Footnotes

Executive summary

[1]        UN Secretary-General, Address to mark International Human Rights Day, SG/SM/10788, 8 December 2006.

[2]        United Nations Association in Canada, Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding: Lessons from the Past Building for the Future, Report on the UN–Canada 50^th Anniversary of UN peacekeeping International Panel Series, 2006–2007, March 2007, p. 156.

[3]        As noted in paragraph 13.14, the working group discusses a range of peacekeeping policy issues including the work of the UN’s Special Committee on Peacekeeping and regional capacity-building initiatives.

[4]        See paragraph 21.35.

 

Chapter 1 - Introduction and conduct of the inquiry

[1]        See a list of selected bibliography at the end of the report.

[2]        Lieutenant General Ken Gillespie, Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 2.

[3]        Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W3, 24 July 2007.

[4]        The Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, answer to question without notice, House Hansard, 13 February 2008, p. 220.

[5]        See paragraph 1.23 for an explanation of 'East Timor' and 'Timor-Leste'.

[6]        As at December 2007, www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/2007/dec07_3.pdf (accessed 18 January 2008).

[7]        In addition, 10 AFP members deployed to the Timor-Leste Police Development Program (TLPDP), set up under a bilateral arrangement between the governments of Australia and Timor-Leste, are currently working with UNMIT. The TLPDP is currently under review. See http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/current_deployments/timor.html (accessed 18 January 2008). Also, 17 ADF personnel are deployed to Timor-Leste to support the Defence Cooperation Program. This is a regional engagement initiative to assist the development of the Timor-Leste Defence Force and is conducted independently of the ADF contribution to UNMIT. See http://www.defence.gov.au/optower/index.htm (accessed 18 January 2008).

[8]        Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/opmazurka/index.htm (accessed 18 January 2008).

[9]        Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/opanode/default.htm (accessed 18 January 2008); Australian Federal Police, Submission 28, p. A-5. The more recent figures given here for the APF come from AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[10]      Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/opastute/default.htm (accessed 18 January 2008) and the Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, answer to question without notice, House Hansard, 13 February 2008, p. 35. In April 2008, the Prime Minister announced that the Australian commitment to the ISF would return to the pre-February level of about 750 personnel. Prime Minister of Australia, Media Release, 'Australian Troops in Timor-Leste Return to Pre-11 February 2008 Levels', 26 April 2008. As at 29 May 2008, the number was 750, http://www.defence.gov.au/opastute/default.htm. Defence also records ISAF (Afghanistan) with 970 ADF personnel (Operation Slipper). To peak at around 1000 by mid-2008. Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/opslipper/default.htm (accessed 18 January 2008). As at 2 June 2008, the number was 1080, http://www.defence.gov.au/opslipper/default.htm.

[11]      Austcare, Submission 11, p. 5.

[12]      Australian Federal Police, Submission 28, pp. 5 and 7.

[13]      Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's Participation in Peacekeeping, 1994, p. xix.

[14]      UN General Assembly, Unanimous Assembly Decision Makes Timor-Leste 191^st United Nations Member State, Press release, 27 September 2002.

 

Chapter 2 - Changing nature of peacekeeping operations

[1]        The Good Offices Commission established in 1947 to assist in the delineation and supervision of the ceasefire and repatriation of Dutch forces to the Netherlands. It became the UN Commission for Indonesia (UNCI) in 1949. Department of Veterans' Affairs, From Gallipoli to Dili, The Spirit of Anzac, pp. 17–33, http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/download/schoolkit.pdf (accessed 30 June 2008).

[2]        See for example, UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2004/16, 17 May 2004.

[3]        See for example, UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraphs 42–43.

[4]        See Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VI, Articles 33 and 38.

[5]        Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, quoted in Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's Role on United Nations Reform, June 2001, p. 49.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 57.

[7]        A. Bellamy, P. Williams, & S. Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, 2004, pp. 60–74. Bellamy et al discuss in particular the activities of the Concert of Europe and League of Nations.

[8]        UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 14.

[9]        Dr Peter Londey, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 41.

[10]      Dr Peter Londey, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 41 and United Nations Peacekeeping, List of operations, www.un.org/Depts/dpko/list/list.pdf (accessed 11 November 2007).

[11]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraphs 8 and 15.

[12]      United Nations Peacekeeping, List of Operations, www.un.org/Depts/dpko/list/list.pdf (accessed 29 January 2008). There are currently 17 UN peacekeeping operations ongoing.

[13]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 11.

[14]      Government of Canada, Submission 37, p. 1.

[15]      World Vision Australia, Submission 19, pp. 1–2.

[16]      United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, Meeting New Challenges, DPI/2350/Rev. 2, pp. 4–5, http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q&a.pdf (accessed 18 January 2007). While the end of the Cold War was significant in the evolution of peacekeeping, Bellamy et al note that its evolution has been 'protracted, uneven and inconsistent', that it is difficult to clearly distinguish different forms of peacekeeping and misleading to organise the evolution into distinct 'generations' of peacekeeping. A. Bellamy, P. Williams, & S. Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, 2004, p. 13.

[17]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 43.

[18]      United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Guidelines and Principles (UN Capstone Doctrine), March 2008, pp. 17–18. See also UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organisation, Supplement to An Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the 50^th Anniversary of the United Nations, A/50/60–S/1995/1, 3 January 1995, paragraphs 77–80, http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agsupp.html#INSTRUMENT (accessed 21 May 2008); and Jane Boulden, Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia, 2000, pp. 14–16.

[19]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 55.

[20]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 45.

[21]      John Sanderson, 'The Changing Face of Peace Operations: A View from the Field', Journal of International Affairs, Spring 2002, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 281.

[22]      John Sanderson, 'The Changing Face of Peace Operations: A View from the Field', Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 2002, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 281.

[23]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, p. 2.

[24]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Joint Inspection Unit, Investigation of the relationship between humanitarian assistance and peace-keeping operations, (JIU/REP/95/6), A/50/572, 24 October 1995, p. vi.

[25]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 49.

[26]      United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, Meeting New Challenges, DPI/2350/Rev. 2, p. 5, http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q&a.pdf (accessed 18 January 2007). There are many and varied views on the underlying causes of peacekeeping failures. See for example, UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305–S/2000/809, 21 August 2000, p. 4; and F. Fleitz Jr, Peacekeeping Fiascos of the 1990s, 2002.

[27]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305–S/2000/809, 21 August 2000. Hereafter referred to as 'The Brahimi Report'. The full text of the report can be found at http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace_operations/ (accessed 18 January 2007).

[28]      The Brahimi Report, p. 3.

[29]      The Brahimi Report, paragraph 21, p. 4.

[30]      The Brahimi Report, Executive summary, p. viii.

[31]      The Brahimi Report, Executive summary, p. ix and paragraph 18, p. 3.

[32]      The Brahimi Report, Executive summary, p. viii and p. 5. See also Austcare, Submission 11, p. 6.

[33]      The Brahimi Report, paragraphs 76, 128 and 129, pp. 13 and 22.

[34]      The Brahimi Report, paragraph 129, p. 22.

[35]      The Brahimi Report, Summary of Recommendations, p. 54.

[36]      Ms Gillian Bird, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 52.

[37]      United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, Meeting New Challenges, DPI/2350/Rev. 2, p. 7, http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q&a.pdf (accessed 18 January 2007).

[38]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1545, S/RES/1545 (2004), 21 May 2004.

[39]      A. Bellamy, P. Williams, & S. Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, 2004, p. 230.

[40]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, A/59/2005, 21 March 2005, p. 6.

[41]      A. Bellamy, P. Williams, & S. Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, 2004, p. 165.

[42]      Submission 37, p. 2.

[43]      Charter of the United Nations, Article 52, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ (accessed 25 October 2007). Chapter VIII of the UN Charter states: 'Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations'.

[44]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 64.

[45]      UN News Service, Sudan accepts UN-African force for Darfur without conditions–Council official, 17 June 2007. Bellamy et al also cite the examples of Chechnya, where the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was 'allowed access when the UN was not', and Zimbabwe where the 'government preferred regional and continental bodies as election observers to personnel from non-African organisations', Understanding Peacekeeping, 2004, p. 214.

[46]      Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2007, Briefing Paper, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, with the support of the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the International Peace Academy, 2007, p. 1.

[47]      Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2008, Briefing Paper, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, with the support of the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 2008, p. 2.

[48]      Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2007, Briefing Paper, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, with the support of the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the International Peace Academy, 2007, p. 1.

[49]      Ms Gillian Bird, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 52–53.

[50]      Ms Gillian Bird, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 53.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 3.

[52]      See reference to 'spoilers' at paragraph 2.24.

 

Chapter 3 - Decision-making process

[1]        See Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p. 1; Major General (Retired) Tim Ford, Submission 4, p. 1; Austcare, Submission 11, p. 5; Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, p. 1; Australian Red Cross, Submission 22, p. 1; AusAID, Submission 26, p. 3; Australian Federal Police, Submission 28, pp. 4–5; and Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 2.

[2]        Australian Federal Police, Submission 28, p. 7.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 45.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 6.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 80.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 81.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 6–7.

[8]        Lt Gen Gillespie is now Chief of Army.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 6.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[13]      AFPNews, April 2006, p. 11.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[15]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W1, 24 July 2007.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 11.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[18]      Commonwealth of Australia, Report of the Inquiry into Australian intelligence agencies, 2004, p. 52.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 5.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 5.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 75.

[24]      Submission 13, pp. 1–2.

[25]      Submission 13, p. 4.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 46.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 17.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 17.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 46.

[30]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Australia and APEC: A Review of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, July 2000, p. 41.

[31]      Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Question without notice, House Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 9926.

[32]      Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, transcript of address to the Asia Society Australasia Centre Annual Dinner Sydney, 6 June 2007.

[33]      Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, paragraphs 3.14–3.20.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 46.

[35]      Submission 13, p. 4.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 4.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[38]      See, for example, UN Security Council, Resolution 1547, 11 June 2004, paragraph 6; Resolution 1556, 30 July 2004; Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004; Resolution 1590, 24 March 2005, paragraphs 2 and 5; Resolution 1591, 29 March 2005; Resolution 1679, 16 May 2006; and Resolution 1706, 31 August 2006.

[39]      UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General and the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on the hybrid operation in Darfur, S/2007/307 Rev. 1, 5 June 2007, paragraphs 7–9.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 70.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 2. See also UN Security Council, Resolution 1769, S/RES/1769 (2007), 31 July 2007; and AU Peace and Security Council Communiqué PSC/PR/Comm (LXXIX), 22 June 2007.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 4–5.

[43]      Submission 28, p. 9.

[44]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, 'Policing in a Foreign Space', Speech, National Press Club Address, 11 October 2006.

[45]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, 'Policing in a Foreign Space', Speech, National Press Club Address, 11 October 2006.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 46.

[47]      As an example of this commitment, in the 2008–09 budget, the government provided $53.7 million over two years to the AFP to deploy personnel to Timor-Leste to build capacity within the Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste; $14.1 million in 2008–09 for the net additional costs of extending ADF's contribution to RAMSI and $165.9 million over two years for the net additional costs of extending ADF's contribution to restoring peace and stability in Timor-Leste. It also provided $5.6 million in 2007–08 to continue the deployment of 37 AFP personnel to the RAMSI. Budget Paper No. 2, Part 2, Expense Measures.

[48]      See for example, Associate Professor Elsina Wainwright, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 3; and Austcare which acknowledged that 'longer-term and more substantial peacekeeping commitments by Australia are more likely within its immediate region, where it is more able to assist and would be expected to do so by the international community'. Submission 11, p. 10.

[49]      Charter of the United Nations, Articles 52–54.

[50]      House Hansard, 25 May 2006, p. 63.

[51]      Austcare, Submission 11¸ p. 9; Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, p. 3. See also Commonwealth of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper, 1997, paragraph 25, p. 13; and Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 3.

 

Chapter 4 - Policy frameworks and mandates

[1]        See for example, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 18 to the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade's inquiry into Australia's public diplomacy, p. 8; Commonwealth of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper, 1997, paragraph 25, p. 13.

[2]        Commonwealth of Australia, Advancing the National Interest, Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper, 2003, p. 46.

[3]        Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, p. 4. See also the Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, House Hansard, 25 May 2006, p. 63.

[4]        Submission 35, p. 3.

[5]        Submissions 36 and 37.

[6]        Commonwealth of Australia, Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force, 2000, p. x.

[7]        Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, House Hansard, 25 May 2006, p. 63.

[8]        Governor-General's Speech, 12 February 2008.

[9]        Mr Kevin Rudd MP, Speech to the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 9 August 2007.

[10]      Submission 15, p. 3.

[11]      The Good Offices Commission was established in 1947 to assist in the delineation and supervision of the ceasefire and repatriation of Dutch forces to the Netherlands. It became the UN Commission for Indonesia (UNCI) in 1949.

[12]      See for example, Austcare, Submission 11, p. 9.

[13]      Austcare, Submission 11, p. 2.

[14]      Submission 9, p. 1.

[15]      Submission 15, paragraph 10.

[16]      Submission 15, p. 11.

[17]      Australia's stated strategic objectives are to: foster the security of Australia's immediate neighbourhood; work with others to promote stability and cooperation in Southeast Asia; and contribute in appropriate ways to maintaining strategic stability in the wider Asia Pacific region. See Commonwealth of Australia, Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force, 2000, p. x. The White Paper on Australian overseas aid recognised that Australia's peace and security is inextricably linked to that of its neighbours and cited the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), the conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction in Bougainville and the aid given to East Timor in its transition to independence as significant achievements in Australia's aid programs. AusAID, White Paper, Australian Aid: Promoting Growth and Stability, section 1.2.

[18]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, paragraph 8.

[19]      See for example, UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, A/61/668, 13 February 2007, paragraphs 9–10.

[20]      In 2000, the Secretary-General convened a panel on United Nations Peace Operations to assess the UN's ability to conduct peace operations effectively and 'to present a clear set of specific, concrete and practical recommendations' to assist the UN to improve its capacity.

[21]      See for example, Brahimi Report, paragraph 6(b).

[22]      See for example, Brahimi Report, paragraphs 58 and 64.

[23]      See for example, Brahimi Report, paragraphs 58–64; and United Nations Association of Australia, Submission 3, p. 24.

[24]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the report of the Panel on United Nations peace operations, A/55/502, 20 October 2000, paragraph 37, p. 8. See also UN Security Council, Resolution 1318, S/RES/1318 (2000), 7 September 2000, section III, p. 2; UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2004/16, 17 May 2004, p. 2; UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group, A/59/19/Rev.1, 2005, paragraph 34, p. 6.

[25]      UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992, paragraph 50.

[26]      Shashi Tharoor, 'Is the United Nations Still Relevant?', Speech, Asia Society, Hong Kong, 14 June 2004, http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/tharoor04.html (accessed 18 December 2007).

[27]      Brahimi Report, paragraph 56.

[28]      The University of Queensland Social Research Centre, Framework for Performance Indicators in Australian Federal Police (AFP) Peace Operations, Final Report, prepared for the Australian Federal Police, October 2006, Section 1.3, p. 3 (provided by AFP, answer to question on notice 2, 25 July 2007).

[29]      Roland Rich, 'Crafting Security Council Mandates', The Centre for Democratic Institutions, p. 13, http://polsc.anu.edu.au/rich%20paper.rtf (accessed 23 July 2008).

[30]      Sergio Vieira de Mello, 'How Not to Run a Country: Lessons for the UN from Kosovo and East Timor', unpublished paper, June 2000.

[31]      Submission 15, paragraph 8.

[32]      Submission 15, p. 5.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 4.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 18.

[35]      Commonwealth of Australia, Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force, paragraph 6.18.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5.

[37]      Submission 28, p. 9.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 7.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 7.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 11.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 3. On 30 March the Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, in response to the Secretary-General's request, indicated that 'a commitment of military officers up to a threshold of nine military officers will be made available to assist' with UNAMID in Darfur. Prime Minister of Australia, Press Conference, United Nations, New York, 30 March 2008. See also Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, 'Australia to contribute to Darfur Peace Process', Media Release, 8 June 2008.

[42]      See for example, Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 3.

[43]      Department of Defence, answer to question on notice W4, 24 July 2007.

[44]      Department of Defence, answer to question on notice W4, 24 July 2007

[45]      Department of Defence, answer to question on notice W4, 24 July 2007.

[46]      See for example, Commonwealth of Australia, In the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper, 1997, paragraph 25, p. 13.

 

Chapter 5 - Humanitarian considerations—Responsibility to protect

[1]        See Chapter 4, paragraph 4.4; and Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, paragraphs 4.3 and 6.2.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 47.

[3]        See Chapter 2, paragraphs 2.14–2.15.

[4]        UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, S/2005/740, 28 November 2005, p. 2.

[5]        UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/1999/6, 12 February 1999, p. 1.

[6]        UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, The causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, A/52/871–S/1998/318, 13 April 1998, paragraph 32.

[7]        United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, Meeting New Challenges, DPI/2350/Rev.2, p. 5, http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q&a.pdf, (accessed 8 October 2007). See also the Brahimi Report discussed in Chapter 2.

[8]        Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260 (III)A of the UN General Assembly, 9 December 1948, article VIII.

[9]        Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1, Article 2 (7), http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter (accessed 9 October 2007).

[10]      Article 51: 'Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures to maintain international peace and security.'

[11]      As noted earlier, Chapter VII allows the Security Council to 'take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security' and to call for forces to implement such action (Article 42).

[12]      See for example, Secretary-General presents his Annual Report to the General Assembly, 20 September 1999, http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/statments_search_full.asp?statID=28 (accessed 16 October 2007); and UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, The causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, A/52/871–S/1998/318, 13 April 1998, paragraph 32.

[13]      Millennium Report of the United Nations Secretary-General, We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21^st Century, United Nations, New York, 2000, p. 48, http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report (accessed 9 October 2007).

[14]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, December 2001, pp. 16–18.

[15]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, pp. VIII, XI, and 8.

[16]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, pp. XI, 29 and 31.

[17]      For further details of the criteria and principles see Appendix 5 of this report.

[18]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, paragraph (3)A, p. XII.

[19]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, paragraph 6.14, p. 49.

[20]      UN General Assembly, Letter dated 26 July 2002 from the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and Annex, A/57/303, 14 August 2002. The Secretary-General reported to the General Assembly that response to the document would 'be important in generating a new consensus among the international community on controversial issues around the use of military force in response to genocide, ethnic cleansing and other mass atrocities'. UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, New international humanitarian order, A/57/583, 1 November 2002, paragraph 12, p. 9.

[21]      UN General Assembly, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: our shared responsibility, A/59/565, 2 December 2004, paragraph 203, p. 57.

[22]      UN General Assembly, Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: our shared responsibility, A/59/565, 2 December 2004, paragraphs 206 and 207, pp. 57–58.

[23]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All, A/59/2005, 21 March 2005, paragraph 6(h), p. 58. See also paragraph 126, p. 33.

[24]      UN General Assembly, 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/RES/60/1, 24 October 2005, paragraphs 138–139, p. 30.

[25]      See for example, Simon Chesterman, Reforming the United Nations: Kofi Annan's legacy gets a reality check, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, May 2006, pp. 13–14; and Alex J. Bellamy, 'Wither the Responsibility to Protect? Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit', Ethics and International Affairs, 2006, 20, 2, Academic Research Library, pp. 164–166.

[26]      The Secretary-General spelt out these principles in UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All, A/59/2005, 21 March 2005, paragraph 126, p. 33 and paragraph 6(h), p. 58.

[27]      William R. Pace and Nicole Deller, 'Preventing Future Genocides: An International Responsibility to Protect', World Order, 2005, Vol. 36, No. 4, p. 28.

[28]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1674, S/RES/1674 (2006), 28 April 2006, paragraph 4, p. 2.

[29]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1706, S/RES/1706 (2006), 31 August 2006, p. 1.

[30]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1706, S/RES/1706 (2006), 31 August 2006, paragraph 1, p. 3; and UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on Darfur, S/2006/764, 26 September 2006, paragraphs 49–51, pp. 9–10.

[31]      UN Secretary-General, Address to mark International Human Rights Day, SG/SM/10788, 8 December 2006.

[32]      UN News Centre, Secretary-General calls for more resources for Darfur peacekeeping mission, 5 February 2008. See also 'Joint UN-African force takes over in Darfur', the Australian, 2 January 2008, p. 7.

[33]      See for example, Rebecca J. Hamilton, 'The Responsibility to Protect: From Document to Doctrine—But What of Implementation?, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 19, 2006, pp. 293–297.

[34]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, paragraph 8.7, p. 70.

[35]      UN Secretary-General, Address to mark International Human Rights Day, SG/SM/10788, 8 December 2006.

[36]      Statement by Mr Allen Rock, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, on behalf of Australia, Canada and New Zealand, UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, 15 June 2004.

[37]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005–2006, p. 107.

[38]      Statement by HE Mr Peter Tesch, Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative, Australian Mission to the UN, Plenary exchange on the President's draft outcomes document for the High-level Summit, 21 June 2005. See also Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Speech to the Law Institute of Victoria, International Law: Developments and Challenges, Melbourne, 23 November 2005.

[39]      Oxfam Australia, Submission 24, p. 2; and Christian World Service, Submission 31, p. 6.

[40]      See for example, Oxfam Australia, Submission 24, p. 3; and Christian World Service, Submission 31, p. 4.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 34.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 24.

[43]      Austcare, Submission 11, p. 2.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 15–16.

[45]      For example, World Vision Australia noted that 'in terms of responsibility to react, as an organisation we believe we need to do much more thinking, research and analysis about the full implications of what that might mean for us...it is one thing for governments to be taking on that role in an international community in the context of the UN; it is quite different for an NGO, like World Vision, that has traditionally not supported the use of force, to be saying it is appropriate for the end point to be always and every time military intervention'. Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 36–37. See also Oxfam Australia, Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 20.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 9. See also Mr Michael Bliss, Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 9.

[47]      Statement by Ambassador John McNee, Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand, UN Security Council Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, 22 June 2007.

[48]      Statement by HE Robert Hill, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations, to the UN Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, 20 November 2007.

[49]      According to the Centre, it will, along with associated centres throughout the world, serve as a 'catalyst for moving from principle to practice'. It was officially launched on 14 February 2008 with the Australian Government as a sponsor along with the governments of Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Rwanda and the United Kingdom. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, http://www.globalcentrer2p.org/about.html and http://www.globalcentrer2p.org/brochure.pdf (accessed 14 May 2008).

[50]      Statement by HE Robert Hill, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations, to the UN Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, 20 November 2007.

[51]      UN Secretary-General, SG/A/1120, 21 February 2008. The Academy changed its name to the International Peace Institute in March 2008.

[52]      Austcare, Submission 11, p. 2.

[53]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, pp. XI and 17.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 36–37.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, pp. 39 and 40.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 27.

[57]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 1a, 25 July 2007.

[58]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 1a, 25 July 2007. The GHD initiative 'provides a forum for donors to discuss good practice in humanitarian financing and other shared concerns. By defining principles and standards it provides both a framework to guide official humanitarian aid and a mechanism for encouraging greater donor accountability.' In 2003 a meeting was convened by the Government of Sweden to discuss good humanitarian donorship. It was attended by representatives from 16 donor governments (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US), as well as the European Commission, the OECD, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, NGOs, and academics. http://www.goodhumanitariandonorship.org/default.asp (accessed 15 May 2008).

[59]      UN Secretary-General, Address to mark International Human Rights Day, SG/SM/10788, 8 December 2006.

 

Chapter 6 - Legal foundation for peacekeeping operations

[1]        See for example, UN General Assembly, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: our shared responsibility, A/59/565, 2 December 2004, paragraphs 193–194, p. 55.

[2]        Article 53, Chapter VIII, Charter of the United Nations. The committee discussed the increase in the complexity of peacekeeping mandates and the blurring between peacekeeping and enforcement action. Thus the definition of enforcement can be contested. The Australian Defence Force Peacekeeping Centre defined peace enforcement as 'the coercive use of civil and military sanctions and collective security actions, by legitimate, international intervention forces, to assist diplomatic efforts to prevent armed conflict from starting, escalating or spreading or to restore peace between belligerents, who may not consent to that intervention. Peace enforcement operations differ from war. In war, the ultimate military aim is to defeat a designated enemy force. In peace enforcement operations, the military aim will normally be to coerce the belligerent(s) or potential belligerent(s) into avoiding or ceasing armed conflict and participating in peaceful settlement of disputes'. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/index.htm (accessed 12 January 2008).

[3]        Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p. 2.

[4]        See for example, Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5. Lt Gen Gillespie stated: 'we also have our lawyers working with the Attorney-General's Department and Foreign Affairs lawyers to see that the legal framework for what we are being asked to do is there—for example, whether or not there is a Security Council resolution that covers it'.

[5]        The Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change recommended that Security Council approval should be 'in all cases sought for regional peace operations'. It noted, however, that in some urgent situations authorisation 'may be sought after such operations have commenced'. UN General Assembly, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: our shared responsibility, A/59/565, 2 December 2004, paragraph 272 (a), p. 71.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 55.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 55.

[8]        Article 52, Chapter VIII, Charter of the United Nations.

[9]        Article 54, Chapter VIII, Charter of the United Nations.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 55–56.

[11]      Government response to the report of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade on Australia's Role in United Nations Reform, Senate Hansard, 27 March 2003, pp. 10426–10427.

[12]      Submission 11, p. 6.

[13]      Submission 11, p. 2.

[14]      Submission 3, paragraph 4.3.

[15]      Submission 3, paragraph 4.5.

[16]      Submission 3, paragraph 4.5.

[17]      See for example, Defence answer to question on notice W1, 24 July 2007.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 46.

[19]      Submission 13, pp. 2–3.

[20]      Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2005–2006: South and South-East Asia, www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/05_06/performance/1/1.1.2.html (accessed 15 March 2007). By 25 May 2006, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand and Portugal sent troops to East Timor under the ISF to help restore security and support the UN missions. Australia led the force and its commitment included 2,600 troops and 200 police.

[21]      Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, interview, AM, 25 May 2006.

[22]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1690, S/RES/1690 (2006), 20 June 2006, paragraph 3, p. 2.

[23]      Attorney-General's Department, Submission 13, p. 2; Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Submission 15, p. 3.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 69–70.

[25]      Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, House Hansard, 12 August 2003, p. 18206.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 48.

[27]      Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, House Hansard, 12 August 2003, p. 18206.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 69–70.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 69–70.

[30]      Submission 13, pp. 2–3. Attorney-General's and DFAT routinely appear before that committee to provide advice concerning the interpretation of treaties and domestic implementation of international obligations.

[31]      UN Security Council, Letter dated 31 July 2003 from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Solomon Islands to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2003/799, 11 August 2003.

[32]      UN General Assembly, Letter dated 21 August 2003 from the Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/58/304, 22 August 2003, paragraphs 13–15.

[33]      UN General Assembly, 14^th plenary meeting, A/58/PV.14, 26 September 2003, p. 7.

[34]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, Cooperation between the United Nations and regional and other organizations, A/59/303, 1 September 2004, paragraph 83, p. 19.

[35]      Background note, Workshop on the Fundamental Principles of UN Peacekeeping, Stockholm, 26–28 September 2006.

[36]      Professor Tono Eitel, 'The United Nations in the 21^st Century: Japanese, German and US perspectives', Forschungskreis Vereinte Nationen, 21–22 September 2000, p. 7.

[37]      A letter to the People of Solomon Islands from the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia, Attachment A to answer to question in writing no. 5423, House Hansard, 22 March 2007, p. 206. See also paragraphs 16.9–16.11.

[38]      UN General Assembly, 13^th plenary meeting, A/62/PV.13, 1 October 2007, p. 25.

 

Chapter 7 - Use of force and force protection

[1]        Submission 13, p. 3.

[2]        Trevor Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 12–15.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 12.

[5]        Submission 13, p. 3.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 12.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 19.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 13.

[9]        Submission 37, p. 7.

[10]      See for example, UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, A/57/767, 28 March 2003, paragraphs 148–160, pp. 21–22.

[11]      See for example, Office of Mission Support, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Medical Guidelines for Peacekeeping Operations, Medical Support Unit/LSD/OMS. The Medical Support Section, in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, inter alia, advises field missions on all medical operational matters, develops and documents operational medical policies, doctrines and guidelines and plans and co-ordinates medical support for new, ongoing and liquidating missions between the DPKO, the Mission headquarters and troop contributing countries, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/medical/role.htm (accessed 27 September 2007).

[12]      Brahimi Report, paragraph 52.

[13]      United Nations, fact sheet, Fatalities by Year to 31 May 2008.

[14]      See for example, UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, A/57/767, 28 March 2003, paragraphs 148–160, pp. 21–22.

[15]      See for example, Report of the Review of Veterans' Entitlements, commissioned by the Minister for Veterans' Affairs, conducted by the Hon John Clarke QC, Air Marshal Doug Riding and Dr David Rosalky, 2003, paragraphs 14.141 and 14.148.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 23.

[17]      See for example, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 11; Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 17; and Attorney-General's Department, 'Enhancing the Safety of Australians Working for the UN', 3 January 2001.

[18]      Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, Speech, House Hansard, 25 May 2006, p. 65.

[19]      See for example UN Security Council, Resolution 1493, S/RES/1493 (2003), 28 July 2003, paragraph 25, in relation to the UN Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC).

[20]      Victoria Holt and Tobias Berkman, The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2007, p. 91.

[21]      Victoria Holt and Tobias Berkman, The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2007, pp. 91–92.

[22]      International Peace Academy, 34^th IPAA Vienna Seminar on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Peace Operations in Africa, Final Report, New York, 2004, paragraph 3.1.1.

[23]      John Hutcheson, Australian Army Journal, vol. IV, no. 2, p. 98.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 13.

[25]      Submission 9, p. 3.

[26]      Submission 30, paragraph 11, p. 4.

[27]      Australian Federal Police, Federal Agent Peter White, 'Peacekeeping commitment has long tradition', Peacekeeping Study—Joint services Course at the Joint Services Staff College, Canberra, 1998, http://www.afp.gov.au/about/publications/platypus_magazine/platypus_magazine_previous_editions/1998/september_1998/peace.html (accessed 25 September 2007).

[28]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 17–18.

[29]      Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Hon Alexander Downer MP, House Hansard, 12 August 2003, pp. 18208–9.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 32.

[31]      Submission 16, p. 8.

[32]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.6.

[33]      Submission 7, p. 1

[34]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 48.

[35]      Submission 7, p. 1. He stated further: ATST EM members on arrival in EM were positioned as advisors/trainers to the ETDF, in this capacity there were times when they were exposed to acts of violence or aggression by rival ETDF members. Having to physically separate and placate rival ETDF members who were armed, during training who threatened other ETDF soldiers with stabbing or shooting, threats from ETDF soldiers to members of the Civil Police and to members of the ATST EM. Submission 7, pp. 1–2.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 55.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 54.

[38]      Submission 5, p. 3.

[39]      Submission 5, p. 2.

[40]      Submission 7, p. 2.

[41]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W8, 24 July 2007.

[42]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W9, 24 July 2007.

[43]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W15, 24 July 2007.

[44]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W15, 24 July 2007.

[45]      Budget Paper No. 2, 2008–2009, Part 2, Expense Measures.

[46]      The Second United Nations Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR II); The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). Submission 16, paragraphs 3.5 and 3.6.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 42.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 69. Also see, John Connor, 'Bravery under Fire', Wartime, Australian War Memorial, 2007, vol 39, pp. 37–39.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 5.

[50]      Submission 16, paragraph 9.1.

[51]      See for example, United Nations Association in Canada, Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding: Lessons from the Past Building for the Future, Report on the UN–Canada 50^th Anniversary of UN peacekeeping International Panel Series, 2006–2007, March 2007, p. 156.

 

Chapter 8 - Exit date, exit state, exit strategy

[1]        Minister for Defence and Leader of the Government in the Senate, opening address, International Peace Operations Seminar, Parliament House, Canberra, 29 April 2002.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 18.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 18.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5.

[6]        A Statement by the President of the Security Council on 17 April 2008 stated that the Security Council was encouraged by 'the launch of the Working Groups and the Technical Committees that will prepare the ground for the start of fully fledged negotiations...on a durable settlement', S/PRST/2008/9.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 5.

[8]        Submission 11, p. 10.

[9]        See for example, Austcare, Submission 11, p. 10. Austcare contended that sunset clauses are important for the purpose of reviewing commitment timetables and achievements, but considered that 'more emphasis be placed on the achievement of "end state" rather than "end date"'.

[10]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W3, 24 July 2007.

[11]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1264, S/RES/1264 (1999), 15 September 1999, p. 12..

[12]      UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, S/2000/738, 26 July 2000, paragraph 51, p. 7.

[13]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1272, S/RES/1272 (1999), 25 October 1999.

[14]      UN Security Council, Press Release SC/6951, 15 November 2000; and UN Security Council, 4223^rd meeting, S/PV.4223 and S/PV.4223 (resumption 1), 15 November 2000.

[15]      UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General, No exit without strategy: Security Council decision-making and the closure or transition of United Nations peacekeeping operations, S/2001/394, 20 April 2001, p. 2.

[16]      Dr Anthony Murney, AFP, suggested that peace operations are 'about continuance, and the nature of the future relationship that you might have with the nation that you have been dealing with'. Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 13. Professor Raymond Apthorpe suggested that the objective of an international involvement is to create good relationships which do not end when the specific purpose of the first phase of the intervention ends. Submission 32, p. 3.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 12.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 12.

[19]      Submission 31, paragraph 3.1.2.

[20]      Joint Standing Committee on Foreign affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's role in United Nations Reform, June 2001, p. 57.

[21]      Government response to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade report on Australia's Role in United Nations Reform, 27 March 2003, p. 1. It stated: 'The Government has done this with respect to our participation in the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea and to our contribution to the (non-UN) International Military Advisory and Training Team (IMATT) in Sierra Leone'.

[22]      Government response to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade report on Australia's Role in United Nations Reform, 27 March 2003. p. 1.

[23]      Conflict Security & Development Group, King's College, London, A Review of Peace Operations: A Case for Change: East Timor, 10 March 2003, pre-publication copy, paragraph 360. This was a project funded by the governments of Canada, Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

[24]      International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, paragraph 7.15, p. 60.

[25]      Roland Rich, Crafting Security Council Mandates, The Centre for Democratic Institutions, p. 18, http://polsc.anu.au/rich%20paper.rft (accessed 21 January 2008). The paper appeared as a chapter in United Nations Press, The United Nations Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, Edward Newman and Roland Rich, (ed).

[26]      Report on Wilton Park Conference 'The White Paper on Transnational Terrorism', WP844, International Peace Support Operations: How can the Capacity Challenges be Met?, 4–7 June 2007.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 12.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, pp. 25–26.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 26.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 12–13.

[31]      Simon Chesterman, 'Building Up or Building Down the State: State-building and Humanitarian and Development Assistance', Chesterman paper (02/11/05), SSRC Humanitarian Action Seminar, 8 February 2005, p. 15.

[32]      Simon Chesterman, 'Building Up or Building Down the State: State-building and Humanitarian and Development Assistance', Chesterman paper (02/11/05), SSRC Humanitarian Action Seminar, 8 February 2005. See also Roland Rich, Crafting Security Council Mandates, The Centre for Democratic Institutions, nd, p. 19, http://polsc.anu.au/rich%20paper.rft (accessed 21 January 2008). The paper appeared as a chapter in United Nations Press, The United Nations Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, Edward Newman and Roland Rich, (ed).

[33]      Submission 21, Annex 1, p. 14.

[34]      UN Security Council, 4265^th Meeting, S/PV.4265, 26 January 2001, p. 8.

[35]      UN Security Council, 4265^th Meeting, S/PV.4265, 26 January 2001, p. 4.

[36]      UN Security Council, 4265^th Meeting, S/PV.4265, 26 January 2001, p. 16.

[37]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, Supplement No. 1, A/61/1, 2006, pp. 15 and 16.

[38]      UN Security Council, Report of the Security Council Mission to Timor-Leste, 24 to 30 November 2007, S/2007/711, 6 December 2007, p. 2.

[39]      Gaurav Sodhi, 'Five out of Ten: A Performance Report on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI)', The Centre for Independent Studies, Issue Analysis, no. 92, 31 January 2008, p. 1.

[40]      Gaurav Sodhi, 'Five out of Ten: A Performance Report on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI)', The Centre for Independent Studies, Issue Analysis, no. 92, 31 January 2008, pp. 1 and 18.

 

Chapter 9 - Australian Defence Force

[1]        Submission 30, p. 1. See also Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 2.

[2]        Submission 30, p. 2.

[3]        John Hutcheson, Australian Army Journal, vol. IV, no. 2, p. 98.

[4]        Commonwealth of Australia, Defence 2000—Our Future Defence Force, Defence White Paper, pp. xiii–xiv.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 3.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 3; Department of Defence, Annual Report 2006–07, p. 56. Over time, the number of personnel has fluctuated in East Timor, starting at over 5,000 during INTERFET decreasing to 780 before increasing again to 'just under a thousand' in February 2008. Department of Defence, Operation Astute, http://www.defence.gov.au/opastute/default.htm (accessed 19 February 2008); Prime Minister Rudd and Chief of Defence Force Angus Houston, Transcript, Press Conference, 11 February 2007, http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Interview/2008/interview_0066.cfm (accessed 19 February 2008).

[7]        Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/opcatalyst/default.htm (accessed 28 February 2008) and http://www.defence.gov.au/opslipper/default.htm (accessed 25 July 2008).

[8]        DFAT, Submission 15, p. 7.

[9]        Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W2, 24 July 2007; and the Hon Greg Combet MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement, Speech, 15 May 2008.

[10]      The Hon Joel Fitzgibbon MP, Minister for Defence, 'Transcript of Defence service chiefs appointments', Media release, 20 March 2008.

[11]      For further information, including a summary of reports, see Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Recruitment and Retention of ADF Personnel, October 2001.

[12]      Department of Defence, Australia's National Security, A Defence Update 2007, Chapter 6—Update on People and Resources, http://www.defence.gov.au/ans/2007/chapter_6.htm (accessed 29 October 2007).

[13]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 11.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 3.

[15]      Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007).

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 10.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 8.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 35.

[19]      Submission 20, p. 5.

[20]      Submission 20, p. 5.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 8.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 45.

[23]      Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007).

[24]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 14.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 15.

[26]      Submission 30, p. 3.

[27]      Submission 16, p. 6; see also Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 14.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 2. See also Major General Ford, who stated that all ADF personnel receive some peace operations training during the basic military training. Submission 4, p. 2.

[29]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 5.

[30]      Australian Defence Force Peacekeeping Centre, http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/ (accessed 2 July 2007).

[31]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 5. For more information on this battalion, see Estimates Hansard, 4 June 2008, p. 70.

[32]      Submission 30, p. 5.

[33]      Submission 16, p. 6.

[34]      Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/about.htm
(accessed 8 April 2008).

[35]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 20.

[36]      Submission 11, p. 15.

[37]      Department of Defence, http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/about.htm (accessed 8 May 2008).

[38]      Department of Defence, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[39]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W20, 24 July 2007.

[40]      ADF Peacekeeping Centre, International Peace Operations Seminar, www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping (accessed 20 June 2007).

[41]      ADF Peacekeeping Centre, International Peace Operations Seminar, www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping (accessed 20 June 2007).

[42]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 61. It also conducts one- or two-day training at the Joint Services Staff College at Weston Creek, ACT, for all three services. A higher level training course for 12 months is organised at the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies at Weston Creek.

[43]      Department of Defence, answers to written questions on notice W20 and 21, 24 July 2007.

[44]      Australian Red Cross, Submission 22, p. 4.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 24. See also Nicholas Stuart, 'Forces face new challenges', Defence Review, Canberra Times, 29 October 2007, p. 8.

[46]      Submission 4, p. 2. Major General Ford was Previous Head of Mission UNTSO and Military Adviser, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UN Headquarters.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 34. Major General Mike Smith gained personal experience in peacekeeping operations in Kashmir, Cambodia and East Timor. He was the first deputy force commander of the UNTAET peacekeeping force that replaced the Australian-led INTERFET multinational force.

[48]      John Hutcheson, Australian Army Journal, vol. IV, no. 2, p. 103.

[49]      Submission 7, p. 1

[50]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 54.`

[51]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 29.

[52]      Submission 9, pp. 3–4. See also Submission 31, p. 12.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 27.

[54]      Submission 30, p. 1.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 9.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 82.

[57]      See for example comments by Alan March, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 76.

[58]      Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's role in United Nations reform, June 2001, p. 70.

[59]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W25, 24 July 2007.

[60]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W17, 24 July 2007.

[61]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W17, 24 July 2007.

[62]      Submission 10, p. 3.

[63]      Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W25, 24 July 2007; Defence Community Organisation, http://www.defence.gov.au/dco/timeapart.htm (accessed 15 November 2007).

[64]      The Auditor-General, Management of Australian Defence Force Deployments to East Timor, Audit Report No. 38 2001–02, Performance Audit, paragraph 5.103.

[65]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, The effectiveness of Australia's military justice system, June 2005, paragraph 15.26.

[66]      Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Australian Navy Nias Island Sea King Accident Board of Inquiry Report, 2007, Executive Summary, paragraph 15.

 

Chapter 10 - Australian Federal Police

[1]        Prior to the establishment of the AFP in 1979, the Commonwealth Police and the ACT Police participated in international operations. For more information, see for example: http://www.afp.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/3855/factsheetpeacekeepingidg.pdf (accessed 30 June 2008) and http://www.afp.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/3728/BriefHistoryOfAFP1979-2004.pdf (accessed 30 June 2008)

[2]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 29; AFP, International Deployment, Current Deployments, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/current_deployments.html (accessed 30 June 2008).

[3]        AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[4]        See Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, Press Release, Transcript of doorstop interview, Perth, 2 February 2004.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 6.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 6.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 7.

[8]        Lieutenant General Ken Gillespie, Vice Chief of Defence Force, acknowledged the AFP's need for overseas operations capability and the IDG's role in instilling deployment culture into the AFP. Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 20.

[9]        Senator the Hon Chris Ellison, Minister for Justice and Customs, 'Australia boosts regional law enforcement capacity', Press release, 2 February 2004.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 8.

[11]      AFP, International Deployment, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 22 February 2008); Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 9.

[12]      AFP, International Deployment, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 30 June 2008). By November 2007, IDG had 709 members, out of which 450 were serving overseas. Sources: Nick O'Brien, 'AFP's international deployment role grows', Australian Security Magazine, 1 February 2008, p. 32. Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic, quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 11.

[13]      AFP, International Deployment, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 30 June 2008).

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 22. AFP overseas deployments are based on 20-week blocks, with 16 weeks in a mission and four weeks on leave, after which the officer will rotate back to mission. A deployment can be done over a 40-, 60-, 80- or 100-week period. Some officers stay in the same mission, for example RAMSI, for the duration of their deployment, whereas others might rotate out of one mission and go into another. Some officers can deploy with their families (determination 20 positions), however, most positions are unaccompanied (determinations 2 and 19). Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 14–15.

[15]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Speech, Law Council of Australia, 35th Annual Legal Convention, 23 March 2007, p. 2.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 8.

[17]      Prime Minister, the Hon John Howard MP, Press Release, Transcript of press conference, Australian Federal Police, New South Wales Headquarters, Sydney, 25 August 2006.

[18]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic, IDG, quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 11.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 20.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 21.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 9.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 20.

[23]      Submission 14, p. 4. The total number of AFP officers is around 6,600, of which 30% are females. Just over a third are sworn officers (around 2,600). Approximately 2000 sworn and 2100 unsworn AFP officers meet the selection criteria for overseas deployment. AFP, answers to questions on notice 6 and 10, 25 July 2007. Mr Mark Burgess, PFA's Chief Executive Officer, was of the view that there was a need to recruit in excess of 13,000 police across Australia in the next three years and that several jurisdictions were 'struggling to meet their own requirement'. Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 12.

[24]      Submission 28, p. 9.

[25]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[26]      Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 11.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 8; Submission 15, p. 7.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 26.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 21–22 and 28. During a Senate Estimates hearing on 18 February 2008, Commissioner Keelty stated 'Phase 1 occurred in the period October to December 2006. We had 66 positions advertised and filled. Phase 2 occurred over the period January to June 2007, and 169 positions were advertised and filled. Phase 3 occurred over the period July to December 2007, and 95 positions were advertised and will be filled in the period between January and June this year. Phase 4 seeks to recruit 220 additional positions and it is also scheduled to be finished by June 2008'.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 22. Commissioner Keelty referred to two groups to join the IDG: secondees, who serve in the IDG for two years (or sometimes for a shorter period of 12 months) and then return to their parent police force; and recruits for permanent service.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 11.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 8.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 16.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 11.

[35]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[36]      Nick O'Brien, 'AFP's international deployment role grows', Australian Security Magazine, 1 February 2008, p. 32.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 11–12.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 11–12.

[39]      Leigh Funston, 'AFP seeks protected vehicles', Australian Security Magazine, 1 February 2008, p. 14.

[40]      Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[41]      AFP, IDG Fact File, p.7, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 2 July 2007); AFP International Deployment, Pre-deployment training, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/pre-deployment_training (accessed 30 June 2008); Submission 28, p. 15.

[42]      AFP, answers to questions on notice 3 and 6, 25 July 2007.

[43]      Estimates Hansard, 18 February 2008.

[44]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, 'Policing in a Foreign Space', Speech at the National Press Club, 11 October 2006.

[45]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 6, 25 July 2007. Other requirements are: current passport, completion of pre-deployment training; medical and psychological clearance; no current professional reporting standard issues or open compensation case; and current first aid certificate.

[46]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 12.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 25.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 14 and 25.

[49]      AFP, International Deployment, IDG Training Unit, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 20 June 2007).

[50]      AFP, International Deployment, International Deployment FAQ, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/idg_faq.html#training (accessed 6 March 2008).

[51]      AFP, International Deployment, Pre-deployment training, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/pre-deployment_training (accessed 30 June 2008).

[52]      AFP, International Deployment, Pre-deployment training, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/pre-deployment_training (accessed 30 June 2008).

[53]      Submission 28, pp. 11–12.

[54]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 12, 25 July 2007.

[55]      AFP, answer to question on notice 9, 25 July 2007.

[56]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 7, 25 July 2007.

[57]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic, quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 12; AFP, answers to written questions on notice 9 and 12, 25 July 2007.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 55.

[59]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic, 'IDG—one year on', Platypus Magazine, June 2005, p. 31; AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, 'Opening of Australian Federal Police International Training Complex', 23 June 2005, https://www.afp.gov.au/media/national_media/national_speeches/2005/opening_of_australian_federal_police_international_training_complex.html (accessed 18 April 2008).

[60]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 15.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 29.

[62]      See for example Professor Apthorpe and Mr Townsend, Submission 32, p. 4; and Professor Goldsmith, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 55.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 12.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 1.

[65]      See for example, Major General Ford, Submission 4, p. 2. He suggested that lessons from community policing be incorporated into IDG training because individual and collective skills learned in community policing would be useful in peacekeeping missions.

[66]      Submission 14, p. 12.

[67]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Speech, Law Council of Australia, 35^th Annual Legal Convention, 23 March 2007.

[68]      Submission 28, p. 11.

[69]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 13, 25 July 2007.

[70]      AFP, International Deployment, International Deployment FAQ, http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG/idg_faq.html (accessed 30 June 2008).

[71]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 15.

[72]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 15.

[73]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 11.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 10.

[75]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 1(a), 25 July 2007.

[76]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 1(b), 25 July 2007.

[77]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 4, 25 July 2007.

[78]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 4, 25 July 2007.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 19.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 18.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 19.

[82]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 19.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 19. BLP Training and Services provides training and services in relation to munitions, hostile environments, police and military tactics, etc.

[84]      Submission 19, p. 5.

[85]      Submission 19, p. 5.

[86]      For a full description of these matters see: AFP, answer to written question on notice 9, 25 July 2007; Submission 19, p. 4.

 

Chapter 11 - ADF and AFP interoperability

[1]        Folke Bernadotte Academy, Cooperation in Crisis and Conflict: A training manual for you serving abroad, Sandviken, 2005, preface, p. 1.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 23.

[3]        Associate Professor Wainwright, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 8.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 23.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 22–23; see also AusAID, answer to written question on notice 13, 25 July 2007.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 6.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 23.

[8]        John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian Military Commander's Perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol II, no. 2, Autumn 2005, p. 48.

[9]        John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian Military Commander's Perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol II, no. 2, Autumn 2005, p. 49.

[10]      John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian Military Commander's Perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol II, no. 2, Autumn 2005, p. 50.

[11]      John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian Military Commander's Perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol II, no. 2, Autumn 2005, p. 50.

[12]      AFP Commissioner Keelty, Speech, National Press Club Address, 11 October 2006.

[13]      Mr Rob Wesley-Smith, Australians for a Free East Timor and Australia East Timor Association, Submission 20, p. 1.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 9.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 22–23.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 9.

[17]      Commander Lancaster, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 9.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 34.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 19–20.

[20]      Submission 28, p. 15.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 10.

[22]      AFP Commissioner Keelty APM, Speech, National Press Club Address, 11 October 2006.

[23]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic, quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, pp. 13–14.

[24]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W6, 24 July 2007.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 20.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 34.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 3.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 24.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 19–20.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 24.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 40.

[32]      Assistant Commissioner Walters, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 10.

 

Chapter 12 - DFAT, AUSAID and other government agencies

[1]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 44.

[2]        Submission 26, p. 3.

[3]        DFAT, answer to written question on notice 1, 25 July 2007.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 43.

[5]        Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Annual Report 2006–07, 2007, p. 49.

[6]        Submission 26, p. 21.

[7]        Submission 26, p. 5.

[8]        AusAID, answers to written questions on notice 2a and 8, 25 July 2007.

[9]        AusAID, Annual Report 2006–07, p. 104.

[10]      AusAID, Annual Report 2006–07, p. 104; AusAID, Partners, Volunteers, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/volunteer.cfm (accessed 9 November 2007).

[11]      Submission 21, pp. 11–12.

[12]      Submission 21, pp. 2–3 and 6; Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 19.

[13]      Department of the Treasury, Annual Report 2006–2007, p. 40.

[14]      Department of the Treasury, Annual Report 2006–2007, p. 41.

[15]      Department of Finance and Administration, Annual Report 2006–2007, p. 27.

[16]      Challenges Project is a multinational cooperation, initiated in 1997, to promote cooperation and to develop recommendations to benefit peace operations. See Meeting the Challenges of Peace Operations: Cooperation and Coordination, Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2005, p. 129, http://www.folkebernadotteacademy.se/roach/images/pdf/challenges.pdf (accessed 27 November 2007).

[17]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 63.

[18]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 3a, 25 July 2007.

[19]      Submission 26, p. 13.

[20]      AusAID, answers to written questions on notice 4b and 4c, 25 July 2007.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 2.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 3.

[23]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 4a, 25 July 2007.

[24]      Submission 32, p. 6.

[25]      Submission 32, p. 6.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 13.

[27]      See Chapter 10, paragraph 10.41.

[28]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 2, 24 July 2007; AusAID, answer to written question on notice 24, 25 July 2007.

[29]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 2, 25 July 2007.

[30]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

 

Chapter 13 - Coordinating Australia's contribution

[1]        Submission 30, p. 6.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 44.

[3]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 44.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 61.

[5]        Lt Gen Gillespie, Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 10–11.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 3.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 61.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 36.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 85.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 24 July, pp. 2, 16.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 64.

[12]      DFAT, Submission 15, p. 9.

[13]      Mr Tim O'Brien, ANAO, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 51.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 77.

[15]      Mr John Meert, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 52.

[16]      ANAO, Audit Report No. 47 2006–07, Coordination of Australian Government Assistance to Solomon Islands, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Australian Agency for International Development, p. 13.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 62. DFAT noted that the working group discusses a range of peacekeeping policy issues including the work of the UN’s Special Committee on Peacekeeping (C34) and regional capacity-building initiatives. See DFAT, answer to written question on notice 5, 25 July 2007..

[18]      Submission 21, p. 14.

[19]      Submission 37, p. 6.

[20]      See for example, DFAT, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 61; AFP, answer to question on notice 10, 25 July 2007; AEC, Submission 21, p. 14.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 81–82.

[22]      Submission 15, p. 9.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 64.

[24]      Mr Alan March, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 82.

[25]      See for example, Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 6.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 46.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 52.

[28]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 6, 24 July 2007.

[29]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 6, 24 July 2007.

[30]      Submission 30, p. 6.

[31]      Submission 30, p. 3.

[32]      Australian Red Cross, Submission 22, pp. 3–4.

[33]      Challenges Project, Meeting the Challenges of Peace Operations: Cooperation and Coordination, Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2005, p. 124, http://www.folkebernadotteacademy.se/roach/images/pdf/challenges.pdf (accessed 14 November 2007).

[34]      AusAID, answer to question on notice 1, 25 July 2007.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 3.

[36]      It has been renamed the Fragile States and Peace-building Unit(FSP).

[37]      AusAID, Submission 26, p. 8.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 79.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 75; Defence, answer to a question on notice W7, 24 July 2007.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 76.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 76.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 81.

[43]      Submission 26, pp. 3, 17.

[44]      Submission 26, p. 7; AusAID, answer to written question on notice 4a, 25 July 2007.

[45]      Mr Steve Darvill, AusAID, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 84.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 83–84.

[47]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 3, 25 July 2007.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 18.

[49]      Mr Michael Maley, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 18. See also Submission 21, p. 14.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 20.

[51]      World Vision Australia, Submission 19, p. 6.

[52]      Submission 4, p. 2.

[53]      Mr Alan March, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 73.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 34.

[55]      Submission 4, p. 2.

[56]      Submission 11, p. 15.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 9.

 

Chapter 14 - Non-government organisations

[1]        Submission 22, p. 2.

[2]        See for example, Austcare, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 23; WVA, Submission 19, p. 2; CWS, Submission 31, p. 3; Oxfam Australia, Annual Report 2005–06, pp. 8–9, http://www.oxfam.org.au/about/annual_report/2005-2006.pdf (accessed 29 October 2007); and Oxfam Australia, http://www.oxfam.org.au/getactive/work/volunteer (accessed 21 January 2008).

[3]        DFAT, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 51; and AusAID, Submission 26, p. 14.

[4]        See Oxfam, Submission 24, p. 2/12.

[5]        Submission 24, p. 2.

[6]        See for example, ARF CBM Workshop on Peace Arrangements Ensuring Stability and Security Including Civil–Military Cooperation, 22–23 March 2005, Tokyo, p. 4.

[7]        See for example, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 6; and Report for the Conference on the EC Project of Crisis Management, Madrid, Spain, 27–28 May 2002, p. 21.

[8]        Submission 11, p. 12.

[9]        See for example, Report for the Conference on the EC Project of Crisis Management, Madrid, Spain, 27–28 May 2002, p. 7.

[10]      AusAID informed the committee that it provides support to Australian NGOs to train, recruit and deploy civilians for peacekeeping operations. AusAID, answer to written question on notice 2(d).

[11]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 33.

[12]      Austcare, http://www.austcare.org.au/get-involved/volunteerinternships.aspx (accessed 21 January 2008).

[13]      Australian Volunteers International, http://www.australianvolunteers.com/work/index.asp?menuid=250.010.020 (accessed 25 February 2008).

[14]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 6; and Australian Red Cross, http://www.redcross.org.au/ourservices_aroundtheworld_overseasdelegates_btc.htm (accessed 21 January 2008).

[15]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 12.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 13 and 19.

[17]      Australian Council for International Development, Annual Report 2007, p. 5.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 12.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 34.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 12.

[21]      Ms Rebecca Dodd, Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 13.

[22]      RedR Australia, Training, Tailored courses, http://www.redr.org.au/content/view/35/63/ (accessed 1 November 2007).

[23]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 34; see also Chapter 12, paragraph 12.16.

[24]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 34.

[25]      Submission 29, pp. 1–2.

[26]      Submission 29, pp. 1–2.

[27]      The committee notes the requirement for Red Cross personnel to have completed its basic training. It also notes the role of ACFID and RedR in providing training to the NGO sector.

[28]      See for example, CIMIC in UN & African Peace Operations, African Civil Military Coordination Programme, 2006, p. 30. See also UN General Assembly, Report of the Joint Inspection Unit, Investigation of the relationship between humanitarian assistance and peace-keeping operations, (JIU/REP/95/6), A/50/572, 24 October 1995. It noted that the UN accepts that humanitarian actors can play a useful role when 'linked and coordinated with peacemaking, peace-keeping and peace-building'.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 40.

[30]      Submission 26, p. 9.

[31]      Submission 26, p. 9.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 21.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 42.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 38.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 89. He cited East Timor as an example.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 39.

[37]      AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, Speech, Law Council of Australia, 35^th Annual Legal Convention, Sydney, 23 March 2007.

[38]      AFP, answer to question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 15–16.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 3 and 5.

[41]      Submission 22, p. 4.

[42]      Submission 22, p. 4.

[43]      Submission 22, p. 4.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 5.

[45]      Submission 22, p. 5.

[46]      See Professor Helen Ware, Submission 38.

 

Chapter 15 - Civil-military coordination

[1]        Major General Mike Smith, Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 27–28. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 'Civil–Military Coordination Policy', http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/milad/oma/DPKO_CMCOORD_Policy.pdf (accessed 9 April 2008).

[2]        The IASC is a forum of key UN and non-UN humanitarian partners and was established in June 1992 in response to UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 on the strengthening of humanitarian assistance.

[3]        Submission 22, Attachment Guidelines on The Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets To Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies, March 2003, p. 5. See also UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Civil–Military Coordination Section, http://ochaonline.un.org/AboutOCHA/Organigramme/EmergencyServicesBranchESB/CivilMilitaryCoordinationSectionCMCS/tabid/1274/Default.aspx (accessed 22 October 2007).

[4]        See for example, UK Ministry of Defence, Joint Doctrine Publication 3-90, Civil–Military Co-operation (CIMIC), April 2006 edition; Graham M. Longhurst, 'The Evolution of Canadian Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC)', Canadian Military Journal, Winter 2006–2007, p. 55; Thomas R. Mockaitis, 'Civil–Military Cooperation in Peace Operations: the Case of Kosovo', Strategic Studies Institute, October 2004, p. vi.

[5]        UN, Civil–Military Coordination Officer Field Handbook, Version E 1.0, 2008, p. 7.

[6]        UN, Civil–Military Coordination Officer Field Handbook, Version E 1.0, 2008, p. 8.

[7]        Submission 30, p. 7. See also Lt Gen Gillespie, Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 6.

[8]        Department of Defence, answer to written question on notice W22, 24 July 2007.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 29.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 29.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 28.

[12]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 12, 25 July 2007.

[13]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 12, 25 July 2007.

[14]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 73.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 74.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 32.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 22.

[18]      Austcare, Submission 11, p. 14; AusAID, Submission 26, p. 10.

[19]      Submission 11, p. 14.

[20]      Submission 11¸ p. 14.

[21]      UN, Civil–Military Coordination Officer Field Handbook, Version E 1.0, 2008, p. 8.

[22]      Submission 32, p. 5.

[23]      AusAID, answer to question on notice 13, 25 July 2007; and AFP, answer to question on notice 14, 25 July 2007.

[24]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Civil–military coordination policy, 9 September 2002, paragraph 15.

[25]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 23 and 27. Major General Smith served in Kashmir, Cambodia and East Timor, including as first deputy force commander of UNTAET, The Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA) also referred to 'a serious lack of CIMIC pre-mission planning which resulted in a number of inefficiencies'. Submission 23, p. 16

[26]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 27.

[27]      Submission 11, p. 3.

[28]      Submission 11, p. 14.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 18.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 15.

[31]      Submission 26, pp. 11–12.

[32]      Submission 26, p. 10.

[33]      Submission 23, p. 16.

[34]      Submission 23, p. 16.

[35]      Submission 11, p. 14.

[36]      Submission 11, p. 14.

[37]      Submission 19, p. 8.

[38]      Submission 26, p. 15.

[39]      Kevin Rudd, Joel Fitzgibbon, Alan Griffin, Labor's Plan for Defence, Election 2007, Policy Document, November 2007, p. 6.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 73.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 40.

[42]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 21.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 29.

[44]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 12, 25 July 2007.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 31.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 27. See also Steve Darville, 'The Rule of Law on Peace Operations From the Perspective of an Institutional Donor, the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law', The Rule of Law on Peace Operations, A Challenges of Peace Operations Project Conference, 2002, p. 50.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 43.

[48]      The UN defines 'Humanitarian Assistance' as aid that 'seeks, as its primary purpose, to save lives and alleviate suffering of a crisis-affected population'. Further, it 'must be provided in accordance with the basic humanitarian principles of humanity, impartiality and neutrality'. Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets to Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies, March 2003, p. 3, Attachment to Australian Red Cross, Submission 22.

[49]      Submission 23, p. 16.

[50]      Submission 24, pp.6–7.

[51]      IASC, Inter Agency Standing Committee on Humanitarian Affairs, quoted in Oxfam Australia, Submission 24, p. 6. The guidelines emphasise the need for humanitarian agencies to 'maintain an actual and perceived distance from the military', particularly belligerent forces or representatives of an occupying power, so as not to jeopardise the security of beneficiaries, humanitarian actors or the humanitarian operation as a whole.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 17. See also Austcare, Submission 11, p. 14.

[53]      Submission 24, p. 7.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 21 August, p. 19.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 42.

[56]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 56.

[57]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 12, 25 July 2007.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 10.

[59]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 7. Dr Connor, contributor to the official history project—Australian Peacekeeping and Post-Cold War Operations, provided an example of the difficult balance between NGOs' emphasis on neutrality and the pragmatic utility of military resources. In Somalia, prior to the deployment of UN forces, the security situation had deteriorated and food aid had to be transported by air due to hijacking of road transport. The arrival of UNITAF enabled road convoys with troop escorts. The situation was difficult for humanitarian agencies: the International Red Cross at first did not want to participate because of neutrality but later changed their minds because of the cost–volume benefits of road transport as opposed to air. Dr Connor, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 55.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 56.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 56.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 42; Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 11.

[63]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Civil–Military Coordination Policy.

[64]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 39.

[65]      Submission 22, p. 3.

[66]      As an example, Miss Rebecca Dodd, National Manager, Australian Red Cross, explained: 'in terms of radio communication, there would be strict guidelines about not passing on information through radio communication about the position of certain people and about certain military information. If there is military information in terms of weapons and what is available, to discuss it is something to be avoided'. Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 7.

[67]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 14, 25 July 2007.

[68]      Submission 24, p. 5.

[69]      Submission 24, p. 5.

[70]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 14, 25 July 2007.

[71]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 35.

[72]      Submission 19, p. 7.

[73]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 43.

[74]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 41.

[75]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 42.

[76]      Submission 19, p. 7.

[77]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 19–20.

[78]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 42.

[79]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 27. Mr Geoffrey Shepherd, Head of Humanitarian and Emergency Affairs, World Vision Australia, also referred to these meetings which provide 'an opportunity for all to give feedback'. Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 35.

[80]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 56.

[81]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 6.

[82]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 3.

[83]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 3 and 5.

[84]      Submission 26, p. 11 and Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 84.

[85]      Submission 26, p. 12.

[86]      Professor Tim McCormack, Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 64; Submission 26, p. 12.

[87]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[88]      Submission 26, p. 12.

[89]      Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07.  See also Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 18; Submission 26, p. 12; and Submission 19, p. 7.

[90]      Submission 19, pp. 2 and 7.

[91]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 34.

[92]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 21.

[93]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 21; and Paul O'Callaghan, correspondence to Senator Marise Payne, 9 September 2007.

[94]      Submission 11, p. 15.

[95]      Submission 29, p. 2.

[96]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 28.

[97]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 32.

[98]      See for example, Thomas R. Mockaitis, Civil–Military Cooperation in Peace Operations: The Case of Kosovo, Strategic Studies Institute, October 2004, p. vi.

[99]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, 2008, pp. 53–54.

 

Chapter 16 - Working with host countries

[1]        Submission 39, p. 10.

[2]        See Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk, Managing Contradictions: the Inherent Dilemmas of Postwar Statebuilding, International Peace Academy, November 2007, p. 4.

[3]        UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group at the 2006 substantive session, New York, 27 February–17 March 2006, A/60/19, 22 March 2006, paragraph 114.

[4]        AFP, answer to written question on notice 6, 25 July 2007.

[5]        Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 48.

[6]        Dr Michael Fullilove, The Testament of the Solomons: RAMSI and International State-Building, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2006, p. 18.

[7]        Associate Professor Elsina Wainwright, How is RAMSI faring? Progress, challenges, and lessons learned, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, April 2005, p. 5. Assistant Commissioner Jevtovic also noted, 'It is difficult in the context that our presence is not always welcome. We often find ourselves in situations where the majority of the community want us, but certain elements don't.' 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 15.

[8]        Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 15.

[9]        Reason for opposition was that there was not a satisfactory plan for training, purchasing, maintenance and security of weapons; the intended timeframe for re-arming was too short; and there was no evidence of broad community support for re-armament. RAMSI, RAMSI concerned about plans to re-arm Solomon Islands police, Press Release, 19 January 2007; The Solomon Islands Government did not progress plans to re-arm the police: RAMSI welcomes decision not to re-arm police, 25 February 2007, www.ramsi.org, (accessed 27 February 2007).

[10]      A letter to the People of Solomon Islands from the Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia, Attachment A to answer to question in writing no. 5423, House Hansard, 22 March 2007, p. 206.

[11]      Prime Minister Sogavare also said that 'it was the rightful duty of his government to express concern over the RAMSI arrangement amid fears that the mission had become Australia's agent, designed to suppress the legitimate government of Solomon Islands'. Solomon Islands Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Sogavare denies claim on undermining RAMSI, 26 February 2007.

[12]      UN General Assembly, 13^th Plenary Session, A/62/PV.13, 1 October 2007, p. 25

[13]      UN General Assembly, 15^th Plenary Session, A/62/PV.15, 2 October 2007, p. 47.

[14]      Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 15.

[15]      See above footnote and Katsumi Ishizuka, Kyoei University, Japan, 'State-building in East Timor', IAPS seminar series, 2004/2005; Hansjoerg Strohmeyer, 'Policing the Peace: Post-Conflict Judicial System Reconstruction in East Timor', UNSW Law Journal, vol 24, no. 1, 2001, p. 177.

[16]      Sergio Vieira De Mello, Statement, Lisbon Donors' Meeting on East Timor, 22–23 June 2000, p. 6.

[17]      Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, paragraphs 19, 27 and 28.

[18]      Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, A Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 10.

[19]      Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 15.

[20]      Oxfam Australia and Oxfam New Zealand, Bridging the gap between state and society, July 2006, p. 7.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 54.

[22]      See for example, Update Report No. 3 Sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeeping personnel, 20 February 2006.

[23]      Letter from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly dated 24 March 2005, A/59/710. Then UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, reported 'Such abhorrent acts are a violation of the fundamental duty of care that all United Nations peacekeeping personnel owe to the local population that they are sent to serve'.

[24]      In 2005, the report A comprehensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nation Peacekeeping operations was released, leading to a two-year package of reforms. These reforms focus on preventative measures, enforcement measures and remedial action to assist victims of abuse. UN General Assembly, A/59/710, 24 March 2005; DPKO's Comprehensive Strategy on the Elimination of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/CDT/strategy.html (accessed 1 April 2008).

[25]      Michael Fullilove, 'RAMSI and State Building in Solomon Islands', Defender, Autumn 2006, p. 34. See also Dr Bob Breen, 'Peace support operations' in Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Australia and the South Pacific: Rising to the challenge, Special Report, Issue 12, March 2008, pp. 43–53: he noted the success of a 'low-profile', culturally-sensitive mission in Bougainville, (p. 47).

[26]      Michael Fullilove, 'RAMSI and State Building in Solomon Islands', Defender, Autumn 2006, p. 34.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, pp. 52–53.

[28]      Submission 39, p. 7.

[29]      Dr Peter Londey, Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 52. See also Bu Wilson who cited the 'overwhelming' failure to pay attention to local context as one of the significant mistakes made by UNTAET in the development of an indigenous police force in East Timor. Bu Wilson, Challenges to Sustainable Police-Building: the Development of the Policia Nacional Timor-Leste, conference paper, included in Lisa Palmer, Sara Niner, Lia Kent (Eds.), Exploring the Tensions of Nation Building in Timor-Leste, Proceedings of a forum held at the University of Melbourne on 15 September 2006, Research paper number 1, School of Social and Environmental Enquiry, University of Melbourne, 2007, p. 52.

[30]      Submission 29, p. 7.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 21.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 22.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 23.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 23.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007. p. 22.

[36]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 22.

[37]      Hilary Charlesworth, Building Democracy and Justice after Conflict, Academy of the Social Sciences 2007, Cunningham Lecture 2006, p. 4.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 50.

[39]      Oxfam Australia and Oxfam New Zealand, Bridging the gap between state and society, July 2006, p. 16. See also Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 10.

[40]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 50.

[41]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 49.

[42]      Submission 3, paragraph 4.3.

[43]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, 2008, p. 39.

[44]      Pacific Islands Forum, Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), April–June 2007, p. 4, www.forumsec.org/_resources/article/files/RAMSI%20Review%20Task%20Force%20Final%20Report.pdf (accessed 24 January 2008).

[45]      Pacific Islands Forum, Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), April–June 2007, p. 7.

[46]      Submission 39, p. 20.

[47]      Oxfam Australia and Oxfam New Zealand, Bridging the gap between state and society, July 2006, p. 18.

[48]      See for example, Lara Olson and Hrach Gregorian, Side by side or together? Working for security, development & peace in Afghanistan and Liberia, The Peacebuilding, Development and Security Program (PDSP), Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, October 2007, p. 15; UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, 2008, p. 40.

[49]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 13.

[50]      David Harland, UN Peacekeeping operations in post-conflict Timor-Leste: Accomplishments and lessons learned, UNTAET Governance and Public administration: 1999 to mid–2000, UN Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit, April 2005, p. 9.

[51]      David Harland, UN Peacekeeping operations in post-conflict Timor-Leste: Accomplishments and lessons learned, UNTAET Governance and Public administration: 1999 to mid–2000, UN Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit, April 2005, p. 9.

[52]      Nick Warner, 'Operation Helpem Fren: Rebuilding the Nation of Solomon Islands', Speech to National Security Conference, 23 March 2004, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, p. 7, http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/department/040323_nsc_ramsi.html (accessed 17 April 2008).

[53]      Submission 15, p. 5.

[54]      See for example http://www.afp.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/71469/26_28_AsaferandmoresecureSolomonIslands.pdf (accessed 12 June 2008).

[55]      Nick Warner, 'Operation Helpem Fren: Rebuilding the Nation of Solomon Islands', Speech to National Security Conference, 23 March 2004, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, p. 10, http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/department/040323_nsc_ramsi.html, (accessed 17 April 2008).

[56]      Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 13.

[57]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 7.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 57.

[59]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines, 2008, p. 40.

[60]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007. pp. 53–54.

[61]      See paragraphs 12.19–12.21 and recommendation 11.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 43.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 48.

[64]      Submission 11, p. 13.

[65]      Bu Wilson, Challenges to Sustainable Police-Building: the Development of the Policia Nacional Timor-Leste, conference paper, included in Lisa Palmer, Sara Niner, Lia Kent (Eds.), Exploring the Tensions of Nation Building in Timor-Leste, Proceedings of a forum held at the University of Melbourne on 15 September 2006, Research paper number 1, School of Social and Environmental Enquiry, University of Melbourne, 2007, p. 52.

[66]      Submission 26, pp. 16–17.

[67]      Submission 21, p. 8.

[68]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 13.

[69]      Submission 21, paragraph 3.20.

 

Chapter 17 - Working with participating countries

[1]        Brigadier Steve Ayling and Ms Sarah Guise, 'UNTAC and INTERFET—a Comparative Analysis', Australian Defence Force Journal, no. 150, September/October 2001, pp. 47–56, http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/dfj/adfj150.pdf (accessed 1 July 2008).

[2]        Submission 15, p. 13.

[3]        Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007).

[4]        International Peace Academy, 34^th IPAA Vienna Seminar on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Peace Operations in Africa, Final Report, New York, 2004, paragraph 3.1.1.

[5]        Victoria Holt and Tobias Berkman, The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2007, pp. 91–92.

[6]        General Peter Cosgrove, Chief of the Defence Force, Facing Future Challenges to Future Operations: an ADF perspective, published in The Rule of Law on Peace Operations—A 'Challenges of Peace Operations' Project Conference, Asia–Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, November 2002, p. 110.

[7]        General Peter Cosgrove, Chief of the Defence Force, Facing Future Challenges to Future Operations: an ADF perspective, published in The Rule of Law on Peace Operations—A 'Challenges of Peace Operations' Project Conference, Asia–Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, November 2002, p. 110.

[8]        John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian military commander's perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol. II, no. 2, Autumn 2005, pp. 51–52. See also discussion on the various interpretations given to key documents such as the mission's mandate and rules of engagement in paragraphs 7.18–7.22.

[9]        John Hutcheson, 'Helping a Friend: An Australian military commander's perspective on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands', Australian Army Journal, vol. II, no. 2, p. 52.

 

Chapter 18 - Effective partnerships

[1]        See for example Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee reports: Opportunities and challenges: Australia's relationship with China, November 2005 and Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007.

[2]        Submission 15, p. 13.

[3]        Lieutenant-General Peter Leahy, Chief of Army, 'The Land Force and Urban Warfare—Pervasive, Persistent and Proportionate', address to Land Warfare Conference, 24 October 2007, CPA 1024/07.

[4]        General Peter Cosgrove, Chief of the Defence Force, Facing Future Challenges to Future Operations: an ADF perspective, published in The Rule of Law on Peace Operations—A 'Challenges of Peace Operations' Project Conference, Asia–Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, November 2002, p. 111.

[5]        Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007).

[6]        Submission 20, p. 5.

[7]        DFAT, answer to written question on notice 3, 25 July 2007.

[8]        AusAID, answer to written question on notice 7, 25 July 2007.

[9]        AusAID, answer to written question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

[10]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 3, 25 July 2007.

[11]      AusAID, answer to written question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 22.

[13]      Defence, answer to question on notice 3, 24 July 2007.

[14]      Defence, answer to question on notice 2, 24 July 2007.

[15]      Defence, answer to question on notice 3, 24 July 2007.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 21–22.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 22.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 21–22.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 21–22.

[20]      Submission 26, p. 12. See also Submission 22, p. 4.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 22.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, pp. 21–22.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 53.

[24]      Submission 17, p. 2.

[25]      AFP, answer to question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 37.

[27]      AFP, answer to question on notice 8, 25 July 2007.

[28]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 12.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 39.

[30]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 12.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, p. 53.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 14–15. The committee notes that World Vision Australia indicated that '[s]ome AFP members are reportedly having to resort to paying for their own language training at their own initiative'. Assistant Commissioner Walters refuted this claim, stating 'We are providing the language training opportunities in the Solomons—not to say that there are people who might not be doing that, but it is not a requirement that they pay for and undertake language training themselves'. See Submission 19, p. 6; and Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 37.

[33]      Submission 20, pp. 4–5.

[34]      As noted in paragraph 13.14, the working group discusses a range of peacekeeping policy issues including the work of the UN's Special Committee on Peacekeeping and regional capacity-building initiatives.

[35]      Brahimi Report , 21 August 2000, paragraph 114.

[36]      Submission 15, pp. 9–10.

[37]      Australian Federal Police, Submission 28, p. 14.

[38]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 9.

[39]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 9.

[40]      Defence Annual Report 2006-07, Volume 1, p. 105.

[41]      The committee was informed of the numerous reciprocal visits between Chinese Defence personnel and Australian personnel. Similarly during the committee's inquiry into Australia's public diplomacy, it learnt of programs such as the Pacific Patrol Boat Program.

[42]      ADF Peacekeeping Centre, International Peace Operations Seminar, www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping (accessed 20 June 2007).

[43]      Department of Defence, answers to written questions on notice W20 and W21, 24 July 2007.

[44]      Professor Timothy McCormack, Director, Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, Melbourne Law School, Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[47]      Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 12.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 16.

[49]      AFP, Annual Report 2006–07, pp. 57, 61 and 64.

[50]      Windhoek Declaration: the Namibia Plan of Action on 'Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Multidimensional Peace Support Operations', Namibia, 31 May 2000. This declaration was adopted at a seminar organised by the Lessons Learned Unit of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women and hosted by the Namibian Government.

[51]      UN Security Council, S/PV/4208, 24 October 2000, p. 3.

[52]      UN Security Council, Resolution 1325, S/RES/1325 (2000), 31 October 2000.

[53]      For example, in the 2005 World Summit Outcome world leaders underlined 'the importance of integrating a gender perspective and of women having the opportunity for equal participation and full involvement in all efforts to maintain and promote peace and security'. They also recognised the need to increase the role of women in decision-making at all levels. UN General Assembly, 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/RES/60/1, 24 October 2005, paragraph 116, p. 27. More recently, the Security Council reaffirmed its commitment to 'the full and effective implementation of resolution 1325'. See for example, UN Security Council, SC/8967, 7 March 2007; and SC/9151, 23 October 2007.

[54]      For example, Ms Gillian Bird, DFAT, informed the committee that DFAT has 'strongly supported the UN's effort to have greater involvement of women in peacekeeping operations and peace operations more generally'. Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 64. Lt Gen Gillespie noted, 'A positive outcome of the integration of women in the Australian Defence Force is the added influence women peacekeepers have in engaging the most tragically affected group in any post conflict situation, the women and children. Winning the trust of this vulnerable group can also be vital in some cultures, because it is often the women in a society that play the key role in conflict resolution and reconciliation'. 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007). See also AFP, answer to question on notice 10, 25 July 2007.

[55]      Submission 26, p. 7.

[56]      Submission 26, p. 7.

[57]      Submission 15, Appendix 4.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 64.

[59]      Submission 15, p. 13.

[60]      AFP, answer to question on notice 10, 25 July 2007.

[61]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 39.

[62]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 39.

[63]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 86–87.

 

Chapter 19 - International coordination

[1]        DFAT, Submission 15, p. 10.

[2]        DFAT, Submission 15, p. 11.

[3]        United Nations Peacekeeping Fact Sheet, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/factsheet.pdf (accessed 3 April 2008).

[4]        United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/2008/mar08_2.pdf (accessed 2 July 2008).

[5]        DFAT, answer to question on notice 2, 24 July 2007.

[6]        Submission 28, pp. 13–14.

[7]        For further information see: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmit/ or http://www.unmit.org/ (accessed 2 July 2008).

[8]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 27; Submission 28, pp. 13–14.

[9]        Submission 26, pp. 12–13.

[10]      UN General Assembly, General Assembly gives support to the Secretary-General's proposals to restructure United Nations peacekeeping, disarmament, GA/10579, 15 March 2007, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10579.doc.htm (accessed 5 July 2007).

[11]      See DFAT, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[12]      DFAT, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[13]      The Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'Australian secures top police job at the UN', Media release, 10 August 2007 (archived) (accessed 10 December 2007).

[14]      DFAT, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[15]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 18.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 21.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 32. Also see Major General Ford, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 18.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 67.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 47.

[20]      Foreign Affairs and Trade, Portfolio Budget Statements 2008–09, p. 15.

[21]      Submission 30, p. 7.

[22]      The Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, answer to question without notice, House Hansard, 20 September 1999, p. 9926.

[23]      Submission 15, pp. 9–10.

[24]      AFP, Submission 28, p. 14.

[25]      Further information about the ARF can be found at: http://www.aseanregionalforum.org/AboutUs/tabid/57/Default.aspx (accessed 7 July 2008).

[26]      DFAT, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 68.

[27]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 68.

[28]      DFAT, Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 68.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 68.

[30]      Submission 30, p. 7.

[31]      Submission 15, p. 10.

[32]      Members include: Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Recently, New Caledonia and French Polynesia have become associate members. Further information about the activities of the Pacific Islands Forum can be found at: http://www.forumsec.org.fj/pages.cfm/about-us/ (accessed 7 July 2008).

[33]      The Hon Alexander Downer MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, House Hansard, 30 October 2000, p. 21583. For the full text of the Biketawa Declaration see: http://www.forumsec.org/_resources/article/files/Biketawa%20Declaration.pdf (accessed 4 March 2007).

[34]      For example, in 2005, the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group saw the increased involvement of other Forum Island Countries as a means of countering this impression of Australia's dominance. It had heard complaints that only five civilians from the Forum Island countries were working in the civilian component of RAMSI and that this component was 'very much Australian driven'. Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Eminent Persons Group, Mission Helpem Fren, A Review of the Regional Mission to Solomon Islands, May 2005, p. 11.

[35]      Submission 15, p. 12.

[36]      Pacific Islands Forum, Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), April–June 2007, p. 4.

[37]      Pacific Islands Forum, Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), April–June 2007, pp. 4 and 6.

[38]      Prime Minister, the Hon Kevin Rudd MP, 'Australia seeks to host 2009 Pacific Island Forum', Media release, 8 March 2008.

[39]      For a summary, see Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, pp. 79–81.

[40]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, A Pacific Engaged, August 2003, p. xxx. See also Chapter 8.

[41]      Government response to the Senate Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade References Committee Report—A Pacific Engaged—Australia's relations with Papua New Guinea and the island states of the south–west Pacific, 7 April 2005, p. 19.

[42]      Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Engaging our neighbours: Towards a new relationship between Australia and the Pacific Islands, Special Report, Issue 13, March 2008, p. 7.

[43]      Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, August 2007, p. 189. See also pp. 31–32 and Appendix 5.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 11.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 11. This notion was further endorsed by Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Engaging our neighbours: Towards a new relationship between Australia and the Pacific Islands, Special Report, Issue 13, March 2008, pp. 7–8.

[46]      Major General Ford, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 30.

[47]      Submission 30, p. 9.

[48]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 9.

[49]      Department of Defence, Submission 30, p. 9. In 2006–2007, Defence expenditure on the DCP was $75.8 million. Department of Defence, Annual Report 2006–07, Volume 1, Commonwealth of Australia, p. 105.

[50]      For a fuller description of these cooperation and training programs, see: http://www.png.embassy.gov.au/pmsb/defence.html (accessed 7 July 2008). For an example of training and capability development with the East Timor Defence Force see: Department of Defence Annual Report 2005–2006, p. 150. For an example of defence cooperation training with the Vietnamese armed forces, see: http://www.vietnam.embassy.gov.au/hnoi/DF2007En.html (accessed 7 July 2008).

[51]      Department of Defence, Annual Report 2005–2006, pp. 147–154.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 60–61.

[55]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 64.

[56]      See http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/06_07/performance/1/1.1.1.html (accessed: 23 April 2008).

[57]      Major General Ford, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 18.

[58]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 20.

[59]      DFAT, answer to question on notice 3, 13 September 2007.

[60]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W19, 24 July 2007.

[61]      http://www.state.gov/t/pm/ppa/gpoi/ (accessed 7 July 2008).

[62]      http://www.state.gov/t/pm/ppa/gpoi/c20337.htm (accessed 7 July 2008).

[63]      Submission 15, p. 10.

[64]      Submission 15, p. 7.

 

Chapter 20 - Safety and welfare on deployment

[1]        UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/fatalities/ (accessed 2 October 2007). See for example, Challenges of Peace operations into the 21^st Century, Concluding Report 1997–2002, p. 202.

[2]        UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group, A/59/19/Rev.1, 31 January–25 February 2005 and 4–8 April 2005, paragraph 57. See also UN General Assembly and Security Council, Report of the
Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, A/47/277–S/24111, 17 June 1992; UN Information Service, GA/PK/187, 28 February 2006; UN, Year in Review 2005, Introduction. Most recently, in February 2007, the
Secretary-General noted the expanded activity of UN peace operations and the 'often volatile and insecure' environment in which peacekeepers operate where at times 'the presence of United Nations peacekeepers may be resisted by factions and armed groups that remain outside a peace process'. UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, A/61/668, 13 February 2007, paragraph 9.

[3]        As an indication and based on statistics to 31 May 2008, of the 2,474 fatalities, 951 were due to accident, 664 to illness and 701 to malicious act. UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/fatalities/ (accessed 2 October 2007). See for example, Challenges of Peace operations into the 21^st Century, Concluding Report 1997–2002, p. 202.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 30.

[5]        See paragraphs 9.53–9.64; and 10.51–10.71.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 9.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 15.

[8]        Defence, answer to written question on notice W10, 24 July 2007.

[9]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 15.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 15.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 6.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 14.

[13]      Submission 5, p. 1.

[14]      Submission 7, p. 2.

[15]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W10, 24 July 2007.

[16]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W10, 24 July 2007.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 42.

[18]      Submission 26, p. 14.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 59–60.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 11.

[21]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 48.

[22]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 5, 25 July 2007.

[23]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 5, 25 July 2007.

[24]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 5, 25 July 2007.

[25]      Defence, answer to written question on notice 25, 24 July 2007.

[26]      Defence, answer to written question on notice 25, 24 July 2007.

[27]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.5.

[28]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 56.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 16.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 16 and 17.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 15.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 17.

[33]      Submission 8, Annex C, p. 6.

[34]      Submission 8, p. 2. The Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council Incorporated (AVADSC) recommended that 'Member not to be re-deployed until leave granted is taken in full and he has another three months before being re-deployed at home'. Submission 10, p. 4.

 

Chapter 21 - Post-deployment welfare

[1]        Defence, answer to question on notice W18, 24 July 2007.

[2]        Defence, answer to question on notice W18, 24 July 2007.

[3]        Submission 8, p. 3.

[4]        Assistant Commissioner Paul Jevtovic quoted in Juani O'Reilly, 'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 96, September 2007, p. 14.

[5]        Australian Federal Police, answer to written question on notice 11, 25 July 2007.

[6]        See for example, APPVA, Submission 16, paragraphs 3.5–3.6, p. 2.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 34.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 30.

[9]        DVA, answer to question on notice 33 (iii), Budget Estimates 2007–2008, 31 May 2007, pp. 12–13.

[10]      See comments by Wing Commander Alexander C McFarlane, 'Military mental health in the 21^st century', ADF Health, vol. 4, April 2003, pp. 1–2; Alexander C McFarlane and Mark Creamer, 'Current knowledge about psychological trauma: a response to Milton', ADF Health, vol 7, October 2006.

[11]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 22, 25 July 2007.

[12]      Rouja Nikolova et al, 'Psychophysiological Assessment of Stress and Screening of Health Risk in Peacekeeping Operations', Military Medicine, vol. 172, issue 1, Bethesda, January 2007; and Marie-France Guimond et al, 'Health concerns of peacekeeping: a survey of the current situation', McGill University, 2001, p. 8, http://www.jha.ac/articles/a067.htm (accessed 13 June 2007). They recognise that: 'the peacekeepers' role as a buffer between warring parties while restricting the demonstration of any forms of aggression can indeed have a very severe impact on peacekeepers'.

[13]      Major Karl L Haas, 'Stress and mental health support to Australian Defence Health service personnel on deployment: a pilot study', ADF Health, vol 4(1), 2003, p. 19. See also, Wing Commander Alexander C McFarlane, 'Military mental health in the 21^st century', ADF Health, vol. 4, no. 1, April 2003. He wrote, 'Unlike combat, where the soldier is well trained to act, peacekeeping requires soldiers to demonstrate restraint by example. Training for these roles as a conflict modulator and provider of humanitarian aid is more ambiguous and difficult'.

[14]      ABC Radio National, 'Background Briefing', Interview, 29 October 2006.

[15]      UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UN Stress Management Booklet, 1995.

[16]      Estimates Hansard, 31 May 2007, p. 137.

[17]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W25, 24 July 2007.

[18]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 51.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 50.

[20]      Senator Ian Campbell, answer to question on notice 1164, Senate Hansard, 29 March 2006, pp. 193–194.

[21]      Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Annual Report 2006–2007, pp. 4 and 7.

[22]      Senator Ian Campbell, answer to question on notice 1164, Senate Hansard, 29 March 2006, pp. 192–193.

[23]      Australian Labor Party, Labor's Plan for Defence, Election 2007, Policy Document, November 2007, pp. 13–14.

[24]      Budget Paper No. 2, Budget Measures 2008–9, p. 294. The Government is also providing '$1.5 million over four years to provide training and workshops for community mental health workers who treat veterans. This proposal will help improve practitioners' ability to identify and treat service-related mental health problems. This will result in earlier and more effective treatment of such problems'.

[25]      See for example, ABC Radio National, 'Background Briefing', 29 October 2006; Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Estimates Hansard, 14 February 2007, pp. 146–148.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 50–51.

[27]      Submission 5, p. 3.

[28]      Submission 7, p. 4.

[29]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 34.

[30]      See paragraph 21.34.

[31]      Haas, K, 'Stress and mental health support to Australian Defence Health Service personnel on deployment: a pilot study', ADF Health, 2003, vol 4, no 1, p. 21.

[32]      Haas, K, 'Stress and mental health support to Australian Defence Health Service personnel on deployment: a pilot study', ADF Health, 2003, vol 4, no 1, p. 21.

[33]      Professor Alexander McFarlane and Professor Mark Creamer, 'Current knowledge about psychological trauma: a response to Milton', ADF Health, 2006, vol 7, no 2, p. 81. See also, Wing Commander Alexander C McFarlane, 'Military mental health in the 21^st century, ADF Health, vol 4, no 1, 2003, p. 1.

[34]      Professor Alexander McFarlane and Professor Mark Creamer, 'Current knowledge about psychological trauma: a response to Milton, ADF Health, 2006, vol 7, no 2, p. 79.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 51.

[36]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, The effectiveness of Australia's military justice system, June 2005, paragraphs 15.6–15.9.

[37]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 29.

[38]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 30.

[39]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 29.

[40]      Department of Veterans' Affairs, Answer to question on notice 33, Budget Estimates 2007–2008, May 2007.

[41]      The most commonly claimed conditions under the VEA include: tinnitus, osteoarthrosis, acute sprain or strain, sensorineural hearing loss, lumbar spondylosis, chondromalacia patella, intervertebral disc prolapse, fracture, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and internal derangement of the knee.

[42]      Department of Veterans' Affairs, Answers to questions on notice, Budget Estimates 2007–2008, May 2007. It should be noted that the Department of Veterans' Affairs provided the following statistics to ABC Radio National, 29 October 2006, about claims by veterans of the East Timor peacekeeping operation. Although produced a year earlier than the ones provided above, they indicated that 12,895 claims had been made by 2,782 veterans of which 8,767 claims had been accepted. Of the 2,782 veterans to have made claims, 316 had no claims accepted.

[43]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 29.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 31.

[45]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 30.

[46]      The Hon Bruce Scott MP, Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence, Media release, Min 191/99, 5 July 1999.

[47]      DVA, answer to question on notice 2, 24 July 2007.

[48]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W26, 24 July 2007.

[49]      Deployment Health Surveillance Program (DHSP) Stakeholder Day, Presentation at the DHSP Stakeholder Meeting in Canberra, 29 March 2007.

[50]      DVA, answer to question on notice 2, 24 July 2007.

[51]      The Hon Warren Snowdon MP, Minister for Defence Science and Personnel and the Hon Alan Griffin MP, Minister for Veterans' Affairs, 'Review of Mental Health Care in the ADF and Beyond', Media release, 060/2008, 26 May 2008.

[52]      See paragraph 21.34.

 

Chapter 22 - Compensation and rehabilitation

[1]        It defines a member of a peacekeeping force as a person who is serving, or has served, with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia as an Australian member, or as a member of the Australian contingent. A Peacekeeping Force is a force raised or organised for the purpose of: peacekeeping in an area outside Australia; or observing or monitoring any activities of persons in an area outside Australia that may lead to an outbreak of hostilities; being a force that is designated by the Minister, by notice published in the Gazette, as a Peacekeeping Force for the purposes of this Part.

[2]        Submission 14, pp. 14–15.

[3]        AFP, answer to question on notice 24, 25 July 2007.

[4]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 32.

[5]        Explanatory Memorandum, Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Bill 2003, p. 5.

[6]        AusAID, answer to question on notice 2c, 25 July 2007.

[7]        Senator the Hon Chris Ellison, Minister for Justice and Customs, 'Government supports AFP on dangerous missions', Media Release, 27 February 2006.

[8]        AFP, answer to written question on notice 24, 25 July 2007. DEWR is now the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, (DEEWR).

[9]        AFP, answer to written question on notice 24, 25 July 2007.

[10]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 2–4 and 8. See also Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 6 and 8 (Mr Burgess and Mr Webber); and Submission 14, pp. 15–16.

[11]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 26, 25 July 2007.

[12]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 28, 25 July 2007.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 9.

[14]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 25, 25 July 2007.

[15]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.8, p. 9.

[16]      DVA, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[17]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 29.

[18]      Submission 16, paragraph 9.1.8, p. 10.

[19]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 29.

[20]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 52. He informed the committee, 'A couple of weeks ago they took some of the delegates or decision makers to Bandiana. They put them through a bit of an inoculation of how troops live in the field and what workloads they carry in their packs. I think a few of them got a bit of a shock at just how heavy a pack is to carry with full weighted ammunition, a weapon and things like that. I think inoculation—exposure and education—may alleviate some of the difficulties that our veterans are going through with these claims'.

[21]      Submission 16, paragraph 9.1.8, p. 10.

[22]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.8.1, p. 9.

[23]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 33.

[24]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.8.4, p. 9.

[25]      Submission 16, paragraph 8.8.2, p. 9.

[26]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 52

[27]      Submission 8, p. 3.

[28]      Submission 10, p. 3.

[29]      Submission 16, paragraph 4.5, p. 3. See also comments by Rear Admiral Crawford who referred to the inadequacy of medical records and the importance of ensuring that 'the integrity of those medical records is established immediately after return to Australia or even earlier'. He noted, 'the more we get into this international environment of peacemaking and peacekeeping, the more dependent we will be on other agencies for medical services'. Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 60.

[30]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 33.

[31]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 33.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2008, p. 33.

[33]      DVA, answer to question on notice 4, 24 July 2007.

[34]      DVA, answer to question on notice 4, 24 July 2007.

[35]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 23, 25 July 2007.

[36]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Taking stock: Current health preparation arrangements for the deployment of Australian Defence Forces overseas, August 2004, p. x.

[37]      Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Taking stock: Current health preparation arrangements for the deployment of Australian Defence Forces overseas, August 2004, p. xiv.

 

Chapter 23 - Recognition of service

[1]        Governor-General of the Commonwealth Australia, His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC, Speech, Reception for Australian Peacekeeping Memorial Project Committee, Admiralty House, Sydney, 25 October 2007.

[2]        Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 59. See also Submission 10, p. 2.

[3]        AusAID, answer to written question on notice 2c, 25 July 2007.

[4]        Submission 8, paragraph 2b.

[5]        Submission 10, pp. 2–3.

[6]        Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 29.

[7]        Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 6.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 44.

[9]        Submission 10, p. 2.

[10]      Submission 5, p. 3 and Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 47.

[11]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W15, 24 July 2007.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 48.

[13]      Submission 16, paragraph 4.10, p. 4. See also Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, pp. 47–48.

[14]      Submission 16, paragraph 4.2, p. 4. It explained 'These veterans were unable to seek additional Income Support (IS), under the provisions of NWLS, whilst been Totally & Permanently Incapacitated (TPI), under the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 (VEA). This situation placed inordinate stress on these veterans, particularly in order to maintain a quality of life on the TPI pension alone'.

[15]      Submission 16, paragraphs 4.1 and 4.3, p. 4.

[16]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 31.

[17]      Defence, answer to written question on notice W28, 24 July 2007.

[18]      Submission 16, paragraphs 4.8 and 4.9, p. 4.

[19]      Submission 16, paragraph 4.9, p. 4.

[20]      Captain Bill McAuley, confidential correspondence to committee, 24 August 2007.

[21]      Auditor-General, Management of Australian Defence Force Deployments to East Timor, Audit Report No. 38, 2001–02, Performance Audit, paragraph 5.12, pp. 92–93.

[22]      Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 49.

[23]      Submission 10, p. 4.

[24]      Submission 14, p. 13.

[25]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 30, 25 July 2007.

[26]      Submission 16, pp. 6 and 10.

[27]      The Australian Peacekeeping Memorial Committee, chaired by Major General Tim Ford AO, has representatives from former and present members of the ADF and AFP officers who have served in peacekeeping operations.

[28]      AFP, answer to written question on notice 33, 25 July 2007.

[29]      http://peacekeeping.nationalcapital.gov.au/commemorative_purpose.asp (accessed 28 November 2007).

[30]      http://peacekeeping.nationalcapital.gov.au/commemorative_purpose.asp (accessed 28 November 2007).

[31]      Submission 16, paragraph 9.1.9.3, p. 10.

[32]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 17.

[33]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 31.

[34]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, pp. 31–32.

[35]      Committee Hansard, 5 September 2007, pp. 43–44.

 

Chapter 24 - Evaluation and accountability

[1]        See for example, Mr John Meert, ANAO, who told the committee during its inquiry into public diplomacy that the normal accountability rests with the agency, adding that it is very important that it does so because 'that is how you are going to drive improvements'. Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, Committee Hansard, 15 May 2007, p. 7.

[2]        Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's public diplomacy: building our image, Committee Hansard, 15 May 2007, p. 7.

[3]        Submission 30, p. 3.

[4]        Defence, answer to written question on notice W6, 24 July 2007.

[5]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[6]        Defence, answer to written question on notice W24, 24 July 2007.

[7]        Submission 30, p. 8.

[8]        Committee Hansard, 21 August 2007, p. 57.

[9]        AFP, answer to written question on notice 11, 25 July 2007.

[10]      Submission 28, p. 11.

[11]      Committee Hansard, 15 May 2007, pp. 2–3.

[12]      Committee Hansard, 15 May 2007, p. 2.

[13]      Committee Hansard, 15 May 2007, p. 5.

[14]      United States General Accounting Office, U.N. Peacekeeping, Transition Strategies for Post-Conflict Countries Lack Results-Oriented Measures of Progress, September 2003, p. 18, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031071.pdf (accessed 8 July 2008).

[15]      United States General Accounting Office, U.N. Peacekeeping, Transition Strategies for Post-Conflict Countries Lack Results-Oriented Measures of Progress, September 2003, p. 30, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031071.pdf (accessed 8 July 2008).

[16]      United States General Accounting Office, U.N. Peacekeeping, Transition Strategies for Post-Conflict Countries Lack Results-Oriented Measures of Progress, September 2003, p. 31, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031071.pdf (accessed 8 July 2008).

[17]      United States General Accounting Office, U.N. Peacekeeping, Transition Strategies for Post-Conflict Countries Lack Results-Oriented Measures of Progress, September 2003, p. 32, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031071.pdf (accessed 8 July 2008).

[18]      See Chapter 8, paragraphs 8.25–8.31.

[19]      See for example, UN Information Service, 'East Timorese leader commends UNTAET's "Timorization" policy in day-long Security Council debate on territory', Press release, UNIS/SC/1307, 29 January 2001, http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2001/sc1307.html (accessed 4 June 2008).

[20]      See Chapter 8, paragraph 8.31. Gaurav Sodhi, 'Five out of Ten: A Performance Report on the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI)', The Centre for Independent Studies, Issue Analysis, no. 92, 31 January 2008, pp. 1 and 18.

[21]      'Policing the neighbourhood and keeping the peace in the Pacific', Platypus Magazine, Edition 39, September 2007, p. 15.

[22]      UN General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General, Peacekeeping Best Practices, A/62/593, Agenda item 140, 18 December 2007, paragraphs 5 and 7.

[23]      Submission 32, p. 1.

[24]      Submission 32, p. 1.

[25]      Submission 32, pp. 1 and 2.

[26]      See this discussion in regard to Australia's public diplomacy, Committee Hansard, 11 April 2007, p. 7.

[27]      Department of Defence, Annual Report 2006–07, pp. 56–58; http://www.defence.gov.au/index.htm (accessed 1 May 2008).

[28]      Australian Federal Police, Annual Report 2006–07, pp. 54–61; http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html (accessed 1 May 2008).

[29]      Australian Federal Police, Annual Report 2006-07, p. 56. In a response to ANAO, Audit Report No. 47, 2006–07, Coordination of Australian Government Assistance to Solomon Islands, the AFP foreshadowed that its 2006–07 report would take into account ANAO comments about providing information on the number of staff deployed and amount of funding involved in RAMSI.

[30]      DFAT, Annual Report 2006–07, p. 26.

[31]      DFAT, Annual Report 2006–07, p. 84.

[32]      ANAO, Audit Report No. 47, 2006–07, Coordination of Australian Government Assistance to Solomon Islands, p. 82.

[33]      DFAT, answer to question on notice 8b, 25 June 2007.

[34]      DFAT, answer to written question on notice 1, 25 July 2007.

 

Chapter 25 - National peacekeeping institution

[1]        http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/ (accessed 20 August 2007); and Defence, answer to question on notice 1, 24 July 2007.

[2]        ADFPKC, About the Centre, http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/peacekeeping/about.htm (accessed 20 August 2007).

[3]        Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 29.

[4]        See Chapter 9, paragraphs 9.25–9.33.

[5]        Defence, answer to written question on notice W20, 24 July 2007.

[6]        Submission 26, p. 8.

[7]        AFP, attachment to answer to question on notice 2, 25 July 2007.

[8]        Professor Goldsmith, Committee Hansard, 20 August 2008, pp. 47–48.

[9]        Braithwaite et al., Peacebuilding and Responsive Governance Project, Discussion Draft, http://peacebuilding.anu.edu.au/_documents/Discussion_Draft.pdf (accessed 6 May 2008).

[10]      Dr Jeremy Farrall, Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, p. 14.

[11]      Carrick Institute, Professionalization of Peace Education through Wiki Networking and Innovative Teaching Methods, http://www.carrickinstitute.edu.au/carrick/webdav/users/siteadmin/public/dbi_investigations_peacestudies_projectsummary.pdf (accessed 6 May 2008).

[12]      See for example, http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/peacekeeping/index.asp (accessed 6 May 2008).

[13]      Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, http://www.apcml.org/overview.php (accessed 6 May 2008).

[14]      UN General Assembly, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, A/RES/49/37, 9 December 1994, paragraph 51. For full text, see http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r037.htm (accessed 9 July 2008).

[15]      Bangladesh, http://www.bipsot.net/ (accessed 5 May 2008); Malaysia, http://maf.mod.gov.my/HOMEPAGE/atm/NewUNTRG/mptc.htm (accessed 5 May 2008).

[16]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 29.

[17]      Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, 'Who we are' and 'What we do', http://www.peaceoperations.org (accessed 9 April 2008). In addition to PPC, Canada has a Peace Support Operations Training centre that prepares Canadian soldiers for peacekeeping operations, http://armyapp.dnd.ca/pstc-cfsp/default_e.asp (accessed 16 April 2008).

[18]      The Hon Bill Graham, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 'Government of Canada underscores its commitment to Pearson Peacekeeping Centre in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia', No 192, 11 December 2003, http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/PublicationContentOnly.asp?publication_id=380589&Language=E&MODE=CONTENTONLY&Local=False (accessed 15 April 2008).

[19]      Centre for Excellence DMHA, http://www.coe-dmha.org/index.htm (accessed 18 April 2008).

[20]      ZIF, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/index.html (accessed 18 April 2008).

[21]      ZIF, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/index.html (accessed 18 April 2008).

[22]      German citizenship is a prerequisite for admission to the ZIF database, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/Recruitment_and_Support.html (accessed 15 April 2008).

[23]      ZIF, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/index.html, and About ZIF, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/About_ZIF.html (accessed 15 April 2008). Currently, about 180 German professionals are serving in UN, EU, and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) field missions. ZIF has, since its founding, deployed globally more than 1300 German election observers.

[24]      About ZIF, http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/About_ZIF.html (accessed 15 April 2008).

[25]      http://www.zif-berlin.org/en/About_ZIF/Governance.html (accessed 15 April 2008).

[26]      NORDCAPS, History, http://www.nordcaps.org/?id=81 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[27]      NORDCAPS, Courses, http://www.nordcaps.org/?id=82 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[28]      NORDCAPS, Training support, http://www.nordcaps.org/?id=107 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[29]      http://www.folkebernadotteacademy.se/roach/The_Academy.do?pageId=75 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[30]      Advisory council, http://www.folkebernadotteacademy.se/roach/Advisory_Council.do?pageId=287 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[31]      Reference and advisory group, http://www.folkebernadotteacademy.se/roach/Reference_Group.do?pageId=288 (accessed 15 April 2008).

[32]      Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations New York, 'India and the United Nations: UN Peacekeeping', http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html (accessed 16 April 2008).

[33]      Indian Foreign Secretary, Keynote address, National Seminar on 'Complex Peace Operations: Traditional Premises and New Realities', 21–22 August 2003, paragraph 4, http://mea.gov.in/speech/2003/08/21spc01.htm (accessed 18 April 2008).

[34]      About CUNPK, http://www.usiofindia.org/CUNP_Our%20Role.HTM (accessed 16 April 2008).

[35]      About CUNPK, http://www.usiofindia.org/CUNP_Our%20Role.HTM (accessed 16 April 2008).

[36]      About CUNPK, http://www.usiofindia.org/CUNP_Our%20Role.HTM (accessed 16 April 2008).

[37]      International linkages, http://www.usiofindia.org/CUNP_International%20Linkage.HTM (accessed 16 April 2008).

[38]      About KAIPTC, History of the KAIPTC, http://www.kaiptc.org/aboutus/default.asp?nav=1; Introduction to the Training Department, http://www.kaiptc.org/training/default.asp?nav=1 (accessed 16 April 2008).

[39]      Conflict prevention, management and resolution, http://www.kaiptc.org/conflict_prevention/default.asp (accessed 16 April 2008).

[40]      About KAIPTC, History of the KAIPTC, http://www.kaiptc.org/aboutus/default.asp?nav=1 (accessed 16 April 2008).

[41]      Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's Participation in Peacekeeping, December 1994, Recommendation 50, p. 140.

[42]      Government response to the report of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia's Participation in Peacekeeping, October 1995, pp. 26–27.

[43]      Submission 3, p. 8.

[44]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 9.

[45]      Submission 4, p. 2.

[46]      Committee Hansard, 20 August 2007, p. 24.

[47]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, pp. 3 and 31.

[48]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 33.

[49]      Submission 11, p. 3.

[50]      Committee Hansard, 6 September 2007, p. 24.

[51]      Committee Hansard, 13 September 2007, pp. 15–16 and 19.

[52]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, p. 62.

[53]      Committee Hansard, 25 July 2007, pp. 35–36.

[54]      Committee Hansard, 24 July 2007, p. 20. The RSL supported the ADF's approach. See Committee Hansard, 20 August 2 007, p. 2.

[55]      Lieutenant General Kenneth Gillespie, 'The ADF and Peacekeeping', speech at the conference 'Force for Good? Sixty Years of Australian Peacekeeping', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 13 September 2007, MSPA 70913/07, http://www.defence.gov.au/media/SpeechTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7061 (accessed 14 November 2007).

[56]      Chapter 11, paragraph 11.24.

[57]      Chapter 12, paragraphs 12.26 and 12.27.

[58]      Chapter 13, paragraph 13.53.

[59]      Chapter 13, paragraph 13.56.

[60]      Chapter 14, paragraphs 14.17–14.19.

[61]      Chapter 15, paragraphs 15.61 and 15.91.

[62]      Chapter 15, paragraph 15.98.

[63]      Chapter 18, paragraph 18.27.

[64]      Chapter 19, paragraph 19.32.

[65]      Chapter 19, paragraph 19.68.

[66]      Chapter 24, paragraph 24.30.

[67]      Chapter 24, paragraph 24.31.

[68]      ALP, 'Asia Pacific Centre for Civil–Military Cooperation', Media statement, 13 November 2007.

 

Chapter 26 - Conclusion

[1]        Governor-General of the Commonwealth Australia, His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC, Speech, Reception for Australian Peacekeeping Memorial Project Committee, Admiralty House, Sydney, 25 October 2007.

 

Selected Bibliography

Challenges Project, Meeting the Challenges of Peace Operations: Cooperation and Coordination, Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2005.

Holt, V. and Berkman, T., The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations, The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington D.C., 2006.

Pacific Islands Forum, Review of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), April–June 2007. http://www.forumsec.org/_resources/article/files/RAMSI%20Review%20Task%20Force%20Final%20Report.pdf

General Assembly, Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, Report of the Secretary-General, A/61/668, 13 February 2007.

General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the report of the Panel on United Nations peace operations, A/55/502, 20 October 2000.

General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group, A/59/19/Rev.1, 2005.

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission, Civil–Military Coordination Officer Field Handbook, Version E 1.0, Geneva, 2008.

Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Civil–military coordination policy, 9 September 2002. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/milad/oma/DPKO_CMCOORD_Policy.pdf

 

Appendix 4 - Findings of previous parliamentary inquiries

[1]        Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, May 1991, United Nations Peacekeeping and Australia.

[2]        Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, December 1994, Australia's Participation in Peacekeeping.

[3]        Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, 2001, Australia's role in United Nations Reform, pp. xxv–xxvi.

 

Appendix 5 - International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)—criteria for military intervention

[1]        International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, pp. XII-XIII and 32–55.

[2]        International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, December 2001, pp. XIII and 57–67.