Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate 126, pp 3378-3380.

[2]        Victorian Legislative Council Environment and Planning Committee, Inquiry into unconventional gas in Victoria, http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/epc/references-committee-inquiries/article/2633.

[3]        Senate Environment and Communications Committee Legislation Committee, Landholders' Right to Refuse (Gas and Coal) Bill 2015, September 2015, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/Gas_and_Coal.

[4]        Senate Select Committee into Certain Aspects of Queensland Government Administration related to Commonwealth Government Affairs, Report, March 2015, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Certain_Aspects_of_Queensland_Government_Administration/Certain_Aspects_Qld_Admin/Report.

[5]        New South Wales Legislative Council General Purpose Standing Committee (No. 5), Final report – Coal seam gas, May 2012, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/29AE48525CFAEA7CCA2578E3001ABD1C?open&refnavid=CO4_2.

[6]        Senate Rural Affairs and Transport References Committee, Management of the Murray Darling Basin Interim report, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Completed%20inquiries/2012-13/mdb/interimreport/index.

Chapter 2 - Background to unconventional gas mining

[1]        AGL, 'Review of gas assets and exit of gas exploration and production', Media release, https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2016/february/review-of-gas-assets-and-exit-of-gas-exploration-and-production (accessed 21 April 2016).

[2]        Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Deep gas and oil in Queensland, https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/our-department/policies-initiatives/mining-resources/resources-policies/deep-gas-oil/deep-gas-oil-qld (accessed 21 April 2016).

[3]        Santos, Shale gas, https://www.santos.com/what-we-do/production/natural-gas/shale-gas/ (accessed 7 January 2016); Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy, Submission 37, p. 6.

[4]        Minister for State Development and Minister for Natural Resources and Mines The Honourable Anthony Lynham, Minister for Environment and Heritage Protection and Minister for National Parks and the Great Barrier Reef The Honourable Steven Miles, 'Underground coal gasification banned in Queensland', Joint statement, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2016/4/18/underground-coal-gasification-banned-in-queensland (accessed 19 April 2016).

[5]        Geoscience Australia, Unconventional petroleum resources, http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/petroleum-resources/unconventional-resources (accessed  3 November 2015).

[6]        Roger Beckman, Guide to gas, Australian Parliamentary Library Publication, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/4133159/upload_binary/4133159.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22guide%20to%20gas%22 (accessed 24 November 2015).

[7]        CSIRO, What is unconventional gas?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/What-is-unconventional-gas (accessed 24 November 2015).

[8]        CSIRO, What is unconventional gas?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/What-is-unconventional-gas (accessed 24 November 2015).

[9]        Geoscience Australia, Atlas of minerals resources, mines and processing centres, http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/education/fact_sheets/coal_seam_gas.html (accessed 7 January 2016).

[10]      CSIRO, What is unconventional gas?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/What-is-unconventional-gas (accessed 24 November 2015).

[11]      CSIRO, What is unconventional gas?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/What-is-unconventional-gas (accessed 24 November 2015).

[12]      CSIRO, What is unconventional gas?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/What-is-unconventional-gas (accessed 24 November 2015).

[13]      Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (QLD), Disposal of fraccing fluid, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/non-mining/disposal-fraccing-fluid.html (accessed 6 January 2016).

[14]      CSIRO, What is hydraulic fracturing?, http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/Hydraulic-fracturing/a-What-is-hydraulic-fracturing (accessed 24 November 2015).

[15]      Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (QLD), Fraccing, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/non-mining/fraccing.html  (accessed 6 January 2016).

[16]      NSW Department of Industry, How is coal seam gas extracted?, http://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/landholders-and-community/coal-seam-gas/the-facts/how-is-coal-seam-gas-extracted (accessed 6 January 2016).

[17]      Victorian Parliament, Inquiry into onshore unconventional gas in Victoria - Final Report, December 2015, p. 10.

[18]      NSW Department of Industry, How is coal seam gas extracted?, http://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/landholders-and-community/coal-seam-gas/the-facts/how-is-coal-seam-gas-extracted (accessed 6 January 2016).

[19]      CSIRO, Shale gas production, http://research.csiro.au/oilandgas/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2015/10/Shale-Gas-Production-2015.pdf  (accessed 24 November 2015).

[20]      CSIRO, Shale gas production, http://research.csiro.au/oilandgas/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2015/10/Shale-Gas-Production-2015.pdf  (accessed 24 November 2015).

[21]      Victorian Parliament, Inquiry into onshore unconventional gas in Victoria - Final Report, December 2015, p. 12.

[22]      CSIRO, Shale gas production, http://research.csiro.au/oilandgas/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2015/10/Shale-Gas-Production-2015.pdf  (accessed 24 November 2015).

[23]      CSIRO, Shale gas production, http://research.csiro.au/oilandgas/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2015/10/Shale-Gas-Production-2015.pdf  (accessed 24 November 2015).

[24]      Linc Energy, Overview of Underground Coal Gasification 01 UCG Series, http://www.lincenergy.com/data/info_sheets/Underground_Coal_Gasification.pdf (accessed 19 April 2016).

[25]      Roger Beckman, Guide to gas, Australian Parliamentary Library Publication, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/4133159/upload_binary/4133159.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22guide%20to%20gas%22 (accessed 24 November 2015).

[26]      Abhishek Nandan, Nihal Anwar Siddiqui, Prasenjit Mondal, Kanishak Chaudhary, Rishi Pandey, 'Hazards Associated to Synthesis Gas and its Mitigation Measures', Research J. Engineering and Tech. 5(3): July - September, 2014, 144-146, p. 144.

[27]      Minister for State Development and Minister for Natural Resources and Mines The Honourable Anthony Lynham, Minister for Environment and Heritage Protection and Minister for National Parks and the Great Barrier Reef The Honourable Steven Miles, 'Underground coal gasification banned in Queensland', Joint statement, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2016/4/18/underground-coal-gasification-banned-in-queensland (accessed 19 April 2016).

[28]      Minister for State Development and Minister for Natural Resources and Mines The Honourable Anthony Lynham, Minister for Environment and Heritage Protection and Minister for National Parks and the Great Barrier Reef The Honourable Steven Miles, 'Underground coal gasification banned in Queensland', Joint statement, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2016/4/18/underground-coal-gasification-banned-in-queensland (accessed 19 April 2016).

[29]      Minister for State Development and Minister for Natural Resources and Mines The Honourable Anthony Lynham, Minister for Environment and Heritage Protection and Minister for National Parks and the Great Barrier Reef The Honourable Steven Miles, 'Underground coal gasification banned in Queensland', Joint statement, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2016/4/18/underground-coal-gasification-banned-in-queensland (accessed 19 April 2016).

[30]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Legal action follows Hopeland soil investigations, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/mediareleases/2015-06-10-legal-action-hopeland-soil-investigations.html (accessed 21 April 2016).

[31]      Arrow Energy, Surat Gas Project, https://www.arrowenergy.com.au/projects/surat-gas-project (accessed 12 January 2016).

[32]      Arrow Energy, Surat Gas Project, https://www.arrowenergy.com.au/projects/surat-gas-project (accessed 12 January 2016).

[33]      Arrow Energy, Surat Gas Project, https://www.arrowenergy.com.au/projects/surat-gas-project (accessed 12 January 2016).

[34]      Arrow Energy, Surat Gas Project Environmental Impact Statement – Executive Summary, p. 3.

[35]      Mr Jim Knudsen, Senior Vice President, QGC, Address to Rural Press Club, July 2011, http://www.qgc.com.au/media/142210/qgcruralpressclub.pdf (accessed 11 February 2016).

[36]      QGC, Where we work, http://www.qgc.com.au/qclng-project/where-we-work.aspx (accessed 11 February 2016).

[37]      QGC, Where we work, http://www.qgc.com.au/qclng-project/where-we-work.aspx (accessed 11 February 2016).

[38]      Linc Energy, UGC in Australia, http://www.lincenergy.com/clean_energy_australia.php (accessed 11 February 2016).

[39]      Linc Energy, Linc Energy enters into Voluntary Administration, http://lincenergy.listedcompany.com/newsroom/20160415_142826_BRE_VPRNW41R87KXGD92.1.pdf (accessed 21 April 2016).

[40]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Legal action follows Hopeland soil investigations, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/mediareleases/2015-06-10-legal-action-hopeland-soil-investigations.html (accessed 21 April 2016).

[41]      New South Wales Legislative Council General Purpose Standing Committee (No. 5), Final report – Coal seam gas, May 2012, p. 11, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/29AE48525CFAEA7CCA2578E3001ABD1C?open&refnavid=CO4_2.

[42]      Metgasco, Quarterly activities report 30 June 2015, http://www.metgasco.com.au/asx-announcements/quarterly-activities-report-3 (accessed 26 April 2016). According to Metgasco, the production licence has not yet been issued owing to issues relating to native title.

[43]      New South Wales Legislative Council General Purpose Standing Committee (No. 5), Final report – Coal seam gas, May 2012, p. 11, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/29AE48525CFAEA7CCA2578E3001ABD1C?open&refnavid=CO4_2.

[44]      AGL, 'Review of gas assets and exit of gas exploration and production', Media release, https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2016/february/review-of-gas-assets-and-exit-of-gas-exploration-and-production (accessed 21 April 2016).

[45]      AGL, 'Review of gas assets and exit of gas exploration and production', Media release, https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2016/february/review-of-gas-assets-and-exit-of-gas-exploration-and-production (accessed 21 April 2016).

[46]      Victorian Parliament, Inquiry into onshore unconventional gas in Victoria - Final Report, December 2015, p. 26. See also: Santos, Shale gas, https://www.santos.com/what-we-do/production/natural-gas/shale-gas/ (accessed 7 January 2016).

[47]      Australian Energy Resource Assessment, Second Edition, p. 98.

[48]      APPEA, Policy reform would deliver big dividends, http://www.appea.com.au/2014/02/policy-reform-will-deliver-big-dividends/ (accessed 5 April 2016).

[49]      The Australia Institute, Frack the future, pp ix-x.

[50]      The Australia Institute, Frack the future, p. ix.

[51]      ABS, 6291.0.55.003 Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly.

[52]      The Australia Institute, Frack the future, p. x.

[53]      APPEA, CSG Industry data 2015, http://www.appea.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Q4-2015-Total-CSG-Industry-Data_FINAL.pdf (accessed 5 April 2016). In the fourth quarter of 2014, the total number of people employed in the CSG industry was 29,000, APPEA, CSG industry data 2014, http://www.appea.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Q4-2014-Total-CSG-Industry-Data_Final.pdf (accessed 5 April 2016).

[54]      Northern Territory Department of Energy and Mines, Submission 37, p. 6.

[55]      APPEA, Submission, p. 4.

[56]      Northern Territory Department of Energy and Mines, Submission 37, p. 7.

[57]      Santos, Submission 57, p. 26.

[58]      Santos, Submission 57, p. 26.

[59]      The Lock the Gate Alliance Northern Territory, Submission, p. 6.

[60]      Protect Arnhem Land, Submission, p. 2.

Chapter 3 - Property, mineral and petroleum rights in Australia

[1]        Australian Government, Land Tenure – What is land tenure?, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/about-land-tenure (accessed 28 April 2016).

[2]        With respect to Aboriginal freehold land in the Northern Territory, traditional Aboriginal owners generally have the right to refuse land access and use proposals, including for mineral and petroleum exploration. Australian Government, Land Tenure – What is land tenure?, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/about-land-tenure (accessed 28 April 2016).

[3]        Australian Government, Land Tenure- mining, mineral and petroleum rights, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/mining-and-mineral-exploration-leases (accessed 28 April 2016); Australian Government, Land Tenure – What is land tenure?, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/about-land-tenure (accessed 28 April 2016).

[4]        Australian Government, Land Tenure- mining, mineral and petroleum rights, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/mining-and-mineral-exploration-leases (accessed 28 April 2016); Australian Government, Land Tenure – What is land tenure?, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/about-land-tenure (accessed 28 April 2016).

[5]        This is usually managed by the National Native Title Tribunal.

[6]        For example see the Native Title (New South Wales) Act 1994 (NSW); Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW); Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003; Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989; Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972; Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972; Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988; Australian Government, Land Tenure- mining, mineral and petroleum rights, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/mining-and-mineral-exploration-leases (accessed 28 April 2016).

[7]        Environment and Communications Legislation Committee, Landholders' Right to Refuse (Gas and Coal) Bill, September 2015, p.18.

[8]        See Table 2.

[9]        p&e law, Submission 246, p. 2.

[10]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 2.

[11]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 2.

[12]      It is not lawful to simply 'lock the gate' and refuse to negotiate as there is no right to refuse access for CSG development. However, if agreement on the terms of a CCA and compensation is not reached, the CSG company can apply to the Land Court, p&e law, Submission 246, p. 2.

[13]      This can be monetary or non-monetary. p&e law, Submission 246, p. 2.

[14]      Productivity Commission, Mineral and Energy Resource Exploration, Report no. 65, September 2013, p. 121.

[15]      Land Access Implementation Committee, Land Access Implementation Committee Report, 30 August 2013, p. 7, https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/193089/land-access-implementation-committee-report.pdf  (accessed 28 April 2016).

[16]      Multiple land use is where land is used for different purposes simultaneously and sustainably with a view to maximise the benefits for all Australians. Standing Council on Energy and Resources (SCER), The Multiple Land Use Framework, pp. 2, 6, http://www.scer.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/Multiple%20Land%20Use%20Framework%20-%20Dec%202013.pdf (accessed 27 April 2016).

[17]      Standing Council on Energy and Resources (SCER), The Multiple Land Use Framework, p. 6, http://www.scer.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/Multiple%20Land%20Use%20Framework%20-%20Dec%202013.pdf  (accessed 27 April 2016).

[18]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 3.

[19]      National Farmer's Federation (NFF), Submission 171, p. 3.

[20]      For more details see Chapter 4.

[21]      AgForce, Submission 235, p. 2.

[22]      Santos Limited, Submission 57,  p. 4.

[23]      National Farmer's Federation (NFF), Submission 171, p. 3.

[24]      National Farmer's Federation (NFF), Submission 171, p. 3.

[25]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 12.

[26]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 12.

[27]      Agforce, Submission 235, p. 3.

[28]      Santos Limited, Submission 57,  p. 3.

[29]      See for example: Gasfield Free Seaspray, Submission 34; Ms Ellen Garcia and Mr Alan Jamison, Submission 271.

[30]      Ms Ellen Garcia and Mr Alan Jamison, Submission 271, p. 6

[31]      Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), s24D, s24E.

[32]      Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development (IESC), The IESC, http://www.iesc.environment.gov.au/iesc (accessed 27 April 2016).

[33]      COAG Energy Council, http://www.scer.gov.au/ (accessed 28 April 2016).

[34]      COAG Energy Council, Gas Supply, http://www.scer.gov.au/australian-gas-markets-3/gas-supply  (accessed 28 April 2016).

[35]      National Partnership Agreement on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Developments, 2012, p. 3, http://www.federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/content/npa/environment/csg_and_lcmd/NP.pdf (accessed 28 April 2016).

[36]      Department of Industry Innovation and Science, Unconventional gas, http://www.industry.gov.au/Energy/EnergyMarkets/Pages/UnconventionalGas.aspx (accessed 28 January 2016).

[37]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6.

[38]      Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), s24D, s24E.

[39]      Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), s131AB.

[40]      Department of Industry Innovation and Science, Unconventional gas, http://www.industry.gov.au/Energy/EnergyMarkets/Pages/UnconventionalGas.aspx# (accessed 27 April 2016)

[41]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6.

[42]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6.

[43]      Bilateral agreements under the EPBC Act also exist in terms of 'approvals' as well as 'assessments' but under the current legislation any approvals in relation to the 'water trigger' cannot be included in the scope of an 'approval' bilateral agreement.

[44]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6

[45]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6

[46]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 6.

[47]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 7.

[48]      This bill lapsed upon prorogation.

[49]      NICNAS, About Us, https://www.nicnas.gov.au/about-nicnas/about-us (accessed 27 April 2016).

[50]      NICNAS, National Assessment of Chemicals Associated with Coal Seam Gas Extraction in Australia, https://www.nicnas.gov.au/communications/issues/fracking-hydraulic-fracturing-coal-seam-gas-extraction/faqs (accessed 27 April 2016).

[51]      Geoscience Australia, Atlas of minerals resources, mines and processing centres, http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/education/fact_sheets/coal_seam_gas.html (accessed 7 January 2016).

[52]      Additional regulation is listed at Appendix 4 of the Victorian Legislative Council Environment and Planning Committee, Inquiry into unconventional gas in Victoria, http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/epc/references-committee-inquiries/article/2633 (accessed 8 December 2015).

[53]      In Queensland and New South Wales, methane produced during coal mining (coal mine methane, or CMM) is subject to mineral resources legislation, while coal seam gas is subject to petroleum resources legislation.

[54]      The Lock the Gate Alliance, Submission 146, p. 6.

[55]      Environmental Defenders Offices of Australia, Submission 56.

[56]      Municipal Association of Victoria, Submission 112, p. 6.

[57]      Northern Territory Department of Energy and Mines, Submission 37, p. 9.

[58]      Unconventional gas mining creates waste products, for which the disposal and management is regulated by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection.

[59]      Agricultural and Environment Committee, Queensland Parliament, Environment, Heritage Protection, National Parks and the Great Barrier Reef - Estimates transcript of evidence, 21 August 2015, p. 68.

[60]      COAG Energy Council, National Harmonised Regulatory Framework for Natural Gas from Coal Seams, December 2015, p. 1. http://www.scer.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/CSG-Framework-annual-update.pdf (accessed 27 April 2016).

[61]      COAG Energy Council, National Harmonised Regulatory Framework for Natural Gas from Coal Seams, December 2015, p. 1. http://www.scer.gov.au/sites/prod.energycouncil/files/publications/documents/CSG-Framework-annual-update.pdf (accessed 27 April 2016).

[62]      Department of Industry and Science, Domestic Gas Strategy, 2015, p. 2 http://industry.gov.au/energy/energymarkets/documents/domestic-gas-strategy.pdf (accessed 27 April 2016).

[63]      Doctors for the Environment, Submission 116, p. 4.

[64]      Northern Land Council (NLC), Submission 273, p. 11.

[65]      NTSCorp, Submission 290, p. 3.

[66]      Northern Land Council (NLC), Submission 273, p.12.

[67]      Environmental Defenders Offices of Australia, Submission 56, p. 9.

[68]      Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia, Submission 221, p. 2.

[69]      Department of Industry and Science, Domestic Gas Strategy, 2015, p. 2 http://industry.gov.au/energy/energymarkets/documents/domestic-gas-strategy.pdf (accessed 27 April 2016).

[70]      See, for example: D. Sherwood, 'Canada's New Brunswick province bans fracking, plans study', Reuters Canada, 26 March 2015, http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN0MM2OZ20150326 (accessed 28 April 2016).

[71]      For a summary relating to fracking in Europe, see, for example: L. Herringshaw, 'Whatever happened to the great European fracking boom?', The Conversation, 11 March 2015,  http://theconversation.com/whatever-happened-to-the-great-european-fracking-boom-38550  (accessed 28 April 2016).

[72]      See, for example, J Freeman, 'The Wise Way to Regulation Gas Drilling', The New York Times, 5 July 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/opinion/the-wise-way-to-regulate-hydraulic-fracturing.html?_r=3 (accessed 27 April 2016); IEA, Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas, World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (IEA Golden Rules), 2012, p. 105, http://dpl/Books/2012/WEO2012_GoldenRulesReport.pdf (accessed 28 April 2016).

[73]      Northern Territory Government's Department of Mines and Energy, Submission 37, p. 10.

[74]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 18.

[75]      Environmental Defenders Offices of Australia, Submission 56, p. 11.

[76]      IEA, Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas, World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (IEA Golden Rules), 2012, http://dpl/Books/2012/WEO2012_GoldenRulesReport.pdf  (accessed 28 April 2016).

[77]      IEA, Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas, World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (IEA Golden Rules), 2012, p. 13-14, http://dpl/Books/2012/WEO2012_GoldenRulesReport.pdf  (accessed 28 April 2016).

Chapter 4 - The health, social, business, agricultural, environmental landholder and economic impacts of unconventional gas mining

[1]        Dr Pauline Roberts, Submission 1; Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12; National Toxics Network, Submission 15; Dr Wayne Somerville, Submission 16; Ms Kylie Haeusler, Submission 30; Rushbrook, Submission 71; Mr Damien O'Sullivan, Submission 80; Mr Avon Rayner, Submission 88; Ms Christine Dixon, Submission 102, p. 1; Ms Jane Judd, Submission 103; Cotton Australia, Submission 104; Ms Patricia McAuliffe, Submission 113; Dr Samantha Phelan; Submission 120; Australian Ethical Investments, Submission 127; Darling Downs Environment Council, Submission 128; Frack Free Tas, Submission 140; Friends of the Earth, Submission 141; Gold Coast and Hinterland Environment Council Association Inc, Submission 142; Ms Heather Drayton, Submission 145; Lock the Gate Alliance, Submission 146; Ms Heather Gibbons, Submission 147; Mr Hugh Nicholson, Submission 149; International Association of Hydrogeologists, Submission 151; Ms Jasmine Scheidler, Submission 153; Mr John Coverdale, Submission 155; Ms Lynne Deweaver, Submission 164; Ms Nanette Nicholson, Submission 170; OzEnvironmental, Submission 173; Mr Philip Armit, Submission 174; Ryde - Hunter's Hill Flora and Fauna Preservation Society, Submission 177; Ms Rosemaree Thomasson, Submission 179; RDPO, Submission 180; Ms Shirley Doyle, Submission 183; Submission 184; Mr Tony and Mrs Stephanie Meggitt, Submission 185; Dr Steve Robinson, Submission 188; Mr Tony Pickard, Submission 190; Mr David Paull, Submission 200; Mr Leigh Evans, Submission 201; Mrs Shay Dougall, Submission 203; No Fracking WAy, Submission 218; Mr Brian Feeney, Submission 236; Ms Michelle Agius, Submission 239; Mrs Dianne Hoy, Submission 241; Stop Coal Seam Gas Blue Mountains, Submission 242; Mr Fergus and Mrs Deborah O'Connor, Submission 243; p&e Law, Submission 246; Western Downs Alliance, Submission 247; Ms Sarah Ciesiolka, Submission 250; Lock the Gate Alliance NT, Submission 251; Gasfield Free Bairnsdale, Submission 254; Ms Debbie Carruthers, Submission 255; Ms Gillian Laland, Submission 256; Groundwater Solutions International, Submission 257; Interbeing, Submission 258; Dr Jo McCubbin, Submission 260; Limestone Coast Protection Alliance Inc., Submission 263; Mr Mark Rich, Submission 265; Ms Patricia Kahler, Submission 268; Ms Elena Garcia and Mr Alan Jamison, Submission 271.

[2]        Mr Gary and Mrs Kerry Ladbrook, Submission 29, p. 6.

[3]        Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 8.

[4]        Centre for Coal Seam Gas, University of Queensland, Submission 98, p. 4.

[5]        Centre for Coal Seam Gas, University of Queensland, Submission 98, p. 4.

[6]        Centre for Coal Seam Gas, University of Queensland, Submission 98, p. 5.

[7]        Austrade, Mining, minerals and petroleum rights, http://www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure/Land-tenure/mining-and-mineral-exploration-leases (accessed 26 April 2016).

[8]        The Wilderness Society Newcastle, Submission 53, p. 5.

[9]        Lock the Gate Alliance, Submission 146, p. 19.

[10]      Ms Sarah Ciesiolka, Submission 250, p. 6.

[11]      No Fracking WAy, Submission 218, p. 3.

[12]      Ms Naomi Hogan, Coordinator, Lock the Gate Alliance Northern Territory, Committee Hansard, 12 April 2016, p. 25.

[13]      See, for example, Bass Coast Shire Council, Submission 65, p. 2; Rushbrook, Submission 71, p. 1; Ms Margaret Scheidler, Submission 75, p. 1; Ms Lucy Daley, Submission 161, p. 1; p&e Law, Submission 246, p. 12; Lock the Gate Alliance NT, Submission 251, p. 4; Limestone Coast Protection Alliance Inc., Submission 263, p. 102; Mr Stuart Box, Submission 269, p. 2;

[14]      COAG Standing Council on Energy and Resources, Multiple Land Use Framework, http://scer.govspace.gov.au/files/2013/12/Endorsed-MLUF.pdf (accessed 19 April 2016).

[15]      Australian Government, Submission 123, p. 15.

[16]      Santos, Submission 57, p. 4.

[17]      Origin Energy, Submission 172, p. 2.

[18]      Queensland Government, Submission 217, p. 6.

[19]      Ms Jenny Chester, Submission 18, p. 1; Gasfield Free Seaspray, Submission 34; Mr Fergus and Mrs Deborah O'Connor, Submission 243, p. 4.

[20]      Mr Allan and Mrs Narelle Nothdurft, Submission 28, p. 2; Ms Annette Hutchins, Submission 84, p. 5.

[21]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12, p. 8.

[22]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12, pp 37-38.

[23]      Mr Joe Hill, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 2; Mr John Jenkyn, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 25.

[24]      Gasfield Free Seaspray, Submission 34, p. 16.

[25]      Queensland Government, Submission 217, p. 11.

[26]      Environmental Defenders Office Northern Queensland, Submission 44 Attachment 2, p. 1.

[27]      Environmental Defenders Office Northern Queensland, Submission 44 Attachment 2, p. 2.

[28]      Ms Erica Bates, Submission 279, p. 1.

[29]      See, for example, Mr and Mrs Allan and Narelle Nothdurft, Submission 28; Ms Kylie Haeusler, Submission 30, p. 7;  Mr Hugh Nicholson, Submission 149, p. 1; Mrs Shay Dougall, Submission 203, p. 5; Ms Sandra Bamberry, Submission 248; Bender Family, Submission 274.

[30]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12, p. 2.

[31]      Knitting Nannas Against Gas, Submission 27, p. 2.

[32]      Darling Downs Public Health Unit, Investigation into the health complaints relating to Coal Seam Gas Activity from residents residing within the Wieambilla Estates, Tara, Queensland, p. 9.

[33]      Darling Downs Public Health Unit, Investigation into the health complaints relating to Coal Seam Gas Activity from residents residing within the Wieambilla Estates, Tara, Queensland.

[34]      Darling Downs Public Health Unit, Investigation into the health complaints relating to Coal Seam Gas Activity from residents residing within the Wieambilla Estates, Tara, Queensland, p. 17.

[35]      Queensland Government Department of Health, Coal seam gas in the Tara region: Summary risk assessment of health complaints and environmental monitoring data, March 2013.

[36]      Dr Keith Adam, 'Appendix 2 - Health Effects of Coal Seam Gas – Tara', Coal seam gas in the Tara region: Summary risk assessment of health complaints and environmental monitoring data, March 2013, p. 1.

[37]      Queensland Government Department of Health, Coal seam gas in the Tara region: Summary risk assessment of health complaints and environmental monitoring data, March 2013, p. 13.

[38]      National Toxics Network, Submission 15 Attachment 1, p. 20.

[39]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12 Attachment 2, p. 1.

[40]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12 Attachment 2.

[41]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12, p. 5 and p. 21.

[42]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Hopeland area testing update Issue 5, August 2015, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/hopeland.html (accessed 21 April 2016).

[43]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Hopeland area testing update, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/hopeland.html (accessed 21 April 2016).

[44]      Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Hopeland area testing update, https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/hopeland.html (accessed 21 April 2016).

[45]      National Pollutant Inventory, Carbon monoxide, http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/carbon-monoxide-0 (accessed 21 April 2015).

[46]      National Pollutant Inventory, Carbon monoxide, http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/carbon-monoxide-0 (accessed 21 April 2015).

[47]      National Pollutant Inventory, Hydrogen sulphide, http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/hydrogen-sulfide (accessed 21 April 2015).

[48]      Mrs Narelle Nothdurft, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 16.

[49]      Mr John Jenkyn, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 23.

[50]      Dr Marion Carey, Coordinator, Unconventional Gas Special Interest Group, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 12 April 2016, p. 37.

[51]      Dr Marion Carey, Coordinator, Unconventional Gas Special Interest Group, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 12 April 2016, p. 37.

[52]      Dr Marion Carey, Coordinator, Unconventional Gas Special Interest Group, Doctors for the Environment Australia, Committee Hansard, 12 April 2016, p. 38.

[53]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 3.

[54]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 3.

[55]      Australian Wine Industry, Submission 87, p. 3.

[56]      Cotton Australia, Submission 104, pp 1-2.

[57]      AgForce, Submission 235, p. 1.

[58]      AgForce, Submission 235, p. 1.

[59]      AgForce, Submission 235, p. 2.

[60]      Ms Stina Foster, Submission 6; Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12 Attachment 1.

[61]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 4.

[62]      Queensland Government, Submission 217, p. 10. Strategic cropping areas are determined by the state.

[63]      Bender Family, Submission 274, p. 18.

[64]      Rabobank, Submission 371 to the Senate Standing Committee on Rural Affairs and Transport References Committee inquiry into the management of the Murray-Darling Basin, 2011, p. 2.

[65]      Rabobank, Submission 371 to the Senate Standing Committee on Rural Affairs and Transport References Committee inquiry into the management of the Murray-Darling Basin, 2011, p. 2. Rabobank expressed the view that 'given careful management and due consideration of each industry's needs, the agriculture and energy production should be able to co-exist'.

[66]      Australian Soil Classification, Vertosols [VE], http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/ve/vertsols.htm (accessed 10 March 2016).

[67]      See, for example, Dr Pauline Roberts, Submission 1; Ms Annette Hutchins, Submission 84; Mr Herbert Bamberry, Submission 148, p. 2.

[68]      Bender Family, Submission 274, p. 18.

[69]      Ms Helen Bender, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 8.

[70]      Ms Helen Bender, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 14.

[71]      Bender Family, Submission 274, p. 14.

[72]      Mr Gary and Mrs Kerry Ladbrook, Submission 29, p. 3.

[73]      Ms Annette Hutchins, Submission 84, p. 5.

[74]      Cotton Australia, Submission 104, pp 4-5.

[75]      p&e law, Submission 246, p. 3.

[76]      CSG Free Maffra & Districts, Submission 105, p. 1.

[77]      Bass Coast Shire Council, Submission 65, p. 2.

[78]      Mr Max Mudford, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 49.

[79]      Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12; Mr Richard Deem, Submission 21; Ms Frances Winfield, Submission 22, pp 1-2; Ms Lorraine Stern, Submission 24; Mr David and Mrs Julie Boulton, Submission 35, p. 4; Ms Dianna Flint, Submission 50; Mr Trevor Flint, Submission 51; Ms Annette Dean, Submission 68; Ms Louise Somerville, Submission 70; Ms Annette Hutchins, Submission 84; Mr Brett Lancaster, Submission 94; Ms Patricia McAuliffe, Submission 102; Protect Arnhem Land, Submission 115; Ms Sharlene Henderson, Submission 118; Ms Diane Lawton, Submission 132; Ms Heather Gibbons, Submission 147; Midwest and Gascoyne Alliance, Submission 232; Interbeing, Submission 258; Limestone Coast Protection Alliance, Submission 263; Ms Stacey O'Brien, Submission 270.

[80]      Friends of the Earth Australia, Submission 141, p. 13.

[81]      Ms Sarah Ciesiolka, Submission 250, p. 5.

[82]      Ms Sarah Ciesiolka, Submission 250, p. 5.

[83]      See, for example, Bender Family, Submission 274.

[84]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 3.

[85]      Meat and Livestock Australia, About LPA, http://www.mla.com.au/Meat-safety-and-traceability/Livestock-Production-Assurance/About-LPA (accessed 11 March 2016).

[86]      Meat and Livestock Australia, About LPA, http://www.mla.com.au/Meat-safety-and-traceability/Livestock-Production-Assurance/About-LPA (accessed 11 March 2016).

[87]      Safemeat, Coal Seam Gas Production and Implications for Livestock, http://safemeat.com.au/announcements/coal-seam-gas-production-and-implications-for-livestock (accessed 2 March 2016).

[88]      Safemeat, Coal Seam Gas Production and Implications for Livestock, http://safemeat.com.au/announcements/coal-seam-gas-production-and-implications-for-livestock (accessed 2 March 2016).

[89]      Ms Gillian Laland, Submission 256, p. 13.

[90]      Ms Heather Gibbons, Submission 147, p. 33.

[91]      Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (QLD), Fraccing, http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/management/non-mining/csg-water.html (accessed 8 January 2016).

[92]      Michael Roarty, The development of Australia's coal seam gas resources, Parliamentary Library Background Note, July 2011, p. 5.

[93]      Victorian Legislative Council Environment and Planning Committee, Inquiry into unconventional gas in Victoria, p. 52, http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/epc/references-committee-inquiries/article/2633 (accessed 8 December 2015).

[94]      Reverend Graham Slaughter, Submission 20, p. 6; Mr Joe Hill, Submission 26, p. 2.

[95]      Dr Gavin Mudd, Submission 45 Attachment 1, p. 4.

[96]      Centre for Coal Seam Gas, University of Queensland, Submission 98, p. 4.

[97]      Australian Dairy Industry Council, Submission 46, p. 3.

[98]      Dr Pauline Roberts, Submission 1; Dr Geralyn McCarron, Submission 12, Attachment 2; Ms Jenny Chester, Submission 18; Reverend Graham Slaughter, Submission 20; Ms Lorraine Stern, Submission 24.

[99]      Ms Anne Kennedy, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 20.

[100]    Santos, The Santos Narrabri Gas Project will not impact the Great Artesian Basin, https://narrabrigasproject.com.au/2015/09/the-santos-narrabri-gas-project-will-not-impact-the-great-artesian-basin/ (accessed 4 March 2015).

[101]    Santos, Submission 57, p. 24.

[102]    Letter from Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection to Mr Joe Hill, 2 April 2015, Additional information.

[103]    Letter from Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection to Mr Joe Hill, 2 April 2015, Additional information.

[104]    Mr Lindsay Boyle, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 28.

[105]    Ms Anne Kennedy, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 22.

[106]    See, for example, Ms Jane Stevenson, Submission 197; Submission 249.

[107]    Mrs Shay Dougall, Submission 103, p. 8.

[108]    Mr Gary and Mrs Kerry Ladbrook, Submission 29, p. 8.

[109]    Reverend Graham Slaughter, Submission 20, p. 5.

[110]    Lock the Gate Alliance, Submission 146, p. 19.

[111]    Lock the Gate Alliance, Submission 146, p. 20.

[112]    Mrs Narelle Nothdurft, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 17.

[113]    Mrs Shay Dougall, Committee Hansard, 17 February 2016, p. 17.

[114]    See, for example: Mr Julian Sharp, Submission 14; Dr Wayne Somerville, Submission 16; Gasfield Free Seaspray, Submission 34; Mr Peter Thompson, Submission 43; Bass Coast Shire Council, Submission 65; Sustainable Boolarra Group, Submission 66; Ms Cynthia Lyons, Submission 67; Mr Brian McLure, Submission 93; Dr Catherine Pye, Submission 97; Ms Christine Degan, Submission 101; Ms Elke Nicholson, Submission 119; Frack Free Moriac, Submission 139; Mrs Lynley Manson, Submission 163; Ms Megan Kuhn, Submission 190; No Fracking WAy, Submission 218; Ms Deborah and Mr Fergus O'Connor, Submission 243.

[115]    Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Defining the elusive and essential social licence to operate, http://accsr.com.au/news/defining-the-elusive-and-essential-social-licence-to-operate/ (accessed 3 March 2015).

[116]    Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Defining the elusive and essential social licence to operate, http://accsr.com.au/news/defining-the-elusive-and-essential-social-licence-to-operate/ (accessed 3 March 2015).

[117]    Ms Sally Hunter, Vice-President, People for the Plains, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 27; Mrs Megan Kuhn, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 41.

[118]    Mrs Megan Kuhn, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 41.

[119]    Mrs Megan Kuhn, Committee Hansard, 29 March 2016, p. 41.

[120]    Energy Resource Information Centre, 'Ring-in' protesters can't claim a social licence, http://www.energyresourceinformationcentre.org.au/conversation/ring-in-protesters-cant-claim-a-social-licence/ (accessed 4 March 2016).

Additional comments by Opposition Senators

[1]        Queensland Government, Submission 217, p. 14.

[2]        Santos, Submission 57, p. 24.

[3]        QGC, Where we work, http://www.qgc.com.au/qclng-project/where-we-work.aspx.

[4]        Mr Matt Doman, Director, South Australia and Northern Territory, Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, Committee Hansard, 12 April 2016, p. 26.

Additional comments by Senator Nova Peris OAM - Senator for the Northern Territory

[1]        Territory Labor, Australian Labor Party Northern Territory Branch 2016 Conference Fracking Motion, http://www.territorylabor.com.au/Portals/territorylabor/Fracking2016.pdf.

[2]        Territory Labor, Australian Labor Party Northern Territory Branch 2016 Conference Fracking Motion, http://www.territorylabor.com.au/Portals/territorylabor/Fracking2016.pdf.

[3]        Territory Labor, Australian Labor Party Northern Territory Branch 2016 Conference Fracking Motion, http://www.territorylabor.com.au/Portals/territorylabor/Fracking2016.pdf.

Australian Greens' Additional Comments

[1] Jake Hays and Seth B. C. Shonkoff, 20 April 2016, PLOS One Toward an Understanding of the Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Unconventional Natural Gas Development: A Categorical Assessment of the Peer-Reviewed Scientific Literature, 2009-2015 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0154164