Bills Digest no. 116 2015–16
PDF version [851KB]
WARNING: This Digest was prepared for debate. It reflects the legislation as introduced and does not canvass subsequent amendments. This Digest does not have any official legal status. Other sources should be consulted to determine the subsequent official status of the Bill.
Kali Sanyal
Economics Section
4 May 2016
Contents
Glossary
The Bills Digest at a glance
Purpose of the Bill
Structure of the Bill
Background to the Bill as a whole
Schedule 1—background
Schedule 2–background
Schedule 3—background
Committee consideration
Policy position of non-government parties/independents
Position of major interest groups
Financial implications
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
Key issues and provisions
Other provisions
Date introduced: 10 February
2016
House: House of
Representatives
Portfolio: Treasury
Commencement: various
days detailed in the body of this Bills Digest.
Links: The links to the Bill,
its Explanatory Memorandum and second reading speech can be found on the
Bill’s home page, or through the Australian
Parliament website.
When Bills have been passed and have received Royal Assent, they
become Acts, which can be found at the ComLaw
website.
All hyperlinks in this Bills Digest are correct as at May
2016.
Glossary
Table 1 Abbreviations
Abbreviation |
Definition |
ABARES |
Australian
Bureau of Agricultural and Resources
Economics and Sciences |
ABN |
Australian
Business Number |
ABN Act |
A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act
1999 |
ADI |
Authorised
Deposit-taking Institution |
ATO |
Australian
Taxation Office |
Board |
Board
of Taxation |
Commissioner |
Commissioner
of Taxation |
EDP |
Electronic
Distribution Platform |
FMD |
farm
management deposit |
GST |
goods
and services tax |
GST Act |
A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 |
Intangibles |
things
other than goods or real property |
ISP |
internet
service provider |
ITAA 1997 |
Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 |
ITC |
input
tax credit |
ITZ |
indirect
tax zone |
OECD |
Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development |
TAA 1953 |
Taxation Administration Act 1953 |
VAT |
value
added tax |
White Paper |
Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper |
The Bills Digest at a glance
Schedule 1 of the Bill
extends the application of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) to digital products
and other imported services. The amendments are to make all supplies of things,
other than goods or real property connected with the indirect tax zone (ITZ) (most
broadly, Australia, excluding those geographic areas where the GST does not
apply, such as the external territories), subject to the GST, when they are
made to an Australian consumer. According to the proposed measures, an
Australian consumer will be broadly an Australian resident—other than a
business.[1]
The changes result in supplies of digital products, such
as streaming or downloading of movies, music, apps, games and e-books as well
as other services such as consultancy and professional services, receiving
similar GST treatment whether they are supplied by a local or a foreign
supplier.
The measure applies in determining net amounts for tax
periods starting on or after 1 July 2017.
Schedule 2 of the Bill amends the existing GST provisions
related to cross-border supplies involving non-resident entities. This will
mean that certain supplies are no longer connected with the ITZ, or are
GST-free. The amendments will particularly:
- revise the test for when an enterprise is carried on in the ITZ
so that it is ‘better aligned’ with key GST concepts and
- allow non-resident suppliers not to account for GST on certain
supplies by:
- shifting
the responsibility for identifying and paying a GST liability to the recipient,
where the recipient is registered for GST and carries on an enterprise in the
ITZ
- switching
off the GST liability for certain supplies between non-residents
- extending
the GST-free rules to certain supplies made to non-residents and
- removing
the GST registration requirements for non-residents that only make GST-free
supplies through an enterprise carried on outside the ITZ.
The stated claim from the Government is that amendments
will also reduce compliance costs for GST-registered importers in calculating
the value of taxable importations.[2]
Measures contained in Schedule 2 will apply to
taxable supplies in determining net amounts for tax periods that commence from
the second quarterly tax period starting after the Bill receives assent.
Schedule 3 of the Bill proposed amendments
regarding the income tax treatment of farm management deposits (FMDs) by:
- raising the maximum amount that can be held in FMDs by a primary
producer from the current limit of $400,000 to $800,000
- providing relief to primary producers experiencing severe drought
conditions by allowing them to withdraw an amount that has been held in an FMD
for less than 12 months, without affecting the income tax treatment of the FMD
in the earlier income year
- permitting amounts held in an FMD to offset a loan or other debt
(that is as a result of the arrangement, a lower amount of interest is charged
on the loan than would otherwise be the case) relating to the FMD owner’s
primary production business and
- encouraging primary producers to use FMDs to improve cash flow
through this loan offsetting arrangement.
These amendments will apply to income years commencing on
or after 1 July 2016.[3]
Purpose of
the Bill
The purpose of the Bill is to implement measures to:
- apply
the GST to digital products and services imported by Australian consumers
- keep
non-resident businesses out of the GST net unnecessarily and
- provide
flexibility in managing farm management deposits for primary producers.[4]
Structure
of the Bill
The Amendment Bill contains three Schedules:
Background
to the Bill as a whole
Schedules 1 and 2 of the Bill are a package aimed
at ensuring that Australia’s GST tax system is consistent with other international
legal regimes in relation to the importation of digital products and services[9] and applies principles contained in the OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action
Plan that deals with the tax challenges of the global trade, including
difficulty in collecting value added taxes, such as the GST, on cross border
sales in the digital economy.[10] The measures are also a follow up action by the Government to the Board of
Taxation (BOT) Review of the Application of GST to Cross-Border Transactions in 2010.[11]
The measures contained in Schedule 3 of the Bill
are part of the government announcement in the Agricultural
Competitiveness White Paper[12] on 4 July 2015, and follow extensive stakeholder feedback and consultation.[13]
Schedule 1—background
A growing proportion of consumption and
downloading of digital products is not currently caught by the GST. Tax experts
contend that ‘the absence of GST on services and digital products imported by
consumers represents an omission from the tax base that has been increasingly
untenable’.[14]
The current GST law does not include items or
services that are imported by consumers and which are not goods or real
property (including digital products and services).[15] This results in forgone
GST revenue, which would have been otherwise passed on to the states and territories.
It also places domestic businesses, which generally have to charge and remit
GST on the digital products and services they provide, at a tax disadvantage
compared to overseas businesses.[16]
In order to maintain the integrity of the tax
regime, on 12 May 2015, the Government announced that it wished to extend GST
to offshore intangible supplies to Australian consumers with effect from 1 July
2017.[17] The key features of measures proposed by the Schedule 1 of the Bill are:
- overseas companies selling digital products and other services, such as
‘apps’ and downloads of digital content, will henceforth be required to
register, collect and remit GST on their sales to Australian consumers
- the tax will be imposed on intangible supplies such as supplies of
digital content, streaming or downloading of movies, music, apps, games,
e-books and other digital products—but will also extend to consultancy and
professional services performed offshore for customers in Australia.
- the liability for the GST will rest either with the supplier or with
the operator of an electronic distribution service
- entities that make at least one inbound intangible consumer supply may
opt to be a limited registration entity when they are registered for GST
- only supplies made to consumers fall into GST net: business-to-business
transactions is exempt.[18]
Soon after the announcement of the budget
measures, the government released an exposure draft Bill titled ‘Tax Laws
Amendment (Tax Integrity: GST and Digital Products) Bill 2015’.[19]
Following a series of consultations, revised
draft legislation was re-issued in October 2015 with the provisional title ‘Tax
Laws Amendment (GST treatment of Cross-Border Transactions) Bill 2015’.[20]
The measure is estimated to generate a revenue
gain of $350.0 million over the forward estimates period and will be allocated
to the states and territories.[21]
Schedule 2–background
On 11 June 2008, the then Assistant Treasurer announced
that the Government had asked the Board of Taxation to undertake a review of
the legal framework for the administration of the GST.[22] This review replaced the Board’s previous review of the application of the
self-assessment principles to other taxes administered by the Taxation
Commissioner. In addition, the Board was asked to consider the implications of
any possible changes to GST administration provisions for other indirect taxes
that share common tax administration provisions in the TAA 1953 or the GST
Act. The review focused on:
- streamlining
and improving the operation of the GST
- reducing
compliance costs and
- removing
anomalies.[23]
In pursuing the terms of reference, the Board was asked
that its consultations and recommendations focus on the legal framework for the
administration of the GST as set out in the TAA 1953 and GST Act.
The Board’s review did not extend to the rate of the GST or the scope and
extent of what goods and services are subject to the GST.[24]
The Board was asked to provide a final report to the government
by the end of December 2008. On 18 July 2008, the Board of Taxation released
its issues paper on the Review of the Legal Framework for the Administration
of the Goods and Services Tax.[25]
Upon completion of the review of the legal framework for
the administration of the GST, the Board submitted its report to the Assistant
Treasurer and Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs in December
2008.[26]
On 12 May 2009, the Government announced its response to
the Board of Taxation's report on its ‘Review of the legal framework of the
administration of the GST’.[27] In that announcement, the Government also made a request that the Board
undertake a further review of the application of the GST to cross-border
transactions and consult widely with stakeholders.[28] On 11 May 2010, the Board submitted its final report on the Review
of the Application of Australia’s GST to Cross Border Transaction.[29] In its review, the Board observed that:
Non-resident businesses can be drawn into Australia’s GST
system because of the ‘invoice-credit‘ mechanism which seeks to tax the valued
added at each stage of the production chain on a transaction by transaction
basis. To ensure that no GST is borne by businesses on their inputs, businesses
are required to register for GST to claim a refund of the GST paid. In order
for non-residents to claim a refund of the GST they have paid, they are
required to register and so are drawn into Australia’s GST regime.[30]
This gives rise to administrative costs for non-residents and
integrity concerns for the ATO, which has limited jurisdictional control over
non-residents. In addition, if non-residents do not register and claim their
input tax credits, there is the potential for GST to be ‘embedded’ in the price
of the supply.[31]
Recommendations in the report included:
• reviewing the application of the GST to cross-border
transactions with a view to simplifying and reducing the number of
non-residents in the system (recommendation 26)
• the Commissioner should consider further streamlining the
proof of identity and proof of enterprise requirements for non-residents in the
circumstances where the risk to revenue is low (recommendation 27)
• a resident entity which acts for a non-resident but falls
short of being an agent under the current provisions should be able to apply
the features of the GST non-resident agency provisions. This may include a
commission agent or a sub-contractor who does things on behalf of the
non-resident. The non-resident and the resident entity would both have to agree
(recommendation 28) and
• non-residents that do not account for their taxable
supplies or importations and their creditable acquisitions or importations
because of the current or expanded agency provisions should no longer have to
register for GST (recommendation 29).[32]
The then Labor Government accepted the Board’s
recommendations as part of the 2010–11 Budget, and announced further changes to
the Board’s recommendations as part of the 2012–13 Budget.
The Government will amend the 2010-11 Budget measure
implementing the recommendations of the Board of Taxation from its Review of
the application of GST to cross-border transactions. This measure is estimated
to have an unquantifiable but small revenue impact and an unquantifiable but
small impact on GST payments to the States and Territories over the forward
estimates period.
The package, originally announced to take effect from 1 July
2012, will now have a date of effect from the first quarterly tax period
following Royal Assent of the enabling legislation. In addition, following
consultation on the design and implementation of the announced measure, the
Government will make a number of other changes including to those proposed for
the supply of goods by non‑residents
and not proceeding with changes relating to the non‑resident agency provisions.
To ensure the integrity of the originally announced measures,
the Government will also clarify and narrow the definition of permanent
establishment for GST purposes.[33]
The specific recommendations accepted by the Labor
Government comprised Numbers 1 to 5, 6, 9 and 12:[34]
Recommendation 1: The GST law should be amended to limit
the application of the connected with Australia provisions for the supplies by
a non-resident of services and intangibles
Supplies of services and intangibles by a non-resident that
are done in Australia should not be connected with Australia if:
• the supply is made to a business that has a presence in
Australia that is registered for GST; and
– the non-resident supplier has no business presence
in Australia; or
– the non-resident supplier has a
business presence in Australia but does not use that business presence in making
the supply.
Recommendation 2: The GST law should be amended to limit
the application of the connected with Australia provisions for the supply of
goods by a non-resident
Supplies of goods by a non-resident should not be connected
with Australia if:
• the supply is made to a business that has a presence in
Australia that is registered for GST; and
– the non-resident supplier has no business presence
in Australia; or
– the non-resident supplier has a
business presence in Australia but does not use that business presence in
making the supply.
Recommendation 3: The GST law should be amended to limit
the application of the connected with Australia provisions for certain supplies
of goods within Australia between non-residents
Supplies of goods that are already in Australia between
non-residents who carry on their enterprise outside Australia would not be
connected with Australia if the non-resident recipient of the supply continues
the underlying lease of those goods to a business that has a presence in Australia
that is registered for GST.
Recommendation 4: The GST law should be amended to expand
the existing compulsory reverse charge provisions to include goods
The existing compulsory reverse charge provision (Division
84) should be broadened to complement changes to the connected with Australia
rules.
Recommendation 5: The GST law should be amended to allow
supplies made to a non-resident but provided to a registered business in
Australia or employee or office holder to be GST-free
A supply of services or intangibles that is made to a
non-resident should be GST-free in circumstances where the supply is provided
to:
• a registered business in Australia;
• an employee or office holder of a registered business in
Australia who is acting in that capacity; or
• an employee or office holder of an unregistered
non-resident business who is acting in that capacity and the acquisition by
that non-resident is for a fully creditable purpose.
Recommendation 6: The GST law should be amended to allow
supplies of warranty services made to a non-resident but provided to an
Australian warranty holder to be GST-free
The Board recommends that the supply of warranty services
(including replacement parts) to an unregistered non-resident warrantor be
GST-free if the goods were:
• supplied under a warranty agreement; and – the goods were
subject to GST either as a taxable supply or a taxable importation; or
– the goods were GST-free or not subject to GST (for
example, low value importations).
…
Recommendation 9: The GST law should be amended to remove
the requirement for non-residents to register if they only make GST-free
supplies
Non-residents making only GST-free supplies should not be
required to register for GST. However, to the extent that the non-resident also
makes other supplies that are not GST-free, then the GST-free supplies should
count towards the GST registration threshold.
…
Recommendation 12: Options for calculating the transport
and insurance cost to include in the value of taxable importations should be
introduced
The Government should allow all GST registered importers to
calculate the transport and insurance costs as the actual amount paid or
payable, or alternatively, use an uplifted percentage or predetermined rates.[35]
The Coalition Government announced that the measures in
the 2012–13 Budget would proceed after further consultations.[36]
The proposed measures announced in Schedule 2 of
this Bill follow the Board’s recommendations set out above.
Amendments contained in Schedule 2 relieve
non-resident suppliers of the obligation to account for GST on certain
supplies. In such cases, where GST would have ultimately been payable on a
supply affected by the changes, the GST obligations will be transferred to
Australian based business recipients that are already registered for GST.
Schedule 3—background
The contribution of the farm economy to the Australian
agriculture sector is estimated to be two to three per cent of Australia’s
gross domestic product (GDP) and 15 per cent of export market.[37] Agriculture underpins
Australia’s largest manufacturing industry—food, beverage and tobacco
processing—which added $25 billion to the economy in 2013–14 (25 per cent of
manufacturing GDP).[38]
It is estimated that there are about 115,000 businesses that
operate as primary production activity and about 14,000 as secondary activity.
Of these, about 99 per cent are fully Australian owned. Around 97 per cent of
farms are classified as small businesses—having annual turnover of less than $2
million.[39]
Overseas buyers are the largest consumers of Australia’s
agricultural production. With about 65 per cent of Australian agricultural
production exported in 2014. The sector employs about 270,000 people with a
further 223,000 in food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing.[40]
‘Advancements in technology have resulted in an overall
decrease of people employed in the sector over time. Farm employment has
declined from 8 per cent of total employment in 1966–67 to just over 2 per cent
in 2013–14. This reflects increased automation and other productivity gains.
This trend is expected to continue. At the same time changing technologies and
markets mean there is a need for a more diverse and highly skilled workforce
with skills across a wide range of disciplines’.[41]
In the White Paper, the need for a flexible taxing
arrangement has been acknowledged.
Over the past four decades, the value of agricultural output
has been almost two and a half times more volatile than the average for all the
major sectors of the Australian economy (AFI 2012). Australian farmers also
experience greater volatility in yield and price than most other farmers in the
world (AFI 2012).[42]
Following the release of the White Paper on 4 July
2015, the government undertook a series of consultations with stakeholders. The
proposed measures in the Bill are the product of those consultations and
feedback.
Currently, primary producers are able to keep deposits in a
reserve account, which usually helps them deal with uneven income between
years. The measures contained in Schedule 3 of this Bill follow the
issues that are part of the deliberation on the above government report. The
identified issues were:
- the
deposit limit in the scheme is restrictive
- the
legislative restrictions preventing FMD accounts being used as a loan offset -
if all FMD holdings are used to offset loans, the benefit to the farm sector in
interest savings could amount to $150 million a year
- primary
producers to opt back into income tax averaging 10 years after they have
elected to exit the scheme in recognition that business circumstances change
over time and
- a
simplified accelerated depreciation regime for fencing to allow primary
producers to deduct immediately the cost of new fencing in the year of purchase
effective 12 May 2015.[43]
Committee
consideration
Senate Standing Committee for the
Scrutiny of the Bills
On 24 February 2016, the Senate Standing Committee for the
Scrutiny of Bills considered the Bill and did not make any comment.[44]
Senate Standing Committee for the Selection
of Bills
On 25 February 2016, the Senate Standing Committee for the
Selection of Bills considered the Bill and identified some issues that were
raised during consultation with sector stakeholders. Accordingly, the Committee
made a proposition:
c. the provisions of the Tax and Superannuation Laws
Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Bill 2016 be referred immediately to the
Economics Legislation Committee for inquiry and report by 10 March 2016.[45]
Senate Economics Legislation
Committee
On 10 March 2016 the Committee produced its inquiry report
and stated that:
The proposed changes in the bill address one the emerging
challenges raised by the growth of the digital economy. The changes proposed in
the bill ensure that Australia's businesses are not at a tax disadvantage
compared with their international competitors. The committee considers that it
is prudent to put in place legislation to ensure the GST base does not
progressively erode over time as more services become digitised.[46]
The Labor Senators noted the Committee Report with an
acknowledgment that there is a possibility of an Australian Taxation Office
review of the laws being required in the event that they do not operate as
intended.
Policy
position of non-government parties/independents
Schedule 1
Labor Senators on the Economics Legislation Committee
broadly support the measures in Schedule 1 though they noted that
submissions to Treasury on the matter have not been made public. They also noted
that difficulties in enforcing the proposed legislation exist, but that
international experience shows that larger entities will voluntarily comply.[47] Labor Senators welcomed the possibility that the ATO will conduct a review of
the laws if they do not operate as intended.[48]
The Labor Party supports the intention of these measures,
though they may propose amendments in the Senate.[49]
The Australian Greens reserved their position until after
the Economics Legislation Committee reported, but noted that the Greens are
opposed to the GST as it is a ‘regressive tax’.[50] Mr Bandt MP stated that ‘… this Netflix tax is a great big new tax on
everything on the internet.’[51] Since the Committee report was released, there have been no further statements from
the Australian Greens.
Schedule 2
At the time of writing of this Bills Digest, there appears
to be no comment or suggestion available on the Schedule 2 from the
opposition or minor parties.
Schedule 3
The Australian Labor Party is in favour of this schedule.
Shadow Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Joel Fitzgibbon,
welcomed the additional enhancements to the FMS scheme and noted that it is
good public policy.[52]
No views were expressed by minor party or independent
Members or Senators on this schedule.
Position of
major interest groups
Schedule 1
Foxtel Corporate Affairs Group Director, Bruce Meagher,
called the move ‘critical’ to ensure a ‘level field’, while Access Digital
Entertainment Chief Executive, Craig White, said the proposed changes were a ‘long
overdue’ reform that would ensure the tax kept up with new consumer trends.[53]
Chris Berg, Senior Fellow with the free market think tank
the Institute of Public Affairs, said in May 2015 ‘the Abbott government's plan
to impose a ‘Netflix Tax' on digital downloads and to lower the GST-free
threshold will add to the already substantial tax burden on Australian
consumers.’[54]
The Australian Retailers Association has strongly
advocated for this measure. Executive Director Russell Zimmerman said in
February 2016:
Mr Morrison’s proposal to close the GST loophole that has
seen international online operators given a leg up over local Australian
players is the final frontier in our fight to maintain a fair an equal business
environment for Australian retailers. The issue of international online
retailers escaping the payment of taxes has been a huge concern for Australian
retailers, and the ARA is overjoyed to see that the Government is finally
taking action. If passed, this legislation will finally offer Aussie companies
a level playing field on intangible items, with the Government committed to
fixing the GST on physical items. This change will have the added benefit of
funnelling around $350 million in extra revenue into our States and
Territories, which can be used to fund crucial services such as teachers,
police, and doctors. We hope to see the quick passing of the laws in Parliament
and the swift implementation of this sensible law.[55]
The Tax Institute in its submission to the 2015 Treasury
inquiry Tax Integrity: Extending GST to Digital Products and Other Services
Imported by Consumers, indicated that it is broadly in favour of these
measures. However, it noted:
It appears that the amendments are intended to bring all
supplies within the scope of the GST except for real property and goods. Such a
broad approach to a core provision increases the risk of unintended
consequences particularly given the compliance and enforcement difficulties
highlighted below. As an alternative, The Tax Institute recommends Treasury
consider a more specific rule limited to supplies of digital products. For
example, Division 85 already operates in this manner with respect to similar
supplies of Telecommunication Services.[56]
The Tax Institute also noted:
We also note our concern that the law as drafted may be
somewhat impractical for the ATO to administer and will place significant cost
burdens on business which will either increase the cost of doing business with
Australia and / or affect inbound commerce. The amendments appear to rely on
non-residents voluntarily complying with the law in the majority of cases. We
are also concerned with the underlying policy of the proposed amendments that
impose legal obligations on non-residents, but do not give the ATO the
mechanisms to enforce those obligations.[57]
Schedule 2
Global insurer Lloyds is broadly in favour of these measures
in their submission to the Senate Committee though they did propose that an
amendment be considered.
The Bill as drafted proposes to ‘turn off’ the current GST
rules in relation to taxable supplies made by a non-resident supplier through a
resident agent to Australian businesses. We would propose an amendment to
maintain the current GST treatment where a non-resident insurer and a resident
agent of the non-resident insurer agree in writing that the supplies should
remain within the scope of Australian GST.[58]
Schedule 3
There is widespread support within the agricultural
industry for the extension of the deposit amount from $400,000 to $800,000.
Organisations such as the National Farmers Federation (NFF), the Tasmanian
Farmers and Graziers Association, the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council and
the WA Grains Group all presented submissions to the Senate Committee
indicating their support.
The Australian Banking Association (ABA) has also
indicated it is broadly in favour of the measures though it has some concerns
around the implementation of the measure that will allow primary producers to
use their FMD to offset any related business loans that they may have. The ABA
indicated that banking products that will allow an FMD to offset loans are
complex and may take some time to develop.[59] This measure may also lead primary producers to make financial decisions (for
example, to transfer their entire FMD balance to the bank holding their
business loan) that are contrary to the 2012 changes introduced to promote
competition in the FMD market.[60]
AgForce, the peak rural group representing the majority of
beef, sheep and wool and grain producers in Queensland also indicated its backing
of the proposed measures.[61] AgForce did however have some concerns related to the new measure, which will
allow primary producers to make early withdrawals in the event of severe
drought. While AgForce welcome this measure it has concerns about the method
used to record rainfall and the six month timeframe which will be particularly
problematic in the north where seasonal variations in rainfall are so
significant.[62] AgForce would also like to see the scheme made available to other entities such
as companies and trusts rather than just individuals.[63] The NFF indicated the same view in their Senate Committee submission.[64]
There is also broad support for these measures from
Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand (CAANZ).[65] Its submission to Treasury noted similar concerns to AgForce in that it would
also like to see these measures extended to entities rather than just
individuals and the six month timeframe is also seen as problematic in the
north.[66] CAANZ also recommended that the early access provision be extended beyond
severe drought to other disaster events such as bushfire or flooding.[67]
As with other industry bodies, Grain Growers—the industry
body for grain farmers—welcomed the measures in this Bill.[68] However, it shares the concerns of other bodies that the six months timeframe
for determining severe drought conditions in order to get an early release of
FMDs is problematic.[69] Grain Growers also believe that primary producers are increasingly moving away
from the traditional sole trader or partnership structures into company or
trust structures for their businesses so would also like to see the scheme
extended beyond its current form.[70]
Financial
implications
Schedule 1
Financial impact: The measure is estimated
to result in a gain to GST revenue
of $350 million over the forward estimates period:
Table 2 Financial impact of extending GST to imported
digital products and services, $m
2015–16 |
2016–17 |
2017–18 |
2018–19 |
- |
- |
$150 |
$200 |
(-) nil
Source: Explanatory Memorandum, Tax and Superannuation Laws Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Bill 2016, p.
4.
Schedule 2
Financial impact: The measure is estimated
to have an unquantifiable impact on GST revenue over the forward estimates period:
Table 3 Financial impact of extending GST to imported digital
products and services, $m
2015–16 |
2016–17 |
2017–18 |
2018–19 |
- |
* |
* |
* |
(-) nil
(*)
unquantifiable
Source: Explanatory Memorandum, Tax and Superannuation Laws Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Bill 2016,
p. 6.
Schedule 3
The impact of the measures on revenue over the forward
estimates period is estimated to be negative (-) $10 million.
Table 4 The cost to revenue measures under different
scenarios, $m
Scenario |
2015–16 |
2016–17 |
2017–18 |
2018–19 |
Revising the cap |
- |
- |
-10 |
-10 |
Loan offsets |
- |
- |
5 |
5 |
Early access |
- |
.. |
.. |
.. |
(-)
nil, and (..) not zero, but rounded to zero
Source: Explanatory Memorandum, Tax and Superannuation Laws Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Bill 2016, p.
7.
Statement
of Compatibility with Human Rights
As required under Part 3 of the Human Rights
(Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 (Cth), the Government has assessed the compatibility
of the Bill against with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared
in the international instruments listed in section 3 of that Act. The
Government considers that the Bill is compatible.[71]
Key issues
and provisions
Overview of the changes proposed by
Schedule 1
The present Bill amends section 9-25 of the GST
Act[72] in order to make supply of goods and services connected with the ’indirect tax
zone’ ITZ[73] (broadly, supplies made or done in Australia or made to Australia, excluding
those geographic areas where the GST does not apply—principally the external
territories) taxable for GST purposes, unless the supply is GST free or input
taxed.[74]
Meaning of ‘Australia’
in tax codes
Currently, for income tax purposes, under the
provisions of Section 960–505 of the ITAA 1997,[75] the term ‘Australia’
includes the states and territories, all of Australia’s external territories, with
territorial waters and Australia’s exclusive economic zone. ‘Australia’ also
includes the airspace above and the seabed and subsoil beneath Australia’s
waters.[76]
The term ‘Australia’ in the GST Act does
not include any external territory. However, it includes an installation
(within the meaning of the Customs Act 1901) that is deemed by section
5C of the Customs Act 1901 to be part of Australia.[77]
Schedule 1 refers
to the ITZ. The difference in the meaning of ‘Australia’ between income tax law
and GST law exists, as the application of goods and services tax does not
include Australia’s external territories and certain offshore areas (where, for
example, income tax may operate).[78] Therefore, the proposed term ‘ITZ’ makes it clear the difference in application
of GST to income tax.
For GST purposes, the ‘indirect tax zone’
means ‘Australia’ (as defined for income tax) but excludes:
- the external territories
- an offshore area for the purposes of the Offshore Petroleum and
Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006
- the Joint Petroleum Development Area and
- other than installations covered by s 5C of the Customs Act 1901 (that is such installations are included in the definition of indirect tax
zone): section 195-1 of the GST Act.[79]
Registration and
remittance rules
The proposed changes would permit the making
of regulations to provide for a modified GST registration and remittance
scheme.[80] If a foreign supplier of digital services has established an Australian
operator (for example, IINet/Netflix for the Netflix global company) of an
electronic distribution platform (EDP), the operator will be registered for GST
purposes. However, entities that make at least one inbound intangible consumer
supply will have the option to elect to have limited registration for GST. They
will not then be able to access input tax credits (ITC) or to receive an
Australian Business Number.[81]
In certain circumstances, the proposed
amendments will provide that responsibility for GST liability is shifted from
the supplier to an EDP operator. This would happen in certain circumstances
where the EDP operator controls any of the key elements of the supply such as
delivery, charging or terms and conditions.[82] Shifting responsibility for GST liability to operators is aimed at minimising
compliance costs. EDP operators are however, expected to be generally better
placed to comply and ensure that digital goods and services sourced in a
similar manner are taxed in a similar way.[83] This choice will have effect
for all of the financial year:
An entity that has elected to apply limited
registration cannot make creditable acquisitions in that financial year. This
means that the entity will not be entitled to input tax credits for these
acquisitions.[84]
Supplies subject to
the new measures
The measures proposed by the Schedule 1 of
the Bill are aimed at overcoming a competitive disadvantage for domestic
suppliers of certain digital products or services. For example, Netflix—the
global movie streaming company—provides online entertainment material from
outside Australia and does not charge GST, while local competitors all charge
GST. As noted by one commentator, the changes proposed by the Bill:
…will result in supplies of digital products,
such as streaming or downloading of movies, music, apps, games,
e-books, as well as other services such as consultancy and professional
services, receiving similar GST treatment whether they are supplied by a local
or foreign supplier.[85]
The Government has also noted:
The key point is that the overseas supplier is [under
the existing system] generally unregistered (nor is required to be registered).
The supply which is received by an Australian consumer is not connected with
Australia (as the term is currently defined). Accordingly, any supply that an
overseas supplier makes to an Australian customer does not qualify as a taxable
supply. This means that there is no requirement for the overseas supplier to
charge GST, even though the supply is received and enjoyed by an entity in
Australia.[86]
Proposed changes will
only apply in relation to ‘Australian consumers’
The proposed extension of the GST to
intangible supplies (such as digital downloads) will only apply on such supplies
where the recipient of supply:
- is an Australian resident (but not solely because they are a resident
of one of Australia’s external territories)
- is not registered for GST and
- if registered for GST, the recipient does not make the acquisition to
any extent for the purpose of an enterprise they carry on (that is not for a
creditable purpose).[87]
In other words, the financial burden of the
extension of the GST to intangible supplies will generally be borne by
individuals, not businesses. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has proactively
worked with affected suppliers to develop an agreed understanding of what the
reasonable steps should be taken to determine if a person or entity is an
Australian consumer, in a range of situations.[88]
International reform measures
The measure will result in Australia being an
early adopter of guidelines for business-to-consumer supplies of digital
products and services currently being developed by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as part of the OECD/G20 base
erosion and profit shifting project, Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy.[89]
The above report from OECD/G20 noted that the
evolution of:
…technology has dramatically increased the
ability of private consumers to shop online and the ability of businesses to
sell to consumers around the world without the need to be present physically or
otherwise in the consumer’s country.[90]
The OECD and G20 further noted that ‘this
often results in no GST being levied at all on these flows, with adverse
effects on countries’ GST revenues and on the level playing field between local
and foreign vendors’.[91]
However, many countries have already acted to
tax offshore digital supplies to their consumers, including the member states
of the European Union (EU).
At the start of 2015, the EU started to
overhaul its consumption / value added tax (VAT) regimes to extend it to
providers of broadcasting and electronic services based on the location of
their customers, not where the companies set up their head offices.[92] Digital downloads and services sold to European retail consumers are taxed at
VAT rates of up to 27 per cent, making the digital retail economy a significant
source of tax revenue.[93] The amendments in Australian law are broadly modelled on similar rules
currently in operation in the EU and Norway.[94]
Detailed analysis: Schedule 1
Unless otherwise stated, the proposed amendments relate to the GST Act.
Applying the GST to intangible
supplies to Australian consumers
Item 3 of Schedule 1 inserts proposed
subsection 9-25(7) to the GST Act by introducing the meaning
of ‘Australian consumer’ relevant to the amended rules. The entities will be
treated as consumers, provided they are Australian residents and are either not
registered, or if registered for GST purposes, they do not acquire the supply
of digital goods and services for the purpose of carrying on an enterprise. As
noted previously, this definition effectively ensures that GST on intangible
products (such as digital downloads) will generally only be paid by individuals,
and not businesses.
Item 1 of Schedule 1 inserts proposed subsection
9-25(5)(d) to the GST Act in order to extend the scope
of the GST to supplies of services and intangibles made by any supplier to an ‘Australian
consumer’. The changes will affect supplies from overseas that include the
streaming or downloading of movies, music, apps, games, e-books and other
digital products as well as other consultancy and professional services. This
will result in a level playing field for domestic suppliers of such services
against their international competitors.
Ability of the Treasurer to
determine the taxation status of certain intangible consumer supplies
Item 4 and Item 5 introduce proposed
subdivision 38-T and proposed subdivision 40-G to the GST Act respectively, outlining the context in which inbound intangible consumer
supplies in Australia can be treated as ‘GST-free’ or ‘input taxed’. The
situation may arise due to Australia’s international trade law obligations,
under which, and on the advice of the Foreign Minister, the Treasurer can
exercise power through legislative determination to treat certain supplies
‘GST-free’ or ‘input-taxed’, and make the comparable domestic supplies receive
the same treatment. Such determination will however be subject to parliamentary
scrutiny.
Exemption for non-residents suppliers to issue tax
invoices or adjustment notes
Item 6 inserts proposed subdivisions 84-B, 84-C and 84-D into the GST Act, the effect of which would be to provide that
non-resident suppliers are not required to issue ‘tax invoices’ for taxable
supplies, or to issue ‘adjustment notes’, despite sections 29-70 and 29-75 of
the GST Act that require domestic suppliers to do so.
When are EDP operators suppliers
for GST?
Proposed subdivisions 84-B, 84-C and 84-D also
outline how and when an EDP operator will be treated as a supplier, and include
references to certain other supplies through an EDP as being taxable supplies.
The proposed subdivisions 84-B, 84-C and 84-D also contain
provisions that related to the new definition of ‘Australian consumers’ and
define ‘inbound intangible consumer supplies’ and ‘electronic distribution
platform’.[95] Lastly, the provisions spell out how and when non-resident suppliers may elect
to be limited registration entities. According to the proposed measure, limited
registration entities are not entitled to input tax credits for acquisitions,
and must have quarterly tax periods.[96]
Item 6 also inserts proposed section 84-55 to
make an EDP operator liable to pay any GST arising from the supply of an
inbound intangible consumer supply; that is software, a service such a
participation in a gambling enterprise or a social media site, or supply of
media, such as a downloaded movie of similar; but only where they have full
control over the transaction. Where the operator of the platform does not have
full control over the transaction, the GST liability rests with the supplier.[97]
Under the current provisions of GST law, entities are
required to register if their annual turnover is $75,000 or more ($150,000 for
non-profit entities). However, the present turnover threshold does not include
the supplies of rights or options to acquire another taxable supply.[98]
Items 7 and Item 8 alter that position by
amending paragraphs 188-15(3)(b) and 188-20(3)(b) of the GST Act respectively
to provide that supplies of a right or option to an Australian consumer is
included in the GST turnover of an entity, provided the underlying supply is
not supply of goods or real property and the supply is not GST-free. In
addition, Schedule 2 contains further related changes. These are
discussed below under the heading ‘Changes to the GST
registration threshold’.
Changes to the ‘reverse charge’
rules
Existing GST laws allow the ‘reverse charge rules’ to be
applied for domestic supplies when a taxable supply and the recipient, not the
supplier, is liable for GST. The situation arises when the supply is made to a
recipient, which is registered for GST purposes, yet acquires the supply for
wholly private purposes. To ward off such complexity in appropriately identifying
such an Australian consumer, the suppliers may construe that the recipient is
not an Australian consumer, and thus may consider not paying the GST.
Items 23 and 24 insert proposed subparagraph
84-5(1)(ba) and subsections 84-5(1)(A) (B) and (C). Those
provision extend the ‘reverse charge rules’ to supplies from overseas to the
extent that the supply of intangible goods and services is only connected to
the ITZ because it is supplied to an Australian consumer, subject to the
conditions that the law is applicable to the supplier as if the recipient is
not an Australian consumer (on the basis that the consumption is of a private
nature), and the supplier obtained the ABN and a declaration of other
information from the recipient indicating they are registered for GST purposes.
Gambling supplies made by
non-residents
Item 26 inserts proposed section 126-27 to the GST Act outlining when a gambling supply will be treated as connected
with the ITZ. The amendment provides that the gambling supplies are connected
to ITZ if they are made to an Australian resident (but not an entity that is an
Australian resident solely because they are a resident of the external
territories). This will ensure that gambling supplies provided to Australian
consumers by non-residents are effectively brought into the GST tax system.
Commencement
Item 38 and Item 39 make provisions for the
application of the changes contained in Schedule 1 of this Bill to take effect
from 1 July 2017 in most cases.
Other changes
Item 27 and Item 28 insert proposed subsections
153-55(4A) and 153-60(3A) into the GST Act in order to clarify the
situation when supplies between principals and intermediaries to which
Subdivision 153-B could also apply. Currently there might arise a potential
liability for both such suppliers to pay GST on a supply, creating a conflict.
The proposed amendment will prevent such situation arising, by
allowing the GST to be payable to the extent that a supply is the subject of an
agreement to which these provisions apply therefore excluding the application
of the subdivision to such supplies.
Item 37 amends paragraph 284-75(4)(b) of the TAA
1953 to allow the Commissioner to address misrepresentations about an
entity’s status as an Australian consumer by broadening the existing penalty
regime for making false or misleading statements by a recipient of supply.
Overview of the changes proposed by
Schedule 2
The application of the GST rule on cross border supplies
in Australia is based on the concept of destination principle. According to
this rule, the GST is only applicable when the cross-border supplies are consumed
in Australia’s ITZ. Additional principles of the GST regime are:
- provided
consumption takes place in Australia, and irrespective of the source of supply,
tax is paid by the final consumers of the supply and
- relief
from taxation is provided for business to business transactions.
GST relief for business to business
transactions
Relief from GST for business to business transactions is
normally achieved by:
- imposing
tax on supplies made by entities registered for GST but
- allowing
those entities to offset the GST they are liable to pay on supplies they make
against input tax credits for the GST that was included in the price they paid
for their business inputs.
In order to follow the prescribed conditions under the GST
Act, non-resident entities providing supplies to ITZ, have to fulfil the
conditions:
- getting
registered for GST or required to be registered
- the
supply must be connected to ITZ and
- the
supply must not be GST-free or input taxed.[99]
Current test for
carrying on an enterprise in the ITZ
The existing test is based on the income tax definition of
permanent establishment. A permanent establishment means ‘a place at or through
which a person carries on any business’ and includes a factory office, farm,
mine or market.[100] It also includes:
- a
place where the suppliers is carrying on a business through an agent
- a
place where the supplier has or is using or installing substantial equipment or
machinery
- a
place where the supplier is engaged in a construction project or where goods
sold by the supplier are manufactured, assembled, processed, packed or
disturbed to a related party.[101]
Proposed changes to the test for carrying on an enterprise in the ITZ
The new test in the proposed amendment through the Item
3 of Schedule 2 will be more closely aligned with Australia’s modern
treaty practice in relation to permanent establishments.[102] This means an enterprise will be considered to be carrying on business in the ITZ
through a fixed place, or through one or more places for more than 183 days in
a 12 month period.[103]
As noted previously under the heading ‘Changes to how turnover thresholds are calculated’, entities are required to
register if their annual turnover is $75,000 or more ($150,000 for non-profit
entities). However, the present turnover threshold does not include the
supplies of rights or options to acquire another taxable supply.[104] Further, currently, if the projected or current turnover is greater than the
registration turnover threshold, non-resident suppliers are required to
register for GST. In order to arrive at the threshold, the value of supplies (even
if those supplies are GST-free) that are connected with Australia are included to
arrive at the threshold. As noted by the Government, this means:
… non-resident suppliers that only make GST-free supplies but
have a turnover that is greater than the turnover threshold, are required to
register for GST – despite having no GST liability.[105]
The measures contained in the Bill will provide that
GST-free supplies made by a non-resident supplier are not counted towards these
turnover tests, provided the supplies are not made through an enterprise the
non-resident carries on in Australia.[106]
Scope of ‘connected
with the ITZ’
Currently, the provisions include a broader definition of ‘connected
with the ITZ’. In particular, the compulsory reverse charge provisions under
Division 84 of the GST Act have limited application due to this broader
definition. In addition, non-resident suppliers are generally responsible for
GST payable on supplies of intangibles that are done in the ITZ.[107]
With the proposed amendments, ‘connection with the ITZ’
will have limited application for business to business transactions. As a
result, the compulsory reverse charge provisions will be available to a greater
number of supplies. Furthermore, only GST registered entities are responsible
for any GST on supplies on intangibles that are done in the ITZ that are made
to them by non-resident suppliers.[108]
Value of taxable
importations
In order to reduce compliance costs, importers who are
registered for GST, are to be provided with an alternative option to calculate
their transport, insurance and ancillary costs for importations. These changes
will mean that GST-registered importers are not required to identify the exact
amount paid or payable for the following costs, for the purpose of calculating
the value of their taxable importations:
- international
transport of the imported goods to their place of consignment in Australia
- insurance
costs for that transport and
- any
costs for loading or handling during the international transport or service
costs for facilitating that transport.
Instead, the GST-registered importer may use a percentage
of the customs value of the imported goods as a proxy for these costs when
calculating the value of their taxable importation. This percentage is
currently ten per cent but may be varied by regulation.[109]
Supplies of installed
or assembled goods not connected with the ITZ
Under the existing provisions of GST law, a supply of goods
is connected with the ITZ if the supplier either imports the goods into the
ITZ, or installs or assembles the goods there. The calculation of the amount of
GST thus depends on the value of such supplies, and thus embeds the value of the
goods supplied into those assembled or installed.[110]
Importers of such supplies pay GST on a taxable
importation, which means that goods are imported into the ITZ ‘entered for home
consumption’. ‘Entry for home consumption’ is a customs-clearance certificate
that says that the goods passed out of customs’ control. Accordingly, the
amount of GST payable on a taxable importation is ten per cent of the value of
the imported goods, a concept calculated by reference to the customs value of
the goods. The value does not include any assembly or installation services.[111]
The issue of liability for GST on taxable importation is
separate to that of any liability imposed on the supplier because of goods
connected with the ITZ. Where a supplier imports goods into the ITZ, they are
obliged to account for both GST liabilities (for importation and supply). Where
the supplier is not responsible for importation, they are not liable for GST
for importation, but if the supplier is responsible for installation or
assembles of goods, they are obliged to pay GST on supply only. In most cases,
supplies of imported goods to business recipients involve assemble, or
installation service and are fully creditable acquisitions. In such situations,
the recipient is fully entitled to receive back input tax credits (ITCs) for
the GST on both supply and importation.[112]
The amendments to subsections 9-25(3) and 9-25(6) aim to ensure
that a supply of goods brought into Australia will not be connected with
Australia if the supplier installs or assembles, but does not import the goods.
The measures will relieve suppliers of their obligations to account for GST.
Where goods brought into the ITZ are not imported by the supplier, the amount
of GST is collected solely through importation rules.[113]
Reverse charge rules
for supplier for no consideration
There are certain supplies that are made for
no-consideration between suppliers and their associates. Under the existing
provisions (section 75-2 of the GST Act), a supply without consideration
between associates is a taxable supply despite other provisions elsewhere in
the GST Act. The issue obtains significance when one considers that the
existing rule does not explicitly remove the need for consideration to be
provided for a supply to be a taxable supply through the reverse charge rules
in Division 84 of the GST Act.[114]
The measures proposed by items 6 to 8 of Schedule
2 will ensure that a supply between associates which meets the other
requirements of Division 84 will still be a taxable supply in the absence of
consideration.[115]
Detailed analysis: Schedule 2
Exclusion of goods installed or
assembled from being connected to the ITZ
Under the current provisions of Section 9–25 of the GST
Act, a supply of goods brought into the ITZ, continues to be connected to
the ITZ if the supplier either:
- imports
the goods into the ITZ or installs or
- assembles
the goods in the ITZ.[116]
Under the proposed changes, the importation limb of the
existing test ‘connected to Australia’ is retained, but a supply will no longer
be considered connected with ITZ if the supplier just installs or assembles
goods, but does not import the goods into the ITZ. Item 1 of Schedule
2 amends subsection 9-25(3) of the GST Act in order to reduce the
scope of supplies by discarding the rule that connects a supply of goods that
are brought into the ITZ and installed or assembled by the supplier to the
installer or assembler.
Removing costs associated with
installation and assembling services from the price of supply of goods
Item 2 of Schedule 2 amends subsection 9-25(6)
and item 4 inserts proposed subsection 9-75(4) to the GST Act to alter the treatment of the supply of goods by non-residents (except ‘luxury
cars’) to the ITZ. ‘Where imported goods are not imported by the supplier (for
example, because they are imported by the recipient), but the supplier installs
or assembles the goods in the ITZ, the supplier is only required to pay GST on
the supply’.[117] Accordingly, no amount of GST is included in the price of supply of such
installed or assembled goods. This is because the supplier (rather than importer)
does not have to pay GST on the goods component of the supply or include it in
determining if they are required to register for GST as that supply is no
longer connected with the ITZ.
Clarifying when supplies by
non-residents are not connected with the ITZ
Item 3 of Schedule 2 inserts proposed
section 9-26 to the GST Act with a purpose to clarify when and what
kind of supplies by non-residents will be treated as not connected with the ITZ,
and therefore potentially no longer taxable in the hands of the supplier.[118] Inbound intangible supplies, or intangible supplies between non-residents or
supplies between non-residents of leased goods, will come into the orbit of the
proposed changes. The provision in this section will override the applicability
of section 9-25 (which is about when supplies are connected with the ITZ) and
section 85-5 (which is about telecommunications supply).
Clarifying the positions of agents
Item 3 also inserts proposed section 9-27 in
order to spell out the meaning of ‘carrying on business’ by non-residents in
the ITZ. Proposed section 9-27 provides that an enterprise carried on,
or plans to carry on a business, by one or more individuals (either solely or
through employees or officers) who are in the ITZ, doing business from one or
more fixed places for more than 183 days in a 12 month period, will be treated
as carrying on business in the ITZ. Commission agents or other agents of
independent status, however, will not be treated as a business entity that is
carrying on business in the ITZ.
The terms ‘employee’ and ‘agent’ are not defined in the GST
law and take their ordinary meaning. This means that under the revised test,
only agents that have, and habitually exercise, authority to conclude contracts
on behalf of the entity, but are not a broker, general commission or
independent agent, will be deemed to be carrying out an enterprise. The
Government notes:
This approach is consistent with the type of agents that are
relevant in determining whether an entity has a permanent establishment under
the current law, and in the permanent establishment articles in Australia’s tax
treaties … As such, the analysis of whether an agent causes a non-resident to
carry on an enterprise in the ITZ focusses on the authority of an agent, and
their exercise of that authority, to conclude contracts on the non-resident’s
behalf.[119]
Changes to resident agent
provisions
The current resident agent rules are designed to make
Australian agents (discussed above) liable for the GST on supplies that are made
through them by non-residents, on the basis that they are better placed to deal
with any GST liability than a non-resident without presence in Australia.[120]
Item 5 of Schedule 2 introduces proposed subsection
57-5(3) to the GST Act to amend the resident agent provisions. Under
the current law, if a non-resident supplier makes a supply to an Australian
consumer through a resident agent, the agent is liable to collect and remit the
GST to the ATO. In case of ‘reverse charge’, however, the resident agent rule
does not appropriately interact. The reason is that the GST on a supply that is
reverse charged is payable by the recipient of a supply (rather than the
supplier). However, in cases of supply, the resident agent rule makes the
resident agent liable for GST. The proposed change will prevent this double
taxation. In the new system, the resident agent would not be liable if the
non-resident would not have been liable to pay GST. For supplies not connected
with the ITZ, resident provisions will also no longer apply. In such
circumstances, because of reverse charge rules under the provision of Division
84 of the GST Act, the supply may be a taxable supply, and the
recipient, not the agent, will be liable to pay the GST.
Changes to taxation of supplies
made for no consideration between associates
Item 6 of Schedule 2 amends subsection 72-5(2)
of the GST Act, in order to clarify the treatment of supplies that are
made between business associates for no or insufficient consideration. Under
the existing provision, a supply without consideration between associates is
not automatically reverse charged. At present, section 72-5 implies that a
supply without consideration that is made between associates can still be a
taxable supply. However, the existing rule does not automatically remove the
need for consideration to be provided for a supply through the reverse charge
rules in Division 84. The proposed changes provide that a supply can be treated
as a taxable supply that is reverse charged to the recipient if it is acquired
from a supplier that is an associate and no consideration is provided for the
supply.
Changes to how price is determined
in no-consideration transactions
Currently sections 72-10 and 72-70 provide that where no
consideration is provided for supplies, the value of the supply is taken to the
GST exclusive market value of the supply.
Item 7 and Item 8 of Schedule 2 insert proposed
subsections 72-10(3) and 72-70(4) to the GST Act, introducing
new price setting rules that are applicable to supplies for no consideration,
or to supplies for insufficient consideration. The rules are relevant to
supplies for which the supplier is liable to GST. Because Division 84 relies on
price of a supply, the value thus decided in Division 72 is not appropriate for
supplies that are reverse charged to a recipient. The amendment relates
particularly to these rules in Division 72 that set the values of supplies for
no consideration and insufficient consideration that do not apply to taxable
supplies because of Division 84.
The effect of items 7 and 8 is to exclude the
operation of sections 72-10 and 72-70 in relation to certain offshore supplies
other than goods or real property (that is, intangible supplies).
Changes to goods or services
initially acquired solely for a creditable purpose
Item 9 of Schedule 2 amends paragraph
84-5(1)(c) in order to make provisions in Division 84 also applicable to
a recipient that initially acquired a goods or services solely for creditable
purpose. The changes will split the enterprise and creditable purpose
requirements into two separate provisions so they apply independently, with no
impact on the overall application of Division 84. The changes will also
apply to extend the GST free rules to reduce GST embedded supplies made to
non-residents. This will obviate the need for non-residents to register for GST
in order to claim ITCs.[121]
Division 84 also provides rules for determining the
amount of ITCs for a creditable acquisition that relates to taxable supplies
that are reverse charged to the recipient. These rules are contained in section
84-13, which sets out a formula for determining the amount of ITCs to which a
recipient is entitled. This formula has three components—the amount of the
‘full ITC’, the ‘extent of creditable purpose’, and the ‘extent of
consideration’.[122]
Item 10 amends the definition of ‘extent of
consideration’ in subsection 84-13(1) of the GST Act to allow the
associate of the suppliers, based in the ITZ who receives supplies without any
consideration, to be acknowledged by their ‘extent of consideration’ through
the operation of the ITC formula in the subsection 84‑13(1)(b). The extent
of consideration is intrinsically the extent to which the recipient provided,
or was liable to provide, consideration (value) for an acquisition. Usually,
the recipient of has an ‘extent of consideration’ nil, when the supply is for
no consideration.
‘Although this does not present any issues for supplies that
are not taxable supplies (because no GST is paid on those supplies and the ITC
rules only apply to taxable supplies), the extent of consideration calculation
does not achieve the correct outcome for supplies for no consideration between
associates that are taxable supplies because of these amendments’.
To address this, the ‘extent of consideration’ component of
the ITC formula in subsection 84-13(2) is 100 per cent if the recipient of a
supply is the supplier’s associate, and the supply is without consideration. This
approach means that the extent of consideration determines the proportion of
full ITCs to which a recipient is entitled. Treating the extent of
consideration as 100 per cent is appropriate because the recipient is
responsible for the entire amount of the GST liability that arises as a result
of these amendments.[123]
Changes to order of precedence
regarding ITC calculations
Item 11 of Schedule 2 brings a consequential amendment
through subsection 84-13(2) in order to clarify that the rules contained in
Division 84 will take precedence over the rules contained in Division 72 that
specifies the ITC calculation. This is because the ‘extent of consideration’ is
based on the premise that ‘full ITC’ component of the formula sets the maximum
amount of ITCs to which a recipient is entitled. In a reverse charge situation,
the amount is determined through the formula contained in section 84-13.
Division 72 is limited on the applicability of such provisions, hence the
proposed changes.[124]
Item 12 of Schedule 2 inserts proposed
sections 84-20, 84-25 and 84-30, making consequential amendments respectively
by treating the price of taxable supply as the GST inclusive market value of
supply; acknowledging the supply without consideration received from a
recipient’s associate as a taxable supply; and making adjustments for
acquisitions made solely for creditable purposes when the provisions under
paragraph 84-5(1) are disregarded.
The determination of tax periods for taxable supply has also
been part of Division 29 and Division 72 of the GST Act. Division 29
contains general rules that use the time from which consideration for a supply
is provided to determine the tax period to which GST on a supply and the ITCs
on the acquisition of the supply are attributable. Where a taxable supply is
for no consideration, there are issues with determining the tax period to which
the GST payable on the supply is attributable (similar issues arise for the ITCs
on the acquisition).[125]
Under Division 72 rules for determining tax periods for the
GST on taxable supplies for no consideration (and the ITCs on the acquisition
of such supplies) are specified, focusing on when a supply first became
connected with the ITZ. Because of this focus on a supply being connected with
the ITZ, there are issues with applying the Division 72 rules to supplies that
are reverse charged through Division 84 that are not connected with the ITZ.
The specific tax period rule introduced by these amendments addresses the
current uncertainty about the tax period to which GST on a taxable supply that
is reverse charged is attributable.[126]
To avoid ambiguity about which rules apply in determining
the tax period to which GST and ITCs are attributable where they arise because
of Division 84, the amendments introduce rules that prioritise the application
of Division 84 over Division 29 and Division 72.
Preserving GST-free treatment of
certain supplies to non-residents outside the ITZ
Item 19 of Schedule 2 inserts proposed
subsection 38-190(3)(c) in order to preserve the GST-free treatment of
supplies to non-residents outside the ITZ where the non-resident recipient of
such supply is not registered for GST, and the recipient’s acquisition of the
goods or services is both solely for a creditable purpose and is not a
non-deductible expense.
Preserving GST-free treatment of services provided under
warranties
Item 20 adds proposed section 38-191 at the
end of Subdivision 38-E of the GST Act. It will preserve the GST-free
treatment of services provided to repair goods or services under warranty. It
does so by providing that any supply that is other than goods or real property,
to a non-resident, is GST-free if the recipient is not in the ITZ, and the
supplies comprise work in the nature of repairs, or in the form of warranty. The
provisions of supply of damaged goods, and made in the course of a supply to
the same recipient will also be treated as GST-free.[127]
Changes to GST threshold test
Item 21 of Schedule 2 inserts proposed
subsections 188-15(3)(d) and 188-20(3)(d) to the GST Act to ensure
that GST-free supplies made by a non-resident supplier, and not made through an
enterprise in the ITZ, are not counted towards GST turnover tests for
registration purposes (see also the discussion under the headings ‘Changes to how turnover thresholds are calculated’ and ‘Changes to the GST registration threshold’, above).
Alternate methods for calculating
ancillary importation costs
Item 22 of Schedule 2 adds proposed subsections
13-20(4) and (5) to the GST Act to help reduce the compliance costs for
GST registered importers by providing an alternative option to calculate their
transport, insurance and ancillary costs for importations. It does this by
allowing them instead to use a percentage of the customs value of the imported
goods as a proxy for these costs when calculating the value of their taxable
importation. This percentage is currently ten per cent but may be set at a
different percentage if prescribed by regulation.[128]
Detailed analysis—Schedule 3
The current FMD regime
Currently the scheme allows a maximum amount of $400,000 that
can be held by any individual primary producer in the scheme at any time.
Income so deposited is tax deductible in the year the deposit is made, and
included in assessable income in the year it is withdrawn.[129]
The treatment of withdrawal varies by time limits: an amount
withdrawn from the scheme is generally treated as never entered into the scheme
if it is withdrawn within 12 months of its deposit. As such, the taxpayer is
required to amend the previous year’s income tax assessment to remove the deduction
claimed for the amount of deposit.
The current feature does not include rainfall conditions as
one of the factors to be taken into account for scheme operations.
Moreover, the deposit scheme is not allowed to be used as a
loan offset arrangement for the taxpayer. If used for such a purpose, the
scheme is not treated as a deposit scheme.
The proposed changes
Deposit amount limit extended
The proposed measures in Schedule 3 of the Bill will
enable primary producers to keep a maximum of $800,000 at any given time in the
FMD scheme. With the inclusion rainfall deficiency as a new feature of the
scheme, any amount withdrawn within 12 months of the deposit will not
necessarily be treated as ceasing the facility if part of the land under
primary production meets the prescribed rainfall conditions for the prescribed
period.
Early withdrawal from deposit
scheme due to rainfall deficiency
The deficiency of rainfall conditions must exist for at
least six consecutive months, and the taxpayer has to demonstrate that their
land experienced such deficiency equivalent to or worse (or lower) than five
percent of average rainfall for that six month period (default rainfall period)
based on the recent data from the Bureau of Meteorology at the time of
withdrawal.[130]
However, there may be further flexibility in determining the
default rainfall period and alternative conditions under the regulations.[131]
Loan offset arrangements
Schedule 3 amends the conditions behind the agreement
between a primary producer and a financial institution, in which, the taxpayer
(an individual or a partner of a partnership carrying on primary production) can
use the FMD to offset against loans or other debts. However, there is an
administrative penalty that will apply if the loan or other debts do not relate
wholly to a primary production business. In the latter case, if the loan is
partly to a primary production business and partly to another purpose, then the
administrative penalty will apply in respect of the proportion of the loan
relating to the other purpose or activity. The measure is expected to provide
financial institutions a level of certainty to allow them to enter into
qualifying loan offset arrangements with their primary producer clients. This
measure will also allow capital held in FMDs to be used more flexibly and will
help primary producers to reduce costs in their business.
This concession is however not available to loans held by
companies, trusts or a person who is not an FMD owner.
Structure of ownership of FMD
scheme qualifying for early withdrawal
A number of business structures are used for the operation
of primary production businesses. These include, individual entrepreneurship,
partnership (with the owner being a partner), or through a trust, with the
owner being either a beneficiary, presently entitled to some or all of the net
income of the trust, or a unit holder in a fixed trust under section 393-25 of ITAA
1997.[132]
Early access to the FMD is limited to the above groups of
businesses. Moreover, only certain classes of cultivators are allowed to access
this facility. They include those businesses that propagate plants, fungi, or
their products or parts; maintain animals for sale or the sale of their body
parts or offspring; primary produce dairy products from raw materials produced
by the primary producer; and plant and trees in a plantation or forest for
logging.[133]
By contrast, early access to FMDs is not allowed to an FMD
owner that only carries on commercial fishing, felling of trees, or
transporting trees that the transporter logged for milling or processing or to
a place for transport to a mill or processing plant.[134]
Inclusion of severe drought and
rainfall conditions in the FMD scheme
Item 1 of Schedule 3 amends section 393-1 of
the ITAA 1997 by omitting ‘in exceptional circumstances or in the event
of’ and replacing it with ‘in the event of a severe drought’. This will bring
the rainfall conditions to be part of the scheme so that primary producers can
withdraw their deposits in the scheme on the basis of drought conditions within
a prescribed period.
Item 2 of Schedule 3 inserts proposed
paragraph 393-15(2)(c)(ca) in order to reflect changes in the scheme
according to new drought conditions specified elsewhere. Item 12 of Schedule
3 inserts proposed subsection 393-40(3) to the ITAA 1997 devising the mechanism for repayment of whole or part of a farm management
deposit in the event of severe drought.
Inclusion of offset loan
arrangements in the FMD scheme
Item 3 inserts proposed section 393-17 at
the end of Subdivision 393-A which spells out the meaning of the tax
consequences of liabilities reducing because of farm management deposits
through loan offset arrangements. Where the owner of a FMD or a partnership of
which the owner is a partner, incurs an amount of interest payable that falls
short of what they otherwise would be because the owner holds FMD, then any
income comprising the shortfall will be treated as being neither assessable nor
exempt income. The amendments also clarify that any corresponding deduction is
limited to the actual amount charged.
Raising the FMD deposit limit
Item 8 of Schedule 3 introduces the new
limit of the FMD scheme to $800,000 in section 393-35 (table item 10) of the ITAA
1997, enhancing the capacity of the scheme to allow primary producers to
meet the challenges of fluctuations in cash flow of their operations.
Administrative penalties
Items 4 and 9 of Schedule 3 insert proposed subsection 393-25(3) and section 393-37 respectively in
order to ensure that an administrative penalty for a loan offset arrangement
does not apply if the loan or other debts being offset relate wholly to the
primary production business carried on by the taxpayer as an FMD owner in their
capacity as an individual entrepreneur or through a partnership.
However, item 14 of Schedule 3 inserts proposed
section 288-115 at the end of Division 288 in Schedule 1 of the TAA 1953 to ensure that the FMD tax concession is appropriately targeted by applying an
administrative penalty for any breach of rules. The amount of the
administrative penalty will be 200 per cent of the amount by which interest has
been reduced on the portion of the loan used for non-qualifying purposes. The
effect of the penalty was to impose an additional cost to act as a deterrent.
Commencement of amendments
Item 15 of Schedule 3 amends Schedule 1 to the TAA 1953 to apply the proposed measures to assessments for the 2016–17
income year or later income years.
Other
provisions
Schedule 1
Items 2, 6, 10 to 22, 25, 29 and 33 to 36 of Schedule 1 make consequential amendments to the GST Act that provide materials for guiding the current set of substantive changes.
Item 9 inserts proposed subsection 8(3) in the ABN Act, to provide for an exclusion from the requirement of an ABN
number for ‘limited registration entities’.
Schedule 2
Items 14 and 16 to 18 make minor consequential
amendments to account for the changes in definition of a couple of terms in
section 195-1 of the GST Act.
Items 23 and 24 of Schedule 2 amend
subparagraphs 38-185(3)(f)(ii) and 38-185(4)(f)(ii) and section 195-1 of the GST
Act to remove any reference to wine and luxury car importations from the
proposed importation calculations, as these products are dealt with by other
provisions of respective taxation law.
Item 25 of Schedule 2 brings forth the
transitional application provisions related to the tax periods and working out
the net tax amounts for such period once the Schedule receives Royal Assent.
Sub-items 27(1) and 27(2) of Schedule 2 introduce the
transitional rule by preventing the application of the new provisions to a
supply made prior to the period when the Schedule receives Royal Assent, by an
entity that is registered for GST, or required to be registered for GST and there
is a written agreement between the supplier and the recipients that can
identify the supply with the consideration of money, and the way of working out
the consideration in money.
Schedule 3
Items 5, 6, 10, 11 and 13 adds notes at the
end of subsection 393-30(2), section 393-30, note 1 at the end of subsections
393-40(1) and (2) and subsection 393-40(4) respectively of the ITAA 1997.
The provisions mainly make a number of consequential amendments to the income
tax law, including the materials that explain the changes to the tax treatment
of FMDs.
Members, Senators and Parliamentary staff can obtain
further information from the Parliamentary Library on (02) 6277 2500.
For copyright reasons some linked items are only available to members of Parliament.
© Commonwealth of Australia
Creative Commons
With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, and to the extent that copyright subsists in a third party, this publication, its logo and front page design are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Australia licence.
In essence, you are free to copy and communicate this work in its current form for all non-commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to the author and abide by the other licence terms. The work cannot be adapted or modified in any way. Content from this publication should be attributed in the following way: Author(s), Title of publication, Series Name and No, Publisher, Date.
To the extent that copyright subsists in third party quotes it remains with the original owner and permission may be required to reuse the material.
Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of the publication are welcome to webmanager@aph.gov.au.
Disclaimer: Bills Digests are prepared to support the work of the Australian Parliament. They are produced under time and resource constraints and aim to be available in time for debate in the Chambers. The views expressed in Bills Digests do not reflect an official position of the Australian Parliamentary Library, nor do they constitute professional legal opinion. Bills Digests reflect the relevant legislation as introduced and do not canvass subsequent amendments or developments. Other sources should be consulted to determine the official status of the Bill.
Any concerns or complaints should be directed to the Parliamentary Librarian. Parliamentary Library staff are available to discuss the contents of publications with Senators and Members and their staff. To access this service, clients may contact the author or the Library‘s Central Entry Point for referral.