWR, Submission 55a, p. 3.

[92] Australian College of Children and Young People's Nurses, Submission 63, p. 2.

[93] Telethon Institute, Submission 23, p. 4.

[94] W Takle, Foster carer, Barnardos, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 34.

[95] ACCG, Submission 62, p. 7.

[96] NCID, Submission 9, p. 8.

[97] Disability Service Commission WA, Count Us In! Teacher Information: Book 1, 2005.

[98] Office for Disabilities, Bar None Community Awareness Kit for Schools, <www.officefordisability.vic.gov.au> viewed 18 September 2012.

[99] NSW Department of Education and Communities, <www.physicalasanything.com.au> viewed 18 September 2012.

[100] Healthy Child Manitoba, What Educators Need to Know about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), 2010 <http://www.gov.mb.ca/healthychild/fasd/resources.html> viewed 11 September 2012.

[101] Healthy Child Manitoba, What Early Childhood Educators Need to Know about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), 2010, <http://www.gov.mb.ca/healthychild/fasd/
resources.html> viewed 11 September 2012.

[102] Alberta Learning, Special Programs Branch, Teaching students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder: Building strengths, creating hope, 2010, <www.learning.gov.ab.ca/k_12/specialneeds/
resource.asp> viewed 5 November 2012.

[103] Parliament of Australia, Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Doing Time – Time for Doing: Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system, June 2011, pp. 96-103.

[104] ADCA, Submission 33, p. 8.

[105] H Douglas et al, ‘Judicial Views of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Queensland’s Criminal Justice System’, Journal of Judicial Administration, vol. 21, no. 3, February 2012, p. 178.

[106] Dr B Towler, Principal Medical Advisor, DoHA, Committee Hansard, Canberra, 28 June 2012, p. 8; National Drug Research Institute, Submission 20, p. 5; FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 22.

[107] First Peoples Disability Network, Submission 75, p. 5.

[108] D Maher, Solicitor in Charge, Children’s Legal Service, Legal Aid New South Wales, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 17.

[109] H Douglas, ‘The Sentencing Response to Defendants with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’, Criminal Law Journal, vol. 34, 2010, p. 223.

[110] ADCA, Submission 33, p. 8.

[111] H Douglas, ‘The Sentencing Response to Defendants with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’, Criminal Law Journal, vol. 34, 2010, p. 228.

[112] Legal Aid New South Wales and Aboriginal Legal Service (New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory), Submission 44, p. 4.

[113] P McGee, Coordinator, Aboriginal Disability Justice Campaign (ADJC), Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 25.

[114] ADJC, Submission 43, p. 1.

[115] H Douglas et al, ‘Judicial Views of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Queensland’s Criminal Justice System’, Journal of Judicial Administration, vol. 21, no. 3, February 2012, p. 180.

[116] Western Australia Department of the Attorney-General, Equality Before the Law Bench Book, 2009, p. 4.2.7 <www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/equality_before_the_law_bench
book.pdf> viewed 5 November 2012.

[117] I McKinley, Member, ADJC, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 18.

[118] H Douglas, ‘The Sentencing Response to Defendants with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder’, Criminal Law Journal, vol. 34, 2010, p. 228.

[119] Dr D Hartman, Consultant, Townsville Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, p. 21.

[120] R Denfeld, Catching the Subtle Signs of Cognitive Impairment, FASD, and other “Invisible” Disabilities, 2011, Library of Defense <www.libraryofdefense.org> viewed 22 October 2012.

[121] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 24.

[122] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 24.

[123] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 24. Ashurst Australia further notes that the proportion of people dealt with in courts of summary jurisdiction compared to higher courts means that the limited definition under the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) has a broader impact.

[124] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 24.

[125] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 24.

[126] H Douglas, The sentencing response to defendants with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, 2010, 34 Crim LJ 221, p. 231

[127] J Paterson, Chief Executive Officer, Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance Northern Territory, Committee Hansard, Darwin, 21 June 2012, p. 16.

[128] P McGee, ADJC, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April, p. 20.

[129] Joint Legal Aid, Submission 44 , p. 7.

[130] Aboriginal Peak Organisations Northern Territory, Submission 38, p. 20.

[131] H Douglas, The sentencing response to defendants with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, 2010, 34 Crim LJ 221, p. 231.

[132] H Douglas, The sentencing response to defendants with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, 2010, 34 Crim LJ 221, p. 235.

[133] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 23.

[134] Western Australia Department of the Attorney-General, Equality Before the Law Bench Book, 2009, <www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/equality_before_the_law_benchbook.pdf> viewed 5 November 2012.

[135] Dr R Mutch, Committee Hansard, Perth, pp. 24–25.

[136] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 25.

[137] M Seely, Ashurst Australia, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 19.

[138] M Seely, Ashurst Australia, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 19.

[139] M White, Committee Hansard, Mimbi, 11 July 2012, p. 4.

[140] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 7.

[141] Catholic Education Office, Submission 5, p. 1; NCID, Submission 9, p. 7; Legal Aid NSW and Aboriginal Legal Service NSW/ACT, Submission 44, p. 8; Dr R Chataway, Committee Hansard, Townsville, 31 January 2012, pp. 14, 20; NOFASARD, Submission 46, p. 5; WA Health Country Health Service – Kimberley Population Health Unit Response, Submission 31, p. 3; FARE/PHAA, Submission 36, p. 6; Australian Women’s Health Network, Submission 58, p. 5; Telethon Institute, Submission 23, p. 4; Australian Indigenous Doctors Association, Submission 67, p. 2; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Research Network, Submission 47, p. 2; ADCA, Submission 33, p. 12; Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 19.

[142] Ashurst Australia, sub 49, p. 7.

[143] Ashurst Australia, sub 49, p. 9.

[144] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 9.

[145] H Jones, Telethon Institute, Committee Hansard, Perth, 10 July 2012, p. 23.

[146] M Seely, Ashurst Australia, Committee Hansard, Sydney, 13 April 2012, p. 19.

[147] Ashurst Australia, Submission 49, p. 10.

[148] Parliament of Australia, Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Doing Time – Time for Doing: Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system, June 2011, p 103.