Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Improving Assistance for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Families) Bill 2020

Bills Digest No. 92, 2019–20
PDF version [657KB]

Michael Klapdor
Social Policy Section
28 April 2020

Note: the amendments in Schedule 2 of the Bill as introduced were subsequently made by Part 1 of Schedule 4 of the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020.

Contents

Purpose of the Bill
Structure of the Bill and the Bills Digest
Background
Committee consideration
Policy position of non-government parties/independents
Position of major interest groups
Financial implications
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
Key issues and provisions

Date introduced: 26 February 2020
House: House of Representatives
Portfolio: Education
Commencement: Sections 1 to 3 on Royal Assent. Items 1–6 of Schedule 1 on 1 July 2021. Item 7 of Schedule 1 on 13 December 2019. Item 8 of Schedule 1 on 16 December 2019. Schedule 2 on the first Child Care Subsidy fortnight that begins after Royal Assent.

Links: The links to the Bill, its Explanatory Memorandum and second reading speech can be found on the Bill’s home page, or through the Australian Parliament website.

When Bills have been passed and have received Royal Assent, they become Acts, which can be found at the Federal Register of Legislation website.

All hyperlinks in this Bills Digest are correct as at April 2020.

Purpose of the Bill

The purpose of the Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Improving Assistance for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Families) Bill 2020 (the Bill) is to amend the A New Tax System (Family Assistance) Act 1999 (the FA Act) and the A New Tax System (Family Assistance) (Administration) Act 1999 (the FA Admin Act) to:

make it easier for child care providers and families to access the Additional Child Care Subsidy (child wellbeing) which assists with the costs of child care for children at risk of serious abuse or neglect
change how an individual whose relationship status changes during a financial year has their adjusted taxable income assessed for the Child Care Subsidy (CCS) reconciliation process which occurs at the end of the financial year and
make other technical amendments and corrections.

The amendments were not announced prior to the Bill being introduced. The main changes affecting Additional Child Care Subsidy (child wellbeing) will commence 1 July 2021. The changes to the CCS reconciliation process will affect reviews of CCS entitlements paid in the 2019–20 financial year onwards.

The amendments will result in a small net saving to the government with costs to Services Australia to implement the changes estimated at $22.3 million and changes to the CCS reconciliation process providing savings of $24.0 million.[1]

Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020

The amendments proposed in Schedule 2 of the Bill, relating to the reconciliation process for individuals whose relationship status changes during a financial year, have subsequently been legislated under the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020.[2] The Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Bill 2020 was introduced and passed by the Parliament on 8 April 2020.[3] Accordingly the Bill will need to be amended to remove Schedule 2.

Structure of the Bill and the Bills Digest

The Bill contains two schedules providing for distinct changes to different components of the child care fee assistance system. The Bills Digest provides general background to Australian Government funding of child care and addresses the key issues and provisions of each schedule separately. The Bills Digest contains analysis of the amendments in Schedule 2 despite the amendments being subsequently enacted via the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020.

Background

Australian Government funding for child care

The Australian Government provides child care fee assistance to families and direct assistance to services to improve equity of access to child care services, encourage and support the participation of women in the workforce and improve the quality of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in order to assist with children’s development.[4]

Pre-July 2018 fee assistance: Child Care Benefit and Child Care Rebate

Prior to July 2018, the two main forms of fee assistance were the Child Care Benefit and Child Care Rebate. These payments were paid to families using approved child care services (services which met certain eligibility requirements such as compliance with state and territory regulatory requirements under the National Quality Framework).[5] Child Care Benefit was means tested and rates were based on family income, hours of care used, type of care used, and whether parents met the work, training or study test.[6] Child Care Benefit could be paid via a family’s child care provider as a fee reduction, or as a lump sum paid to the family at the end of the financial year.

Child Care Rebate was not means tested and covered 50 per cent of out-of-pocket costs (after deducting Child Care Benefit) up to a maximum amount per child per financial year. Child Care Rebate could also be paid via providers as a fee reduction or directly to families (either fortnightly or as an annual lump sum).[7]

Post-July 2018 fee assistance: Child Care Subsidy

From 2 July 2018, these two payments were merged into a new payment known as the Child Care Subsidy (CCS).[8] The CCS is means tested with rates of payment based on family income, hours of care used, type of care used, and parents’ level of work, training or study. A maximum hourly amount payable via the subsidy is set by the Government with families receiving a percentage of this rate or a percentage of their child care fees, based on the factors listed above. The payment is paid directly to providers to be delivered to families in the form of a fee reduction.

The CCS can be paid for Centre Based Day Care, Outside School Hours Care, Family Day Care and In Home Care but different rates of assistance are offered depending on the kind(s) of care used.[9] Child care services must meet certain conditions to be approved to pass on the CCS; this includes any regulatory requirements set by state and territory authorities under the National Quality Framework.

Additional Child Care Subsidy is a top-up payment available to families in special circumstances (see section below).[10]

Direct support to providers

The Australian Government also provides direct support to child care services to assist with the establishment and running costs of services in areas where they may otherwise be unviable, for delivering services to children with disability or other special needs, and to assist with professional development.[11]

These supports are provided under the Department of Education’s Community Child Care Fund program. The fund consists of different grant categories—open competitive grants, restricted non-competitive grants (for specified services, primarily those previously funded under the Budget Based Funded program which provided assistance to Indigenous, regional and remote services), the Connected Beginnings Program and special circumstances grants (for services that have experienced a natural disaster or other unexpected event).[12]

Temporary funding changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government temporarily suspended the CCS funding arrangements from 6 April 2020.[13] Under the new funding arrangements child care services will receive a weekly ‘business continuity payment’ equivalent to 50 per cent of fees charged (up to the CCS hourly fee cap) for sessions of care in the fortnight proceeding 2 March 2020 (17 February 2020 to 28 February 2020). The payment for vacation care services will be based on the first fortnight of revenue in the school holidays between Term 3 and 4 of 2019.[14] This will mean services can receive a payment worth up to half of their pre-pandemic fee revenue.

The new system will be reviewed after one month and an extension will be considered after three months.[15]

In order to be eligible for this new payment, a child care service must:

stay open with at least one child actively enrolled (except where the service is made to close on public health advice or for other health and safety reasons)
not charge families any fees
continue and prioritise care for children of essential workers, vulnerable and disadvantaged children and previously enrolled children
comply with other regulatory requirements under the National Quality Framework and the conditions for approval for the CCS.[16]

Some providers and their employees may be eligible for JobKeeper Payment.[17] In exceptional circumstances, providers may be able to apply for additional funding under the new child care funding arrangements but this would be decided on a case by case basis.[18]

Detailed information on the Child Care Subsidy

Child Care Subsidy

CCS eligibility

For a person to be eligible for the CCS, their child must:

be a ‘Family Tax Benefit child’[19] or ‘regular care child’[20]—this essentially means that the child must an Australian resident and in the adult’s care for at least 14 per cent of the time
be 13 or under and not attending secondary school and
meet immunisation requirements.[21]

The claimant, and/or their partner, must:

meet residency requirements and
be liable to pay for the child care provided by an approved provider.[22]

Some exemptions from these requirements can apply in special circumstances. For example, Services Australia can waive the residency requirements in certain circumstances.[23]

Activity test

The activity test determines how many hours of child care a claimant can receive CCS for. This depends on how much time a single parent or both partners in a couple/two-parent family undertake recognised activities: these include paid work, study, training or volunteering.[24] For couple/two-parent families, the maximum number of hours of subsidised care a person can receive is calculated using the person with the lowest level of activity. See Table 1 for a breakdown.

Table 1: Child Care Subsidy Activity test

Hours of recognised activity (per fortnight)	Maximum number of hours of CCS (per fortnight)
8 hours to 16 hours	36 hours
More than 16 hours to 48 hours	72 hours
More than 48 hours	100 hours

Source: Department of Social Services (DSS), ‘3.5.2.10 CCS – activity test – general’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 March 2020.

Families that earn $68,163 or less in 2019–20 and do fewer than eight hours of recognised activities in a fortnight are able to access 24 hours of subsidised care per fortnight.[25] Families that do not meet the activity test and have a child/children attending a preschool program provided by a centre-based Long Day Care centre are able to access 36 hours of subsidised care (however, this only applies to the child attending the preschool program).[26]

A range of other exemptions are available for families in certain circumstances (such as disability or care requirements).[27]

Income test

The activity test determines for how many hours of care a person is eligible to receive the CCS. The income test determines the rate of CCS a person will receive for the hours they are eligible under the activity test. The CCS will pay a percentage of the child care fee or a percentage of the hourly ‘rate cap’, whichever is lower. The income test determines the percentage paid. The current hourly rate caps are set out in Table 2.

Table 2: Child Care Subsidy hourly rate caps

Type of child care	Hourly rate cap
Centre Based Day Care—long day care and occasional care	$11.98 (for below school-aged children)
Family Day Care	$11.10
Outside School Hours Care—before and after school, and vacation care	$10.48 (for school-aged children)
In Home Care - per family	$32.58

Source: DSS, ‘3.5.3 CCS – hourly rate caps’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 1 July 2019.

The income test assesses the combined adjusted taxable income of the family. Adjusted taxable income is the sum of taxable income, adjusted fringe benefits, target foreign income, net investment losses, tax free pensions or benefits and reportable superannuation contributions less any child maintenance expenditure.[28] Table 3 shows the applicable percentage by income range for 2019–20. These amounts are adjusted based on movements in the Consumer Price Index on 1 July of each year.[29]

Table 3: Child Care Subsidy income test

Combined annual adjusted taxable income	Applicable CCS percentage of the actual fee charged or the relevant hourly rate cap (whichever is lower)
Equal to or below $68,163	85%
Above $68,163 and below $173,163	Decreasing from 85% to 50% Subsidy decreases by 1% for each $3,000 of family income
Equal to or above $173,163 and below $252,453	50%
Equal to or above $252,453 and below $342,453	Decreasing from 50% to 20% Subsidy decreases by 1% for each $3,000 of family income
Equal to or above $342,453 and below $352,453	20%
Equal to or above $352,453	0%

Source: DSS, ‘3.5.1 CCS – combined annual ATI’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 1 July 2019.

Annual cap

If a family earns more than $188,163 per year (and less than $352,453) then the total amount of CCS they can receive in 2019–20 is $10,373 per child.[30] Families earning less than $188,163 per year do not face a cap. Families earning over $352,453 cannot receive any CCS under the income test.

Additional Child Care Subsidy

Additional Child Care Subsidy (ACCS) provides targeted assistance to families/children facing barriers to accessing child care.[31] There are four categories of the ACCS:

child wellbeing—aimed primarily at children at risk of abuse or neglect
grandparent—for grandparent carers who receive income support (such as a pension) and who are the principal carer of children
temporary financial hardship—for those experiencing significant financial stress due to exceptional circumstances and
transition to work—for those receiving certain income support payments such as Parenting Payment, Newstart Allowance or Disability Support Pension and who have a Job Plan (employment pathway plan) in effect.[32]

The child wellbeing, grandparent and temporary financial hardship categories of ACCS allow eligible families to receive a subsidy equal to the actual fee charged by their child care service (up to 120 per cent of the hourly rate cap—see Table 1 above) for up to 100 hours per fortnight and be exempt from the activity test. The transition to work category provides a subsidy equal to 95 per cent of the actual fee charged (up to 95 per cent of the hourly rate cap) with subsidised hours determined by the activity test.[33]

Committee consideration

Senate Standing Committee for the Selection of Bills

The Senate Standing Committee for the Selection of Bills recommended the Bill not be referred to a committee.[34]

Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills

The Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills raised concerns with the retrospective application of certain amendments in Schedules 1 and 2.[35] The Committee sought further advice from the Minister for Education as to why the retrospective application was necessary and justified. At the time of writing, the Committee does not appear to have received a response from the Minister.[36]

Policy position of non-government parties/independents

At the time of writing, non-government parties and independents had not commented on the Bill.

Position of major interest groups

At the time of writing, major stakeholder groups had not commented on the Bill.

Financial implications

According to the Explanatory Memorandum, information technology implementation of the proposed amendments will cost $22.3 million over the period 2019–20 to 2023–24. The amendments in Schedule 2 will provide savings of $24.0 million over the forward estimates (2019–20 to 2022–23). The Explanatory Memorandum does not provide an estimate for the net fiscal impact of the proposed amendments over the forward estimates.[37]

Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights

As required under Part 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 (Cth), the Government has assessed the Bill’s compatibility with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared in the international instruments listed in section 3 of that Act. The Government considers that the Bill is compatible.[38]

Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights

The Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights had no comment on the Bill.[39]

Key issues and provisions

Schedule 1—ACCS (child wellbeing) and technical amendments

Schedule 1 of the Bill proposes a number of amendments to improve access to ACCS (child wellbeing) for providers and families.

ACCS (child wellbeing) is paid in respect of children considered at risk of serious abuse or neglect and provides a subsidy equal to the actual fee charged by a child care service (up to 120 per cent of the hourly rate cap) for up to 100 hours per fortnight. Individuals eligible for ACCS—child wellbeing are exempt from the activity test.[40]

There was a marked increase in the number of children for whom ACCS (child wellbeing) was paid over the first year of the new child care fee assistance system (Table 4 and Figure 1). This is also a significant increase compared to the number of children accessing the previous fee assistance payment aimed at children at risk of abuse and neglect: Special Child Care Benefit—child at risk (note that the payments are not directly comparable due to different policy settings). In response to questions on the reason for the increase in recipients, the Department of Education cited its promotion of ACCS (child wellbeing) and specific eligibility criteria allowing for foster carers to access the payment.[41]

Table 4: Special Child Care Benefit-child at risk and Additional Child Care Subsidy (child wellbeing) recipients, September 2017–September 2019

Special Child Care Benefit—child at risk
Date	Children	Families
September 2017	8,820	5,800
December 2017	8,920	5,870
March 2018	8,530	5,600
June 2018	8,220	5,460
Additional Child Care Subsidy (child wellbeing)
Date	Children	Families
September 2018	9,140	6,070
December 2018	11,140	7,490
March 2019	12,510	8,390
June 2019	14,070	9,710
September 2019	16,610	11,360

Sources: September 2017–June 2018 data from Senate Education and Employment Legislation Committee, Answers to Questions on Notice, Education Portfolio, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2019–20, 24 October 2019, Question no. SQ19-000478; September 2018–September 2019 from Department of Education, Skills and Employment (DESE), ‘Child care data for September quarter 2019’ DESE, Canberra, December 2019.

Figure 1: Special Child Care Benefit (SCCB)—child at risk and Additional Child Care Subsidy (ACCS) (child wellbeing) recipients, September 2017–September 2019

Eligibility for ACCS (child wellbeing)

Individual eligibility

An individual (such as a parent or carer) is eligible for ACCS (child wellbeing) where they are eligible for CCS for that session of care and:

either a certificate has been given under section 85CB of the FA Act, or a determination made by the Secretary under section 85CE is in effect and
none of the limitations to eligibility for the ACCS (child wellbeing) under Division 5 of Part 4A of the FA Act applies.[42]

A certificate under section 85CB of the FA Act is made by a child care provider where it considers that a child is at serious risk of abuse or neglect. Currently, a provider cannot issue a certificate where it would mean that:

in any period of 12 months, certificates given by the provider for the same child at the same service would be in effect for more than six weeks[43] or
during the first week the certificate applies, the total number of children accessing ACCS (child wellbeing) at the child care service is more than 50 per cent of the total number of children being cared for by the service (known as the ‘50 per cent rule’).[44]

Where a provider is unable to issue a certificate because of the time limit or the 50 per cent rule, the provider may apply to Services Australia to make a determination under section 85CE that a child is at risk of serious abuse or neglect so that ACCS (child wellbeing) is therefore payable in respect of that child’s sessions of care.[45] Applications for an ongoing increase in the percentage (above 50 per cent) can also be made by a child care provider—such applications are made to the Department of Education, Skills and Employment.[46]

The Department of Education, Skills and Employment may, at any time, increase or decrease the percentage limit that applies to a particular service, based on evidence previously submitted by the provider or compliance data analysis.[47] The Secretary may also prescribe a different percentage to apply across the board.[48]

Certificates issued by a provider under section 85CB must specify the day that it takes effect. Paragraph 85CB(2)(c) specifies that this must be a Monday of a week that includes a day where the child was considered at risk of serious abuse or neglect, and that the commencement day cannot be more than 28 days before the day the certificate is issued.

As a result of amendments made by the Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Building on the Child Care Package) Act 2019, commencing on 13 July 2020, the 50 per cent rule will no longer apply.[49] The amendments will only limit the number of certificates that can be issued by a provider when the Secretary of the Department of Education, Skills and Employment has determined a particular percentage should apply to a particular service. If the Secretary has not made such a determination, then providers are not limited in the percentage of ACCS (child wellbeing) certificates they can issue.

Provider eligibility

A provider is eligible for ACCS (child wellbeing) for a session of care which is delivered by the provider where:

a certificate has been given under section 85CB of the FA Act, or a determination made by the Secretary under section 85CE is in effect—that is, the provider has given the Secretary a certificate stating the child is or was at risk of serious abuse or neglect or the Secretary has otherwise determined this to be the case
the provider is not able to identify an individual who is eligible for CCS for the session of care
the child meets the age and immunisation requirements for CCS and
none of the limitations to eligibility for the ACCS (child wellbeing) under Division 5 of Part 4A of the FA Act applies.[50]

Proposed changes

Schedule 1 of the Bill makes a number of amendments to make the ACCS (child wellbeing) easier to access. The Explanatory Memorandum states that these amendments are intended to ‘address feedback’ from the child care sector.[51] The proposed changes include:

allowing providers to be considered eligible for ACCS (child wellbeing) in respect of a child who is considered part of a class prescribed in the Minister’s Rules, including children in foster care arrangements
extending the period that ACCS (child wellbeing) certificates can be backdated from a maximum of 28 days to 13 weeks as prescribed by the Minister’s Rules and
extending the maximum period for an ACCS (child wellbeing) determination from 13 weeks to up to 12 months for classes of children prescribed in the Minister’s Rules.[52]

The changes will commence from 1 July 2021.[53]

Provider eligibility for ACCS (child wellbeing)

This measure will allow for a provider to be considered eligible for ACCS (child wellbeing) in respect of a child who is considered part of a class prescribed in the Minister’s Rules. The Explanatory Memorandum states that it is expected that this class will include children in formal foster care arrangements.[54]

As described above, currently, in order to be eligible to claim ACCS (child wellbeing) in respect of a child, the provider must not be able identify an individual who is eligible for CCS in respect of that session of care. The proposed amendments will remove this requirement where the child is a member of a class prescribed by the Minister’s Rules.

The intent of the amendment is to ensure providers can care for a child at risk of abuse or neglect while a foster family determines its eligibility for CCS (and potentially ACCS).[55] That is, currently providers might be able to identify a foster family as eligible for CCS but the foster family may not have had time to establish or claim its entitlement. The amendment will enable a continuity of care for these children where they may be transitioning to or between different out of home care arrangements.

Item 1 of Schedule 1 repeals paragraph 85CA(2)(b) and inserts new paragraphs 85CA(2)(b) and (ba) to provide that in order for a child care provider to be eligible for ACCS (child wellbeing) in respect of a session of care for a child, the provider:

must be not able to identify an individual who is eligible for CCS for the session of care or
the child must be a member of class prescribed by the Minister’s Rules.

The existing age and immunisation requirements will continue to apply to the child but will be set out in new paragraph 85CA(2)(ba).

Backdating of ACCS (child wellbeing) certificates/determinations

These amendments will allow for the backdating of ACCS (child wellbeing) certificates and determinations from the current maximum of 28 days to up to 13 weeks in certain circumstances. The circumstances are to be set out in the Minister’s Rules. The amendments will enable backdating of payments in situations where a provider has identified a child as at risk but it takes longer than 28 days to provide a certificate.

Item 3 of Schedule 1 inserts new subsection 85CB(2A) which allows for the Secretary to extend the 28 day period backdating limit for a certificate given under section 85CB if the Secretary is satisfied that exceptional circumstances prescribed by the Minister’s Rules exist. The extension can be to a maximum period of 13 weeks.

Item 5 inserts new subsections 85CE(5A), (5B) and (5C)—section 85CE deals with determinations for ACCS (child wellbeing) made by Services Australia or the Secretary of the Department of Education, Skills and Employment because of the 12 month or 50 per cent rule.[56] New subsection 5B provides for the Secretary to extend the 28 day backdating limit for a determination made under section 85CE to a period of no more than 13 weeks where the Secretary is satisfied that exceptional circumstances set out in the Minister’s Rules exist.

The Explanatory Memorandum states that ‘the exceptional circumstances are anticipated to be circumstances which are outside the provider’s control and made it impractical for the provider to provide the certificate or apply for a determination within the required timeframes’.[57]

Extension of maximum ACCS (child wellbeing) determination period

These amendments will extend the maximum period for an ACCS (child wellbeing) determination period from 13 weeks to up to 12 months for classes of children to be prescribed in the Minister’s Rules. The Explanatory Memorandum states that it is expected that this class will include children on long term child protection orders and those in formal foster care.[58] This is intended to reduce the administrative burden on families, providers and state and territory child protection agencies which currently have to apply for an extension to a determination every 13 weeks.

New subsection 85CE(5C) inserted by item 5, provides for the Secretary to extend an ACCS (child wellbeing) determination made under section 85CE from 13 weeks duration to up to 12 months, if the Secretary is satisfied that circumstances prescribed by the Minister’s Rules apply in relation to the child.

Other amendments

Items 7 and 8 clarify and correct two amendments to the FA Admin Act made by the Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Building on the Child Care Package) Act 2019.

Schedule 2—Review of certain CCS decisions

Background

Schedule 2 proposes to amend the FA Admin Act to change how adjusted taxable income is assessed during the CCS reconciliation process at the end of the financial year. However, the amendments proposed in Schedule 2 of the Bill have already been enacted under the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020 and the Bill will need to be amended to remove Schedule 2.[59] The Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Bill 2020 was introduced and passed by the Parliament on 8 April 2020.[60]

For completeness, this Bills Digest provides an analysis of Schedule 2 to the Bill.

Income test treatment of couples

The basic components of the CCS income test are described in the ‘Background’ section.

Under clause 3AA of Schedule 3 of the FA Act, both members of a couple’s adjusted taxable income are assessed for the purposes of working out a CCS entitlement. Where an individual is considered to be a member of a couple for only part of a year, the partner’s income that is added to the CCS claimant’s adjusted taxable income is equivalent to the proportion of the fortnights in the financial year where they were both a couple and entitled to CCS or ACCS.

For example, if an individual claiming CCS (P1) was in a relationship with another person (P2) for 12 weeks in a particular financial year, and CCS was claimed for 10 of those weeks, then 19.2% of P2’s annual income would be included in the calculation of the CCS entitlement (which is worked out on an annual basis but converted to a fortnightly amount).

Prior to amendments made by the Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Building on the Child Care Package) Act 2019, the income test apportioned income for all the fortnights in a financial year in which P1 and P2 were a member of a couple, irrespective of whether CCS was being claimed for those fortnights.[61]

Reconciliation

The reconciliation process is a review of a person’s CCS entitlement undertaken by the Secretary of the Department of Education, Skills and Employment through Services Australia.[62]

At the end of the financial year, a person’s CCS entitlement is reconciled through a process that compares the estimates of their adjusted taxable income during the financial year with their actual adjusted taxable income as assessed using the information submitted in their tax return.[63] Where a person is not required to submit a tax return then they must notify Services Australia of their actual adjusted taxable income for the year (Services Australia will be able to verify data on any income support received—such as a pension or allowance).[64] The reconciliation process also assesses the session reports provided by child care providers.[65]

The reconciliation process determines whether the individual received an accurate CCS payment, an overpayment or an underpayment. In cases of an overpayment, a debt will be raised (which can be recovered through reductions in future CCS payment). In cases of underpayment, a person will receive a lump sum payment to correct the entitlement.[66]

During the financial year, an individual’s fortnightly CCS payment will have five per cent withheld. This amount can be used to offset any debts that arise from the reconciliation process at the end of the year or will be paid as a lump sum to the individual.[67]

Proposed changes

The Bill does not propose amendments to the way entitlements are assessed and calculated during the financial year, only for the reconciliation process at the end of the year.[68]

Schedule 2 makes the following changes to how CCS rates are to be calculated in the reconciliation process for those who are a member of a couple for only part of a financial year:

the current process for assessing partner income under clause 3AA of Schedule 3 to the FA Act will be ignored for the purposes of the reconciliation process
CCS entitlements in the financial year under review will be assessed for each fortnight. Where a person is a member of a couple at the beginning of that fortnight then the partner’s adjusted taxable income will be included for the purposes of calculating the CCS rate for that fortnight (annual rate is calculated and converted to a fortnightly rate)
where the annual cap is determined to apply for a fortnight in which a person is a member of a couple, then whether the annual cap has been reached will be worked out by adding:
- the CCS amounts the individual has been entitled to for a particular child in the fortnights starting that financial year and
- any CCS their partner has been entitled to for the same child in the fortnights in that financial year they have been members of a couple.

Currently, under paragraph 1(3)(b) of Schedule 2 to the FA Act, CCS paid to the person’s partner is only included in determining whether the CCS rate cap has been reached where they have been a member of a couple for the whole of the financial year.

Impact of the changes

The effect of these amendments is that the CCS rate calculation process in Schedule 3 of the FA Act will assess part-year partner income in one way (the percentage of their income equivalent to the percentage of CCS fortnights they are a member of the couple). This will be different from the calculation used in the reconciliation process (each CCS fortnight they are in a couple relationship will include the partner’s annual income to calculate an annual rate that is then converted to a fortnightly rate). The reconciliation process will determine the actual entitlement for the financial year.

The proposed way of assessing income for the reconciliation process is similar to that used normally for Family Tax Benefit. The Family Tax Benefit income test (also set out in the FA Act) allows for rates to be calculated based on the person’s circumstances in each relevant fortnightly period.[69] The CCS, despite using the same income test definitions, income estimates and reconciliation processes as Family Tax Benefit, adopted a very different approach to considering the income of partners where circumstances had changed during the year. The Bills Digest for the legislation that introduced the CCS flagged the design of this part of the CCS income test as an issue stating:

As CCS is to be worked out on a fortnightly basis, it appears this provision has been included to allow for couple rates to be calculated based on the fortnights a couple was together in a relationship. This is different from other family assistance payments where rates are calculated on an annual basis divided into a daily rate. For these payments, where circumstances change during the year such as a person entering a couple relationship, a different rate is calculated based on the relevant period where the circumstances are changed (a new annual rate is calculated and a new daily rate determined).[70]

The Bill shifts the assessment of income for CCS reconciliations purposes more in line with Family Tax Benefit but does not change the assessment of partner income for CCS instalments made throughout the year. It is unclear why inconsistent assessment processes will apply and what impact this will have on reconciliation outcomes.

The amendments relating to the CCS annual cap calculation ensure more accurate assessments are made as to whether CCS paid in respect of a particular child has reached any annual cap, regardless of which parent/carer claimed the CCS.

The Explanatory Memorandum states the intended effect of the proposed amendments primarily relate to how the annual cap is applied during the reconciliation process.[71] The annual cap will not apply in fortnights where the individual is single and their own income is under the annual cap income threshold, regardless of whether the annual cap applies in other fortnights as a result of a partner’s income being included in those other fortnights.

No information has been provided in the explanatory materials as to how many families are expected to be affected by the amendment.

Provisions

Section 105E of the FA Admin Act sets out the conditions for the Secretary to undertake a review of an individual’s CCS entitlement (the reconciliation process). Item 1 of Schedule 2 inserts new subsections 105E(4)–(7) to the FA Admin Act.

New subsection 105E(4) provides for new subsections 105E(5) and (6) to apply to the review of an individual’s CCS entitlement where the individual has been a member of couple on one or more, but not all, of the first Mondays in any CCS fortnights in the financial year under review.

New subsection 105E(5) mandates that the Secretary must review the individual’s CCS entitlement for each fortnight in the financial year as if provisions for assessing the adjusted taxable income of members of a couple set out in paragraph 3AA(2)(b) of Schedule 3 of the FA Act had not been enacted. This paragraph sets out how the adjusted taxable income of the partner of the CCS claimant, where they have not been a couple for the entire year, should be apportioned to the fortnights they were both a couple and CCS was claimed.

New subsection 105E(6) provides that for each fortnight the individual is a member of a couple on the first Monday in a CCS fortnight in the financial year, their CCS rate should be worked out:

as if the individual’s adjusted taxable income for the year included their partner’s adjusted taxable income and
in determining whether the annual CCS cap has been reached, any CCS paid to their partner in respect of the same child during fortnights they were a couple should be added to any CCS previously paid to the individual for the same child.

Item 2 is an application provision. The amendments made by item 1 are to apply for reviews of CCS entitlements starting in the 2019–20 income year and later income years. While the review process occurs at the end of the financial year, payments for the 2019–20 income year have already been made and the amendments affect the reconciliation process for those payments. As noted above, the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills raised concerns about the retrospective application of the amendments in Schedule 2.[72]

[1]. Explanatory Memorandum, Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Improving Assistance for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Families) Bill 2020, p. 5.

[2]. Part 1 of Schedule 4 to the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020.

[3]. Parliament of Australia, ‘Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Bill 2020 homepage’, Australian Parliament website.

[4]. Productivity Commission (PC), Childcare and early childhood learning, Inquiry report, 73, PC, Canberra, 31 October 2014, volume 1, p. 110.

[5]. Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), ‘What is the NQF’, ACECQA website.

[6]. Department of Social Services (DSS), ‘1.2.4 Child Care Benefit (CCB) – Description’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 January 2018.

[7]. DSS, ‘1.2.7 Child Care Rebate (CCR) – Description’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 January 2018.

[8]. Services Australia (SA), ‘Child Care Subsidy’, SA website, last updated 31 October 2019.

[9]. Department of Education, Skills and Employment (DESE), ‘Service approval’, Child care provider handbook, DoE website, current as of 31 July 2019; SA, ‘Child Care Subsidy: How much you can get: The type of child care you use affects it’, SA website, last updated 24 July 2019.

[10]. SA, ‘Additional Child Care Subsidy’, SA website, last updated 25 September 2019.

[11]. DESE, ‘Community Child Care Fund’, DESE website, last modified 2 April 2020.

[12]. Ibid.

[13]. M Klapdor, ‘Coronavirus economic response—free child care’, FlagPost, Parliamentary Library blog, 6 April 2020.

[14]. DESE, ‘COVID-19 Frequently Asked Questions for early childhood education and care providers’, DESE website, last updated 17 April 2020.

[15]. S Morrison (Prime Minister) and D Tehan (Minister for Education), Early childhood education and care relief package, media release, 2 April 2020.

[16]. DESE, Coronavirus (COVID-19): information for early childhood education and care providers and services on Early Childhood Education and Care Relief Package payments from 6 April 2020, DESE, Canberra, 6 April 2020, pp. 1–2.

[17]. Australian Tax Office (ATO), ‘JobKeeper Payment’, ATO website, last modified 20 April 2020.

[18]. DESE, ‘COVID-19 Frequently Asked Questions for early childhood education and care providers’, op. cit.

[19]. DSS, ‘2.1.1 FTB child and regular care child’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 September 2018.

[20]. DSS, ‘2.1.1.13 Regular care child’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 March 2020.

[21]. DSS, ‘2.6.1 CCS eligibility’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 July 2018.

[22]. Ibid.

[23]. DSS, ‘2.6.2.20 CCS – Australian residency exceptions’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 July 2018.

[24]. DSS, ‘3.5.2.10 CCS – activity test – general’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 March 2020.

[25]. Ibid.

[26]. DSS, ‘3.5.2.20 CCS – activity test exemptions’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 March 2020.

[27]. Ibid.

[28]. DSS, ‘1.1.A.20 Adjusted taxable income’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 3 January 2017.

[29]. DSS, ‘3.5 CCS entitlement’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 July 2018.

[30]. DSS, ‘3.5.1 CCS – combined annual ATI’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 1 July 2019.

[31]. DESE, ‘Additional Child Care Subsidy’, DESE website, last modified 11 July 2018.

[32]. Ibid.

[33]. Ibid.

[34]. Senate Standing Committee for the Selection of Bills, Report, 3, 2020, The Senate, 27 February 2020, [p. 3].

[35]. Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, Scrutiny digest, 4, 2020, The Senate, 2 April 2020, pp. 3–6.

[36]. Parliament of Australia, ‘Ministerial Responses’, Australian Parliament website.

[37]. Explanatory Memorandum, Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Improving Assistance for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Families) Bill 2020, p. 5.

[38]. The Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights can be found at pages 6–10 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the Bill.

[39]. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, Human rights scrutiny report, 4, 2020, 9 April 2020, p. 28.

[40]. Department of Education (DoE), Guide to ACCS (child wellbeing), version 4, DoE, Canberra, November 2019, p. 9.

[41]. Senate Education and Employment Legislation Committee, Answers to Questions on Notice, Education Portfolio, Supplementary Budget Estimates 2019–20, 24 October 2019, Question no. SQ19-000478.

[42]. A New Tax System (Family Assistance) Act 1999 (FA Act), subsection 85CA(1).

[43]. FA Act, subsection 85CB(3).

[44]. FA Act, subsection 85CB(4).

[45]. FA Act, section 85CE.

[46]. DoE, Guide to ACCS (child wellbeing), op. cit., pp. 32 and 38.

[47]. Ibid., p. 32; FA Act, paragraph 85CB(4)(c).

[48]. FA Act, paragraph 85CB(4)(b).

[49]. Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Building on the Child Care Package) Act 2019, items 89 and 90 of Schedule 1.

[50]. FA Act, subsections 85CA(2) and (3).

[51]. Explanatory Memorandum, op. cit., p. 2.

[52]. Ibid., pp. 2–3.

[53]. Item 2 of the table in subsection 2(1) of the Bill.

[54]. Explanatory Memorandum, op. cit., p. 2.

[55]. Ibid.

[56]. DoE, Guide to ACCS (child wellbeing), op. cit., pp. 30–32.

[57]. Ibid., p. 3.

[58]. Ibid., p. 3.

[59]. Part 1 of Schedule 4 to the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Act 2020.

[60]. Parliament of Australia, ‘Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus (Measures No. 2) Bill 2020 homepage’, Australian Parliament website.

[61]. See M Klapdor, Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Building on the Child Care Package) Bill 2019, Bills digest, 55, 2019–20, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 21 November 2019, pp. 16–17.

[62]. FA Admin Act, sections 103A, 105 and 105E.

[63]. DSS, ‘6.4.1.30 Reconciliation process’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 13 August 2018.

[64]. Ibid.

[65]. DSS, ‘6.4.1 Overview of reconciliation’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 2 July 2018.

[66]. DSS, ‘6.4.1.30 Reconciliation process’, op. cit.

[67]. Ibid.

[68]. Explanatory Memorandum, op. cit., p. 19.

[69]. FA Act, clause 3 of Schedule 3; DSS, ‘4.3.1.10 FTB payment delivery choices’, Family assistance guide, DSS website, last reviewed 20 March 2020.

[70]. M Klapdor, Family Assistance Legislation Amendment (Jobs for Families Child Care Package) Bill 2016, Bills digest, 39, 2016–17, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 18 November 2016, pp. 23–24.

[71]. Explanatory Memorandum, op. cit., p. 21.

[72]. Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

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