Footnotes

Chapter 1 - Introduction

[1]        Journals of the Senate, 28 October 2014, p. 1629.

[2]        Lynn Davis et al, 'Armed and Dangerous?: UAVs and US Security', RAND Corporation Report, 2014; CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information paper, 2015.

[3]        Department of Defence, Defence White Paper 2013, p. 19.

[4]        Department of Defence, '2015 Defence White Paper', available at http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/default.asp (accessed 6 April 2015).

[5]        Department of Defence, Defence Capability Plan 2012, p. 1.

[6]        Submission 23, pp 10-11.

[7]        Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs, Eyes in the sky, July 2014.

[8]        The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, 'First Principles Review of Defence', Media release, 1 April 2015.

Chapter 2 -                                         Background               

[1]        Extracted from Alberto Cuadra and Criag Whitlock, 'How drones are controlled', The Washington Post, 20 June 2014.

[2]        For example, Brendan Gogarty and Isabel Robinson, 'Unmanned vehicles: A (rebooted) history, background and current state of the art, Journal of Law, Information and Science, Volume 21(2), 2011/12, p. 3.

[3]        Submission 23, p. 7.

[4]        For example, Mr Brian Weston, Submission 4, p. 1.

[5]        For example, Chris Woods, 'The Story of America's Very First Drone Strike', The Atlantic, 30 May 2015.

[6]        Submission 22, p. 3.

[7]        White House, 'Remarks by the President at the National Defense University', Speeches and Remarks, 23 May 2013, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remarks-president-national-defense-university (accessed 10 April 2015).

[8]        For example, Jessica Schulberg 'Why is the US so stingy with its drones. It's costing us', New Republic, 2 July 2014.

[9]        US Department of State, 'US Export Policy for Military Unmanned Aerial Systems', Fact sheet, 17 February 2015.

[10]      US Department of State, 'US Export Policy for Military Unmanned Aerial Systems', Fact sheet, 17 February 2015.

[11]      Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps, Council of Foreign Relations, Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation, Council Special Report No. 69, June 2014, p. 5.

[12]      Submission 12, p. 2.

[13]      Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps, Council of Foreign Relations, Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation, Council Special Report No. 69, June 2014, p. 7.

[14]      Tom Kingston and Pierre Tran, 'European Ministers to study MALE UAV program', Defence News, 19 May 2015.

[15]      US Department of Defence, Annual report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, May 2015, p. 36.

[16]      BAE Systems, 'About Taranis', available at http://www.baesystems.com/enhancedarticle/BAES_157659/taranis-unmanned (accessed 23 June 2015).

[17]      Marina Malenic, 'Surveillance or Strike?', IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, Issue 22, Vol 52, 3 June 2015, p. 31.

[18]      US Department of Defence, Annual report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, May 2015, p. 36.

[19]      From Matthew Grimson and Mark Corcoran, 'Taranis drone: Britain's $336m supersonic unmanned aircraft launched over Woomera', ABC News, 7 February 2014.

[20]      US Central Command, 'March 18: Military Airstrikes Continue Against ISIL in Syria and Iraq', Operation Inherent Resolve News Release, 18 March 2015.

[21]      Lynn Davis et al, 'Armed and Dangerous?: UAVs and US Security', RAND Corporation Report, 2014, p. 4.

[22]      Sir Richard Williams Foundation, 'Protecting Australia with UAS', Special Report, February 2014, p. 9.

[23]      Matthew Peach, ' US Navy ship-mounted 30kW laser weapon tested in Persian Gulf', Optics, 10 December 2014, available at http://optics.org/news/5/12/18 (accessed 10 April 2014).

[24]      Joshua Stewart, 'Modified UAVs raise concerns for infantry', Marine Corps Times, 2 August 2014.

[25]      US Department of Army, Request for Information: Counter Unmanned Aerial System Capability, 20 February 2014, available at https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=94d4624458cac9978a69abc1ff6ccbd3&tab=core&_cview=0 (accessed 19 March 2015).

[26]      Submission 1, Gary Martinic, 'Unmanned Maritime Surveillance and Weapons Systems', Journal of the Australian Naval Institute, p. 88.

[27]      From G-Nius Unmanned Ground Systems, 'Guardium MK 1', available at http://g-nius.co.il/unmanned-ground-systems/index.php (accessed 23 June 2015).

[28]      Submission 23, p. 9.

[29]      Submission 23, p. 10.

[30]      Submission 23, p. 9.

[31]      Submission 23, p. 10.

[32]      Submission 23, p. 9.

[33]      From DSTO, 'Mine Countermeasures and Hydrographic Operations', available at 23 June 2015, http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/projects/mine-countermeasures-and-hydrographic-operations (accessed 23 June 2015).

[34]      Philip Smart, 'ADF trains on Wasp small UAS', Australian Defence Magazine, 22 June 2015.

[35]      Submission 23, p. 9.

[36]      From Tom Muir, 'The ADF's love affairs with tactical UAVs', Australian Defence Magazine, 19 March 2015.

[37]      Submission 23, p. 8.

[38]      From Mark Corcoran, 'The kill chain: Australia's drone war', ABC News, 27 June 2012, available at http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-08/australias-drone-war-in-afghanistan/4058058 (accessed 23 June 2015).

[39]      Submission 23, p. 9.

[40]      Submission 23, p. 10.

[41]      From Australian Army, 'Shadow 200', available at http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Projects/Aviation-projects/Shadow-200 (accessed 23 June 2015).

[42]      The Hon Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister, 'Triton Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Boost Maritime Surveillance Capabilities', Media Release, 13 March 2014.

[43]      Submission 23, p. 10.

[44]      Submission 23, p. 10.

[45]      The Hon Darren Chester MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Defence, 'Air Force commences unmanned aerial system training in the United States', Media Release, 23 February 2015.

[46]      Air Vice-Marshal Gavin Davies, Defence, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 48.

[47]      From US Air Force, 'MQ-9 Reaper', available at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104470/mq-9-reaper.aspx (accessed 23 June 2015).

Chapter 3 - Effectiveness

[1]        Submission 23, pp. 5-6.

[2]        Submission 12, p. 2.

[3]        Submission 23, p. 12.

[4]        Submission 4, p. 3.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 2.

[6]        Submission 23, p. 12.

[7]        Submission 23, p. 12.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.

[9]        Submission 12, p. 7.

[10]      Submission 12, p. 5.

[11]      Submission 4, p. 9.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 26.

[13]      Submission 12, p. 7.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 47.

[15]      Submission 2, Clinton Fernades, 'Welcome to the future: the use of drones in war', Dissent, Summer 2012/2013, p. 50.

[16]      For example, United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, Report of UNOMIG on the incident of 20 April involving the downing of a Georgian unmanned aerial vehicle over the zone of conflict, 12 May 2008.

[17]      For example, Greg Jaffe and Thomas Erbrink, 'Iran says it downed US stealth drone; Pentagon acknowledges aircraft downing', Washington Post, 4 December 2011.

[18]      AAP, 'UN: Russian jet shot down Georgian drone', CBS News, 26 May 2008, available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-russian-jet-shot-down-georgian-drone/ (accessed 23 June 2015).

[19]      Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 1.

[20]      Submission 1, Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial Vehicles', Australian Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, pp 47-48.

[21]      For example, Dr Derek Rogers, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 20.

[22]      For example, Kim Hartmann and Christoph Steup, 'The Vulnerability of UAVs to Cyber Attacks – An Approach to the Risk Assessment', 5^th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, 2013.

[23]      Submission 2, Clinton Fernades, 'Welcome to the future: the use of drones in war', Dissent, Summer 2012/2013, p. 50.

[24]      Submission 23, p. 14.

[25]      Dr Ken Anderson, DSTO, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 44.

[26]      Submission 14, p. 4.

[27]      Submission 1, Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial Vehicles', Australian Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, p. 51.

[28]      Submission 4, p. 3.

[29]      Submission 12, p. 5.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 18.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 18.

[32]      Submission 9, p. 8.

[33]      Submission 22, p. 2.

[34]      Submission 18, p 2.

[35]      Craig Whitlock, 'When drones fall from the sky', Washington Post, 20 June 2014.

[36]      Ian McPhedran,'Defence in spy plane cover-up', Daily Telegraph, 10 September 2010.

[37]      Department of Defence, 'Heron Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Return to Flight Status after Temporary suspension of flying', Media Release, 3 November 2010.

[38]      Submission 23, p. 14.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.

Chapter 4 - Defence policy issues

[1]        Department of Defence, Defence Issues Paper 2014, p. 6.

[2]        Submission 12, p. 6.

[3]        Rosalyn Turner, 'The unmanned underwater future', The Strategist, 9 April 2014.

[4]        Submission 12, p. 3.

[5]        Submission 19, p. 2.

[6]        Submission 2, p. 4.

[7]        Submission 19, p. 3.

[8]        Submission 5, p. 5.

[9]        Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone program', p. 1.

[10]      Submission 22, p. 6.

[11]      Submission 9, p. 2.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 9.

[13]      Department of Defence, 'Operation Queensland Flood Assist', Media release, 5 February 2011.

[14]      NT Government, Submission 9, p. 5.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 17.

[16]      Submission 4, p. 13.

[17]      Senator the Hon David Johnston, Minister for Defence, 'Heron to be retained to keep Australia's unmanned aerial capability', Media release, 28 October 2014.

[18]      Submission 23, p. 3.

[19]      Submission 23, p. 13.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.

[21]      Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice, p. 6.

[22]      Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice, p. 8.

[23]      UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Humanitarian Response, Occasional Policy Paper, June 2014, p. 12.

[24]      Submission 10, p. 2.

[25]      Submission 14, p. 3.

[26]      For example, Australian Association for Unmanned Systems, Submission 17, p. 3.

[27]      Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 1.

[28]      Submission 13, 'ADF and armed drones', p. 2.

[29]      Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone program', pp. 1-2.

[30]      Submission 16, p. 9.

[31]      Submission 23, pp 13-14.

[32]      Department of Defence, response to questions on notice no. 3, p. 1.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 2.

[34]      Royal Australian Air Force, 'Heron: looking to the future', Air Force, 29 January 2015, p. 5.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.

[36]      Submission 23, p. 13.

[37]      Submission 23, p. 14.

[38]      Submission 13, 'Lessons for the ADF from Britain's armed drone program', pp 1-2.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 25.

[40]      Submission 23, p. 10

[41]      Department of Defence, response to question on notice 3, p. 1.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 48.

[43]      Submission 13, 'The ADF and armed drones', p. 1.

[44]      Submission 24, p. 2.

[45]      Submission 20, p. 3.

[46]      Ben Fitzgerald, 'Apply Australian values to drone warfare', The Interpreter, 3 March 2015, available at http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/03/03/Applying-Australian-values-to-drone-warfare.aspx (accessed 31 May 2015).

[47]      Submission 16, pp. 5.

Chapter 5 - Legal issues

[1]        Submission 22, p. 1. Also see Dr Ian Henderson, Submission 20, p. 1.

[2]        Submission 22, p. 4.

[3]        Submission 3, p. 1.

[4]        Submission 16, p. 2.

[5]        Submission 16, pp 2-3 [emphasis in original].

[6]        Submission 16, p. 4.

[7]        Intelligence Services Act 2001, subsection 6(4).

[8]        Submission 13, 'The ADF and armed drones', p. 2.

[9]        Submission 12, p. 8.

[10]      Submission 20, p. 2.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 33.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 38.

[13]      Submission 20, p. 3.

[14]      Submission 23, p. 7.

[15]      Submission 23, p. 7.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 42.

[17]      Submission 6, pp 5-6.

[18]      Submission 6, p. 11.

[19]      Submission 15, p. 2; Dr Phoebe Wynn-Pope, Australian Red Cross, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 28.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 41.

[21]      Submission 15, p. 2.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 28.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, pp 43-44.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.

[26]      Submission 6, p. 5.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 33.

[28]      Submission 6, p. 11.

[29]      Submission 22, p. 5.

[30]      Submission 15, p. 2.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 14.

[32]      For example, David de Bruijn, 'Israel's Iron Dome, Tank Edition: The Trophy System', The National Interest, 30 July 2014.

[33]      Submission 25, p. 2.

[34]      Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 'Establishing the CODE for unmanned aircraft to fly as collaborative teams', Media release, 16 January 2015.

[35]      Submission 18, p. 3.

[36]      Submission 25, pp 2-3.

[37]      Submission 5, pp 6-7.

[38]      European Parliament, Resolution on the use of armed drones, (2014/2567)

[39]      Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice no. 1, p. 4.

[40]      Gary Martinic, 'Drones' or 'Smart' Unmanned Aerial Vehicles', Australian Defence Force Journal, Issue 189, 2012, pp 47-48.

[41]      Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice no. 1, p. 2.

[42]      HE Mr Peter Woolcott, Australian statement, General debate, CCW Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), 13 May 2014.

[43]      For example, Austria, 'The concept of "meaningful human control"', Working Paper, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems; Expert Meeting, Geneva, 13-17 April 2015; Australian Red Cross, responses to questions on notice no. 1, p. 4.

[44]      UK, Possible challenges to IHL due to increasing degrees of autonomy, Statement to the informal meeting of experts on lethal autonomous weapons systems, 13-17 April 2015, p. 3.

[45]      US Department of Defence, Autonomy in Weapons Systems, Directive 3000.09, 21 November 2012.

[46]      Michael Meier, US Delegation Opening Statement, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, 13 April 2015, p. 2.

[47]      Submission 23, p. 6.

[48]      Submission 23, p. 6.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 41.

[50]      For example, Dr Brendan Gogarty, Submission 18, pp 3-5. 

Chapter 6 - Research, industry and procurement

[1]        Submission 23, p. 14.

[2]        Matthew Grimson and Mark Corcoran, 'Taranis drone: Britains's $336m supersonic unmanned aircraft launched over Woomera', ABC News, 7 February 2014.

[3]        Submission 23, p. 14.

[4]        Submission 23, p. 14.

[5]        Submission 24, p. 3.

[6]        For example, Dr Derek Rogers, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, pp 20-21.

[7]        Submission 11, p. 35.

[8]        Submission 17, p. 3.

[9]        Submission 21, p. 3.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 25.

[11]      Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 16.

[12]      Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 17.

[13]      The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, Speech to Australian Member Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, 22 May 2015.

[14]      Department of Defence, Defence Issues Paper, 2014, p. 23.

[15]      Submission 23, p. 14.

[16]      Submission 11, p. 11.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 7.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 1.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, pp 4-5.

[20]      Submission 24, p. 7.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 6.

[22]      Submission 12, p. 8; Also see Mr Ken Crowe, Northrop Grumman, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 15.

[23]      Submission 14, p. 5.

[24]      Submission 11, pp 1-2.

[25]      CEA Technologies, Submission 38, pp 1-4 to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade inquiry into Australian defence industry exports.

[26]      Submission 4, p. 4.

[27]      Submission 14, p. 4.

[28]      Submission 11, pp 8-10.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 4.

[30]      Submission 17, p. 2.

[31]      Submission 11, p. 8.

[32]      Submission 11, p. 10.

[33]      Submission 17, p. 2.

[34]      Submission 19, p. 2.

Chapter 7 - Airspace regulation

[1]        Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 27.

[2]        CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper, 2015, p. 4.

[3]        CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper, 2015, p. 5.

[4]        CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper, 2015, p. 2. 

[5]        CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper, 2015, p. 3.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 4.

[7]        Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2, p. 2.

[8]        Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2, p. 3.

[9]        CASA, 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems', Information Paper, 2015, p. 5.

[10]      Mr Peter Boyd, CASA, Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 3.

[11]      JARUS, 'Terms of reference', 1 August 2012, p. 1.

[12]      Mr Anthony Patterson, Cobham Aviation, Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 6.

[13]      Department of Defence, response to questions on notice no. 2. p. 5.

[14]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[15]      For example, Northrop Grumman, Submission 12, p. 9.

[16]      Submission 23, p. 16.

[17]      Department of Defence, responses to question on notice no. 2, p. 4.

[18]      Submission 21, p. 4.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 4 May 2015, p. 6.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 45.

[21]      Royal Australian Air Force, 'Airservices Australia and the Royal Australian Air Force strengthen collaboration on unmanned aircraft systems', Media release, 29 May 2015.

[22]      Submission 17, pp 3-4.

[23]      Royal Australian Air Force, 'Airservices Australia and the Royal Australian Air Force strengthen collaboration on unmanned aircraft systems', Media release, 29 May 2015.

[24]      Mr Peter Cromarty, CASA, Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 4.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 13 May 2015, p. 5.

Chapter 8 - Conclusion

[1]        CSIRO, Our future world: Global megatrends that will change the way we live, 2012, p. 2.

[2]        The Hon Kevin Andrews MP, Minister for Defence, Speech to Australian Member Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, 22 May 2015.

[3]        For example, Jean Otto and Bryant Webber, 'Mental Health Diagnoses and Counselling Among Pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft', MSMR, March 2013, pp 3-8; Wayne Chappelle, Tanya Goodman, Laura Reardon and William Thompson, 'An Analysis of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in United States Air Force Drone Operators', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, June 2014.

[4]        Dr Phoebe Wynn-Pope, Australian Red Cross, Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 31.

[5]        Department of Defence, 'New advanced Air Force capability demonstrated in Canberra', Media release, 20 May 2015.

[6]        Submission 11, p. 12.

[7]        The Hon Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister, 'Joint Remarks at RAAF Base Edinburgh', Transcript, 13 March 2014.

[8]        Australian Government, Our North, Our Future: White Paper on Developing Northern Australia, June 2015, p. 2.

[9]        Department of Defence, Defence Force Posture Review, 30 March 2012, p. 43.

[10]      US Department of Defence, Autonomy in Weapons Systems, Directive 3000.09, 21 November 2012, p. 3.

[11]      CASA, responses to question on notice to questions on notice, p. 1.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 14 April 2015, p. 50.

[13]      Senator the Hon David Johnston, Minister for Defence, 'Heron to be retained to keep Australia's unmanned aerial capability', Media release, 28 October 2014.