Bills Digest No. 119, 2017–18
PDF version [294KB]
Alex Grove
Social Policy Section
18
June 2018
Contents
Purpose of the Bill
Background
Committee consideration
Policy position of non-government
parties/independents
Position of major interest groups
Financial implications
Statement of Compatibility with Human
Rights
Key issues and provisions
Concluding comments
Date introduced: 24
May 2018
House: House of
Representatives
Portfolio: Health
Commencement: 1
July 2019
Links: The links to the Bill,
its Explanatory Memorandum and second reading speech can be found on the
Bill’s home page, or through the Australian
Parliament website.
When Bills have been passed and have received Royal Assent,
they become Acts, which can be found at the Federal Register of Legislation
website.
All hyperlinks in this Bills Digest are correct as
at June 2018.
Purpose of
the Bill
The purpose of the Aged Care (Single Quality Framework)
Reform Bill 2018 (the Bill) is to amend the Aged Care Act 1997
(the Act) and the Australian
Aged Care Quality Agency Act 2013 (the Quality Agency Act) to make
provision for a single set of Aged Care Quality Standards to replace the four
current sets applying to different types of aged care. The standards will be
enacted through delegated legislation.
The Bill also makes a minor amendment to the Freedom of
Information Act 1982 (the FOI Act) to make protected information
which it is an offence to disclose under the Quality Agency Act exempt
from disclosure under the FOI Act.
Background
Australian
Government funded aged care services
Aged care services support older people who can no longer
live without assistance in their own homes. The Australian Government is the primary
funder and regulator of aged care in Australia. Services are delivered by many
different not-for-profit, for-profit and government providers.[1]
Aged care services funded and regulated under the Act and
associated Principles (made under section 96–1 of the Act) consist of:
- Residential
care provided on a permanent or respite (temporary) basis in aged care
homes[2]
- Home
care via coordinated packages of care provided in the
consumer’s home including personal and support services and clinical care and [3]
- Flexible care for older
people who may need a different care approach than that offered by mainstream
home and residential care services, including:
- Transition
Care of up to 12 weeks of care and rehabilitation upon discharge from
hospital
- Short-Term
Restorative Care (STRC) of up to eight weeks of goal-oriented services to
reverse or slow functional decline
- Multi-Purpose
Services (MPS) providing integrated health and aged care services in small
rural and remote communities that could not support stand-alone
hospitals or aged care homes and
- Innovative care through a small number of
grandfathered places from pilot projects supporting people with aged care needs
in state or territory-funded supported accommodation facilities.[4]
The Australian Government also funds aged care services through
grants provided outside of the framework of the Act. The two main
programs are:
- the Commonwealth Home Support Programme (CHSP) providing entry-level support
services for frail older people living in the community and [5]
- the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible Aged Care Programme
(NATSIFACP) providing culturally appropriate aged care for Indigenous
Australians, particularly in remote areas.[6]
Current aged
care quality standards
All of the above services are required to comply with standards
relating to the quality of care they provide.[7]
There are currently four different sets of standards, depending on the type of
care provided. As shown in Table one below, some of the standards are contained
in delegated legislation and others are administrative.
Table 1. Current aged care quality standards
Name |
Services covered |
Instrument or guideline |
Content |
Accreditation Standards
|
- residential
care
- STRC in
a residential setting
|
Quality
of Care Principles 2014
|
Four standards:
- management
systems, staffing and organisational development
- health
and personal care
- care
recipient lifestyle and
- physical
environment and safe systems.
44 outcomes in total.
|
Home Care Common Standards
|
- home
care
- STRC in
a home settings
- CHSP
|
Quality
of Care Principles 2014
|
Three standards:
- effective
management
- appropriate
access and service delivery and
- service
user rights and responsibilities
18 outcomes in total.
|
National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible
Aged Care Program Quality Framework Standards
|
|
Quality
Review for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible Aged
Care Program
|
Two overarching principles:
- cultural
safety and
- continuous
quality improvement.
Two standards:
- care
delivery and information and
- management
and accountability.
Nine outcomes in total.
|
Transition Care Standards
|
|
Transition
Care Programme Guidelines
|
Three standards:
- optimising
independence and wellbeing
- multidisciplinary
approach and therapy focussed care and
- seamless
care.
Nine outcomes in total.
|
Sources: DoH, Single Aged Care Quality Framework: draft aged care
quality standards consultation paper, op. cit.; Quality of Care Principles 2014; Australian Aged Care Quality Agency (Quality
Agency), Quality Review for the National Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander Flexible Aged Care Program, Quality Agency, December 2015, pp. 10–12; DoH, Transition Care Programme Guidelines, DoH, Canberra, 2015, pp. 42–5.
The Department of Health (DoH) notes the following challenges
in applying four different sets of standards:
- it
is difficult for consumers to know what to expect from aged care services
- the
system is complex, especially for organisations providing more than one type of
care and
- the
system can inhibit improvements in service delivery.[8]
Aged care
quality regulation
Responsibility for aged care quality regulation is currently
split between three entities, as described below. The entities can
share information with each other in order to carry out their duties.
DoH is responsible for policy and compliance
with the Act. DoH approves providers to provide care under the Act, and
contracts providers of CHSP and NATSIFACP services to provide care
outside of the Act. Providers must meet a range of responsibilities in the Act relating to the quality of care, the rights of care recipients and
governance, or in the relevant contract. This includes the
responsibility to meet the relevant quality standards, described above.[9]
DoH is responsible for taking regulatory action when
providers fail to comply with their responsibilities, including when they fail
to implement improvements required by the Australian Aged Care Quality Agency
(the Quality Agency) or by DoH.[10]
Regulatory actions include imposing sanctions and issuing notices of
non-compliance.[11]
The Quality Agency is an independent
statutory agency established under the Quality Agency Act. The Quality
Agency assesses services against the relevant standard through:
- accreditation of residential care services and residential STRC
services
- quality reviews of home care services, CHSP services, home STRC
services and NATSIFACP services and
- ongoing
monitoring of performance.[12]
If the Quality Agency finds that a service has not met one
or more outcome under the relevant standard, it will require the service to
rectify the non-compliance, and will also notify DoH. If the Quality Agency
identifies non-compliance that poses a serious risk to care recipients, it
notifies DoH of the serious risk. The Quality Agency can also decide to vary or
revoke the accreditation of a residential care service.[13]
The Aged Care Complaints Commissioner (the Complaints
Commissioner) is a statutory office holder under the Act, supported by around
150 complaints officers.[14]
The Complaints Commissioner handles complaints about Australian Government
funded aged care services, and can issue directions if she is not satisfied
that a service is meetings its responsibilities.[15]
Development
of a single set of Aged Care Quality Standards
The Australian Government announced in the 2015–16 Budget
that it would ‘consult with the aged care sector regarding the establishment of
a single quality framework for all aged care services’ because the current
system of multiple standards ‘increases complexity and red tape for providers’.
As part of the same measure, the Government stated it would consider options
for moving from the Quality Agency as sole provider of accreditation services
to ‘private market provision of accreditation services as part of a single aged
care quality regime’.[16]
However, DoH stated in 2017 that the development of options to privatise accreditation
services is not ‘part of the work to streamline quality assessment process’.[17]
The Bill does not provide for the privatisation of accreditation services.
The Government released a draft set of single Aged Care
Quality Standards in March 2017, with further drafts following in 2018.[18]
As the Aged Care Quality Standards will be enacted in
subordinate legislation, a detailed discussion of their content is outside the
scope of this digest. However, some brief information is provided below.
The final draft Aged Care Quality Standards consist of eight
standards:
- Standard 1 Consumer dignity and choice
- Standard 2 Ongoing assessment and planning with
consumers
- Standard 3 Personal care and clinical care
- Standard 4 Services and supports for daily living
- Standard 5 Organisation’s service environment
- Standard 6 Feedback and complaints
- Standard 7 Human resources
- Standard 8 Organisational governance.[19]
Each of the eight standards includes a statement of
outcome for the consumer, a statement of expectation for the organisation and a
number of organisational requirements to demonstrate that the standard has been
met.[20]
For example, ‘Standard 3 – Personal care and clinical care’
includes the consumer outcome ‘I get personal care and/or clinical care that is
safe and right for me’ and the organisation statement ‘Personal care and
clinical care is safe and effective and delivered in accordance with the
consumer’s needs, goals and preferences to optimise health and wellbeing.’
There are seven requirements for the organisation to demonstrate under this
standard relating to best practice care, risk management, end of life care, management
of deterioration, management of consumer information, referrals and infection
control.[21]
Aged care providers will only have to meet the standards
that are relevant to the care they provide and the environment in which
services are delivered. For example, Standard 3 will only apply to services
providing personal or clinical care. ‘Standard 5 - Organisation’s service
environment’ will apply to care delivered in nursing homes, day centres and
other organisational service environments, but will not apply to care and
services delivered in the consumer’s home.[22]
According to DoH, the Aged Care Quality Standards will
apply to residential care, home care, STRC, CHSP and NATSIFACP services. They
will also apply to Transition Care and MPS services that do not rely on state
or territory quality assessment arrangements. Innovative care is not mentioned.[23]
The Aged Care Quality Standards have been developed
through extensive consultation and co-design, and have been field tested by the
Quality Agency:
The Aged Care Quality Standards to be made under the reforms
in this bill have been developed through significant consultation and
co-designed with the aged-care sector. The Department of Health has undertaken
research and consultation with the public, the aged-care sector, and other
government organisations. A standards technical advisory group was also
established by the department. The Australian Aged Care Quality Agency is
developing guidance and educational material to support assessment of the
standards, and has conducted field testing of the draft set of standards.[24]
The Aged Care Quality Standards are designed to place the
focus on consumers of care, drive improvements in the quality of care, decrease
regulatory burden on providers and encourage innovation.[25]
Subject to passage of the Bill, providers will have a 12 month transition
period from 1 July 2018. During this period they can begin to implement
the new standards while still being assessed against the current standards.
Providers will be assessed against the new standards from 1 July 2019 (when the
Bill commences).[26]
The Review of National Aged Care Quality Regulatory
Processes (the Carnell Paterson review) was commissioned by the Australian
Government in response to failures of care identified at the Oakden Older
Persons Mental Health Service in Adelaide. The review reported on 25 October
2017. It did not make extensive recommendations in relation to the draft Aged
Care Quality Standards, but did note some positives including an increased
focus on the quality of consumers’ lives, and the inclusion of clinical
governance and open disclosure in the proposed standards.[27]
The review also recommended that aged care standards be reviewed every five
years, and that aged care standards should limit the use of restrictive
practices (such as physical restraints or sedation) in residential aged care.[28]
Both the Senate Community Affairs References
Committee and the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Health, Aged
Care and Sport are currently enquiring into aspects of aged care quality.[29] The Senate Community Affairs
References Committee noted in its interim report that as the new single quality
framework for aged care had only just been published in draft form, it would be
‘difficult for the committee to form a final view and set of recommendations
for this inquiry’.[30]
Committee
consideration
Senate
Standing Committee for Selection of Bills
At the time of writing, the Senate Standing
Committee for Selection of Bills had not yet considered the Bill.[31]
Senate
Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills
At the time of writing, the Senate Standing
Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills had not yet considered the Bill.[32]
Policy
position of non-government parties/independents
At the time of writing, no comment by non-government
parties or independents specifically relating to the Bill had been identified.
Position of
major interest groups
Around 350 submissions were received in response to the
first release of the draft Aged Care Quality Standards in March 2017. DoH has published
a summary of these submissions. While an examination of comments on individual
standards is outside the scope of this Digest, DoH did identify some common broad
themes including:
- support
for a single set of standards to reduce duplication for providers and increase
usefulness for consumers
- support
for the structure and language of the proposed standards
- support
for the consumer-centred focus of the standards
- concern
about the level of staffing in aged care services, and suggestions for a more
objective measure of sufficient staffing levels
- the
importance of adequate supports for consumers who cannot communicate in English
- the
importance of carers and
- concern
about the capacity of NATSIFACP and small volunteer-run organisations to meet
the proposed standards.[33]
When the next draft of the proposed standards was released
in early 2018, aged care providers continued to express their in-principle
support for the single set of standards while awaiting final details and
guidelines. SummitCare CEO Cynthia Payne described the twelve month period to transition
to the new standards as ‘very optimistic’ for a ‘change management program of
this size’.[34]
Sean Rooney, CEO of aged care provider peak body Leading Age Services Australia
(LASA), also welcomed the release of the next draft and noted that LASA had
sought funding from the Government to support providers to implement the new
standards.[35]
As noted below, this funding was provided for residential aged care providers in
the 2018–19 Budget.
Consumer organisations have varied in their response to
the proposed standards. COTA Australia has welcomed the consolidation of the
four existing sets of standards, and acknowledged ‘the considerable work that
has been undertaken to develop simple, relevant, meaningful and measurable
standards’.[36]
The Combined Pensioners & Superannuants Association (CPSA) has been more
critical, arguing that the ‘new standards will hollow out an already
insufficient system’ and are not sufficiently prescriptive to ensure quality
care.[37]
Financial
implications
According to the Explanatory Memorandum, the Bill has no
financial impact.[38]
However, the Government announced in the 2018–19 Budget
that it would provide $50 million to residential aged care services to help
them transition to the new standards.[39]
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
As required under Part 3 of the Human Rights
(Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 (Cth), the Government has assessed the
Bill’s compatibility with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared
in the international instruments listed in section 3 of that Act. The
Government considers that the Bill is compatible because the proposed Aged Care
Quality Standards support care recipients to achieve high standards of living
and health and increase protections against violence and abuse. The Bill also
supports the right to privacy by ‘exempting protected information, which can
include personal information, from disclosure under the FOI Act’.[40]
Parliamentary
Joint Committee on Human Rights
At the time of writing, the Parliamentary
Joint Committee on Human Rights had not yet considered the Bill.[41]
Key issues
and provisions
Amendments
to the Act
Section 54–1 of the Act sets out the responsibilities of
approved providers in relation to the quality of care they provide. Currently,
residential care providers must comply with the Accreditation Standards, home
care providers with the Home Care Standards and certain flexible care providers
with the Flexible Care Standards. The Act provides for these standards to be
set out in the Quality of Care Principles.[42]
Items 1 and 2 repeal the references to these three
different standards, and replace them with references to the Aged Care Quality
Standards. Proposed section 54–2 provides that the Aged Care Quality
Standards may be made under the Quality of Care Principles, and may set out
different standards for different kinds of aged care.
The Minister noted in his second reading speech that the
Aged Care Quality Standards will be enacted through amendments to the Quality
of Care Principles 2014, which are a disallowable instrument:
The Aged Care Quality Standards will be enacted through
amendments to the Quality of Care Principles 2014, issued by the Minister for
Aged Care under the Aged Care Act 1997, consistent with the manner in
which current Accreditation Standards and Home Care Standards have been issued.
Principles are subject to parliamentary scrutiny and disallowance, meaning that
the final content of the Aged Care Quality Standards will be able to be
transparently reviewed by parliament.[43]
Amendments
to the Quality Agency Act
Items 4 and 6 repeal the definitions of Accreditation
Standards and Home Care Standards in the Quality
Agency Act.[44]
Item 5 inserts a proposed definition of the Aged Care
Quality Standards meaning those set out in the Quality of Care
Principles made under the Act.
Section 12 of the Quality Agency Act sets out the
functions of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Quality Agency. These
functions currently include accrediting residential care services in accordance
with the Accreditation Standards and the Quality Agency Principles and
conducting quality reviews of home care services in accordance with the Home
Care Standards and the Quality Agency Principles.[45]
Item 7 removes the reference to the Accreditation
Standards for accrediting residential care services and the reference to the
Home Care Standards for reviewing home care services. This means that the CEO
will only accredit or review services in accordance with the Quality Agency
Principles. Presumably the Quality Agency Principles will be amended to refer
to the Aged Care Quality Standards.
The CEO also currently reviews the quality of CHSP,
NATSIFACP and STRC services.[46]
The Minister’s second reading speech advises that the CEO will have the power
to assess CHSP, NATSIFACP and flexible care services (which include STRC)
‘through a specification instrument made by the Minister’.[47]
Presumably this will require the Australian Aged Care Quality Agency (Other
Functions) Instrument 2015 to be amended or remade to refer to the Aged Care
Quality Standards.
Another function of the CEO is to advise the Secretary of
the Department about services that do not meet the Accreditation Standards or
the Home Care Standards.[48]
Item 8 removes the reference to the Accreditation
Standards or the Home Care Standards from this function and replaces it with a
reference to the Aged Care Quality Standards.
Amendments
to the FOI Act
The Quality Agency Act defines protected information
as personal information or information relating to the affairs of an approved
provider which was acquired in the performance of the functions of the CEO or
the Aged Care Quality Advisory Council.[49] Disclosing protected information obtained under the Quality
Agency Act is an offence punishable by up to two years’ imprisonment,
unless it is done for the purposes specified in the Quality Agency Act.[50]
The FOI Act provides for a right of access to
documents held by the Australian Government.[51]
Access is not required to be given to exempt documents.[52]
One way a document can be an exempt document is if its disclosure is prohibited
under other legislation and the legislation is listed in Schedule 3 of the FOI
Act.[53]
Item 9 amends Schedule 3 of the FOI Act to
add protected information which it is an offence to disclose under the Quality
Agency Act to the list of information which is exempt from disclosure under
the FOI Act.
Concluding comments
There are currently four different sets of quality
standards for Australian Government funded aged care services. The Government
is proposing to replace these with a single set of Aged Care Quality Standards
applicable to all types of aged care service. This Bill makes provision for a
single set of Aged Care Quality Standards in the relevant legislation, although
the standards themselves will be enacted through delegated legislation.
The proposed Aged Care Quality Standards have been
released in draft form and subject to extensive consultation. Support for the change
to a single set of standards, and for the form and content of the new
standards, has been broad but not universal amongst aged care providers and
consumer groups.
[1]. A
Grove, Aged
care: a quick guide, Research paper series, 2016–17, Parliamentary
Library, Canberra, 2016.
[2]. Department
of Health (DoH), 2016-17
report on the operation of the Aged Care Act 1997, DoH, Canberra, 2017,
2017, p. 44.
[3]. Ibid.,
pp. 30–1.
[4]. Ibid.,
pp. 54–60.
[5]. Ibid.,
p. 24.
[6]. Ibid.,
p. 60.
[7]. With
the possible exception of Innovative care services. See DoH, Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: draft aged care quality standards consultation
paper, DoH, Canberra, 2017, p. 4. Some Multi-Purpose Services and
Transition Care services rely on state or territory quality assessment
arrangements. See DoH, Application
of draft Aged Care Quality Standards by service type [draft], DoH,
Canberra, April 2018, pp. 2–3.
[8]. DoH,
Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: draft aged care quality standards consultation
paper, op. cit., p. 5.
[9]. DoH,
Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: options for assessing performance against aged
care quality standards, Options paper, DoH, Canberra 2017, p. 30.
[10]. Ibid.
[11]. DoH,
‘Aged
care – sanctions and notices of non-compliance’, Ageing and Aged Care
website, last updated 6 April 2017.
[12]. DoH,
Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: options for assessing performance against aged
care quality standards, op. cit., pp. 7–8.
[13]. Ibid.,
pp. 9–10.
[14]. Aged
Care Complaints Commissioner, ‘The
Complaints Commissioner and the staff’, Aged Care Complaints Commissioner
website, last updated 29 November 2017.
[15]. DoH,
Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: options for assessing performance against aged
care quality standards, op. cit., p. 30.
[16]. Department
of Social Services (DSS), Aged
Care Quality Agency, 2015–16 Budget fact sheet, DSS, 2015.
[17]. DoH,
Single
Aged Care Quality Framework: options for assessing performance against aged
care quality standards, op. cit., p. 4.
[18]. DoH,
‘Single set of quality standards – the Aged Care Quality Standards’, Ageing and Aged Care website, last updated 4 June 2018; N
Egan, ‘Providers await detail on aged care quality framework’, Australian Ageing Agenda website, 7 February 2018.
[19]. DoH,
Application
of draft Aged Care Quality Standards by service type, op. cit., p. 1.
[20]. Ibid.
[21]. DoH,
Final
draft Aged Care Quality Standards, [draft], DoH, Canberra, May 2018, p.
3.
[22]. DoH,
Application
of draft Aged Care Quality Standards by service type, op. cit., pp.
1–2.
[23]. Ibid.
[24]. K
Wyatt (Minister for Aged Care), ‘Second
reading speech: Aged Care (Single Quality Framework) Reform Bill 2018’,
House of Representatives, Debates, (proof), 24 May 2018, pp. 16–17.
[25]. Ibid.
[26]. DoH,
‘Single set of quality standards – the Aged Care Quality Standards’, op. cit.
[27]. K
Carnell and R Paterson, Review
of national aged care quality processes, DoH, Canberra, October 2017,
pp. 63, 146, 154.
[28]. Ibid.,
pp. 126, 147.
[29]. Senate Community Affairs References Committee, ‘Effectiveness of the Aged Care Quality Assessment and accreditation
framework for protecting residents from abuse and poor practices, and ensuring
proper clinical and medical care standards are maintained and practised’, Parliament of Australia website; House of Representatives Standing
Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport, ‘Inquiry into the Quality of Care in Residential Aged Care Facilities in
Australia’, Parliament of Australia website.
[30]. Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Effectiveness of the Aged Care Quality Assessment and accreditation
framework for protecting residents from abuse and poor practices, and ensuring
proper clinical and medical care standards are maintained and practised:
Interim report, The Senate, Canberra, February
2018, p. 64.
[31]. Senate
Standing Committee for Selection of Bills, ‘Reports
for 2018’, The Senate, Canberra.
[32]. Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills, ‘Index of bills considered by the committee’,
The Senate, Canberra, 2018.
[33]. DoH,
Report
on the outcome of consultations on the Single Aged Care Quality Framework,
DoH, Canberra, July 2017, pp. 3–6.
[34]. N
Egan, ‘Providers
await detail on aged care quality framework’, op. cit.
[35]. HelloCare,
‘New
single set of Aged Care Quality Standards: what does this mean?’, HelloCare
website, 12 February 2018.
[36]. COTA
Australia (formerly Council on the Ageing), ‘Submission
to – draft aged care quality standards and options for assessing performance
against aged care quality standards’, COTA Australia website, 15 April
2017.
[37]. Combined
Pensioners & Superannuants Association (CPSA), ‘Aged
care standards set to be watered down even further’, CPSA website, 24 March
2017; CPSA, ‘Single quality
framework’, CPSA website, 22 March 2018.
[38]. Explanatory
Memorandum, Aged Care (Single Quality Framework) Reform Bill 2018, p. 2.
[39]. DoH, Better
Quality of Care – supporting residential aged care services transition to the
new quality standards, Budget 2018–19 fact sheet, DoH, 8
May 2018.
[40]. The
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights can be found at pages 3–4 of the Explanatory
Memorandum to the Bill.
[41]. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, ‘Index of bills and legislative instruments’, Australian Parliament website.
[42]. Aged
Care Act 1997, sections 54–2, 54–4 and 54–5. The Quality of Care
Principles 2014 set out the Accreditation Standards and the Home Care
Standards. They also specify that the Flexible Care Standards for short‑term restorative care
in a residential care setting are the Accreditation Standards, and the Flexible
Care Standards for short‑term
restorative care in a home care setting are the Home Care Standards.
[43]. Wyatt,
‘Second
reading speech: Aged Care (Single Quality Framework) Reform Bill 2018’, op.
cit., p. 16.
[44]. Australian
Aged Care Quality Agency Act 2013, section 3.
[45]. Ibid.,
paragraphs 12(a) and 12(b). The Quality Agency
Principles 2013 are made under section 53 of the Australian Aged Care
Quality Agency Act 2013.
[46]. Australian Aged Care
Quality Agency (Other Functions) Instrument 2015.
[47]. K
Wyatt, ‘Second
reading speech: Aged Care (Single Quality Framework) Reform Bill 2018’, op.
cit., p. 17.
[48]. Australian
Aged Care Quality Agency Act 2013, paragraph 12(d).
[49]. Ibid.,
section 3.
[50]. Ibid.,
sections 48, 49, 50.
[51]. Freedom
of Information Act 1982, paragraph 3(1)(b).
[52]. Ibid.,
subsection 11A(4).
[53]. Ibid.,
subsection 38(1).
Members, Senators and Parliamentary staff can obtain
further information from the Parliamentary Library on (02) 6277 2500.
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